1,459 results on '"genomique"'
Search Results
2. Plankton biogeography in the 21st century and impacts of climate change: advances through genomics.
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Frémont, Paul, Gehlen, Marion, and Jaillon, Olivier
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TWENTY-first century , *BIOGEOGRAPHY , *GREENHOUSE gases , *CLIMATE change , *OCEAN currents - Abstract
This article summarizes recent advances in our knowledge of plankton biogeography obtained by genomic approaches and the impacts of global warming on it. Large-scale comparison of the genomic content of samples of different plankton size fractions revealed a partitioning of the oceans into genomic provinces and the impact of major oceanic currents on them. By defining ecological niches, these provinces are extrapolated to all oceans, with the exception of the Arctic Ocean. By the end of the 21st century, a major restructuring of these provinces is projected in response to a high emission greenhouse gas scenario over 50% of the surface of the studied oceans. Such a restructuring could lead to a decrease in export production by 4%. Finally, obtaining assembled sequences of a large number of plankton genomes defining this biogeography has allowed to better characterize the genomic content of the provinces and to identify the species structuring them. These genomes similarly enabled a better description of potential future changes of plankton communities under climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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3. À propos du document de l’Agence nationale de la recherche Les apports de la génomique à l’agroécologie
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Hainzelin Étienne
- Subjects
génomique ,agroécologie ,intégration des données ,diversité fonctionnelle ,Science ,Social Sciences - Abstract
Comment les outils de la génomique peuvent-ils concrètement contribuer à la transition agroécologique de la production agricole ? Cette question est traitée au travers de l’analyse d’un corpus des 1 200 projets de recherche dans les différents domaines de la génomique, financés par l’Agence nationale de la recherche (ANR) entre 2005 et 2019. L’analyse débouche sur une proposition de quatre pistes prioritaires pour les recherches futures en génomique pour l’agroécologie.
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- 2022
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4. Continent-wide genomic analysis of the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)
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Talenti, Andrea, Wilkinson, Toby, Cook, Elizabeth A., Hemmink, Johanneke D., Paxton, Edith A., Mutinda, Matthew, Ngulu, Stephen D., Jayaraman, Siddharth, Bishop, Richard P., Obara, Isaiah, Hourlier, Thibaut, Garcia Giron, Carlos, Martin, Fergal J., Labuschagne, Michel, Atimnedi, Patrick, Nanteza, Anne, Keyyu, Julius, Mramba, Furaha, Caron, Alexandre, Cornelis, Daniel, Chardonnet, Philippe, Fyumagwa, Robert, Lembo, Tiziana, Auty, Harriet K., Michaux, Johan, Smitz, Nathalie, Toye, Philip, Robert, Christelle, Prendergast, James G.D., Morrison, Liam, Talenti, Andrea, Wilkinson, Toby, Cook, Elizabeth A., Hemmink, Johanneke D., Paxton, Edith A., Mutinda, Matthew, Ngulu, Stephen D., Jayaraman, Siddharth, Bishop, Richard P., Obara, Isaiah, Hourlier, Thibaut, Garcia Giron, Carlos, Martin, Fergal J., Labuschagne, Michel, Atimnedi, Patrick, Nanteza, Anne, Keyyu, Julius, Mramba, Furaha, Caron, Alexandre, Cornelis, Daniel, Chardonnet, Philippe, Fyumagwa, Robert, Lembo, Tiziana, Auty, Harriet K., Michaux, Johan, Smitz, Nathalie, Toye, Philip, Robert, Christelle, Prendergast, James G.D., and Morrison, Liam
- Abstract
The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is a wild bovid with a historical distribution across much of sub-Saharan Africa. Genomic analysis can provide insights into the evolutionary history of the species, and the key selective pressures shaping populations, including assessment of population level differentiation, population fragmentation, and population genetic structure. In this study we generated the highest quality de novo genome assembly (2.65 Gb, scaffold N50 69.17 Mb) of African buffalo to date, and sequenced a further 195 genomes from across the species distribution. Principal component and admixture analyses provided little support for the currently described four subspecies. Estimating Effective Migration Surfaces analysis suggested that geographical barriers have played a significant role in shaping gene flow and the population structure. Estimated effective population sizes indicated a substantial drop occurring in all populations 5-10,000 years ago, coinciding with the increase in human populations. Finally, signatures of selection were enriched for key genes associated with the immune response, suggesting infectious disease exert a substantial selective pressure upon the African buffalo. These findings have important implications for understanding bovid evolution, buffalo conservation and population management.
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- 2024
5. Linking genetic markers and crop model parameters using neural networks to enhance genomic prediction of integrative traits
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Larue, Florian, Rouan, Lauriane, Pot, David, Rami, Jean-François, Luquet, Delphine, Beurier, Grégory, Larue, Florian, Rouan, Lauriane, Pot, David, Rami, Jean-François, Luquet, Delphine, and Beurier, Grégory
- Abstract
Introduction: Predicting the performance (yield or other integrative traits) of cultivated plants is complex because it involves not only estimating the genetic value of the candidates to selection, the interactions between the genotype and the environment (GxE) but also the epistatic interactions between genomic regions for a given trait, and the interactions between the traits contributing to the integrative trait. Classical Genomic Prediction (GP) models mostly account for additive effects and are not suitable to estimate non-additive effects such as epistasis. Therefore, the use of machine learning and deep learning methods has been previously proposed to model those non-linear effects. Methods: In this study, we propose a type of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) called Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and compare it to two classical GP regression methods for their ability to predict an integrative trait of sorghum: aboveground fresh weight accumulation. We also suggest that the use of a crop growth model (CGM) can enhance predictions of integrative traits by decomposing them into more heritable intermediate traits. Results: The results show that CNN outperformed both LASSO and Bayes C methods in accuracy, suggesting that CNN are better suited to predict integrative traits. Furthermore, the predictive ability of the combined CGM-GP approach surpassed that of GP without the CGM integration, irrespective of the regression method used. Discussion: These results are consistent with recent works aiming to develop Genome-to-Phenotype models and advocate for the use of non-linear prediction methods, and the use of combined CGM-GP to enhance the prediction of crop performances.
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- 2024
6. The invasive land flatworm Arthurdendyus triangulatus has repeated sequences in the mitogenome, extra-long cox2 gene and paralogous nuclear rRNA clusters
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Gastineau, Romain, Lemieux, Claude, Turmel, Monique, Otis, Christian, Boyle, Brian, Coulis, Mathieu, Gouraud, Clément, Boag, Brian, Murchie, Archie, Winsor, Leigh, Justine, Jean-Lou, Gastineau, Romain, Lemieux, Claude, Turmel, Monique, Otis, Christian, Boyle, Brian, Coulis, Mathieu, Gouraud, Clément, Boag, Brian, Murchie, Archie, Winsor, Leigh, and Justine, Jean-Lou
- Abstract
Using a combination of short- and long-reads sequencing, we were able to sequence the complete mitochondrial genome of the invasive 'New Zealand flatworm' Arthurdendyus triangulatus (Geoplanidae, Rhynchodeminae, Caenoplanini) and its two complete paralogous nuclear rRNA gene clusters. The mitogenome has a total length of 20,309 bp and contains repetitions that includes two types of tandem-repeats that could not be solved by short-reads sequencing. We also sequenced for the first time the mitogenomes of four species of Caenoplana (Caenoplanini). A maximum likelihood phylogeny associated A. triangulatus with the other Caenoplanini but Parakontikia ventrolineata and Australopacifica atrata were rejected from the Caenoplanini and associated instead with the Rhynchodemini, with Platydemus manokwari. It was found that the mitogenomes of all species of the subfamily Rhynchodeminae share several unusual structural features, including a very long cox2 gene. This is the first time that the complete paralogous rRNA clusters, which differ in length, sequence and seemingly number of copies, were obtained for a Geoplanidae.
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- 2024
7. Alternative double strand break repair pathways shape the evolution of high recombination in the honey bee, Apis mellifera
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Fouks, Bertrand, Miller, Kathleen J., Ross, Caitlin, Jones, Corbin, Rueppell, Olav, Fouks, Bertrand, Miller, Kathleen J., Ross, Caitlin, Jones, Corbin, and Rueppell, Olav
- Abstract
Social insects, particularly honey bees, have exceptionally high genomic frequencies of genetic recombination. This phenomenon and underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To characterise the patterns of crossovers and gene conversion in the honey bee genome, a recombination map of 187 honey bee brothers was generated by whole-genome resequencing. Recombination events were heterogeneously distributed without many true hotspots. The tract lengths between phase shifts were bimodally distributed, indicating distinct crossover and gene conversion events. While crossovers predominantly occurred in G/C-rich regions and seemed to cause G/C enrichment, the gene conversions were found predominantly in A/T-rich regions. The nucleotide composition of sequences involved in gene conversions that were associated with or distant from crossovers corresponded to the differences between crossovers and gene conversions. These combined results suggest two types of DNA double-strand break repair during honey bee meiosis: non-canonical homologous recombination, leading to gene conversion and A/T enrichment of the genome, and the canonical homologous recombination based on completed double Holliday Junctions, which can result in gene conversion or crossover and is associated with G/C bias. This G/C bias may be selected for to balance the A/T-rich base composition of eusocial hymenopteran genomes. The lack of evidence for a preference of the canonical homologous recombination for double-strand break repair suggests that the high genomic recombination rate of honey bees is mainly the consequence of a high rate of double-strand breaks, which could in turn result from the life history of honey bees and their A/T-rich genome.
