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The impact of milling on the physical attributes of Indian minor millets, namely foxtail, little, kodo, barnyard and proso millets are examined in the present study. Dehusking and debranning processes led to a reduced 1000 kernel weight and volume but increased bulk and true density. Hardness varied significantly between all millets in all forms. Different millets differ in properties such as length, breadth, thickness, equivalent diameter, geometric mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, aspect ratio, surface area and sphericity in native, dehusked and debranned forms. Understanding these variations can aid in the design of storage, transportation and new millet processing machinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demands for improved productivity, efficiency, and quality pose challenges to the welding industry, significantly the laser beam welding process. As the materials become increasingly sophisticated in their chemical composition to provide ever-better functionally specific properties, a more complete and precise understanding of how such materials can join for optimal effectiveness and efficiency will become essential. The objective of the present study is to review the current literature and discuss future trends. This thorough review study provides a comprehensive systematization and corresponding advances of constituent technologies on laser beam welding process modeling (LBWPM), including types of modeling including characteristics of weld joint (geometrical, metallurgical, and mechanical), monitoring (pre-process, in-process, and post-process), length scale (macroscale, mesoscale, and microscale), and approach of modeling (empirical-based and theoretical-based). The relevant case studies will be evaluated, discussed, and compared. In the end, the general trends, and strong indications of LBWPM, seen in the future, will be discussed. The current study also provides a good foundation for future research and creates awareness of the developmental direction of laser beam welding process modeling in manufacturing industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Key trends in LPBF characteristics modeling include a notable focus on fusion zone, residual stress, and hardness models. The integration of machine learning algorithms, regression modeling, and a material-specific approach highlights the dynamic and evolving nature of LPBF characteristics modeling. • The research gap in online models, as revealed by Figure 30 (B), emphasizes the need for real-time monitoring during the LPBF process, contributing to immediate feedback, continuous quality assurance, and ongoing research and development endeavors. • Material-specific trends, such as Ti6Al4V, IN, and SS316L, underscore the challenges and opportunities in LPBF characteristics modeling, considering factors like thermal residual stresses, dimensional accuracy, and post-processing requirements. • Research in LPBF modeling lacks exploration of the interplay between geometrical and mechanical characteristics, crucial for optimizing processes and ensuring reliability. • A gap in LPBF modeling is the absence of a holistic approach integrating macroscopic to nanoscopic scales, essential for accurate representations. • There's a research gap in LPBF modeling concerning an in-depth exploration of deformation characteristics, crucial for ensuring dimensional accuracy in intricate geometries. • While the paper acknowledges monitoring in LPBF modeling, a gap exists in exploring advanced techniques. Integrating real-time systems and in-situ sensing is crucial for improved process control and defect identification. • A significant gap exists in LPBF process monitoring due to the prevalence of offline models. Developing more online models is crucial for real-time control, immediate feedback, and minimizing defects in additive manufacturing. In its comprehensive exploration of recent developments in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) characteristics modeling, this study stands out by offering a unique emphasis on both geometrical and mechanical attributes, thus contributing novelty to the existing literature. While certain aspects of LPBF modeling may have been touched upon by existing reviews in the field, our study goes beyond by providing a holistic overview that encompasses a broad spectrum of geometrical and mechanical characteristics, thus introducing approach to understanding the complexities of the LPBF process. By categorizing LPBF modeling into distinct types and meticulously analyzing case studies across various length scales, from macroscopic to nanoscopic levels, we introduce novelty in the field by offering a comprehensive perspective on the intricacies of LPBF modeling. Furthermore, our study surpasses a surface-level examination of LPBF characteristics by delving deeply into the methodologies employed for modeling both geometrical and mechanical attributes, thereby introducing novel insights into the methodologies and challenges associated with LPBF modeling. A significant aspect of our review is the identification of gaps