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Based on the assumption that language influences thinking, the present study investigated the effect of gender-fair language in German, a grammatically gendered language among primary school children. Specifically, in a single-study experiment, we compared 218 German third and fourth graders on the effects of the generic masculine (e.g., der Polizist; English: the policeman) and gender-fair language in terms of the feminine and masculine form (e.g., die Polizistin/der Polizist; English: the policewoman/the policeman) on the cognitive representation of women in stereotypically masculine occupations and occupational self-efficacy. General self-efficacy was examined as a moderator variable, assumed to influence the effect of gender-fair language on occupational self-efficacy. The results indicate that the gender-fair form led to a higher cognitive representation of women in stereotypically masculine occupations for girls and increased girls' occupational self-efficacy for stereotypically masculine occupations. In contrast, the use of gender-fair language did not significantly influence boys' cognitive representation of women and their occupational self-efficacy. General self-efficacy did not affect the effect of gender-fair language on occupational self-efficacy. Thus, even as early as in primary school, gender-fair language could help attracting girls to stereotypically masculine occupations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "On 'German Legal Antiquities' and 'Poetry in Law': Jacob Grimm as a Jurist" in the journal "JURA - Legal Education" discusses the life and legal works of Jacob Grimm, a member of the "Göttingen Seven" and the Frankfurt Paulskirchenversammlung. He was a student of Friedrich Carl von Savigny, a significant German jurist of the 19th century. Grimm's work, especially the "German Legal Antiquities," shows the connection between law and language as well as the historical roots of law. Savigny's "Historical School of Law" significantly influenced legal developments in the 19th century. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Medical narratives are fundamental to the correct identification of a patient's health condition. This is not only because it describes the patient's situation. It also contains relevant information about the patient's context and health state evolution. Narratives are usually vague and cannot be categorized easily. On the other hand, once the patient's situation is correctly identified based on a narrative, it is then possible to map the patient's situation into precise classification schemas and ontologies that are machine-readable. To this end, language models can be trained to read and extract elements from these narratives. However, the main problem is the lack of data for model identification and model training in languages other than English. First, gold standard annotations are usually not available due to the high level of data protection for patient data. Second, gold standard annotations (if available) are difficult to access. Alternative available data, like MIMIC (Sci Data 3:1, 2016) is written in English and for specific patient conditions like intensive care. Thus, when model training is required for other types of patients, like oncology (and not intensive care), this could lead to bias. To facilitate clinical narrative model training, a method for creating high-quality synthetic narratives is needed. Method: We devised workflows based on generative AI methods to synthesize narratives in the German language to avoid the disclosure of patient's health data. Since we required highly realistic narratives, we generated prompts, written with high-quality medical terminology, asking for clinical narratives containing both a main and co-disease. The frequency of distribution of both the main and co-disease was extracted from the hospital's structured data, such that the synthetic narratives reflect the disease distribution among the patient's cohort. In order to validate the quality of the synthetic narratives, we annotated them to train a Named Entity Recognition (NER) algorithm. According to our assumptions, the validation of this system implies that the synthesized data used for its training are of acceptable quality. Result: We report precision, recall and F1 score for the NER model while also considering metrics that take into account both exact and partial entity matches. Trained models are cautious, with a precision up to 0.8 for Entity Type match metric and a F1 score of 0.3. Conclusion: Despite its inherent limitations, this technology has the potential to allow data interoperability by using encoded diseases across languages and regions without compromising data safety. Additionally, it facilitates the synthesis of unstructured patient data. In this way, the identification and training of models can be accelerated. We believe that this method may be able to generate discharge letters for any combination of main and co-diseases, which will significantly reduce the amount of time spent writing these letters by healthcare professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physical therapy interventions play a crucial role in the daily care of patients recovering from severe stroke. However, the efficacy of these interventions and associated modalities, including duration, intensity, and frequency, have not been fully elucidated. In 2020, a systematic review reported the beneficial effects of physical therapy for patients with severe stroke but did not assess therapeutic modalities. We aim to update the current evidence on the effects of physical therapy interventions and their modalities in relation to the recovery phase in people with severe stroke in a hospital or inpatient rehabilitation facility. Methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and three other relevant databases between December 2018 and March 2021 and updated the search between April 2021 and March 2023. ClinicalTrials.gov and ICTRP for searching trial registries helped to identify ongoing RCTs since 2023. We included individual