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- 2024
8. The genome and population genomics of allopolyploid Coffea arabica reveal the diversification history of modern coffee cultivars
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Salojärvi, Jarkko, Rambani, Aditi, Yu, Zhe, Guyot, Romain, Strickler, Susan R., Lepelley, Maud, Wang, Cui, Rajaraman, Sitaram, Rastas, Pasi, Zheng, Chunfang, Santos Muñoz, Daniella, Meidanis, João, Rossi Paschoal, Alexandre, Bawin, Yves, Krabbenhoft, Trevor J., Wang, Zhen Qin, Fleck, Steven J., Aussel, Rudy, Bellanger, Laurence, Charpagne, Aline, Fournier, Coralie, Kassam, Mohamed, Lefebvre, Gregory, Métairon, Sylviane, Descombes, Patrick, Rigoreau, Michel, Stolte, Jens, Hamon, Perla, Couturon, Emmanuel, Tranchant-Dubreuil, Christine, Mukherjee, Minakshi, Lan, Tianying, Engelhardt, Jan, Stadler, Peter, De Lemos, Samara Mireza Correia, Ivamoto Suzuki, Suzana, Sumirat, Ucu, Wai, Ching Man, Dauchot, Nicolas, Orozco-Arias, Simon, Garavito, Giovanny, Kiwuka, Catherine, Musoli, Pascal, Nalukenge, Anne, Guichoux, Erwan, Reinout, Havinga, Smit, Martin, Carretero-Paulet, Lorenzo, Guerreiro Filho, Oliveiro, Toma Braghini, Masako, Padilha, Lilian, Hiroshi Sera, Gustavo, Ruttink, Tom, Henry, Robert, Marraccini, Pierre, et al., Salojärvi, Jarkko, Rambani, Aditi, Yu, Zhe, Guyot, Romain, Strickler, Susan R., Lepelley, Maud, Wang, Cui, Rajaraman, Sitaram, Rastas, Pasi, Zheng, Chunfang, Santos Muñoz, Daniella, Meidanis, João, Rossi Paschoal, Alexandre, Bawin, Yves, Krabbenhoft, Trevor J., Wang, Zhen Qin, Fleck, Steven J., Aussel, Rudy, Bellanger, Laurence, Charpagne, Aline, Fournier, Coralie, Kassam, Mohamed, Lefebvre, Gregory, Métairon, Sylviane, Descombes, Patrick, Rigoreau, Michel, Stolte, Jens, Hamon, Perla, Couturon, Emmanuel, Tranchant-Dubreuil, Christine, Mukherjee, Minakshi, Lan, Tianying, Engelhardt, Jan, Stadler, Peter, De Lemos, Samara Mireza Correia, Ivamoto Suzuki, Suzana, Sumirat, Ucu, Wai, Ching Man, Dauchot, Nicolas, Orozco-Arias, Simon, Garavito, Giovanny, Kiwuka, Catherine, Musoli, Pascal, Nalukenge, Anne, Guichoux, Erwan, Reinout, Havinga, Smit, Martin, Carretero-Paulet, Lorenzo, Guerreiro Filho, Oliveiro, Toma Braghini, Masako, Padilha, Lilian, Hiroshi Sera, Gustavo, Ruttink, Tom, Henry, Robert, Marraccini, Pierre, and et al.
- Abstract
Coffea arabica, an allotetraploid hybrid of Coffea eugenioides and Coffea canephora, is the source of approximately 60% of coffee products worldwide, and its cultivated accessions have undergone several population bottlenecks. We present chromosome-level assemblies of a di-haploid C. arabica accession and modern representatives of its diploid progenitors, C. eugenioides and C. canephora. The three species exhibit largely conserved genome structures between diploid parents and descendant subgenomes, with no obvious global subgenome dominance. We find evidence for a founding polyploidy event 350,000–610,000 years ago, followed by several pre-domestication bottlenecks, resulting in narrow genetic variation. A split between wild accessions and cultivar progenitors occurred ~30.5 thousand years ago, followed by a period of migration between the two populations. Analysis of modern varieties, including lines historically introgressed with C. canephora, highlights their breeding histories and loci that may contribute to pathogen resistance, laying the groundwork for future genomics-based breeding of C. arabica.
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- 2024
9. Characterization of adaptation mechanisms in sorghum using a multireference back-cross nested association mapping design and envirotyping
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Garin, Vincent, Diallo, Chiaka, Tekete, Mohamed Lamine, Thera, Mamoutou Korotimi, Guitton, Baptiste, Dagno, Karim, Diallo, Abdoulaye, Kouressy, Mamoutou, Leiser, Willmar L., Rattunde, Fred, Sissoko, Ibrahima, Touré, Aboubacar, Nébié, Baloua, Samaké, Moussa, Kholova, Jana, Frouin, Julien, Pot, David, Vaksmann, Michel, Weltzien, Eva, Témé, Niaba, Rami, Jean-François, Garin, Vincent, Diallo, Chiaka, Tekete, Mohamed Lamine, Thera, Mamoutou Korotimi, Guitton, Baptiste, Dagno, Karim, Diallo, Abdoulaye, Kouressy, Mamoutou, Leiser, Willmar L., Rattunde, Fred, Sissoko, Ibrahima, Touré, Aboubacar, Nébié, Baloua, Samaké, Moussa, Kholova, Jana, Frouin, Julien, Pot, David, Vaksmann, Michel, Weltzien, Eva, Témé, Niaba, and Rami, Jean-François
- Abstract
Identifying the genetic factors impacting the adaptation of crops to environmental conditions is of key interest for conservation and selection purposes. It can be achieved using population genomics, and evolutionary or quantitative genetics. Here we present a sorghum multireference back-cross nested association mapping population composed of 3,901 lines produced by crossing 24 diverse parents to 3 elite parents from West and Central Africa-back-cross nested association mapping. The population was phenotyped in environments characterized by differences in photoperiod, rainfall pattern, temperature levels, and soil fertility. To integrate the multiparental and multi-environmental dimension of our data we proposed a new approach for quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection and parental effect estimation. We extended our model to estimate QTL effect sensitivity to environmental covariates, which facilitated the integration of envirotyping data. Our models allowed spatial projections of the QTL effects in agro-ecologies of interest. We utilized this strategy to analyze the genetic architecture of flowering time and plant height, which represents key adaptation mechanisms in environments like West Africa. Our results allowed a better characterization of well-known genomic regions influencing flowering time concerning their response to photoperiod with Ma6 and Ma1 being photoperiod-sensitive and the region of possible candidate gene Elf3 being photoperiod-insensitive. We also accessed a better understanding of plant height genetic determinism with the combined effects of phenology-dependent (Ma6) and independent (qHT7.1 and Dw3) genomic regions. Therefore, we argue that the West and Central Africa-back-cross nested association mapping and the presented analytical approach constitute unique resources to better understand adaptation in sorghum with direct application to develop climate-smart varieties.
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- 2024
10. The complex polyploid genome architecture of sugarcane
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Healey, Adam, Garsmeur, Olivier, Lovell, John, Shengquiang, S., Sreedasyam, Avinash, Jenkins, Jerry, Plott, C.B., Piperidis, George, Pompidor, Nicolas, Llaca, V., Metcalfe, Daniel J., Dolezel, Jaroslav, Cápal, P., Carlson, J.E., Hoarau, Jean-Yves, Hervouet, Catherine, Zini, Cyrille, Diévart, Anne, Lipzen, Anna, Williams, M., Boston, L.B., Webber, J., Keymanesh, K., Tejomurthula, S., Rajasekar, S., Suchecki, R., Furtado, Agnelo, May, G., Parakkal, P., Simmons, B.A., Barry, K., Henry, Robert, Grimwood, Jane, Aitken, Karen S., Schmutz, J., D'Hont, Angélique, Healey, Adam, Garsmeur, Olivier, Lovell, John, Shengquiang, S., Sreedasyam, Avinash, Jenkins, Jerry, Plott, C.B., Piperidis, George, Pompidor, Nicolas, Llaca, V., Metcalfe, Daniel J., Dolezel, Jaroslav, Cápal, P., Carlson, J.E., Hoarau, Jean-Yves, Hervouet, Catherine, Zini, Cyrille, Diévart, Anne, Lipzen, Anna, Williams, M., Boston, L.B., Webber, J., Keymanesh, K., Tejomurthula, S., Rajasekar, S., Suchecki, R., Furtado, Agnelo, May, G., Parakkal, P., Simmons, B.A., Barry, K., Henry, Robert, Grimwood, Jane, Aitken, Karen S., Schmutz, J., and D'Hont, Angélique
- Abstract
Sugarcane, the world's most harvested crop by tonnage, has shaped global history, trade and geopolitics, and is currently responsible for 80% of sugar production worldwide1. While traditional sugarcane breeding methods have effectively generated cultivars adapted to new environments and pathogens, sugar yield improvements have recently plateaued2. The cessation of yield gains may be due to limited genetic diversity within breeding populations, long breeding cycles and the complexity of its genome, the latter preventing breeders from taking advantage of the recent explosion of whole-genome sequencing that has benefited many other crops. Thus, modern sugarcane hybrids are the last remaining major crop without a reference-quality genome. Here we take a major step towards advancing sugarcane biotechnology by generating a polyploid reference genome for R570, a typical modern cultivar derived from interspecific hybridization between the domesticated species (Saccharum officinarum) and the wild species (Saccharum spontaneum). In contrast to the existing single haplotype ('monoploid') representation of R570, our 8.7 billion base assembly contains a complete representation of unique DNA sequences across the approximately 12 chromosome copies in this polyploid genome. Using this highly contiguous genome assembly, we filled a previously unsized gap within an R570 physical genetic map to describe the likely causal genes underlying the single-copy Bru1 brown rust resistance locus. This polyploid genome assembly with fine-grain descriptions of genome architecture and molecular targets for biotechnology will help accelerate molecular and transgenic breeding and adaptation of sugarcane to future environmental conditions.