in the current body of knowledge, which serves as a foundation for proposing future trends and directions in LPBF modeling, thus introducing novelty to the literature. By highlighting these gaps and charting a course for future research, our study offers a novel perspective on how to advance the field of LPBF modeling, thereby contributing to ongoing refinement and innovation in additive manufacturing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data hiding strategies have recently gained popularity in different fields; Digital watermark technology was developed for hiding copyright information in the image visually or invisibly. Today, 3D model technology has the potential to alter the field because it allows for the production of sophisticated structures and forms that were previously impossible to achieve. In this paper, a new watermarking method for the 3D model is presented. The proposed method is based on the geometrical and topology properties of the 3D model surface to increase the security. The geometrical properties are based on computing the mean curvature for a surface and topology based on the number of edges around each vertex, the vertices that have negative mean curvature and an odd number of edges around the vertex are selected for embedding. Selecting the vertex with negative mean curvature value means the vertex located in the deep region of the surface, so it not noticeable change to human eyes. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, the PSNR, and CF are used as a measurement to evaluate the visibility and robustness of the 3D watermarked model. The experimental results have shown the proposed algorithm has good imperceptibility where the PSNR reach up to 44.41 and robustness against attack where the CF is one in many cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ilkhanid rule (1256–1353) heralded a period when the arts of the book flourished, with the production of both religious and secular texts. This article examines the binding of the Hamadan Qur'an (Dar al-Kutub, Cairo, Rasid 72), which was commissioned for the Ilkhanid Sultan Öljaytü (1303–1316) and completed in 1313. The Qur'an, composed of 30 parts, has remained intact in the Dar al-Kutub in Cairo since its arrival in Egypt sometime in the 1320s. The decoration of the binding is representative of the geometrical designs that formed part of the Persian binders' repertoire before being entirely discarded by the middle of the fourteenth century in favour of lobed and ogival medallions with pendants derived from cloud-collar profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• FDA centrifugal blood pump benchmark is investigated under non-deterministic conditions. • Stochastic condition can explain a part of discrepancy between the numerical and experimental results. • Uncertainties lead to remarkable variations in the pump hemodynamics and performance characteristics. • The hemolysis index is profoundly affected by the uncertainties in model parameters. • Impeller diameter and rotational speed are the most important parameters on the hydrodynamic characteristics. The present study is set out to systematically investigate the combined impact of operational, geometrical, and model uncertainties on the hemodynamics and performance characteristics in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) benchmark centrifugal blood pump. Non-intrusive Polynomial Chaos Expansion (NIPCE) has been utilized to propagate the uncertainty of 12 random input variables in the flow field and the performance characteristics of the blood pump at three working conditions. The global sensitivity of the Quantities of Interest (QoI) to the uncertain input parameters was measured through the Sobol' indices. The Multiple Reference Frames (MRF) approach and the SST k − ω turbulence model were employed to conduct the 3D CFD computations of the pump. In addition, we quantified the device-related hemolysis using the semi-empirical power-law model. The stochastic CFD results of the pump velocity field and hydraulic performance parameters showed a satisfactory agreement with measurements. Statistical analysis indicated that the effect of operational and geometrical uncertainties on the velocity field of the blood pump chiefly emerges at the outlet diffuser region, more specifically along the center-line of the fluid jet formed inside the diffuser. This study has also clarified that the uncertainties in the flow field and the hydraulic performance of the blood pump are mainly due to the variations of impeller diameter, rotational speed, radial clearance, and flow rate. By contrast, the hemolysis index is profoundly affected by the model parameters. Additionally, higher robustness against uncertainties was observed for hydraulic efficiency compared to the pump head. Eventually, it was shown that the maximum value of the distribution function of the relative hemolysis index lies within the bounds of the measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most fabrics produced by conventional methods have two orthogonal planes of symmetry, and they are considered as orthotropic materials. The aim of this study is to design an innovative fabric structure with transversely isotropic properties. Using two sets of yarns, namely radial yarns and circumferential yarn, the new fabric structure was defined in the polar coordinate system. The geometrical parameters of fabric were determined using variables of polar coordinate ( r , θ). In order to achieve the centrally symmetric properties, an algorithm was proposed for yarn undulation. Fabrics were produced according to given algorithm. The maximum C.V.