and cluster randomized controlled trials in the English and German languages that compared physical therapy interventions to similar or other interventions, usual care, or no intervention in a hospital or rehabilitation inpatient setting. We screened the studies from this recent review for eligibility criteria, especially according to the setting. Critical appraisal was performed according to the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool 2.0. The data were synthesized narratively. Results: The update identified 15 new studies, cumulating in a total of 30 studies (n = 2545 participants) meeting the eligibility criteria. These studies reported 54 outcomes and 20 physical therapy interventions. Two studies included participants during the hyperacute phase, 4 during the acute phase,18 during the early subacute phase, and 3 in the late subacute phase. Three studies started in the chronic phase. Summarised evidence has revealed an uncertain effect of physical therapy on patient outcomes (with moderate to low-quality evidence). Most studies showed a high risk of bias and did not reach the optimal sample size. Little was stated about the standard care and their therapy modalities. Discussion: There is conflicting evidence for the effectiveness of physical therapy interventions in patients with severe stroke. There is a need for additional high-quality studies that also systematically report therapeutic modalities from a multidimensional perspective in motor stroke recovery. Due to the high risk of bias and the generally small sample size of the included studies, the generalizability of the findings to large and heterogeneous volumes of outcome data is limited. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42021244285. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sign language fluency is an area that has received very little attention within research on sign language education and assessment. Therefore, we wanted to develop and validate a rating scale of fluency for Swiss German Sign Language (Deutschschweizerische Gebärdensprache , DSGS). Methods: Different kinds of data were collected to inform the rating scale development. The data were from (1) focus group interviews with sign language teachers (N = 3); (2) annotated DSGS data from users/learners with various levels of proficiency (i.e., deaf native signers of DSGS, hearing sign language interpreters, and beginning learners of DSGS, approximately CEFR level A1-A2) (N = 28) who completed different signing tasks that were manipulated by preparation time; (3) feedback from raters (N = 3); and (4) complimented with theory from spoken and sign language fluency. Results: In the focus group interview, sign language teachers identified a number of fluency aspects. The annotated DSGS data were analyzed using different regression models to see how language background and preparation time for the tasks can predict aspects of fluency (e.g., number and duration of pauses). Whereas preparation time showed only a slight effect in the annotated data, language background predicted the occurrence of fluency features that also informed the scale development. The resulting rating scale consisted of six criteria, each on a six-point scale. DSGS performances (N = 162) (same as the annotated data) from the different groups of DSGS users/learners were rated by three raters. The rated data were analyzed using multi-facet Rasch measurement. Overall, the rating scale functioned well, with each score category being modal at some point on the continuum. Results from correlation and regression analysis of the annotated data and rated DSGS performances complemented validity evidence of the rating scale. Discussion: We argue that the different sources of data serve as a sound empirical basis for the operationalized "DSGS fluency construct" in the rating scale. The results of the analyses relating performance data to ratings show strong validity evidence of the second version of the rating scale. Together, the objective fluency measures explained 88% of the variance in the rating scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This longitudinal study explores cross-language transfer among children attending multilingual public schools in Luxembourg, where Luxembourgish is the instruction language in preschool and German the language of instruction in elementary school. Following 132 children from preschool (age 5) to grade 2 (age 7), annual assessments were conducted to evaluate their vocabulary proficiency in both Luxembourgish and German. Bilingual learners were systematically classified based on theoretically motivated criteria, encompassing home language background and Luxembourgish language proficiency. Longitudinal analyses were carried out employing linear mixed models and multigroup path modeling, targeting both monolinguals and various groups of bilingual learners. The results provide robust support for the presence of cross-language transfer between Luxembourgish and German. Notably, Luxembourgish vocabulary proficiency in preschool emerged as a significant predictor of subsequent German proficiency for both monolingual and bilingual learners. Furthermore, bilingual learners with lower Luxembourgish vocabulary in preschool exhibited compromised German vocabulary in elementary school. These findings underscore the importance of cross-language transfer theories and their implications for multilingual education practices in Luxembourg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report evidence of sound symbolism for the abstract concept of time across seven experiments (total N = 825). Participants associated the future and past with distinct phonemes (Experiment 1). In particular, using nearly 8000 pseudowords, we found associations between the future and high front vowels and voiced fricatives/affricatives, and between the past and /θ/ and voiced stops (Experiment 2). This association was present not only among English speakers but also by speakers of a closely related language (German) and those of a more distantly related language (Hungarian; Experiment 3). This time‐sound symbolism