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- 2024
11. La domestication des champignons Penicillium du fromage
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Ropars, Jeanne, Caron, Thibault, Lo, Ying-Chu, Bennetot, Bastien, and Giraud, Tatiana
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Domestication ,Fromage ,Champignon ,Penicillium ,Adaptation ,Génomique ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Domestication is the process of organism evolution under selection by humans, and as such has been a model for studying adaptation since Charles Darwin. Here we review recent studies on the genomics of adaptation and domestication syndrome in two cheese-making fungal lineages, Penicillium roqueforti used for maturing blue cheeses, and the Penicillium camemberti species complex used for making soft cheeses such as Camembert and Brie. Comparative genomics have revealed horizontal gene transfers involved in convergent adaptation to cheese. Population genomics have identified differentiated populations with contrasted traits, several populations having independently been domesticated for cheese making in both P. roqueforti and the Penicillium camemberti species complex, and having undergone bottlenecks. The different cheese populations have acquired traits beneficial for cheese making in comparison to non-cheese populations, regarding color, spore production, growth rates on cheese, salt tolerance, lipolysis, proteolysis, volatile compound or toxin production and/or competitive ability. The cheese populations also show degeneration for some unused functions such as decreased ability of sexual reproduction or of growth under harsh conditions. These recent findings have fundamental importance for our understanding of adaptation and have applied interest for strain improvement.
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- 2020
- Full Text
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12. Les propositions génomiques en oncopédiatrie: bouleversements des temporalités et des repères éthiques -- points de vue des patients, des parents et des professionnels.
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Droin-Mollard, M., Hervouet, L., Lahlou-Laforêt, K., and de Montgolfier, S.
- Abstract
Copyright of Psycho-Oncologie is the property of Tech Science Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Economic potential of adopting genomic technology in Alberta's tree improvement sector.
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Shuo Wang, An, Henry, Wei-Yew Chang, Gaston, Chris, and Thomas, Barb R.
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TREE breeding ,LOGGING ,WHITE spruce ,FORESTS & forestry ,LODGEPOLE pine ,TYPHA latifolia - Abstract
Copyright of Forestry Chronicle is the property of Canadian Institute of Forestry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Reconstructing 50,000 years of human history from our DNA: lessons from modern genomics.
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Rotival, Maxime, Cossart, Pascale, and Quintana-Murci, Lluis
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NUCLEOTIDE sequencing , *HUMAN genetic variation , *GENETIC drift , *GENOMICS , *FOSSIL DNA - Abstract
The advent of high throughput sequencing approaches and ancient DNA techniques have enabled reconstructing the history of human populations at an unprecedented level of resolution. The symposium from the French Academy of Sciences "50,000 ans d'épopée humaine dans notre ADN" has reviewed some of the latest contributions from the fields of genomics, archaeology, and linguistics to our understanding of >300,000 years of human history. DNA has revealed the richness of the human journey, from the deep divergences between human populations in Africa, to the first encounters of Homo Sapiens with other hominins on their way to Eurasia and the peopling of Remote Oceania. The symposium has also emphasized how migrations, cultural practices, and environmental pathogens have contributed to shape the genetic diversity of modern humans, through admixture, genetic drift or genetic adaptation. Finally, special attention was also given to how human behaviours have shaped the genome of other species, through the spreading of microbes and pathogens, as in the case of Yersinia Pestis, or through domestication, as elegantly demonstrated for dogs, horses, and apples. Altogether, this conference illustrated how the complex history of human populations is tightly linked with their contemporary genetic diversity that, in turn, has direct effects on their identity and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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15. Application of genomics and transcriptomics to accelerate development of clubroot resistant canola.
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Zhou, Qinqin, Galindo-González, Leonardo, Hwang, Sheau-Fang, and Strelkov, Stephen E.
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PLASMODIOPHORA brassicae , *GENOME-wide association studies , *CLUBROOT , *CANOLA , *SINGLE nucleotide polymorphisms , *RAPESEED , *GENE expression - Abstract
Clubroot, a soil-borne disease caused by the obligate parasite Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, is a threat to canola (Brassica napus L.) production in western Canada. Genetic resistance represents the most effective tool to manage this disease. However, given the rapid spread of clubroot and the emergence of new virulent pathotypes of P. brassicae, it is important to accelerate the resistance breeding effort. The advent of genome-sequencing technologies has created a new toolbox that can aid in breeding strategies. Many genomic approaches, such as genotyping-by-sequencing, high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays, genome-wide association studies, and transcriptomic approaches such as bulked segregant RNA-seq analysis and microarray/RNA-seq differential expression analysis have been applied to studies of clubroot resistance or susceptibility. Here, we review the impact of traditional marker-assisted selection-based breeding for clubroot resistance, and then discuss how omics approaches have contributed to the (1) detection and genotyping of genome-wide SNP markers linked with clubroot resistance genes or quantitative trait loci, (2) understanding of host resistance mechanisms upon P. brassicae infection, and (3) acceleration of resistance breeding by identifying and characterizing candidate genes, especially those with differential efficacy against new pathotypes of P. brassicae. We suggest that the use of different omics approaches together could improve the efficiency of clubroot-resistance breeding. Finally, we propose that the CRISPR/Cas9 system for genome editing is a promising tool to facilitate the validation and use of candidate genes for clubroot-resistance breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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16. Polyarthrite et maladie de Huntington.
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Massy, Emmanuel, Roudier, Jean, and Balandraud, Nathalie
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- 2023
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17. Adaptive Silviculture for Climate Change: From Concepts to Reality Report on a symposium held at Carrefour Forêts 2019.
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Thiffault, Nelson, Raymond, Patricia, Lussier, Jean-Martin, Aubin, Isabelle, Royer-Tardif, Samuel, D'Amato, Anthony W., Doyon, Frédérik, Lafleur, Benoit, Perron, Martin, Bousquet, Jean, Isabel, Nathalie, Carles, Sylvie, Lupien, Patrick, and Malenfant, Annie
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FORESTS & forestry ,FOREST landowners ,CLIMATE change ,NATURAL resources ,FOREST management ,HARDWOOD forests ,ECOSYSTEM management - Abstract
Copyright of Forestry Chronicle is the property of Canadian Institute of Forestry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Les études moléculaires sur le palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) : Article de synthèse.
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Hammadi Hamza and Ali Ferchichi
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Palmier dattier ,Moléculaire ,Génomique ,Post-génomique ,Agriculture - Abstract
Le palmier dattier possède certaines caractéristiques qui en font des organismes difficiles à étudier pour la localisation et l’identification des gènes. L’amélioration de la productivité, la qualité du fruit et la résistance aux stress biotiques et abiotiques est le principal objectif des analyses moléculaires chez le palmier dattier. Dans ce papier, nous examinons les progrès considérables dans ce domaine et leur état. On a passé en revue les progrès des études de la génomique chez le palmier dattier afin de fournir une référence utile aux chercheurs travaillant dans ce domaine. Le progrès des techniques moléculaires facilitera les programmes d'amélioration au moyen de la sélection moléculaire
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- 2020
19. Evolutions et perspectives des formations pour la génétique et la sélection animale.
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ROGNON, Xavier, HEAMS, Thomas, Ducos, Alain, Charpentier, Régis, MAGNOL, Laetitia, RESTOUX, Gwendal, RIGAL, Joël, and VERRIER, Étienne
- Abstract
Copyright of Ethnozootechnie is the property of Societe d Ethnozootechnie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
20. Nouvelles techniques génétiques de dépistage et diagnostic anténatals : quels enjeux ?
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Désir, J., Meunier, C., Billard, J.-M., Marichal, A., Rombout, S., and Grisart, B.
- Abstract
New genomic techniques are revolutionizing the prenatal screening and diagnosis, by allowing access to diagnoses of fetal and/or parental conditions whose penetrance is not always complete. These techniques raise many questions, in a sensitive context, ethically different from postnatal follow-up. The creation of multidisciplinary national and international think tanks is fundamental to consider about the important diagnoses or susceptibility factors to relate to the couple during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. A different paradigm for the initial colonisation of Sahul.
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ALLEN, JIM and O'CONNELL, JAMES F.
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COLONIZATION , *MITOCHONDRIAL DNA , *INDIGENOUS Australians - Abstract
The questions of when and how humans reached Sahul, the Pleistocene continent of Australia and New Guinea, has remained a central issue of Australian archaeology since its development as an academic discipline in the mid‐twentieth century. Modelling this event has persistently appealed to minimal assumptions – the simplest watercraft, the shortest routes, the smallest viable colonising groups. This paper argues that Australian archaeology can no longer ignore the way our understanding of this initial colonisation is being reshaped by current genomic research. It reviews this evidence and concludes that a colonising wave of hundreds or perhaps low thousands of people was involved. If correct, it suggests that we need to rethink our models, modify or discard the minimalist assumptions that have so far driven them and consider how this different paradigm affects our understanding of early settlement in Sahul. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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22. RNA expression dataset of 384 sunflower hybrids in field condition.
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Penouilh-Suzette, Charlotte, Pomiès, Lise, Duruflé, Harold, Blanchet, Nicolas, Bonnafous, Fanny, Dinis, Romain, Brouard, Céline, Gody, Louise, Grassa, Christopher, Heudelot, Xavier, Laporte, Marion, Larroque, Marion, Marage, Gwenola, Mayjonade, Baptiste, Mangin, Brigitte, de Givry, Simon, and Langlade, Nicolas B.
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SUNFLOWERS , *RNA , *FIELD crops , *SUNFLOWER growing , *SUNFLOWER seeds , *HETEROSIS - Abstract
This article describes how RNA expression data of 173 genes were produced on 384 sunflower hybrids grown in field conditions. Sunflower hybrids were selected to represent genetic diversity within cultivated sunflower. The RNA was extracted from mature leaves at one time seven days after anthesis. These data allow to differentiate the different genotype behaviours and constitute a valuable resource to the community to study the adaptation of crops to field conditions and the molecular basis of heterosis. It is available on data.inra.fr repository. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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23. From genomes to forest management – tackling invasive Phytophthora species in the era of genomics.