% of 16.5 was achieved for density variation in different region of fabrics by implementation of proposed algorithm. The samples were subjected to tensile testing. The results of the experiments indicated that the tensile behavior of the fabrics is the same in different directions, so that the maximum SD of 4.95 was recorded for samples; that is to say, the fabric has centrally symmetric properties and can be considered as transversely isotropic material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soldha landslide zone is one of the prominent sites in district Kangra of Himachal Pradesh that witnessed large-scale mass movement in October 2013. This landslide destroyed six houses along with six livestock sheds causing the death of animals along with the destruction of 5.60 ha of agricultural land and 23 ha of forest cover that got uprooted. The study discusses the main geomorphic, geometrical, anthropogenic, and climatic parameters bordering the landslide zone which buried a complete village under the debris. This landslide zone resides at the thrust contact zone between the Middle Siwalik weathered sandstone-clay (the failed slope material) and the Upper Siwalik Boulder Conglomerates. The study of slope material shows its composition as well-graded sand and less than 30% gravels which reflected the weak and weathered condition of the slope material. The geometrical features of the landslide planiform and the rainfall analysis have helped to reveal the trigger factor of this progressive slope failure. The rainfall and the seismic data analysis have shown that the active tectonics due to the presence of thrust near the toe of the landslide have led to the progressive sub-surface disturbances and the monsoon rainfall has acted as a trigger factor for the slope mass movement. This study has addressed the geological as well as the climatic factors that have led to the mass movement and revealed the impact of the structural feature on a moderately inclined slope with settlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novelty of EDM machining as a drilling operation for composite materials means that there is no consensus on the influence of the parameters that optimise the final quality. For these reasons, a characterisation of the EDM drilling process of a unidirectional composite material has been developed. The influence of several cutting parameters has been related to the quality of the final hole obtained. Thus, macrogeometric aspects in terms of conicity and final diameter and microgeometric aspects in terms of surface quality have been evaluated. In addition, the final state of the material and the wear of the electrode have been evaluated by visual inspection, allowing the range of cutting parameters that offer the best performance to be established. Finally, a series of contour diagrams based on predictive models have been obtained to establish a direct relationship between input and output variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accretion of mineralized thin wall-like structures via localized growth along their edges is observed in physical and biological systems ranging from molluscan and brachiopod shells to carbonate-silica composite precipitates. To understand the shape of these mineralized structures, we develop a mathematical framework that treats the thin-walled shells as a smooth surface left in the wake of the growth front that can be described as an evolving space curve. Our theory then takes an explicit geometric form for the prescription of the velocity of the growth front curve, along with compatibility relations and a closure equation related to the nature of surface curling. Solutions of these equations capture a range of geometric precipitate patterns seen in abiotic and biotic forms across scales. In addition to providing a framework for the growth and form of these thin-walled morphologies, our theory suggests a new class of dynamical systems involving moving space curves that are compatible with non-Euclidean embeddings of surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study takes the rock masses in the dam foundation of a sluice gate of the Datengxia Hydropower Station in China as a case study to determine the geometrical and mechanical representative volume elements (RVEs) considering the special natures of rock masses (inhomogeneity and anisotropy). 