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Northwestern Morocco is characterized by highly anthropized landscapes under the combined effect of agricultural intensification, resource overexploitation, urbanization, and tourism, but also local reforestation. Reconstructing the recent changes in vegetation in the region of the lower valley of the Loukkos river near Larache and their relationship to the settlement history are particularly helpful for understanding the processes at work within the landscape construction. The geohistorical approach combines paleoenvironmental, documentary, and historical data. The last few centuries have seen the emergence of wooded stands, in which cork oaks are a structural element. As forests were retreating, parklands intended for agriculture, agroforestry, and herding, like the Spanish dehesa and Portuguese montado, began to emerge. Nearly all of them have disappeared today, but we can identify their legacy and evaluate their cultural significance through comparing them with their counterparts in the Iberian Peninsula, but also in other areas of Morocco. Their deep historical roots give this landscape an evolving heritage character that is directly linked to the communities' lifestyles, culture, and history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its official invention in 1839, photography has been linked to cartography and vice versa, first for aspects of territorial appropriation and control (military and colonial applications), then in the developments of radical and artistic cartography. Today, photography and cartography stand at the intersection of institutional, scientific, amateur and artistic practices, all mediated by technology. While this diversity of viewpoints is a considerable enrichment to contemporary cartographic representations, it also raises questions about the legitimacy of their producers. Do maps and photography, as they are practiced and studied today, blur the space they represent, or is the opposite the case? This article takes a brief – and therefore non-exhaustive – look at the shared history of these two media up to the present day. There are three main topics: technology, history, and artistic and artisanal approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Upper Assam Basin is an intermontane foreland basin surrounded by gigantic mountain belts in NE India. The structural geometry of the basin is controlled by the tectonic interactions of the Himalayan orogenic belt in the north, Mishmi thrusts in the east, and the Assam-Arakan fold-and-thrust belts in the south. The basin has received significant attention not only because of its complex geological set-up but also due to its petroliferous nature for hosting significant hydrocarbon resources. The present study attempts to explore the tectonic subsidence history of the Cenozoic succession using subsurface stratigraphic details of ten (10) boreholes drilled within the upper shelf of the basin. Subsidence analysis is carried out using the backstripping technique. It is observed that the tectonic subsidence in the basin developed through four different stages. During the Paleocene-Eocene epoch, the basin witnessed slow subsidence. It increased gradually through Oligocene and attained rapid speed in the Miocene. Further, during the deposition of post-Miocene sediments (Plio-Pleistocene epoch), the tectonic subsidence in the basin remained accelerated. Subsidence curves obtained from the studied borehole depict a convex-upward profile, indicating that the basin attained a foreland configuration over time and is presently a SE dipping shelf bounded by opposite verging fold-and-thrust belts. Overall, the basin experienced tectonic subsidence of ∼2 km throughout its lifespan with an average subsidence rate of ∼30 m/Ma. This case study prominently elucidates the tectonic history of the basin, which underwent during the Cenozoic time. Our findings stress the importance of subsidence analysis through the backstripping technique as a potential approach for untangling the geohistory of sedimentary basins worldwide.

Northwestern Morocco is characterized by highly anthropized landscapes under the combined effect of agricultural intensification, resource overexploitation, urbanization, and tourism, but also local reforestation. Reconstructing the recent changes in vegetation in the region of the lower valley of the Loukkos river near Larache and their relationship to the settlement history are particularly helpful for understanding the processes at work within the landscape construction. The geohistorical approach combines paleoenvironmental, documentary, and historical data. The last few centuries have seen the emergence of wooded stands, in which cork oaks are a structural element. As forests were retreating, parklands intended for agriculture, agroforestry, and herding, like the Spanish dehesa and Portuguese montado, began to emerge. Nearly all of them have disappeared today, but we can identify their legacy and evaluate their cultural significance through comparing them with their counterparts in the Iberian Peninsula, but also in other areas of Morocco. Their deep historical roots give this landscape an evolving heritage character that is directly linked to the communities’ lifestyles, culture, and history.