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Keriö, S., Daniels, H. A., Gómez-Gallego, M., Tabima, J. F., Lenz, R. R., Søndreli, K. L., Grünwald, N. J., Williams, N., Mcdougal, R., and LeBoldus, J. M.
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INTRODUCED species , *FOREST surveys , *FOREST health , *PHYTOPHTHORA cinnamomi , *DISEASE resistance of plants , *BIOLOGICAL invasions , *COMPARATIVE genomics , *DNA fingerprinting - Abstract
Species of Phytophthora pose one of the most serious biosecurity threats to forest ecosystems worldwide. Despite management efforts and increased awareness of forest pathogens, there is continued introduction and spread of Phytophthora species. Uncertainty about the center of origin for many of the invasive species hampers disease control efforts. Additionally, the management efforts are often made impossible either by the vast host range or the extreme susceptibility of naïve hosts. In this review, we discuss how genomics has shed light on the extent of spread and destruction caused by invasive Phytophthora species, and how approaches leveraged by genomics can be applied to enhance the management of these invasive forest pathogens. Four case studies, Phytophthora ramorum, Phytophthora lateralis, Phytophthora cinnamomi, and Phytophthora pluvialis are used to illustrate how genomics can be applied to forest management. We urge researchers, governmental research institutes, private companies, and citizens to collaborate in order to stop the spread of invasive Phytophthora species. To accomplish this, we see the following themes as critical parts of resolving this forest health crisis: i) integration of DNA-based pathogen detection into forest inventory programs; ii) development of practical and affordable DNA-based diagnostic methods; iii) sequence hosts as models for resistance gene identification; iv) prediction of pathogen impact based on genomic data; and v) increase collaborative projects and outreach to raise awareness of forest diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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24. Evolution of the cotton genus, Gossypium, and its domestication in the Americas
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Viot, Christopher, Wendel, Jonathan F., Viot, Christopher, and Wendel, Jonathan F.
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Gossypium, the cotton genus, includes ∼50 species distributed in tropical and sub-tropical regions of all continents except Europe. Here we provide a synopsis of the evolutionary history of Gossypium and domestication of the American allopolyploid species, integrating data from fundamental taxonomic investigations, biogeography, molecular genetics, phylogenetic analysis, and archaeology. These diverse sources of information provide a temporal and phylogenetic perspective on diversification among the diploids and on polyploid formation, uncover multiple previously cryptic interspecific hybridizations, clarify and contribute to the taxonomy of the genus, and offer a firm foundation for understanding parallel domestications in Mesoamerica and South America, which led to the globally important cotton crop species G. barbadense and G. hirsutum. Gossypium thus offers a testimonial example of the importance and utility of fundamental botanical discovery combined with modern technological capabilities to generate genomic insights into evolutionary history. We also review the current state of our knowledge regarding the archaeological history of cotton domestication and diffusion in the Americas, a seemingly unlikely story entailing parallel domestication origins and parallel directional selection tracing to 8,000 (G. barbadense) and 5,500 (G. hirsutum) years ago, transforming two geographically isolated wild short-day perennial shrubs having small capsules and seeds covered by short, tan-colored epidermal trichomes into modern daylength-neutral annuals bearing abundant, fine, strong white fibers. This dual domestication was followed several millennia later by unintentional and more recently intentional interspecific introgression, as the two species came into contact following their initial domestication in different hemispheres. Thus, the cycle of species divergence and biological reunion was reiterated, this time at the allopolyploid level. Understanding this evolutionary
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- 2023
25. Unraveling the role of non-coding rare variants in epilepsy and its subtypes with deep learning
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Girard, Alexandre and Girard, Alexandre
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The discovery of new variants has slowed down in recent years in epilepsy studies, despite the use of very large cohorts. Consequently, most of the heritability is still unexplained. Rare non-coding variants have been largely ignored in studies on epilepsy, although non-coding single nucleotide variants can have a significant impact on gene expression. We had access to whole genome sequencing (WGS) from 247 epilepsy patients and 377 controls. To assess the functional impact of non-coding variants, ExPecto, a deep learning algorithm was used to predict expression change in brain tissues. We compared the burden of rare non-coding deleterious variants between cases and controls. Rare non-coding highly deleterious variants were significantly enriched with Genetic Generalized Epilepsy (GGE), but not with Non-Acquired Focal Epilepsy (NAFE) or all epilepsy cases when compared with controls. In this study, we showed that rare non-coding deleterious variants are associated with epilepsy, specifically with GGE. Larger WGS epilepsy cohort will be needed to investigate those effects at a greater resolution. Nevertheless, we demonstrated the importance of studying non-coding regions in epilepsy, a disease where new discoveries are scarce.
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- 2023
26. Genomic selection for salinity tolerance in japonica rice
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Bartholome, Jérôme, Frouin, Julien, Brottier, Laurent, Cao, Tuong-Vi, Boisnard, Arnaud, Ahmadi, Nourollah, Courtois, Brigitte, Bartholome, Jérôme, Frouin, Julien, Brottier, Laurent, Cao, Tuong-Vi, Boisnard, Arnaud, Ahmadi, Nourollah, and Courtois, Brigitte
- Abstract
Improving plant performance in salinity-prone conditions is a significant challenge in breeding programs. Genomic selection is currently integrated into many plant breeding programs as a tool for increasing selection intensity and precision for complex traits and for reducing breeding cycle length. A rice reference panel (RP) of 241 Oryza sativa L. japonica accessions genotyped with 20,255 SNPs grown in control and mild salinity stress conditions was evaluated at the vegetative stage for eight morphological traits and ion mass fractions (Na and K). Weak to strong genotype-by-condition interactions were found for the traits considered. Cross-validation showed that the predictive ability of genomic prediction methods ranged from 0.25 to 0.64 for multi-environment models with morphological traits and from 0.05 to 0.40 for indices of stress response and ion mass fractions. The performances of a breeding population (BP) comprising 393 japonica accessions were predicted with models trained on the RP. For validation of the predictive performances of the models, a subset of 41 accessions was selected from the BP and phenotyped under the same experimental conditions as the RP. The predictive abilities estimated on this subset ranged from 0.00 to 0.66 for the multi-environment models, depending on the traits, and were strongly correlated with the predictive abilities on cross-validation in the RP in salt condition (r = 0.69). We show here that genomic selection is efficient for predicting the salt stress tolerance of breeding lines. Genomic selection could improve the efficiency of rice breeding strategies for salinity-prone environments.
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- 2023
27. Genomes of the cosmopolitan fruit pest Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) reveal its global invasion history and thermal adaptation
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Zhang, Yue, Liu, Shanlin, De Meyer, Marc, Liao, Zuxing, Zhao, Yan, Virgilio, Massimiliano, Feng, Shiqian, Qin, Yujia, Singh, Sandeep, Wee, Suk Ling, Jiang, Fan, Guo, Shaokun, Li, Hu, Deschepper, Pablo, Vanbergen, Sam, Delatte, Hélène, Van Sauers-Muller, Aliès, Syamsudin, Tati Suryati, Kawi, Anastasia Priscilla, Kasina, Muo, Badji, Kemo, Said, Fazal, Liu, Lijun, Zhao, Zihua, Li, Zhihong, Zhang, Yue, Liu, Shanlin, De Meyer, Marc, Liao, Zuxing, Zhao, Yan, Virgilio, Massimiliano, Feng, Shiqian, Qin, Yujia, Singh, Sandeep, Wee, Suk Ling, Jiang, Fan, Guo, Shaokun, Li, Hu, Deschepper, Pablo, Vanbergen, Sam, Delatte, Hélène, Van Sauers-Muller, Aliès, Syamsudin, Tati Suryati, Kawi, Anastasia Priscilla, Kasina, Muo, Badji, Kemo, Said, Fazal, Liu, Lijun, Zhao, Zihua, and Li, Zhihong
- Abstract
Introduction: The oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis is one of the most destructive agricultural pests worldwide, with highly debated species delimitation, origin, and global spread routes. Objectives: Our study intended to (i) resolve the taxonomic uncertainties between B. dorsalis and B. carambolae, (ii) reveal the population structure and global invasion routes of B. dorsalis across Asia, Africa, and Oceania, and (iii) identify genomic regions that are responsible for the thermal adaptation of B. dorsalis. Methods: Based on a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome assembly, we explored the population relationship using a genome-scale single nucleotide polymorphism dataset generated from the resequencing data of 487 B. dorsalis genomes and 25 B. carambolae genomes. Genome-wide association studies and silencing using RNA interference were used to identify and verify the candidate genes associated with extreme thermal stress. Results: We showed that B. dorsalis originates from the Southern India region with three independent invasion and spread routes worldwide: (i) from Northern India to Northern Southeast Asia, then to Southern Southeast Asia; (ii) from Northern India to Northern Southeast Asian, then to China and Hawaii; and (iii) from Southern India toward the African mainland, then to Madagascar, which is mainly facilitated by human activities including trade and immigration. Twenty-seven genes were identified by a genome-wide association study to be associated with 11 temperature bioclimatic variables. The Cyp6a9 gene may enhance the thermal adaptation of B. dorsalis and thus boost its invasion, which tended to be upregulated at a hardening temperature of 38 °C. Functional verification using RNA interference silencing against Cyp6a9, led to the specific decrease in Cyp6a9 expression, reducing the survival rate of dsRNA-feeding larvae exposed to extreme thermal stress of 45 °C after heat hardening treatments in B. dorsalis. Conclusion: This study pr
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- 2023
28. A quantitative theory for genomic offset statistics
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Gain, Clément, Rhone, Bénédicte, Cubry, Philippe, Salazar, Israfel, Forbes, Florence, Vigouroux, Yves, Jay, Flora, François, Olivier, Gain, Clément, Rhone, Bénédicte, Cubry, Philippe, Salazar, Israfel, Forbes, Florence, Vigouroux, Yves, Jay, Flora, and François, Olivier
- Abstract
Genomic offset statistics predict the maladaptation of populations to rapid habitat alteration based on association of genotypes with environmental variation. Despite substantial evidence for empirical validity, genomic offset statistics have well-identified limitations, and lack a theory that would facilitate interpretations of predicted values. Here, we clarified the theoretical relationships between genomic offset statistics and unobserved fitness traits controlled by environmentally selected loci and proposed a geometric measure to predict fitness after rapid change in local environment. The predictions of our theory were verified in computer simulations and in empirical data on African pearl millet (Cenchrus americanus) obtained from a common garden experiment. Our results proposed a unified perspective on genomic offset statistics and provided a theoretical foundation necessary when considering their potential application in conservation management in the face of environmental change.