3D fracture networks are generated on the basis of fracture data in the field and then used in this study for RVE determination. The representative parameters for RVE determination are selected and presented first. Through the comparison and analysis of the RVEs in different regions and directions, it is discovered that the inhomogeneity and anisotropy of the rock result in the spatial effect and directional effect in the RVE size, respectively. Therefore, the traditional method of RVE determination needs to be improved. Subsequently, on the basis of the sampling methods considering the special natures, the special natures of the geometrical and mechanical parameters are studied in detail and fully considered to improve the accuracy of the RVE results. Finally, the geometrical RVE size (10 m) and mechanical RVE size (18 m) are determined with the coefficient of variation. Moreover, the relationship between the geometrical and mechanical RVE sizes is also established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work a sewing needle of an industrial commercial sewing machine is investigated from the different points of view of geometrical and critical elastic statistical balance. The dimensions of the sewing needle are ℓ = 60 mm, and φ = 2.5 mm and 1.45 mm diameter for the two stepped needle. The needle is treated as a fixed - free end column, with two sections: I0 (I1) = 1.9615 (E - 12) m4 and (I2) = 2.0516 (E - 13) m4. The upper partial length a = 31.2 mm, while the lower partial length b = 28.2 mm. The value of the critical load is 110 N, while the Euler load Pe = 1112 N, then γ = 3.1796. Another approach was used for a line diagram of the truncated cone of the sewing needle, where the critical load Pcr = 57 N, the Euler load Pe = 118 N, and γ = 3.13. For the line diagram of a sewing needle with a constant cross-section = 1.965 mm, I = 7.3185 (E - 13) m4, El/ℓ² = 41.8778 N & η = 2.467. Then Pcr = 103 N, Pe = 413 N & γ √Pe/Pcr = 2. For a sewingneedle with a constant cross-section and the penetration load is uniformly distributed, the geometric characteristic is found to be = 7.839, γ = 1.22, Pcr = Pcr(qℓ)cr = 328 N & q = 5472 N/m (6 N/mm). The present work aims to open as yet untouched areas for more and intensive academic and experimental studies, in the field of how penetration forces affect critical loads. The work is the first step in the evaluation of the mechanics of the industrial sewing needle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A-Site doping with alkali ions, and/or metal substitution at the B and B′-sites, are among the key strategies in the innovative development of A2BB′X6 halide double perovskite semiconducting materials for application in energy and device technologies. To this end, we have investigated an intriguing series of five halide-based non-toxic systems, A2AgRhCl6 (A = Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs), using density functional theory at the SCAN-rVV10 level. The lattice stability and bonding properties emanating from this study of A2AgRhCl6 matched well with those that have already been synthesized, characterized and discussed [viz. Cs2AgBiX6 (X = Cl, Br)]. Exploration of traditional and recently proposed tolerance factors has enabled us to identify A2AgRhCl6 (A = K, Rb and Cs) as stable double perovskites. The band structure and density of states calculations suggested that the electronic transition from the top of the valence band [Cl(3p)+Rh(4d)] to the bottom of the conduction band [(Cl(3p)+Rh(4d)] is inherently direct at the X-point of the first Brillouin zone. The (non-spin polarized) bandgap of these materials was found in the range 0.57–0.65 eV with SCAN-rVV10, which were substantially smaller than those computed with hybrid HSE06 and PBE0, and quasi-particle GW methods. This, together with the appreciable refractive index and high absorption coefficient in the region covering the range 1.0–4.5 eV, enabled us to demonstrate that A2AgRhCl6 (A = K, Rb, and Cs) are likely candidate materials for photoelectric applications. The results of our phonon calculations at the harmonic level suggested that the Cs2AgRhCl6 is the only system that is dynamically stable (no imaginary frequencies found around the high symmetry lines of the reciprocal lattice), although the elastic moduli properties suggested all five systems examined are mechanically stable.

Astaxanthin (AST) exists trans/cis forms in food. Currently, the functional activities and molecular mechanisms of the geometrical isomers remain unclear. In this study, the anti-aging activities of isomers were studied in Caenorhabditis elegans. The median lifespan of C. elegans fed with 9-cis, 13-cis and all-trans isomers was observed to increase by 59.39%, 24.99%, and 30.43%, respectively. AST isomers didn’t exert adverse effects on reproductive behavior, and could alleviate the decline in physiological function caused by senility in C. elegans. In addition, the decreased intracellular ROS accumulation was consistent with the life extension. RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that the lifespan extension was mediated primarily through the modulation of genes involved in the longevity regulating pathway, and was caused by the 9-cis (hsp-16.48, hsp-16.49) and all-trans (fat-5, pha-4) relative to the 13-cis. Furthermore, different isomers resulted in differences in anti-aging mechanisms through the regulation of the expression of specific differentially expressed genes.