The twofold aim of this exploratory article is to highlight the interest of the horizon metaphor, whose hermeneutic richness helps us to grasp different realities, and to show how the metaphor can help us to understand problematic situations within the framework of a pragmatist geography. Three figurative meanings of the word horizon are developed. The recognition of geological horizons invites us to question the nature of the landscape discontinuities identified in the world, between basic unit, demarcation line and landmark (scape). The exploration of the environment, at the invitation of phenomenological horizons, finds its application in the geographical study of spaces as experienced by their users (motion-scape). Being moved by the fusion of horizons proposed by Gadamer (1960) makes it possible to discuss the possibility of approaching another horizon and to underline that understanding in dialogue contributes to the elaboration of a common horizon (e-motion-scape). For each of these approaches, the essential concepts are defined and an example taken from the geography of the Rhône River is described in detail, in order to highlight the added value of using the spatial metaphor. The debates surrounding the Messinian crisis in the Rhône basin, the landscape consequences of ecological restoration operations and river conservation strategies, as well as the controversies raised by the economic development of the Rhône are successively presented. These metaphorical uses of the horizon reveal three attitudes towards the world (detachment, domination and interdependence) and its discontinuities (discerning, crossing and erasing), which can help to apprehend problematic situations.

The bocage landscape of north-western France has undergone major changes since the middle of the twentieth century, its structure having been altered by land consolidation, the rationalization and enlargement of plots, and the levelling of hedgerows. The environmental consequences of these landscape changes are significant: water erosion, pollution of aquatic environments and loss of biodiversity. The aim of this article is to study the evolution of an agricultural area that is representative of the changes that have affected bocage landscapes over the last two centuries. Using the example of a small, historically bocage watershed in Calvados (Le Tortillon), the methodology is based on a geohistorical approach, combining the use of archives, particularly land registry records, and aerial images within a Geographic Information System (GIS). Although land registers provide precise information on land use in 19th-century landscapes, the article questions the relevance of their representation in terms of landscape structure. The results of two centuries of landscape trajectory show the evolution of land use and bocage structure. In particular, there has been a steady decline in the number of hedgerow lines since the 1940s, in line with the opening up of the landscape, land consolidation and the meteoric increase in the size of agricultural plots. The results of these centuries of change shed new light on the trajectory of a bocage landscape over the last two centuries, and help us to understand the landscape of tomorrow.

Background: Agri-silvicultures (ASC) are biocultural practices procuring either the maintenance of wild diversity in predominantly agricultural spaces or introducing agrobiodiversity into forests. In the Mesoamerican region, ASC contribute to food sovereignty and territorial conservation and provide strategies for dealing with global changes. Previous inventories of ASC identified gaps in information about these systems in the Mexican Arid America region. This article raises the general question: How have human interactions between cultural, wild, and domesticated biodiversity in this territory? The particular questions in this paper are: (i) How have historical processes shaped human interactions between wild and domesticated biodiversity in the region? and (ii) What types of agri-silvicultures have emerged in Mexican Arid America since these relationships? Methods: We trace a methodological border where archaeologists have identified the Mesoamerican region to define our study area as Arid America northern of this line in Mexico. We analyzed agriculturalization processes in Arid America through a historical review. Then, we carry out an inventory of Arid America ASC based on academic papers and other documented experiences. We constructed a spatial database and a typology to understand what kinds of agri-silviculture occur in the region. Results: We identified several pre-Hispanic agri-silvicultural practices in the region, like hunting, fishing, terraces, gathering, and irrigation systems. The cultivation of native species of maize, beans, and squash even was registered. The Spanish colonization forced the agriculturization in arid northern Mexico, where itinerant hunting-gathering patterns predominated. In the twentieth century, the Green Revolution adopted this area as the principal setting for industrialized agriculture. The industrialized irrigated systems expansion and other political strategies provoked the simplification of productive landscapes. The practices that integrate wild and agricultural diversity systems were marginalized and invisibilized in such a context. Our research group proposes seven types of agri-silvicultural systems (natives agrisilvicultures, the oases agroforestry, Mesquite and Huisache ASC, homegardens and other traditional forms of agroforestry or agri-silvicultures). These agri-silvicultures provide food, medicine, fodder, and other contributions, as income to the families that practice them and protect