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- 2023
29. Mate selection: A useful approach to maximize genetic gain and control inbreeding in genomic and conventional oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) hybrid breeding
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Tchounke, Billy, Sanchez, Leopoldo, Bell, Joseph Martin, Cros, David, Tchounke, Billy, Sanchez, Leopoldo, Bell, Joseph Martin, and Cros, David
- Abstract
Genomic selection (GS) is an effective method for the genetic improvement of complex traits in plants and animals. Optimization approaches could be used in conjunction with GS to further increase its efficiency and to limit inbreeding, which can increase faster with GS. Mate selection (MS) typically uses a metaheuristic optimization algorithm, simulated annealing, to optimize the selection of individuals and their matings. However, in species with long breeding cycles, this cannot be studied empirically. Here, we investigated this aspect with forward genetic simulations on a high-performance computing cluster and massively parallel computing, considering the oil palm hybrid breeding example. We compared MS and simple methods of inbreeding management (limitation of the number of individuals selected per family, prohibition of self-fertilization and combination of these two methods), in terms of parental inbreeding and genetic progress over four generations of genomic selection and phenotypic selection. The results showed that, compared to the conventional method without optimization, MS could lead to significant decreases in inbreeding and increases in annual genetic progress, with the magnitude of the effect depending on MS parameters and breeding scenarios. The optimal solution retained by MS differed by five breeding characteristics from the conventional solution: selected individuals covering a broader range of genetic values, fewer individuals selected per full-sib family, decreased percentage of selfings, selfings preferentially made on the best individuals and unbalanced number of crosses among selected individuals, with the better an individual, the higher the number of times he is mated. Stronger slowing-down in inbreeding could be achieved with other methods but they were associated with a decreased genetic progress. We recommend that breeders use MS, with preliminary analyses to identify the proper parameters to reach the goals of the breeding program in t
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- 2023
30. Genome assembly of Musa beccarii shows extensive chromosomal rearrangements and genome expansion during evolution of Musaceae genomes
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Wang, Zheng-Feng, Rouard, Mathieu, Droc, Gaëtan, Heslop Harrison, Pat, Ge, Xue-Jun, Wang, Zheng-Feng, Rouard, Mathieu, Droc, Gaëtan, Heslop Harrison, Pat, and Ge, Xue-Jun
- Abstract
Background: Musa beccarii (Musaceae) is a banana species native to Borneo, sometimes grown as an ornamental plant. The basic chromosome number of Musa species is x = 7, 10, or 11; however, M. beccarii has a basic chromosome number of x = 9 (2n = 2x = 18), which is the same basic chromosome number of species in the sister genera Ensete and Musella. Musa beccarii is in the section Callimusa, which is sister to the section Musa. We generated a high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly of M. beccarii to better understand the evolution and diversity of genomes within the family Musaceae. Findings: The M. beccarii genome was assembled by long-read and Hi-C sequencing, and genes were annotated using both long Iso-seq and short RNA-seq reads. The size of M. beccarii was the largest among all known Musaceae assemblies (∼570 Mbp) due to the expansion of transposable elements and increased 45S ribosomal DNA sites. By synteny analysis, we detected extensive genome-wide chromosome fusions and fissions between M. beccarii and the other Musa and Ensete species, far beyond those expected from differences in chromosome number. Within Musaceae, M. beccarii showed a reduced number of terpenoid synthase genes, which are related to chemical defense, and enrichment in lipid metabolism genes linked to the physical defense of the cell wall. Furthermore, type III polyketide synthase was the most abundant biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) in M. beccarii. BGCs were not conserved in Musaceae genomes. Conclusions: The genome assembly of M. beccarii is the first chromosome-scale genome assembly in the Callimusa section in Musa, which provides an important genetic resource that aids our understanding of the evolution of Musaceae genomes and enhances our knowledge of the pangenome.
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- 2023
31. Suspicions of two bridgehead invasions of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex in France
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Dupas, Enora, Durand, Karine, Rieux, Adrien, Briand, Martial, Pruvost, Olivier, Cunty, Amandine, Denancé, Nicolas, Donnadieu, Cecile, Legendre, Bruno, Lopez-Roques, Céline, Cesbron, Sophie, Ravigné, Virginie, Jacques, Marie Agnès, Dupas, Enora, Durand, Karine, Rieux, Adrien, Briand, Martial, Pruvost, Olivier, Cunty, Amandine, Denancé, Nicolas, Donnadieu, Cecile, Legendre, Bruno, Lopez-Roques, Céline, Cesbron, Sophie, Ravigné, Virginie, and Jacques, Marie Agnès
- Abstract
Of American origin, a wide diversity of Xylella fastidiosa strains belonging to different subspecies have been reported in Europe since 2013 and its discovery in Italian olive groves. Strains from the subspecies multiplex (ST6 and ST7) were first identified in France in 2015 in urban and natural areas. To trace back the most probable scenario of introduction in France, the molecular evolution rate of this subspecies was estimated at 3.2165 × 10-7 substitutions per site per year, based on heterochronous genome sequences collected worldwide. This rate allowed the dating of the divergence between French and American strains in 1987 for ST6 and in 1971 for ST7. The development of a new VNTR-13 scheme allowed tracing the spread of the bacterium in France, hypothesizing an American origin. Our results suggest that both sequence types were initially introduced and spread in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA); then they were introduced in Corsica in two waves from the PACA bridgehead populations.
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- 2023
32. Genome-wide admixture mapping identifies wild ancestry-of-origin segments in cultivated Robusta coffee
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Vi, Tram, Vigouroux, Yves, Cubry, Philippe, Marraccini, Pierre, Phan, Viet Ha, Khong, Ngan Giang, Poncet, Valérie, Vi, Tram, Vigouroux, Yves, Cubry, Philippe, Marraccini, Pierre, Phan, Viet Ha, Khong, Ngan Giang, and Poncet, Valérie
- Abstract
Humans have had a major influence on the dissemination of crops beyond their native range, thereby offering new hybridization opportunities. Characterizing admixed genomes with mosaic origins generates valuable insight into the adaptive history of crops and the impact on current varietal diversity. We applied the ELAI tool—an efficient local ancestry inference method based on a two-layer hidden Markov model to track segments of wild origin in cultivated accessions in the case of multiway admixtures. Source populations—which may actually be limited and partially admixed—must be generally specified when using such inference models. We thus developed a framework to identify local ancestry with admixed source populations. Using sequencing data for wild and cultivated Coffea canephora (commonly called Robusta), our approach was found to be highly efficient and accurate on simulated hybrids. Application of the method to assess elite Robusta varieties from Vietnam led to the identification of an accession derived from a likely backcross between two genetic groups from the Congo Basin and the western coastal region of Central Africa. Admixtures resulting from crop hybridization and diffusion could thus lead to the generation of elite high-yielding varieties. Our methods should be widely applicable to gain insight into the role of hybridization during plant and animal evolutionary history.
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- 2023
33. Global transcriptome profiling reveals differential regulatory, metabolic and hormonal networks during somatic embryogenesis in Coffea arabica
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Awada, Rayan, Lepelley, Maud, Breton, David, Charpagne, Aline, Campa, Claudine, Berry, Victoria, Georget, Frederic, Breitler, Jean-Christophe, Leran, Sophie, Djerrab, Doaa, Martinez-Seidel, Federico, Descombes, Patrick, Crouzillat, Dominique, Bertrand, Benoît, Etienne, Hervé, Awada, Rayan, Lepelley, Maud, Breton, David, Charpagne, Aline, Campa, Claudine, Berry, Victoria, Georget, Frederic, Breitler, Jean-Christophe, Leran, Sophie, Djerrab, Doaa, Martinez-Seidel, Federico, Descombes, Patrick, Crouzillat, Dominique, Bertrand, Benoît, and Etienne, Hervé
- Abstract
Background: Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is one of the most promising processes for large-scale dissemination of elite varieties. However, for many plant species, optimizing SE protocols still relies on a trial and error approach. We report the first global scale transcriptome profiling performed at all developmental stages of SE in coffee to unravel the mechanisms that regulate cell fate and totipotency. Results: RNA-seq of 48 samples (12 developmental stages × 4 biological replicates) generated 90 million high quality reads per sample, approximately 74% of which were uniquely mapped to the Arabica genome. First, the statistical analysis of transcript data clearly grouped SE developmental stages into seven important phases (Leaf, Dedifferentiation, Primary callus, Embryogenic callus, Embryogenic cell clusters, Redifferentiation and Embryo) enabling the identification of six key developmental phase switches, which are strategic for the overall biological efficiency of embryo regeneration. Differential gene expression and functional analysis showed that genes encoding transcription factors, stress-related genes, metabolism-related genes and hormone signaling-related genes were significantly enriched. Second, the standard environmental drivers used to control SE, i.e. light, growth regulators and cell density, were clearly perceived at the molecular level at different developmental stages. Third, expression profiles of auxin-related genes, transcription factor-related genes and secondary metabolism-related genes were analyzed during SE. Gene co-expression networks were also inferred. Auxin-related genes were upregulated during dedifferentiation and redifferentiation while transcription factor-related genes were switched on from the embryogenic callus and onward. Secondary metabolism-related genes were switched off during dedifferentiation and switched back on at the onset of redifferentiation. Secondary metabolites and endogenous IAA content were tightly linked with the
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- 2023
34. Endogenous caulimovirids: Fossils, zombies, and living in plant genomes
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Vassilieff, Héléna, Geering, Andrew D., Choisne, Nathalie, Teycheney, Pierre-Yves, Maumus, Florian, Vassilieff, Héléna, Geering, Andrew D., Choisne, Nathalie, Teycheney, Pierre-Yves, and Maumus, Florian
- Abstract
The Caulimoviridae is a family of double-stranded DNA viruses that infect plants. The genomes of most vascular plants contain endogenous caulimovirids (ECVs), a class of repetitive DNA elements that is abundant in some plant genomes, resulting from the integration of viral DNA in the chromosomes of germline cells during episodes of infection that have sometimes occurred millions of years ago. In this review, we reflect on 25 years of research on ECVs that has shown that members of the Caulimoviridae have occupied an unprecedented range of ecological niches over time and shed light on their diversity and macroevolution. We highlight gaps in knowledge and prospects of future research fueled by increased access to plant genome sequence data and new tools for genome annotation for addressing the extent, impact, and role of ECVs on plant biology and the origin and evolutionary trajectories of the Caulimoviridae.