Al-matrix composites specifically Al6061-7.5%SiC which holds promising mechanical properties, is a potential candidate in aeronautical industry. Though the reinforcement of SiC in Al-substrate has appreciably enhanced the mechanical characteristics, but it complicates its machining as the composite bears excellent hardness and strength. Moreover, its intended applications require the formation of intricate profiles. Therefore, the processing/machining of such composite is challenging. Wire electric discharge machining (WEDM) is an appreciable choice for Al6061-7.5%SiC machining. However, intrinsic issues of WEDM, i.e., wire vibrations and lag have resulted in a compromised dimensional accuracy of machined part. Furthermore, realization of similar errors' magnitude in both the cutting orientations (axial; EXD and lateral; EYD) is difficult because of the presence of SiC-reinforcement which is a stimulus for wire disturbances. Similarly, this reinforcement influences corner accuracy and makes it's tedious to attain same corner errors at both faces (top; AETOP and bottom; AEBOT). These accuracy issues have not been discussed yet which is primarily done herein using response surface methodology. Statistical, optical, and SEM analyses are performed for detailed understanding of the parametric effects. The minimum error values achieved are 0.01 mm, 0.105 mm, 0.249° and 0.475° in case of EXD, EYD, AETOP and AEBOT respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variation of the azimuth to Doppler center frequency of the terrain observation by progressive scans (TOPS) mode leads to the relative distortion of the phase of the interferogram. Therefore, high registration accuracy is required for interference processing. The Canadian Synthetic Aperture Radar Remote Sensing Satellite (RADARSAT‐2) TOPS mode image is less useful due to poor orbital accuracy and geometric registration accuracy, which makes the interference registration more complicated than it in sentinel SAR remote sensing (Sentinel‐1) satellite TOPS mode. In order to perform the interference processing of the TOPS mode data, this paper uses the cross‐correlation registration to correct the geometric registration results, and then uses the spectral diversity for the second geometric registration correction, and finally uses the enhanced spectral diversity to implement the final azimuth offset correction. Typically, the Doppler centroid estimation from satellite ephemeris parameters and focusing imaging parameters alone does not provide sufficient accuracy. Therefore, a phase increment method is proposed to optimize the Doppler center estimation and the estimated Doppler center is verified by the image bearing power spectrum in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this work, the geometrical, electronic structures and optical properties of S-doped ZnO at high pressures have been investigated. The pressure effects on the lattice parameters, the electronic band structures, and partial density of states (PDOS) of crystalline S-doped ZnO are calculated up to 10 GPa by performing density functional calculations. Within the studied pressure range, the lattice parameters have the strongest pressure dependence with , whereas a show a pressure dependence of up to 10 GPa. The non-uniform pressure dependence of the lattice parameters may imply that the sample undergoes anisotropic compression with pressure. The electronic structure of S-doped ZnO under high pressure is also discussed. Moreover, the evolution of the dielectric function, absorption coefficient (), reflectivity (), and the real part of the refractive index () at high pressure are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paddy and brown rice samples were investigated for its physical characteristics which would aid in designing of the equipment and apparatus for processing of grains as sorting, grading and transportation with ease. Significant difference was observed among the different physical properties as geometrical (length, breadth, thickness, equivalent diameter, sphericity, volume, surface area, aspect ratio) gravimetrical (bulk density, true density, porosity etc.) and frictional characteristic such as angle of repose, hygroscopic properties as moisture and water activity and color of paddy and brown rice kernels. Among geometrical properties length was found the maximum in paddy of Mapillai samba (8.21 mm) and Palkudavazhai brown rice (6.34 mm). Among flow properties, Mapillai samba displayed the maximum value for true density of paddy and brown rice varieties respectively. Hardness was reported in the range of (344.1 ± 14.4-594.88 ± 9.5 and 209.31 ± 4.00-395.99 ± 7.05 N) for different varieties of paddy and brown rice cultivars. The color of the brown rice was read as L*, a*, b* where it varied from 36.22 ± 0.71-61.71 ± 0.81, 4.00 ± 0.18-15.29 ± 0.48 and 16.59 ± 0.52-23.81 ± 0.15 respectively. Brown rice varieties can generally be categorized as short bold, long bold and medium slender as per their length and breadth ratio. The significant differences in physical properties of the various cultivars studied, emphasis on varying processing techniques. The physical properties of selected brown rice varieties studied are widely cultivated in southern India, owing to its high nutraceutical potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of algorithms to determine the accuracy of aiming direction using two inverse kinematic approaches i.e. geometric and numeric has been done. The best method needs to be specified to precisely and accurately control the aiming direction of a two degrees of freedom (TDOF) manipulator. The manipulator degrees of freedom are azimuth (Az) and elevation (El) angles. A program has been made using C language to implement the algorithm. Analysis of the two algorithms was done using statistical approach and circular error probable (CEP). The research proves that accuracy percentage of numerical method is better than geometrical method, those are 98.63% and 98.55%, respectively. Based on the experiment results, the numerical approach is the right algorithm to be applied in the TDOF robot manipulator.