native and exotic species. Discussion and conclusion: The agriculturization of the arid environments initiated during Spanish colonization and the subsequent modernizing projects shaped dominant actors and ideologies in the arid north of Mexico. However, aridity has favored ancestral and agroecological relationships between cultures and biodiversity, emerging and subsisting Arid American agri-silvicultures. These agri-silvicultures deserve to be understood, adopted, and adapted to new contexts. They could be essential alternatives in the context of environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geodiversity can be analyzed based both on its correlation with biodiversity and in relation to its geoconservation strategies, among them, there is the geoculture, which proposes the analysis of the influence that rocks, minerals, fossils, reliefs, geoforms, landscapes, soils and waters had and have on cultural manifestations, material or imaterial. In this context and considering the significant geodiversity of the southern region of Ceará, the Cariri cearense, aiming to contribute to the discussion of the concept of geoculture and, consequently, to the promotion of knowledge and promotion of geodiversity and its components, this article aims to analyze the geodiversity present in the municipal symbolism of Cariri cearense, through the toponymy, anthems and flags of its municipalities. Methodologically, the research was developed based on the concept of geoculture, with activities in the office, with the systematic review of bibliographic, documentary and cartographic surveys, considering the thematic and spatial sections adopted, laboratory and, secondarily, field stages, the results of which were analyzed together. The results show the importance of geodiversity in the context of the official symbols of these municipalities, a considerable part of the regional identity

Organisms that inhabit the alpine zone tend to have distribution areas that are isolated and scattered in patches, in effect 'sky islands'. We focused on Pseudostenophylax caddisflies, a typical alpine aquatic insect group. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted on all eight Japanese species, with the monophyletic lineage of each strongly supported. The traditional classification system dividing Pseudostenophylax into ' ondakensis ' and ' adlimitans ' species groups was also strongly supported. For the first time, the existence of a cryptic species in Hokkaido was revealed in this study. Two species of the adlimitans species group live in western Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, but those distribution areas are difficult to explain in terms of the current geography. The phylogenetic analyses results also closely reflected the related geological history and palaeogeography. Interestingly, Pseudostenophylax amurensis , recently recorded on the Korean Peninsula, was positioned within the Japanese lineage of the ondakensis species group. Thus, some Japanese lineages may have reversely dispersed to the Korean Peninsula. Many interesting insights can be gained from the close relationship between the genetic structure of aquatic insects adapted to alpine and subalpine regions and their palaeogeographical history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theodor Schmierer, who grew up in Swabia, studied natural sciences and in particular geology in Tübingen after graduating from high school, where he also received his doctorate. After completing his doctorate, he moved to Berlin, where he joined the Royal Prussian Geological Survey (PGLA) as an "assistant geologist" in early 1902. There he initially worked as a mapping geologist in various regions of Germany. After a short military assignment during World War I, he found use in the exploration of Liassic oil shales due to his knowledge of the South German Jurassic. After the end of the war, he mapped in the Palaeozoic of the Rhenish Slate Mountains. Only a few years after joining the PGLA, Schmierer had taken over the editorship of the Yearbook of the Prussian Geological Survey, first as a deputy and later independently. In 1928, he was promoted to department director and entrusted with the editorship and also the technical supervision of the numerous publications and map series of the Landesanstalt. When the National Socialists came to power, he fell victim to the "Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service of April 7, 1933" on September 1, 1933, and was removed from the civil service for alleged political unreliability, although political machinations among his colleagues had probably promoted this dismissal. After severe strokes of fate associated with the Nazi regime, he re-entered the service of the (former Prussian) Geological Survey in (East) Berlin in June 1945. However, this was not of long duration. He died at the age of 74. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wilhelm Salomon-Calvi had a brilliant scientific career as full professor for geology and palaeontology at the University of Heidelberg. He felt like a German patriot, acted accordingly and was named honorary citizen of the city of Heidelberg. At the end of his professional life, he was pushed out by the Nazis as a Jew and emigrated to Turkey. In Ankara, he greatly advanced geological education and knowledge, in particular about the groundwater resources. In the tectonically active country, he developed first-ever guidelines to limit damage from earthquakes for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beata Moos, née Hamlet (1902--1984) was one of the first German female geoscientists to earn a doctorate. Her father was Jewish, and she married the Jewish geologist August Moos, with whom she had two children. In 1944, she was arrested by the Gestapo in Zagreb/Agram with her family and mother-in-law and taken to a concentration camp. Her motherin- law died in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, her husband was murdered in the Buchenwald concentration camp, and her son survived the war by only a few months. After the war, Beata Moos worked at the Lower Saxony State Office for Soil Research and was an archivist for the German Geological Society. Demanding justice she had to fight for compensation payments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sparsely populated areas are often characterized by incomplete territorial control by governments. This creates opportunities for informal and/or illegal activities, which can lead to the economic exploitation of the territories, paving the way for political domination or territorial conquest. Although these activities may not be officially recognized or accepted, they play a significant role in the symbolic, material, and economic construction of sparsely populated territories. This paper examines the case of informal gold mining in the interior of French Guiana, an overseas territory of France, through this perspective. Based on a detailed analysis of the interplay between formal territorial control by the government and informal exploration of natural resources by wildcat actors, it highlights the ways in which informal activities can shape the development and governance of these territories.

Municipal markets emerged with the purpose of reorganizing the commerce of food products, significantly marking important changes in the space of the city and in the life of the population. In this sense, this paper aimed to discuss the changes that have taken place in the city of Taubaté, located in the Metropolitan Region of Vale do Paraíba and Litoral Norte (RMVPL), SP, and its relationship with the local municipal market, as well as to reflect on the importance of this place in the process of construction of the city, through the analysis of the historical context of the growth of the city. For the development of this research, a time frame was adopted, between the years 1800 to 1950, in a geohistorical perspective. in order to reflect on the relationship of this place with this growth. Therefore, a qualitative approach and exploratory research was carried out, analyzing the implantation, permanence, and architectural transformations, as well as the spatial organization that permeate the market in the different phases of the development of the municipality. Municipal Markets have always presented themselves as a connection between the countryside and the city, and between cities, as they are characterized as trade centers resulting from the intersection of trade routes and helped in the cohesive construction of the cities' cultural identity. The Taubaté market followed the city's growth process, at times connected to the process, at others, distancing itself from the dynamics of the city. However, it was a regional reference, which contributed to the growth of the city, not only because the commerce that took place there, boosted its expansion, but also because it was an access route to the Vale do Paraíba region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geodiversity can be analyzed based both on its correlation with biodiversity and in relation to its geoconservation strategies, among them, there is the geoculture, which proposes the analysis of the influence that rocks, minerals, fossils, reliefs, geoforms, landscapes, soils and waters had and have on cultural manifestations, material or imaterial. In this context and considering the significant geodiversity of the southern region of Ceará, the Cariri cearense, aiming to contribute to the discussion of the concept of geoculture and, consequently, to the promotion of knowledge and promotion of geodiversity and its components, this article aims to analyze the geodiversity present in the municipal symbolism of Cariri cearense, through the toponymy, anthems and flags of its municipalities. Methodologically, the research was developed based on the concept of geoculture, with activities in the office, with the systematic review of bibliographic, documentary and cartographic surveys, considering the thematic and spatial sections adopted, laboratory and, secondarily, field stages, the results of which were analyzed together. The results show the importance of geodiversity in the context of the official symbols of these municipalities, a considerable part of the regional identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the exemplary case of the borders in the central Sahara that separate the Sahel states from the Maghreb states, this analysis shows the reinforcement of a security conception of the border that is now being generalized to these peripheral regions, which are often considered as ‘grey zones’ with porous borders. By shedding light on a phenomenon that has been little or not at all documented and is now revealed by satellite imagery – the construction of sand walls at the borders – we will show that the largest desert in the world is not or is no longer the smooth and boundless space of the Western imagination. More broadly, based on a long-term geohistorical approach, the interweaving and evolution of three successive border regimes are highlighted: a pre-colonial regime under the domination of Tuareg caravan nomadism and structured on the basis of border wells; a colonial and post-colonial regime imposing a Westphalian conception of the border; and the contemporary security regime which participates in the partitioning of the Sahara by sand walls.