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- 2023
35. Multi-environment genomic selection in rice elite breeding lines
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Nguyen, Van Hieu, Morantte, Rose Imee Zhella, Lopena, Vitaliano, Verdeprado, Holden, Murori, Rosemary, Ndayiragije, Alexis, Kumar Katiyar, Sanjay, Islam, Md Rafiqul, Juma, Roselyne Uside, Flandez-Galvez, Hayde, Glaszmann, Jean-Christophe, Cobb, Joshua N., Bartholome, Jérôme, Nguyen, Van Hieu, Morantte, Rose Imee Zhella, Lopena, Vitaliano, Verdeprado, Holden, Murori, Rosemary, Ndayiragije, Alexis, Kumar Katiyar, Sanjay, Islam, Md Rafiqul, Juma, Roselyne Uside, Flandez-Galvez, Hayde, Glaszmann, Jean-Christophe, Cobb, Joshua N., and Bartholome, Jérôme
- Abstract
Background: Assessing the performance of elite lines in target environments is essential for breeding programs to select the most relevant genotypes. One of the main complexities in this task resides in accounting for the genotype by environment interactions. Genomic prediction models that integrate information from multi-environment trials and environmental covariates can be efficient tools in this context. The objective of this study was to assess the predictive ability of different genomic prediction models to optimize the use of multi-environment information. We used 111 elite breeding lines representing the diversity of the international rice research institute breeding program for irrigated ecosystems. The lines were evaluated for three traits (days to flowering, plant height, and grain yield) in 15 environments in Asia and Africa and genotyped with 882 SNP markers. We evaluated the efficiency of genomic prediction to predict untested environments using seven multi-environment models and three cross-validation scenarios. Results: The elite lines were found to belong to the indica group and more specifically the indica-1B subgroup which gathered improved material originating from the Green Revolution. Phenotypic correlations between environments were high for days to flowering and plant height (33% and 54% of pairwise correlation greater than 0.5) but low for grain yield (lower than 0.2 in most cases). Clustering analyses based on environmental covariates separated Asia's and Africa's environments into different clusters or subclusters. The predictive abilities ranged from 0.06 to 0.79 for days to flowering, 0.25–0.88 for plant height, and − 0.29–0.62 for grain yield. We found that models integrating genotype-by-environment interaction effects did not perform significantly better than models integrating only main effects (genotypes and environment or environmental covariates). The different cross-validation scenarios showed that, in most cases, the use of all a
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- 2023
36. First chromosome scale genomes of ithomiine butterflies (Nymphalidae: Ithomiini): Comparative models for mimicry genetic studies
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Gauthier, Jérémy, Meier, Joana, Legeai, Fabrice, McClure, Melanie, Whibley, Annabel, Bretaudeau, Anthony, Boulain, Hélène, Parrinello, Hugues, Mugford, Sam T., Durbin, Richard, Zhou, Chenxi, McCarthy, Shane, Wheat, Christopher W., Piron-Prunier, Florence, Monsempès, Christelle, François, Marie-Christine, Jay, Paul, Noûs, Camille, Persyn, Emma, Jacquin-Jolyb, Emmanuelle, Meslin, Camille, Montagné, Nicolas, Lemaitre, Claire, Elias, Marianne, Gauthier, Jérémy, Meier, Joana, Legeai, Fabrice, McClure, Melanie, Whibley, Annabel, Bretaudeau, Anthony, Boulain, Hélène, Parrinello, Hugues, Mugford, Sam T., Durbin, Richard, Zhou, Chenxi, McCarthy, Shane, Wheat, Christopher W., Piron-Prunier, Florence, Monsempès, Christelle, François, Marie-Christine, Jay, Paul, Noûs, Camille, Persyn, Emma, Jacquin-Jolyb, Emmanuelle, Meslin, Camille, Montagné, Nicolas, Lemaitre, Claire, and Elias, Marianne
- Abstract
The ithomiine butterflies (Nymphalidae: Danainae) represent the largest known radiation of Müllerian mimetic butterflies. They dominate by number the mimetic butterfly communities, which include species such as the iconic neotropical Heliconius genus. Recent studies on the ecology and genetics of speciation in Ithomiini have suggested that sexual pheromones, colour pattern and perhaps hostplant could drive reproductive isolation. However, no reference genome was available for Ithomiini, which has hindered further exploration on the genetic architecture of these candidate traits, and more generally on the genomic patterns of divergence. Here, we generated high-quality, chromosome-scale genome assemblies for two Melinaea species, M. marsaeus and M. menophilus, and a draft genome of the species Ithomia salapia. We obtained genomes with a size ranging from 396 to 503 Mb across the three species and scaffold N50 of 40.5 and 23.2 Mb for the two chromosome-scale assemblies. Using collinearity analyses we identified massive rearrangements between the two closely related Melinaea species. An annotation of transposable elements and gene content was performed, as well as a specialist annotation to target chemosensory genes, which is crucial for host plant detection and mate recognition in mimetic species. A comparative genomic approach revealed independent gene expansions in ithomiines and particularly in gustatory receptor genes. These first three genomes of ithomiine mimetic butterflies constitute a valuable addition and a welcome comparison to existing biological models such as Heliconius, and will enable further understanding of the mechanisms of adaptation in butterflies.
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- 2023
37. Whole-genome sequences of Bipolaris bicolor, Curvularia hawaiiensis, Curvularia spicifera, and Exserohilum rostratum isolated from rice in Burkina Faso, France, Mali, and Pakistan
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Kaboré, Kouka Hilaire, Kassankogno, Abalo Itolou, Adreit, Henri, Ravel, Sébastien, Charriat, Florian, Diagne, Diariatou, Lebrun, Marc-Henri, Tharreau, Didier, Kaboré, Kouka Hilaire, Kassankogno, Abalo Itolou, Adreit, Henri, Ravel, Sébastien, Charriat, Florian, Diagne, Diariatou, Lebrun, Marc-Henri, and Tharreau, Didier
- Abstract
Different fungal species of the Pleosporaceae family infect rice, causing similar symptoms. Reference genomic sequences are useful tools to study the evolution of these species and to develop accurate molecular diagnostic tools. Here, we report the complete genome sequences of Bipolaris bicolor, Curvularia hawaiiensis, Curvularia spicifera, and Exserohilum rostratum.