does not appear to be due to embodied articulation (Experiment 4). In sum, these studies identify a robust time sound symbolism effect, along with tests of underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lexical dynamics, just as epidemiological dynamics, represent spreading phenomena. In both domains, constituents (words, pathogens) are transmitted within populations of individuals. In linguistics, such dynamics have been modeled by drawing on mathematical models originating from epidemiology. The basic reproductive ratio is a quantity that figures centrally in epidemiological research but not so much in linguistics. It is defined as the average number of individuals that acquire a constituent (infectious pathogen) from a single individual carrying it. In this contribution, we examine a set of lexical innovations, i.e., words that have spread recently, in four different languages (English, German, Spanish, and Italian). We use and compare different ways of estimating the basic reproductive ratio in the lexical domain. Our results show that the basic reproductive ratio can be somewhat reliably estimated by exploiting estimates of lexical age of acquisition and prevalence but that the derivation based on diachronic corpus data comes with certain challenges. Based on our empirical results, we argue that the basic reproductive ratio can inform about the stability of newly emerging words and about how often such words are successfully propagated in linguistic contact events. Our analysis shows that an average lexical innovation that has spread in the previous two centuries has been passed on by each individual only to a handful of contacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the correlation between students' flow experience and passive resistance to learning in the context of German as a foreign language education. A quantitative, descriptive-correlational research design was employed. Data were collected from 378 high school students enrolled in their second German course, utilizing the Turkish versions of the "Flow Short Form Scale" and the "Passive Resistance to Learning Scale." Data analysis was conducted using quantitative methods. The findings reveal a weak negative correlation between flow experience and passive resistance to learning. Positive psychological factors such as happiness, enjoyment, interest, perceived necessity of the course, and the student-teacher relationship were found to significantly impact both variables. The study suggests that educators should consider these factors when developing instructional strategies aimed at enhancing flow experiences and reducing passive resistance to learning, ultimately leading to improved educational outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human evolution in groups has given us language. But it has also led to a present where it appears increasingly difficult to understand each other. Language can be used to clarify or to obscure; it can unite or separate. It is as if we speak different languages. (This is written in English as my own second language as a German.) Can thinking about actual linguistic differences help? A foreign language can be a barrier to communication—and learning or translating the language can become a bridge. Similarly, on a personal level (and in psychotherapy), a second language can be used defensively, when it creates a distance to the internal world—and it can be used creatively to rethink it. Group analysis in particular is faced with this dual potential, when members do not all share the same background. Foulkes himself had to struggle with the English language, and (I suggest) turned the challenge into an opportunity for creative new ideas. Foulkes's concept of translation embodies this creativity and carries it into the group-analytic model. This specific Foulkesian translation originates in the group-analytic situation and goes beyond the polarity of the passively translated and the active translator. The mutual task is unavoidable in our polyphonic international group of GASi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the Visual World Paradigm, we investigated participants’ processing of formality register and verb-argument (in)congruent sentences. Crucially, we tested whether individual differences influence sentence processing by taking participants’ age (18–45 years) and their social status (high vs. low) into account. Participants listened to German context sentences that set up formal (e.g. Elegantly dressed says Peter:) or informal (e.g. Sloppily dressed rambles Peter:) situations while they looked at images that were associated either with a formal (e.g. a pair of fancy shoes and chic clothes) or informal (e.g. a pair of old shoes and casual clothes) context. Following the context sentence, they listened to a German target sentence (e.g. I’m soon tying my shoescolloquial). The verb in the target sentence imposed semantic constraints on its arguments (e.g. tie has a good semantic fit with shoes but fits less well with clothes). The on-screen images represented candidate post-verbal referents (e.g. shoes or clothes), creating semantic congruence between the verb constraints and two out of four candidate referents. This verb-argument congruence factor was crossed with congruence between the formality of the context sentence and the (informal vs. more formal) register of the post-verbal argument (e.g. shoesstandard vs. shoescolloquial). Our results show that participants take the formality of the context into account to inform anticipation of matching images on the screen. Moreover, the older the participants were, the more they took the formality of the context into account. All participants made use of the verb’s restrictions: They anticipated and integrated the named object noun argument. Crucially, only younger but not middle-aged participants made use of the context sentence formality to further inform expectations of verb-argument congruence. Participants’ social status did not influence register and verb-argument sentence processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on a self‐examination