Today, anthropic morphologies in river deltas are widespread. The natural morpho-dynamics interact with engineered structures or urbanisation and shape hybrid features not grasped in traditional natural classifications of deltas. However, it is challenging to reconstruct the trajectory of the shifting balance between the natural and the anthropogenic factors over time. This study demonstrates how to systematically integrate human impacts to reconstruct the evolution of deltas at a plurisecular timescale. The approach advocated here is to consider separately the local and global drivers affecting deltaic evolution in using multiscale interdisciplinary chronologies. The high-resolution reconstruction of the evolution of the Francolí Delta in interaction with the city of Tarragona for the last two centuries reveals that the river mouth morpho-dynamics are successively deflected, interacting with an outer harbour and finally fully integrated in modern harbour basins with more significant dredgings at the river mouth. In this last case, the river mouth of the Francolí is no more a delta but a human dominated estuary. Over the past three centuries, the changes affecting the delta of the Francolí are linked to economic globalisation and associated with an increase in ship size. [Display omitted] • Development of tools to reconstruct the evolution of hybrid urban deltas over the last centuries • Georeferencing control point datasets used as a temporal proxy to estimate intensity of urban/port change • Identification of the transitions from a human dominated delta to a human dominated estuary • Elaboration of a methodology for systematically disentangling interlocked chronologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civilization also means a self-imposed order, as part of personal liberty. Personal liberty implies the awareness of the Other, as a person and as space. The Other is not merely an individual, it is a collective actor. That is, order is about mapping space - the shape of the collective Other. The highest social function of mapping space is culture. The specialized institution/instrument of culture to deal with the social order by mapping the actual, the past, and the possible social space is the Atlas, with its historical, sociological, anthropological, etc. maps. Culture offers people space awareness, that is, the ability to know the meaning of space and a sense of personal and collective belonging. The most obvious instrument for doing so is the Atlas. Here I will present some geopolitical maps regarding the Romanian Ethnic Space structured under three categories: ethnic evolution, geopolitical pressures on the Romanian space and the significant-densities of the Aromanians to the south of the Danube. Part Two will represent some of the most significant maps by Simion Mehedinti - the founder of modern Romanian geography and a forefather of geopolitics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal wetland landscapes have undergone major changes through their use, protection and appropriation. Often developed for anthropogenic purposes, but also protected for their natural characteristics, they are now facing an increased risk of flooding due to climate change and the rise in the sea level. A prospective approach is frequently used to consider the development of these areas and requires a good knowledge of the trajectories of coastal wetland landscapes, as well as their development and past uses. Using a geohistorical approach, this article proposes a method based on the analysis of digitised georeferenced historical maps detailing land use to reconstruct the trajectories of these landscapes. An example of this is the Corsept marshes in the region of Loire-Atlantique. The study of this marshland makes it possible to identify the different changes and the paces at which they occurred in this area protected for its natural characteristics and to understand the social and natural heritage passed down since the 18th century. Following an analysis of the archives, the results of this quantitative method are discussed and a critical review is made of the contributions of the approach.

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The area of influence of global conurbations and agglomerations goes far beyond administrative borders. This questions the governance needed to deal with the challenges raised at this scale. This article offers to focus on the example of the Paris region, where the division has stayed the same since 1956 and where interregional cooperations have failed. More precisely, our objective is to understand why a small Parisian region was created and why its boundaries have not been modified to adapt to the functional aspect of the region. This geo-historical approach, using many archives, identifies the role played by the ideas and strategies of several actors, from Jean-François Gravier to the Valls government. The analysis also shows that political actors have difficulty in understanding the megaregional influence of Paris, and that the problems of cooperation in the megaregion will be exacerbated by the reform of the regional map (2015), which merged territories belonging in part to the urban area of Paris (Oise and Aisne, for example) with areas affected by very different dynamics and issues.