The perfect gas equation, laws, principles and processes as well as the van der Waals equation for real gases are represented geometrically. Intensive and extensive properties and the standard temperature and pressure (STP) condition are shown too. Plane geometry offers a supplementary method to the piston formulation for explaining and visualizing gas properties. Several difficulties and misconceptions of students may thus be resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astaxanthin (AST) exists trans / cis forms in food. Currently, the functional activities and molecular mechanisms of the geometrical isomers remain unclear. In this study, the anti-aging activities of isomers were studied in Caenorhabditis elegans . The median lifespan of C. elegans fed with 9-cis , 13-cis and all-trans isomers was observed to increase by 59.39%, 24.99%, and 30.43%, respectively. AST isomers didn’t exert adverse effects on reproductive behavior, and could alleviate the decline in physiological function caused by senility in C. elegans . In addition, the decreased intracellular ROS accumulation was consistent with the life extension. RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that the lifespan extension was mediated primarily through the modulation of genes involved in the longevity regulating pathway, and was caused by the 9-cis ( hsp-16.48 , hsp-16.49 ) and all-trans ( fat-5 , pha-4 ) relative to the 13-cis . Furthermore, different isomers resulted in differences in anti-aging mechanisms through the regulation of the expression of specific differentially expressed genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial biofilms are highly structured and dynamic communities in which phenotypic diversification allows microorganisms to adapt to different environments under distinct conditions. The environmentally ubiquitous pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans colonizes many niches of the human body and implanted medical devices in the form of biofilms, an important virulence factor. A new approach was used to characterize the underlying geometrical distribution of C. neoformans cells during the adhesion stage of biofilm formation. Geometrical aspects of adhered cells were calculated from the Delaunay triangulation and Voronoi diagram obtained from scanning electron microscopy images (SEM). A correlation between increased biofilm formation and higher ordering of the underlying cell distribution was found. Mature biofilm aggregates were analyzed by applying an adapted protocol developed for ultrastructure visualization of cryptococcal cells by SEM. Flower-like clusters consisting of cells embedded in a dense layer of extracellular matrix were observed as well as distinct levels of spatial organization: adhered cells, clusters of cells and community of clusters. The results add insights into yeast motility during the dispersion stage of biofilm formation. This study highlights the importance of cellular organization for biofilm growth and presents a novel application of the geometrical method of analysis.

The consequences of some symmetries of the three-alpha system are discussed. In particular, the recent description of the low-energy spectrum of the C nucleus in terms of the algebraic cluster model (ACM) is compared to that of the multichannel dynamical symmetry (MUSY), which is the intersection of the shell and cluster models. The previous one applies interactions of a geometric symmetry [D. J. Marin-Lambarri et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 (2014) 012502], while the latter one has a U(3) dynamical symmetry. The available data is in line with both descriptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial biofilms are highly structured and dynamic communities in which phenotypic diversification allows microorganisms to adapt to different environments under distinct conditions. The environmentally ubiquitous pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans colonizes many niches of the human body and implanted medical devices in the form of biofilms, an important virulence factor. A new approach was used to characterize the underlying geometrical distribution of C. neoformans cells during the adhesion stage of biofilm formation. Geometrical aspects of adhered cells were calculated from the Delaunay triangulation and Voronoi diagramobtained fromscanning electronmicroscopy images (SEM). A correlation between increased biofilm formation and higher ordering of the underlying cell distribution was found. Mature biofilm aggregates were analyzed by applying an adapted protocol developed for ultrastructure visualization of cryptococcal cells by SEM. Flower-like clusters consisting of cells embedded in a dense layer of extracellular matrix were observed as well as distinct levels of spatial organization: adhered cells, clusters of cells and community of clusters. The results add insights into yeast motility during the dispersion stage of biofilm formation. This study highlights the importance of cellular organization for biofilm growth and presents a novel application of the geometrical method of analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pamukkale University Journal of Education is the property of Pamukkale University Journal of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although Islam gives function and not form,Islam as a context has affects on forms and ornaments in somewhat. The great role ofgeometry in Islamic architecture due to restriction of using natural figures is an example. In this research, the application of Islamic geometrical patterns (IGPs), and suitability of their usage over architectural elements in terms of timescale accuracy and architectural-style matching is studied. A detailed survey of hundred wellsurviving buildings throughout the Muslim world of architecture has been conducted for this purpose and as a result, not only originof patterns identified, but also radical artistic movements throughout the history of Islamic geometric ornaments revealed. Finally, thisstudy sketches the evolution of IGPs through history, while regional diversities are also taken into account.