of two researchers’ translingual practices while working on a study. The researchers’ translingual practice emerged in the cross‐cutting area of different factors: The first author (Hayriye) was born to Turkish parents and grew up in Germany until the age of 19 before moving to Turkey. Living in Turkey for 32 years, Turkish became her dominant language. The second author (Stefan) is a German native speaker who had lived in Turkey for 22 years. He had acquired Turkish in Turkey without receiving formal instruction. The research site was a Turkish state university. Hayriye was assistant professor in the department of German language and literature, Stefan assistant professor in the English language teaching department. This paper's results are based on the discourse Hayriye and Stefan had while analyzing two German as a foreign language coursebooks. The transcribed discourse was analyzed using code‐switching as the theoretical framework to identify juxtapositions of the three languages used by the researchers (German, Turkish and English), language frequencies and directions as well as syntactic integration, thereby detecting patterns in the researchers’ translingual practices. Also, conversation analysis was employed to identify functions of code‐switches. The results show distinct patterns of each speaker and identified functions that document how language alternation serves as a communicative resource to co‐construct knowledge. Besides, instances of translingual practices can be connected to specific factors of the discourse context, and evidence is provided for multilingual speakers’ awareness of languages as separable systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new approach to the interface between linguistic form and speech acts. The basic idea is to rethink prevailing canonicity assumptions about the inventory of syntactic forms used to perform speech acts. I argue for a new concept of canonicity in that domain, which is based on the following claim: pragmatically unmarked versions of the major speech acts requests, questions, and assertions comply with the socio-pragmatic principle of 'maximize politeness'. According to this principle, speakers try to minimize the risk of failure in achieving the relevant illocutionary goals of individual speech acts, and they can minimize that risk by using unambiguous linguistic forms that express politeness. I illustrate this account for unmarked forms of requests, questions, and assertions in German because in this language, the pragmatically unmarked versions of each of those speech acts can be signaled by dedicated particle elements (bitte 'please' in requests; denn 'then' in questions; and ja 'yes' in assertions). I claim that these particles are an overt realization of a syntactic head of a functional projection that encodes socio-pragmatic meaning in the left periphery of the clause. The paper sketches a unified syntactic analysis that holds across speech acts and that can potentially be extended to further phenomena of politeness marking in natural language. • Presents a new approach to the interface between syntax and social meaning. • Introduces the socio-pragmatic principle of 'maximize politeness'. • Demonstrates that particle elements are used in unmarked versions of major speech acts. • Provides a starting point for further studies of politeness marking in language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This practice article examines the design, implementation and impacts of a collaborative German language learning (LL) field trip in the United States through the conceptual framework of LL and teaching beyond the classroom. We explore the affordances of semi-structured out-of-class experiences in supporting world language students' target language proficiency while addressing the crucial Communities goal area of the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages World-Readiness standards. In addition to their effects on students, we consider the potential impacts of LL experiences beyond the classroom on schools and school administrations. Considerations for theory, research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an exploratory study on the use of frequency-based probabilistic word combinations in Heritage Russian. The data used in the study are drawn from three small corpora of narratives, representing the language of Russian heritage speakers from three different dominant-language backgrounds, namely German, Finnish, and American English. The elicited narratives are based on video clips that the participants saw before the recording. Since the current study is based on a relatively small corpus, we conducted a manual corpus-based analysis of the heritage corpora and an automated analysis of the baseline (monolingual) corpus to investigate the differences between the heritage and monolingual language varieties. We hypothesize that heritage speakers deploy fewer probabilistic strategies in language production compared with native speakers and that their active knowledge of and access to ready-to-use multiword units are restricted compared with native speakers. When they cannot access a single lexical item or a collocation, heritage speakers are able to tap both into the resources of the dominant language and the resources of their home language. The connection to the dominant language results in transfer-based non-standard word combinations; when heritage speakers tap into the resources of their home language, they produce unattested in the monolingual variety, "heritage" collocations, many of which are nevertheless grammatically legitimate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article analyzes the employment of women in the city of Osijek, the fourth biggest city in the Republic of Croatia, using a diachronic approach. The paper's main goal is to analyze the social position of women in Croatia in relation to employment and their right to work and to examine whether that position has changed in the last two centuries. As exact and reliable historical data are limited, the authors analyzed job announcements and employment