The reconstruction of the human impacts on the morphodynamics of river deltas in the long term is challenging. The ternary diagram of Galloway (1975) used to classify morphodynamics of deltas does not include direct human influence which is now affecting most of the deltas of the world. The study of human-dominated deltas requires specific approaches and consideration of human processes and morphologies in interaction with more commonly studied natural processes and morphologies. This study demonstrates how to combine different datasets from natural and social sciences to reconstruct long term temporal trajectories of hybrid urban deltas. The Francolí delta, associated with the UNESCO city of Tarragona, offers a perfect case study to identify the different steps of a wave-dominated delta leading to a human-dominated delta over a long-term perspective. Tarragona emerged in the 1st millennium BCE and became a significant port city in the Roman period. This study identifies the evidence of a semi-protected harbour built 2000 years ago that initiates the evolution of a hybrid urban delta towards a human-dominated delta. Until the end 19th c. CE, cyclical changes at the river mouth are observed due to natural fluvial and coastal dynamics while progradation stages are partly affected by anthropogenic structures over time. The 19th c. CE is a major turning point. Morphodynamics controlled by anthropogenic factors strongly increase while fluvial and coastal sedimentation is partly erased by dredgings. The systematic approach proposed for the Francolí delta can be standardised and applied to other hybrid urban deltas allowing better comparison between urbanised deltas. [Display omitted] • Development of interdisciplinary concepts and tools to study hybrid urban deltas; • Identification of the different factors leading to a human-dominated delta over 2 millennia; • Discovery of a Roman built harbour initiating hybrid coastal morphodynamics in the Francolí delta; • Modification of the Galloway diagram to integrate human impacts more systematically in deltaic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproductions of artworks were a crucial element of official narratives aimed at shaping Polish identity after World War II. In this article, we explore the strategies employed in constructing visual messages in the first volume of the book series Ziemie Staropolski (Old Poland's Territories) titled Dolny Śląsk (Lower Silesia), published in 1948 and devoted to the Western territories ceded to Poland after the war. In our case studies, we discuss such aspects as, on the one hand, framing, lighting, viewpoint and selection; on the other, geographical, political and social contexts. We propose two notions to explain the political use of reproductions. The first is geohistorical medium, which we employ in reference to how reproductions actualise the meanings of artworks in relation to geography and history. The second is affective reproduction, which we use to address deliberately shocking arrangements of reproductions with photographs that include ruins, artworks or people. We emphasise that both strategies aim at a specific group of viewers whose experiences oscillate between memories of war and hopes for the future. The reproductions we discuss participated in the construction of the postwar geopolitical order in Central Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 16th of June 1818, the failure of the Giétro glacier in the Swiss Alps provoked an outburst flood that devastated the Bagnes valley, causing 34 deaths and major damages to buildings, road system, hydraulic infrastructures and crops. This disaster had a major impact on the economy of the valley and created a great movement of solidarity. It remains today a well-known historical natural disaster. In order to reconstruct the course of the wave and to map the flood, we used an interdisciplinary approach by crossing historical and geomorphological data. We first compiled and mapped the large number of historical data available in the local and state archives. These data were then completed by geomorphological observations made on the field and on numerical documents. The resulting map presents the spatial extent of the flood and water depths. This article shows the validity of interdisciplinary approaches for reconstructing past natural disasters.