Introduction: In iodine-131 (I-131) imaging, the image quality is degraded by scatter and penetration in a collimator. In this work, we assessed the penetrated and the scattered photon fractions in the photopeak energy window using Monte Carlo Simulation code. Materials and Methods: The Siemens Medical System equipped with high-energy collimator was simulated. We evaluated the acceptance angle values on geometric, penetration, and scatter components in a separate file. Binary images in a data file are obtained and each one of them was imported in software ImageJ. Full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) and sensitivity were calculated and compared. Results: The simulation data show that for the acceptance angle value equal to 4.845°, the geometric, scatter, and penetration components were 93.20%, 4.13%, and 2.67%, respectively. Moreover, the resolution is improved (FWHM = 7.21 mm, full width at tenth maximum = 12.36 mm) for a point source at 12 cm from the detector. Conclusion: The small acceptance angle has a major impact on the image quality in I-131 single photon emission computed tomography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thinning is an important step in image processing where we minimize (reduces) the width of the image i.e. the no. of pixels that helps in reducing the memory usage. This paper proposes a new algorithm for thinning of images and helps minimizing its size. The newly proposed algorithm preserves the connectivity of the image pattern and provides a reduced image after processing the given image. The algorithm is composed of three passes to get thinned image that is connected, reduced and gives clear view of whole image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large body of research has studied structural change, particularly the dynamics of labour allocation in multi-sector growth models, based on different economic theories. We present a meta-model of structural change that combines information from empirical evidence (stylized facts) with information on the geometrical properties of typical trajectories studied in structural change theory. In particular, our approach is based on three facts: (1) structural change in three-sector models is defined on a 2-simplex; (2) the trajectory of past structural change partitions the 2-simplex into economically interpretable sections; (3) the typical properties of structural change trajectories (e.g. non-self-intersection) prohibit some movements from one section to another. Jointly, these facts imply that structural change is path-dependent and that the number of feasible structural change scenarios can be reduced significantly. While we focus on labour allocation dynamics, our approach can be applied to other topics (e.g. income distribution dynamics). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three-dimensional 6-directional variable cross-sectional cone-shaped tubular braided fabric (6DCTBF) has been applied successfully as the components in aerospace craft. The application of cone-shaped tubular braided fabric requires the densification of a small end to ensure ablation uniformity during composite fabrication. In this paper, in order to meet the size and performance requirements for 6DCTBF, a unique yarn-thinning technique used in the braiding process has developed and explained in detail by first analyzing the fiber bundle movement and distribution in modeling. After the yarn has been thinned, different zones are divided according to the constituting method of the yarn in its unit cell. Geometric models are built for different zones to determine the geometrical dimensions and volume fraction variation range. It has been shown that the theoretical model can accurately describe the 6DCTBF and provide a theoretical basis for the design of its structure and properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate that the extension of the space-time metric to incorporate two anticommuting property coordinates automatically leads to the unification of gravity with non-Abelian gauge theory, as well as producing a cosmological term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes characteristics and effects of fibre crimp in nonwoven structure. Crimp is one of the most important characteristics of natural and man-made fibers. Various types of fibre crimps available and introduced in textile strands are described here. Influence of fibre crimp on the processability of the fibre and properties of end-product are described. Crimp is quantified in terms of various measurable parameters such as wave length, crimp length, crimp frequency, crimp angle, crimp amplitude, crimp index and crimp degree. Three-dimensional characteristic of crimp is represented. Effect of fibre crimp on various geometrical, mechanical and transmission properties of nonwoven fabric are described here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]