offers relating to women in two local newspapers in Osijek. The newspapers were printed from 1870 to the 1930s in the German language, which was a language used in public communication in the multilingual city of Osijek before World War II. These newspapers are available in digital format as result of an international GIP project conducted by the University Josip Juraj Strossmayer of Osijek and the University of Gießen. The central part of the paper is dedicated to research into job announcements and advertisements published in the two local newspapers in the period 1870 to 1938. Types of jobs reserved for women and jobs sought by women during the examined period provide evidence of specific legal positions as well as the changing social status of women, indicating significant differences between women from different social strata. In the final part, conclusions are drawn concerning changes in the status and employment rights of women as well as the types of jobs performed by women in this time period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Con-textos Kantianos: International Journal of Philosophy is the property of Con-Textos Kantianos (CTK) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Con-textos Kantianos: International Journal of Philosophy is the property of Con-Textos Kantianos (CTK) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of effective grammar learning strategies contributes to the development of grammatical competence, which represents one of the components of communicative language competence. Successful foreign language learners need to have intercultural communicative competence which requires an understanding of both the L1 and L2 cultures (Lim & Griffith, 2016). This study aims to explore grammar learning strategies used by German/Spanish language learners with Croatian first language (L1) and English second language (L2). Participants had Croatian as L1, English as L2, and were learning German and Spanish as L3. The use of grammar learning strategies was measured by the Grammar Learning Strategies Questionnaire (Božinović, 2012). The results have shown that there are statistically significant differences between German and Spanish in the frequency of the grammar learning strategy used. Strategies of active and visual grammar learning are more frequently used by Spanish learners than by German learners. German learners used fewer strategies due to lower motivation. Participants simultaneously use a number of different grammar learning strategies which they combine and adapt in new language circumstances in order to communicate effectively with individuals from different cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Histria Archaeologica is the property of Arheoloski Muzej Istre u Puli and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Folklore and ethnology were from their beginnings closely associated with language. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz used languages to identify and categorise peoples, and he influenced the German-speaking scholars who coined the earliest ethnological terms, the first of which came in the 1740s. Largely through Johann Gottfried Herder's writings, from the late 18th century the idea of the Volksgeist helped to valorise language and popular traditions as authentic markers of cultural distinctiveness. With the 19th-century development of the comparative historical study of languages, especially Indo-European and Uralic, the possibility appeared of positing much deeper historical origins for modern European nations, above all for those nations whose written histories began in relatively recent times. As it developed within the German university system in the course of the 19th century philology encompassed not just language and literature but mythology, folk traditions, law, medicine and history, all understood in relation to German culture as a whole. As folklore studies were professionalised and institutionalised, 'national' folklore studies tended to be largely defined by the extent of a distinct language, while dialect studies frequently drew on folk traditions to give representative examples of localised speech using storytellers as privileged informants – as we show in the case of Irish dialectology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this contribution, we report on ongoing efforts in the German national research infrastructure consortium Text+ to make research data and services for text- and language-oriented disciplines FAIR, that is findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable, as well as compliant with the CARE principles for language resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the use of human nouns in a corpus of directive texts (legal texts on gender equality and on equality of people with disabilities) and the conceptualisation of gender-sensitive language in a corpus of advisory texts (i. e. in manuals on legal and administrative language and in gender guidelines of universities) produced in Germany and in Italy. The contrastive analyses of the directive and advisory texts are closely linked: namely, gender guidelines that universities make available on their web pages refer to legal texts and to manuals. After theoretical and methodological clarifications, the article reports the main results of the two analyses, which can be summarised as follows: - Directive texts: both in Italian legal texts on gender equality and on equality of people with disabilities there is a high percentage of masculine forms, while the German legal text on gender equality has a high percentage of feminine nouns and the German legal texts on equality of people with disabilities have a high percentage of gender-inclusive nouns (such as epicene nouns). - Advisory texts: German manuals on legal and administrative texts recommend the use of gender-sensible language, particularly when referring to natural persons, i. e. avoiding the use of generic masculines. Italian manuals on administrative texts recommend avoiding generic masculines. German and Italian recommendations also share a binary view. The situation is