Objective: To analyze agro ecology as a social movement in Mexico from a geohistorical and long-term perspective. Methodology: The analysis was carried out through a documentary review of the indigenous and peasant organizations that make up the agroecological social movement in Mexico, considering their geographic location, the struggle and defense of land and territory, and actions in favor of food sovereignty. Results: Agro ecology as a social movement is the result of the persistence of productive structures and historical relations, which had their origins in Mesoamerican production systems. Limitations: The present essay is the guideline for a more in-depth study on long-term agroecological processes, which will be nourished with a qualitative methodology, resulting from the ethnographic method, which will allow a closer approach to the experiences of the peasant and indigenous organizations observed here. Conclusions: Peasants and indigenous people who have maintained Mesoamerican production systems are characterized by ecological rationality in the face of forms of production that degrade the environment and culture. The search for productive alternatives, contrary to those of the agroindustrial model, are aimed at improving the living conditions of peasants and indigenous people and achieving their food sovereignty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The landscape has become a higher category of territorial analysis because it embodies not only human and natural variables but also the perceived environment. In this context, studies focused on the visual aspects of landscapes as it is a useful approach for land-use planning. This paper quantifies access and visibility restrictions in nine canyons of Cuernavaca city (Mexico) through Geographical Information Systems (gis). The results show that the average accessibility in them is 9.50 %, and that 49.98 % of the surface in the adjacent properties is used for houses that have appropriated these historical landscapes. In the most iconic canyon, public visibility was found to be reduced to 9.95 % of the open space, thatcan only be seen from nine vehicular use points. The city has been characterized by a lack of urban vision for this space, with the result of its environmental degradation, loss of a cultural landscape, and failure of sanitation efforts. Due to the abovementioned, visibility criteria can guide a new urban agenda for Cuernavaca. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Iberian Peninsula has a long history of fire, as the Central Mountain System, from the Estrela massif in Portugal to the Ayllón massif in Spain, is a major fire-prone area. Despite being part of the same natural region, there are different environmental, political and socio-economic contexts at either end, which might have led to distinct human causes of wildfires and associated fire regimes. The hypothesis for this research lies in the historical long-term relationship between wildfire risks and fire use practices within a context of landscape dynamics. In addition to conducting an analysis of the statistical period, a spatial and temporal multiscale approach was taken by reconstructing the historical record of pre-statistical fires and land management history at both ends of the Central Mountain System. The main result is the different structural causes of wildland fires at either end of the Central Mountain System, with human factors being more important than environmental factors in determining the fire regimes in both contexts. The study shows that the development of the fire regime was non-linear in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, due to broader local human context factors which led to a shift in fire-use practices.

Anniversaries for the two founding fathers of geology occurring in the same year prompted a comparative evaluation of how the two contributed to establishing the basic principles of the discipline. To do so, passages from their publications, codices and manuscripts have been quoted directly. The Stenonian principles ('original horizontality', 'original continuity', and 'superposition of individual strata') are present in Leonardo's notebooks amazingly formulated, using similar wording when studying the same area more than 150 years earlier. Also, Stenonian priority in naming and explaining geological concepts and processes (e.g., faulting, folding, angular unconformity, relative chronology) are mirrored in Leonardo's writings and pictorial works. While Steno enjoys priority in stepwise restoration of the geological history of a given region, Leonardo was the first to construct a 3D geological profile representation and geomorphologic maps. Lastly, the paper focuses on diverging stances of the two savants about the Noachian Deluge and the age of the Earth. Already 500 years ago, Leonardo had solved the question of marine fossil remains of organic origin found in the mountains implying the possibility of deep geologic time in a statement of 'eternalism'. 350 years ago, Steno solved the same question in a different way in which he retained a basic role for the Deluge and assumed a short age for the Earth by focusing mainly on short-lived sedimentary and geomorphologic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the construction of a database to study the relationships between the natural caracteristics of vineyard plots (topography, geology, pedology) and the hierarchy of wine-related geographical indications (GIs) in the Côte-d’Or, Bourgogne, France. The data count 67 variables systematically computed for more than 110,000 plots within the 31 municipalities included in the côte de Beaune and côte de Nuits. The usefulness of the data is illustrated by a statistical analysis about the links between the natural characteristics of plots and their position in the GI hierarchy. These relationships are shown to change according to the municipality of the plots. This result indicates the presence of political determinants of GIs, in line with the bargaining that took place in the XXth century when GIs were delineated. The data and predictions obtained, with and without correction of political bias, are available through an interactive map that is also presented.