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- 2023
38. Comment faire entrer la médecine de précision dans la décision thérapeutique de routine au lit du malade ?
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Lemaitre F, Florentin V, Blin O, Bayle A, Benito S, Chauny JV, Galaup A, Korchagina D, Lang M, Le Tourneau C, Pelloux H, Picard N, and Guilhaumou R
- Subjects
- Humans, Precision Medicine, Artificial Intelligence
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Dynamique des génomes et évolution moléculaire des récepteurs chimiosensoriels des vecteurs de la maladie de Chagas du genre Rhodnius
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Merle, Marie, Evolution, génomes, comportement et écologie (EGCE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay, Myriam Harry, and Florence Mougel
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Hemiptera ,Génomique ,Vecteurs de la maladie de Chagas ,[SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE] ,Vectors of Chagas disease ,Phylogenomics ,Chemosensory genes ,Gènes chimiosensoriels ,Genomics ,Adaptation ,[SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy ,[SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM] ,Phylogénomique - Abstract
Triatominae are haematophagous bugs that can transmit Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, endemic to Latin America. In the wild, species belonging to the genus Rhodnius mainly infest palm trees, feeding on a wide range of vertebrate hosts that find refuge in this habitat. However, some Rhodnius species are domiciliary, i.e. they have left their natural habitat (sylvatic environment) and have come into close contact with human populations by colonising their dwellings, and can then transmit T. cruzi to humans. The evolutionary history of species belonging to Rhodnius genus was assessed using a phylogenomic strategy based on whole mitogenome sequences and a set of 51 nuclear genes, characterized for 36 samples representing 16 species out of the 24 described in the genus. This approach allowed us to determine the evolutionary relationship between the 3 major groups of species (pallescens, pictipes and prolixus), to integrate species from Psammolestes genus inside the genus one, and to describe multiple introgression events between species. A comparative genomic approach was conducted between species living in different habitats. The genome size was estimated using flow cytometry and analysis of high throughput sequencing data. Genomes from 11 Rhodnius species (including 4 domiciliary species) were assembled and used to build a calibrated phylogeny including sequences from published genomes and fossil records. The divergence times inferred from this phylogeny allowed us to study genome dynamics. It revealed that the rate of gains and losses per gene per million years is 7.5 times faster in domiciliary species compared to sylvatic ones. This study has made it possible to propose candidate genes including chemosensory receptors involved in the domiciliation of species of the genus Rhodnius. Chemosensory genes belong to multigene families with rapid evolutionary dynamics that cause changes in sensory sensitivity. Their study is especially relevant when searching for genes involved in the recognition of a new environment. The chemosensory receptors were annotated (from 49 to 135 ORs and from 21 to 32 GRs depending on the species studied) and analyzed to detect evidence of selection pressure: 4 candidate genes (OR1, OR38, OR102 and ORco) were identified that could be involved in the domiciliation process. A better understanding of the mechanisms of adaptation of these bugs to their environment could be a key factor in vector control efforts.; Les Triatominae sont des punaises hématophages vectrices de Trypanosoma cruzi, agent responsable de la maladie de Chagas, endémique en Amérique Latine. En milieu naturel, les punaises hématophages du genre Rhodnius infestent principalement les palmiers et se nourrissent sur une large gamme d'hôtes vertébrés qui trouvent refuge dans cet habitat. Cependant, certaines espèces de Rhodnius sont domiciliaires, c'est-à-dire qu'elles ont quitté leur habitat naturel (milieu sylvatique) et sont venues en contact étroit avec les populations humaines en colonisant leurs habitations. Les liens de parenté entre les différentes espèces du genre Rhodnius ont été retracés par une approche phylogénomique reposant sur l'étude des mitogénomes et d'un set de 51 gènes nucléaires et incluant 16 espèces sur les 24 espèces décrites via l'étude de 36 échantillons. Cette approche phylogénomique a permis de statuer sur les affinités évolutives des 3 groupes d'espèces décrits (pallescens, pictipes et prolixus), de classer les espèces du genre Psammolestes au sein du genre Rhodnius et de montrer des événements d'introgression multiples entre espèces. Cette étude phylogénétique a été complétée par une approche de génomique comparative entre espèces adaptées à différents habitats. La taille des génomes a été estimée par deux méthodes, la cytométrie de flux et l'analyse des données moléculaires à haut débit. Pour étudier la dynamique des génomes une phylogénie calibrée à l'aide de données fossiles a été réalisée. Onze génomes de Rhodnius (dont 4 domiciliaires) ont été assemblés puis annotés. L'estimation de la vitesse de gains et pertes de gènes par million d'années montre que ces événements se produisent 7.5 fois plus rapidement chez les espèces domiciliaires en comparaison des espèces sylvatiques. Cette étude a permis de proposer des gènes candidats dont des récepteurs chimiosensoriels impliqués dans la domiciliation des espèces du genre Rhodnius. Les gènes chimiosensoriels appartiennent à des familles multigéniques dont la dynamique évolutive est rapide et à l'origine de changements dans la sensibilité sensorielle. Ils sont donc des objets d'étude de choix dans la recherche de gènes impliqués dans la reconnaissance d'un nouvel environnement. L'annotation spécifique de ces récepteurs chimiosensoriels (de 49 à 135 ORs, de 21 à 32 GRs, selon les espèces) suivie de la recherche de gènes sous sélection a permis de mettre en évidence 4 gènes candidats en lien avec la domiciliation (OR1, OR38, OR102 et ORco). Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes d'adaptation des punaises hématophages à leur environnement pourrait être un facteur clé dans l'effort de lutte antivectorielle.
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- 2023
40. Genome characterization and complete sequence of a new badnavirus from Pandanus amaryllifolius
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Robert A. Alvarez-Quinto, Samuel Grinstead, Philippe Rott, and Dimitre Mollov
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Séquence nucléotidique ,Ribonuclease H ,Genome, Viral ,Séquence d'ARN ,génomique ,Open Reading Frames ,Maladie des plantes ,Virology ,Badnavirus ,Pandanaceae ,Phylogeny ,H20 - Maladies des plantes ,Plant Diseases ,Anemia, Hypochromic ,Génome ,Chlorose ,Virus des végétaux ,General Medicine - Abstract
A new badnavirus was sequenced from fragrant pandan grass (Pandanus amaryllifolius) displaying mosaic and chlorosis on the leaves. The complete genome sequence was determined by high-throughput sequencing. The new badnavirus was tentatively named "pandanus mosaic associated virus" (PMaV). Similar to those of other members of the genus Badnavirus, the genome of PMaV consists of a circular DNA molecule of 7,481 bp with three open reading frames (ORF) potentially coding for three proteins. ORF3 encodes a polyprotein with conserved protein domains including zinc finger, trimeric dUTPase, aspartic protease, reverse transcriptase (RT), and RNase H domains. Pairwise comparisons of the highly conserved RT + RNase H region revealed the highest nucleotide (nt) sequence identity (70.71%) to taro bacilliform CH virus-Et17 (MG017324). In addition to PMaV, viral sequences corresponding to orchid fleck dichorhavirus (OFV) were detected in the same plant sample. The complete sequence of the OFV coding region shared >98% nt sequence identity with other isolates of OFV available in the GenBank database. Disease symptoms could not be attributed exclusively to PMaV or OFV, as both viruses were present in the pandan grass exhibiting mosaic and chlorosis.
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- 2022
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41. Intérêt et contribution de l’ADN tumoral circulant : une révolution dans la prise en charge du cancer du pancréas ou un outil supplémentaire dansl’arsenal actuel ?
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Rougerie, Tristan, Aix-Marseille Université - Faculté de pharmacie (AMU PHARM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), and Romaric Lacroix
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Génomique ,ADN tumoral circulant ,Biomarqueur ,Cancer du pancréas ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Séquençage ,Dépistage ,Diagnostic ,[SDV.SP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Pharmaceutical sciences ,Profilage moléculaire - Abstract
Le cancer du pancréas est une maladie agressive associée à un mauvais pronostic clinique, à des options thérapeutiques peu efficaces et à un manque de méthodes de détection précoce. Les raisons de son mauvais pronostic sont principalement liées au diagnostic tardif de ce cancer. Les patients ne présentent généralement pas de symptôme spécifique et il n’y a pas d’outils ou de biomarqueurs précoces permettant un dépistage de la population générale. D’autre part, le profilage moléculaire du cancer du pancréas est insuffisant pour développer des thérapies ciblées et personnalisées efficaces. Aujourd'hui, pour essayer de faire face à ces défis, la recherche se tourne vers les biopsies liquides qui sont peu invasives et permettent de suivre en temps réel l’évolution et l'hétérogénéité des tumeurs. Grâce au progrès de la recherche génomique et au développement de nouvelles technologies de séquençage (dPCR et le NGS) plus sensibles et plus spécifiques, les biopsies liquides offrent de nombreuses applications cliniques potentielles. L’analyse de l’ADNtc dans le sang semble être une méthode très prometteuse pour améliorer la prise en charge de ce cancer. L’ADNtc muté KRAS seul ou associé avec d’autres biomarqueurs, la quantité d’ADNlc ou encore les variations de la méthylation de l’ADNlc sont des biomarqueurs présentant une valeur pronostique et prédictive intéressante mais encore insuffisante pour le dépistage. Les résultats des études sur l’application clinique de l'ADNtc pour le dépistage, le diagnostic, le profilage moléculaire, le pronostic et la surveillance de la réponse thérapeutique doit être évaluée par de nouvelles études prospectives sur un plus grand nombre de patients afin de confirmer que les informations fournies contribuent de manière significative à l'amélioration de la prise en charge des patients. D’autre part, pour une application clinique de routine, il est nécessaire de réduire les coûts et de standardiser les protocoles.
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- 2023
42. Caractérisation moléculaire des micro-organismes endophytes de la canneberge (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.)