different in advisory texts produced by Universities: German guidelines (although not all of them) give both advice on binary forms and on overcoming this linguistic binarism, whereas Italian ones recommend binary forms and focus on the construction of feminine nouns. The use of masculine nouns for men and feminine nouns for women, neutral forms, and alternative constructions (such as passive forms), on the other hand, is a common feature of German and Italian guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is an intra- and interlinguistic reflection on the expressions relating to the semantic field of DISABILITY1 in the main Italian and German lexicographic resources as well as in the two laws regulating and guaranteeing the right to participation of disabled people and promoting their integration in Italy and Germany, respectively (the "Legge-quadro per l'assistenza, l'integrazione sociale e i diritti delle persone handicappate" of the 5th february 1992 n. 104 and the "Gesetz zur Stärkung der Teilhabe und Selbsbestimmung von Menschen mit Behinderungen"). First, the general and specialised Italian and German monolingual lexicographic resources will be taken into account in order to draw preliminary conclusions concerning the lexicographical landscape (Section 2). After a description of the theoretical framework, the use of these expressions in the two legislative texts will be analysed by means of corpus linguistic tools. In particular, the focus will be put on the most frequent and most typical lexemes of the two compiled corpora (LQH and BTHG) and a selection of those will be examined according to their collocational structures (Section 3). As a result, a general picture of terminology related to the sematic field of DISABILITY in both languages will be given and contrastive reflections, serving as a starting point for subsequent and broader analyses, will be formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general tendencies regarding the gender of nouns are dealt with in the paper with the specific aim of building a contrastive microtypology of German, Italian and English. In particular, up to six different types and functions of gender will be distinguished and will be tested against the background of empirical data drawn from the three languages. Interesting phenomena of convergence and divergence at all levels of the respective linguistic systems pop out from the contrastive analysis, starting from the phonological level up to the pragmatic and cognitive dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the temporal interpretation of fronting constructions in English, a topic that has received limited attention in the literature on tense semantics. It presents new empirical findings revealing that specific fronting configurations, involving present tense morphology in a complement CP under a matrix past tense, can yield a theoretically unexpected simultaneous interpretation. A novel theoretical framework for understanding English tense is proposed, which accounts for the temporal interpretation of both fronting and non-fronting versions of attitude reports. The framework introduces a null simultaneous tense as a replacement for the conventional indexical present and the Sequence-of-Tense (SOT) de se tense. It is argued that in complement CPs the null simultaneous tense, as well as past tense, can be anchored either to the attitude time or to the utterance time. In either case, each tense receives a de re interpretation. Moreover, the paper contends that evidence from fronting constructions supports Kratzer's (Proceedings of semantics and linguistic theory 8, pp. 92–110, 1998) proposal that the transmission of temporal features (as part of the mechanism of SOT) occurs at PF. Finally, the proposed revision of the English tense system contributes to a more unified cross-linguistic perspective on tense. It is demonstrated how the temporal readings of attitude reports arising in such non-SOT languages as Russian, Japanese, and Hebrew can be captured within the system developed for English, with known contrasts attributed to the absence of Feature Transmission in those languages. Further known and new data from English, Modern Greek, and German are examined, revealing variations in SOT effects across SOT languages. These data are used as additional evidence supporting the claim that cross-linguistic variation in the interpretation of complement tense stems solely from differences in Feature Transmission. Regarding the semantic profile of tenses, it can be considered largely invariant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb is the property of Fachmedien Otto Schmidt KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

I apply the apparatus of my book Definition (2021) to the task of defining antisemitism. An initial stipulation introduced the word 'Semitismus' into the German language as a synonym for 'Judenthum' ('Jewishness'). I raise two objections to this stipulation. First, the choice of term risked what Ennis calls 'impact equivocation', since it could easily be misunderstood as referring to characteristics common to all speakers of Semitic languages, including Arabic as well as Hebrew. Second, the stipulator's use of either name assumed falsely that all Jews share the described characteristics. I use a sample of 10 sentences to evaluate 11 proposed reportive (i.e., descriptive, or lexicographical) definitions of the term 'antisemitism'. I rephrase the resulting tentative definition in the Natural Semantic Language developed by Goddard and Wierzbicka. I then consider two documents that advocate a meaning for 'antisemitism', in the sense that they take a position on what kinds of speech or action count as antisemitic. The Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism, issued by a group of researchers in 2021, is superior in many respects to the resolution on antisemitism adopted in May 2016 by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA). Hence individuals and organizations concerned with monitoring antisemitism should use the Jerusalem Declaration as a guide rather than the IHRA