The purpose of the article is to determine the principal theoretical and methodological approaches to geohistory. The following tasks were set for this purpose: revealing the essence of the epistemology of this interdisciplinary science at the time of its foundation; a brief analysis of the principal works of F.Braudel, P.Chaunu, E. Le Roy Ladurie, J. Le Goff. The methodology is pointed out that in contemporary Ukrainian historical science, studies of the economic past from the point of view of interdisciplinary scientific developments are rare exceptions to the general trend of research and interpretation of mainstream political processes, events and phenomena of the past. In general, they are carried out on the basis of traditional positions. The novelty - originality and epistemological integrity of the geohistorical approach is internationally recognized by the world scientific community. Its implementation in national research, particularly in the field of history and geography, will lead to a better understanding not only of Ukraine's economic development in the past, but also to a better perception of relevant current processes. The epistemological specificity of the research of F.Braudel and his disciples P.Chaunu, E. Le Roy Ladurie, J. Le Goff is well present. Conclusion. This stage in the development of geohistory as a scientific direction is characterized by the following epistemological characteristics: geohistory is considered a historical science based on methods and knowledge of physical geography to reveal the characteristics of the impact on human civilization during the "longue durée" of the fundamental characteristics of climate, terrain, natural features of large physical and geographical regions of the world; the theoretical basis of the direction is the category of "longue durée", which is revealed by the study of the basic structures of society, which form the superstructures - civilization and world economy, leading to the emergence of globalization as an integration process; the low variability of historical processes (mainly the social, demographic, economic foundations of traditional society) has made it possible to justify the thesis of the "longest Middle Ages" as a specific phenomenon in the development of the civilization of Western Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Situated at the limits of the Armorican Massif and the Paris Basin, the Écouves Forest, due to its topography, its diachronic evolution and its special bio-pedological characteristics, differs from the corpus of forests found on plains and plateaus studied in recent years in metropolitan France. The geohistorical study of the Écouves Forest Massif is based on a multidisciplinary approach using methods employed in the fields of history (archive analysis), archaeology (prospecting on foot), archaeobotany (palynology, carbon-14 dating) and geography (the interpretation of maps and the integration of information generated by GISs). This article proposes an initial outline of the evolution of the Écouves Forest landscape over the last five centuries illustrating the construction of space (silvicultural dynamics, the transmission of forms) over a long period. Although the traces of anthropization appear to be more tenuous than elsewhere, this work stresses the need to understand the forest as a spatial palimpsest preserving superimposed anthropic legacies and bio-geographic dynamics which are of scientific interest.

This study aims to analyze the refutations of the process of Renewal of Geographical and Historical thought in the 20th century using the bibliographical research weaving the contributions of Historical Geography and Geohistory that emerged as a criticism of Modern Geography of the nineteenth century. Thus, we sought to elucidate how this process of methodological formation of thought currents occurred, the professionals who helped to disseminate this new method, and the Annales who brought great contributions by introducing the "New History" through interdisciplinarity with the social sciences in historical time. In addition to showing that these occurred three movements for this renewal and that only one emerged out of this context in 1970.

The 16th of June 1818, the failure of the Giétro glacier in the Swiss Alps provoked an outburst flood that devastated the Bagnes valley, causing 34 deaths and major damages to buildings, road system, hydraulic infrastructures and crops. This disaster had a major impact on the economy of the valley and created a great movement of solidarity. It remains today a well-known historical natural disaster. In order to reconstruct the course of the wave and to map the flood, we used an interdisciplinary approach by crossing historical and geomorphological data. We first compiled and mapped the large number of historical data available in the local and state archives. These data were then completed by geomorphological observations made on the field and on numerical documents. The resulting map presents the spatial extent of the flood and water depths. This article shows the validity of interdisciplinary approaches for reconstructing past natural disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]