resolution. Consideration of the declaration leads to a revised reportive definition: Antisemitism is discrimination, prejudice, hostility, or violence that targets people or institutions regarded as ethnically Jewish, just because they are Jewish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the 1780s in Saint Petersburg there appeared a multilingual comparative dictionary, under the editorship of the German Peter Simon Pallas (1741–1811). Its title – 'Comparative Vocabularies of All Languages and Dialects' – illustrated its ambitious scope, and the first volume of this dictionary covered the languages of Europe, Asia and 'the Islands of the Southern Ocean'. A second, promised, volume, containing the languages of Africa and the Americas, never appeared. For various reasons, this work, despite its vast linguistic content, has generally been discussed only briefly in the history of lexicography and linguistics in English, and the English entries themselves have not yet been presented in their entirety. The aim of this article is thus to correct this oversight, and to provide an overview of the history of the Vocabularies itself, as well as a list of the English entries as they appear in the work itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researching and recording new lexical items and senses holds a well-established position within German linguistics. The first corpus-based online dictionary (the Neologism Dictionary 2006ff.) was introduced in 2006 and focused on collecting and describing neologisms which had emerged and become established over the three decades from 1900 to 2020. In 2022, a new concept was developed to elevate lexicographic aspirations by integrating linguistic as well as encyclopaedic knowledge, and by introducing innovative presentational approaches. In this paper, the key changes and concepts of the new resource (published in platform OWID) will be highlighted, in particular its main aim, which is to merge an online dictionary with a dynamic informative dashboard. This combination offers headword-specific details for general reference and comprehensive information related to neologisms that transcends individual units, presented in various formats. Particular emphasis will be placed on the significant connection between neology and (critical) discourse, a facet that has previously played a minor role in lexicographic practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The absence of female writing forms a particularly striking gap in the historiography of German-language literature in the Czech Lands during the decades around 1900. Women participated significantly in the literary scene of the period but were largely forgotten. Our article will discuss the conditions and discourses that enabled women to be active in the public space but later led to their absence in literary history. Approaches are sought that make future inclusion possible again. The first step for (re-)establishing a female presence in this area is to reconstruct biographies with a focus on female-specific social realities at the time and on the interaction of cultural, social and historical factors. In the next step, attention is brought to the "minor" or "simple", rather non-canonical literary genres that were often used by women authors at the fin de siècle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a study of discourse connectives and discourse relations in English parallel texts, i.e. in written and spoken originals, as well as translation and interpreting from German. For this, we apply automatic procedures to annotate discourse connectives and relations they trigger in a parallel corpus. We look at distributions of various connectives and discourse relations, comparing spoken and written mode, as well as original and translated or interpreted language production. Furthermore, we analyse the translation patterns in terms of translation entropy. We link our observations to the phenomena of explicitation and implicitation. We find that in both interpreting and translation, explicitation and implicitation patters are affected by the cognitive complexity of the discourse relation signalled by the connective. Moreover, we also show that the difference in the specificity of the same connectives in interpreting and translation also depends on the type of relation they trigger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of features that affect the linguistic form of translated texts has been one of the central questions within the field of corpus-based translation studies. In the partially overlapping field of computational linguistics, previous studies have shown that source languages of individual texts can be detected automatically in direct translations and indirect translations (i.e., translations done from translations). However, computationally oriented approaches have paid limited attention to what specific linguistic features make successful classification possible. Consequently, the types of linguistic phenomena characterizing translations and the kinds of linguistic interference that can be detected in them remain underexplored. In this study, we study the linguistic features that contribute to the identification of the source language of direct translations from English, French, German, Greek, and Swedish, as well as indirect translations from Greek into Finnish, with English, French, German, and Swedish as mediating languages. Theoretically, this study builds on Halverson's (2017) gravitational pull model to explain the mechanisms behind our findings in a theoretically sound fashion and to generate theoretically motivated, specific hypotheses to be tested by future research. The analysis makes use of keyness analysis as a supervised machine learning technique, as well as exploratory factor analysis (EFA) as an unsupervised machine learning technique. The results indicate that sentence length, sentence-initial adverbs and sentence-final specification are the linguistic features that set the different types of translations apart from each other. Furthermore, the salient features of the ultimate source language outweigh those of the mediating languages in indirect translations or the entrenched parallels between specific language pairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We present a study in the context of computational social science that explores the topics debated in the context of the 2021 German Federal Election by using the topic modeling technique BERTopic. The corpus consists of German language tweets posted by political party accounts of the major German parties, as well as tweets by the general public mentioning the party accounts. We examined the textual content of the tweets but also included the text in images that were posted into the analysis by extracting the text using optical character recognition (OCR). Our results show that the most frequently discussed topics are party-oriented policies (including call-to-action content), climate policy and financial policy, with these topics being discussed in tweets by both, the political party accounts and tweets by accounts mentioning them. In addition, we observed that some topics were discussed consistently throughout the year, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, climate policy or digitization, while other topics, such as the return to power of the Taliban in Afghanistan or Israel were debated to a greater extent at limited time frames during the election year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Long extraction, that is, the displacement of a constituent across a clause boundary, is considered a process of broad applicability. This view is challenged by the claim that extracting a phrase from a that-clause into a relative clause is ungrammatical in German. Since the evidence for this claim is extremely limited, we ran three acceptability experiments investigating long extraction in German. As expected from a large range of studies on long extraction in German, long extraction was judged as less acceptable than corresponding sentences without long extraction. Importantly, long extraction was equally acceptable across the three contexts that were tested—relative clauses, embedded questions and main clause questions. Our experiments, thus, show that long extraction applies across different structural contexts in German, as expected if long extraction is a general syntactic process. In addition, this paper presents new evidence concerning the sources of individual variation with regard to the acceptability of long extraction. First, we confirm that long extraction gets less acceptable when going from the South to the North of the German speaking area. Second, we tested whether individual participants differ with regard to how easily they accept non-standard constructions. To this end, we ran an additional experiment on verb-cluster formation, including sentences that are ungrammatical according to prescriptive grammar but that are, nevertheless, accepted by many speakers of German. The acceptability of long extraction correlates with the acceptability of non-standard verb clusters even when regional background is controlled for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis article examines the use of roman and gothic letterforms in Nazi propaganda to express racial-national distinctions between “Aryans” and “non-Aryans”, and Jews in particular. The link between race and language was central in the theory of the “Aryan” race, whose supposed primary characteristic was the possession of the body of the ancient Greek athlete. The article examines the birth and evolution of the roman and gothic typefaces, following Gutenberg’s printing press in the fifteenth century, and assesses how Nazi publications harked back to German and European typographic traditions to make the printed word a vehicle of German “Aryan” identity and divide readers. Theoretically, the article builds on Benedict Anderson’s concept of “print-language” by making a distinction between “print-language” and “printed language”. It draws attention to the materiality and form of the printed language, as bearers of meaning with their own power to divide or unite communities and create nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The forms and functions of okay have been investigated extensively in contexts where interlocutors speak the same language (e.g., German, Hungarian, and Swedish). Conversely, comparatively few studies have been conducted on how okay is used among people who do not share the same first language, such as lingua franca encounters. This article narrows this gap by investigating the use of okay in face‐to‐face tandem language learning between Chinese Expanding Circle users of English and British Inner Circle users of English. Using applied conversation analysis on a large corpus of 36 h of video recordings, the findings demonstrate that okay is used by both groups of speakers to manage comprehension in two ways: (1) okay is used to display sufficient understanding and (2) okay is used to display insufficient understanding. Although both groups of speakers use okay to claim sufficient and insufficient understanding, there are small, nuanced ways that the British Inner Circle users of English and Chinese Expanding Circle users of English differ in the use of discourse markers. These findings suggest that much more work is needed to fully understand how discourse markers are used in lingua franca interactions and world Englishes contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews Günter Figal's book "Vieldeutigkeit: zur ästhetischen Umstellung der Philosophie," which explores the philosophical concept of ambiguity. Figal argues that philosophical inquiry into ambiguity demands a revolution in philosophy, challenging the traditional association of philosophical inquiry with clarification. He suggests that true knowledge aligns with the ambiguity we perceive, emphasizing the importance of understanding the many interpretative possibilities inherent in ambiguous phenomena. Figal's work combines phenomenology, aesthetics, and hermeneutics to develop a new approach to philosophy that prioritizes ambiguity, plurality, and openness. [Extracted from the article]