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Salhi, Lila Naouelle and Lang, Franz Bernd
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Transcriptomique ,Stimulation of plant growth ,Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (ErMF) ,Champignons mycorhiziens éricoïdes (ErMF) ,Protéines effectrices ,Biocontrol ,Effector proteins ,Bacteria-fungi interactions ,Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) ,Génomique ,Transcriptomic ,Canneberge (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) ,Stimulation de la croissance des plantes ,Bacillus velezensis EB37 ,Endophytes ,Genomic ,Bio-contrôle ,Interactions bactéries-champignons ,CAZymes ,Lachnum sp. EC5 - Abstract
Il a été établi que la majorité des plantes vasculaires abritent des micro-organismes endophytes bactériens et fongiques, qui peuvent coloniser les tissus végétaux et former des associations allant du mutualisme à la pathogénèse. Les symbioses végétales mutualistes les plus communes impliquent les champignons endo-mycorhiziens arbusculaires (AMF). Ces champignons s’associent aux racines des plantes et leur permettent d’améliorer leur nutrition minérale, tandis qu’ils bénéficient des composés produits par l'hôte. Toutefois, les plantes de la famille Ericaceae s’engagent plutôt dans des associations mutualistes avec les champignons mycorhiziens éricoïdes (ErMF). Ces derniers sont morphologiquement et taxonomiquement mal définis, en apparence distribués aléatoirement parmi les espèces issues des grandes divisions taxonomiques des Ascomycota et Basidiomycota. En raison de cette incohérence taxonomique et de l'absence d'une histoire évolutive explicative, la diversité réelle de ces champignons est mal caractérisée. De ce fait, ce projet vise à étudier le microbiote associé à la plante Ericaceae Vaccinium macrocarpon Aït (canneberge), axant la recherche sur les angles morphologiques, génomiques et transcriptomiques des champignons de type ErMF et autres endophytes capables de contrôler la croissance des agents phytopathogènes et de stimuler la croissance des plantes. Notre première démarche présentée dans le chapitre 2 s’est focalisée sur la caractérisation du microbiote endophyte bactérien et fongique de la canneberge, une plante vivace principalement produite en Amérique du Nord, notamment au Québec. Nous avons isolé et identifié 180 micro-organismes à partir de plantes de cultivars variés, collectées de champs différents, et avons démontré l'existence d'une variabilité dans le microbiote selon les tissus, les cultivars, et même entre les champs d'une même ferme. Parmi les endophytes d’intérêt identifiés, l’isolat fongique Lachnum sp. EC5 a stimulé la croissance des cultivars de canneberge Stevens et Mullica Queen et a formé des structures intracellulaires similaires à celles des ErMF à l’intérieur des cellules racinaires de la canneberge. De plus, l’isolat EB37 identifié Bacillus velezensis s’est révélé être un puissant agent antifongique, montrant cependant une tolérance particulière au champignon Lachnum sp. EC5, lors des tests de confrontation. Ce volet sera détaillé avec plus de précision dans le chapitre 4. Le chapitre 3 a porté sur l’analyse génomique comparative de l’isolat fongique Lachnum sp. EC5 avec plusieurs espèces de champignons Leotiomycetes ErMF, saprophytes et pathogènes. Nous avons analysé le sécrétome protéique prédit de ces champignons et mis en évidence que les gènes codant pour les enzymes de dégradation des parois végétales ne sont pas corrélés au mode de vie fongique (mycorhizien, pathogène ou saprophyte). A l’inverse, 10 protéines effectrices de Lachnum sp. EC5 prédites pour cibler spécifiquement un compartiment intracellulaire chez les cellules végétales ont des similarités avec celles d’espèces mutualistes comme Meliniomyces variabilis et Oidiodendron maius. Aussi, la protéine effectrice putative Zn-MP, prédite pour cibler, potentiellement, les chloroplastes végétaux nous permet de proposer un rôle dans le renforcement de l’immunité végétale. Le chapitre 4 s’est intéressé aux mécanismes de régulation d'expression de gènes induits lors de l’interaction entre le champignon Lachnum sp. EC5 et la bactérie B. velezensis EB37. Ces mécanismes ont été comparés à ceux activés chez la bactérie en présence de champignons pathogènes. Nous avons démontré une physiologique cellulaire bactérienne distincte en présence de Lachnum sp. EC5, dénotée par une faible expression des gènes induits lors du stress nutritif associé aux processus de sporulation, de formation du biofilm, de secretion de CAZymes et de lipopeptides. Nous avons suggéré que la sous-régulation de ces mécanismes serait essentiellement explicable par une disponibilité plus importante en glucose ou en d’autres sources de carbone préférentielles pour la bactérie. En réponse, le champignon Lachnum sp. EC5 a vécu différents changements morphologiques. Il aurait détoxifié ses environnements intra et extra-cellulaires et surexprimé sa voie de production de carbone dépendante du cycle du glyoxylate, générant ainsi des conditions favorisant un contact physique entre les deux micro-organismes. En conclusion, nous avons argumenté et documenté que la définition des ErMF basée uniquement sur des critères morphologiques est mal adaptée à catégoriser ces champignons. Notre approche multidisciplinaire a mis en évidence la diversité du microbiote de la canneberge, a étendu la notion d’ErMF à d'autres champignons jusqu'ici exclus de ce groupe, et a souligné l'importance des associations interspécifiques sur l’interaction ErMF-plantes. Ces avancées permettront d’améliorer nos connaissances sur le microbiote des plantes éricacées contribuant, au développement de solutions environnementales éco-responsables pour l’industrie de la canneberge., It has been established that the majority of vascular plants harbour bacterial and fungal endophytes that colonize plant tissues, and thus form associations that range from mutualism to pathogenesis. Mycorrhizal fungi are a particular class of endophytes that associate with plant roots and enhance plant mineral uptake. The most common type of mutualistic plant symbiosis involves arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), whereas plants of the Ericaceae family instead engage in mutualistic associations with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (ErMF). The ErMF group, in its current definition, includes both ascomycete and basidiomycete species, yet is morphologically, taxonomically and evolutionarily poorly defined, which implies that the group’s true diversity is not well understood. The objective of this project is to complement morphological information with genomic and transcriptomic data to better understand the role of ErMF in 1) controlling the negative effects of pathogenic infections, and 2) the potential plant growth stimulation for the Ericaceous plant Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. Our first approach presented in Chapter 2 focused on the characterization of the bacterial and fungal endo-symbiotic microbiota of the Ericaceous plant, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait (cranberry), a perennial plant mainly in North America, particularly in Quebec. We isolated ~180 distinct bacterial and fungal endophytes collected from roots, stems, and leaves of cranberry plants cultivated in Quebec, Canada. We show that the cranberry microbiome varies substantially between tissues, cultivars, and across fields of the same farm. Among the isolated endophytes, the fungus Lachnum sp. EC5 was found to promote the growth of cranberry cultivars Stevens and Mullica Queen, and to form intracellular structures resembling those other ErMF inside the cortical root cells. In addition, the bacterium Bacillus velezensis (EB37) has been found to be a potent antifungal agent. Interestingly, a confrontation test between EB37 and the fungus Lachnum sp. EC5 revealed a mutual tolerance, which we will describe later in chapter 4. In chapter 3, our project focused on the comparative genomic analysis of the fungus Lachnum sp. EC5 with several Leotiomycete ErMF, saprophytes and pathogens. We analyzed fungal secretomes and demonstrated that genes encoding plant cell wall degradation enzymes are conserved between the tested fungi which suggests that such proteins are not indicative of a particular fungal lifestyle. On the other hand, 10 effector proteins identified in Lachnum sp. EC5 were also only found in mutualistic fungi, such as Meliniomyces variabilis, Oidiodendron maius and have been reported to target the plant intracellular compartments. Also, the identification of the putative effector protein Zn-MP, specific to Lachnum sp. EC5 and predicted to target plant chloroplasts, suggest a role in the reinforcement of plant immunity. Chapter 4 focuses on the patterns of gene expression regulation induced in the biocontrol bacterium B. velezensis EB37 in interaction with the potentially mutualistic fungus Lachnum sp. EC5. These mechanisms were then compared to those activated when the bacterium is in the presence of pathogenic/saprophytic fungi. We demonstrated that in co-culture with Lachnum sp. EC5, EB37expresses fewer genes related to stress, and fewer related to the stationary phase which often involves production of bacterial biofilms and lipopeptides, such as mycosubtilin. We suggest that the lessened response to stress is related to an increased availability of glucose or other preferential sources of carbons for the bacterium. Conversely, Lachnum sp. EC5 in the presence of EB37 underwent morphological changes by a higher lateral branching., detoxified its external and internal environment by expressing both a catalase activity and efflux pumps, and overexpressed its glyoxylate cycle-dependent carbon production pathway, and thus promoting favourable conditions for close physical contact with the bacterium. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the morphological-based definitions are poorly adapted to the categorization of ErMF fungi. Our multidisciplinary approach highlighted the diversity of the cranberry microbiota, extended the notion of ErMF to other fungi hitherto excluded from this fungal group and underlined the importance of interspecific associations on the ErMF-plant interaction. These advances enhance our understanding of the Ericaceous plant microbiota and contributes to the development of sustainable solutions for the cranberry industry.
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- 2023
43. Evolution of the cotton genus, Gossypium, and its domestication in the Americas
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Christopher R. Viot and Jonathan F. Wendel
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Gossypium ,Phylogénie ,F40 - Écologie végétale ,Domestication des plantes ,Hybridation ,Gossypium hirsutum ,Évolution ,Plant Science ,F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes ,génomique ,Gossypium barbadense ,Histoire ,F01 - Culture des plantes ,Hybridation interspécifique - Abstract
Gossypium, the cotton genus, includes ∼50 species distributed in tropical and sub-tropical regions of all continents except Europe. Here we provide a synopsis of the evolutionary history of Gossypium and domestication of the American allopolyploid species, integrating data from fundamental taxonomic investigations, biogeography, molecular genetics, phylogenetic analysis, and archaeology. These diverse sources of information provide a temporal and phylogenetic perspective on diversification among the diploids and on polyploid formation, uncover multiple previously cryptic interspecific hybridizations, clarify and contribute to the taxonomy of the genus, and offer a firm foundation for understanding parallel domestications in Mesoamerica and South America, which led to the globally important cotton crop species G. barbadense and G. hirsutum. Gossypium thus offers a testimonial example of the importance and utility of fundamental botanical discovery combined with modern technological capabilities to generate genomic insights into evolutionary history. We also review the current state of our knowledge regarding the archaeological history of cotton domestication and diffusion in the Americas, a seemingly unlikely story entailing parallel domestication origins and parallel directional selection tracing to 8,000 (G. barbadense) and 5,500 (G. hirsutum) years ago, transforming two geographically isolated wild short-day perennial shrubs having small capsules and seeds covered by short, tan-colored epidermal trichomes into modern daylength-neutral annuals bearing abundant, fine, strong white fibers. This dual domestication was followed several millennia later by unintentional and more recently intentional interspecific introgression, as the two species came into contact following their initial domestication in different hemispheres. Thus, the cycle of species divergence and biological reunion was reiterated, this time at the allopolyploid level. Understanding this evolutionary history is vitally important to our understanding of the genomic architecture of the world's most important fiber plant and contributes substantially to our understanding of general biological principles.
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- 2023
44. Séquençage du génome entier des entérobactéries productrices de bêtalactamases à spectre élargi au sein d’un établissement de santé : mise en place en routine et rôle dans le contrôle des transmissions croisées
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Fevre, Margo, Jeanne-Leroyer, Camille, Déquiré, Paul, Gravey, François, and Hello, Simon Le
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Génomique ,Hygiène hospitalière ,Typage ,Épidémie ,Investigations ,Transmission croisée - Abstract
Introduction et objectif. Depuis 2019, le séquençage du génome entier est réalisé en routine pour toutes les entérobactéries productrices de bêtalactamases à spectre élargi (EBLSE) isolées chez les patients hospitalisés en réanimation au centre hospitalier universitaire de Caen. Cette étude évalue un algorithme d’alerte simple afin de détecter les transmissions croisées et les épidémies. Matériel et méthodes. L’alerte de transmission croisée est basée sur l’identification de deux EBLSE de même espèce en réanimation adulte sur une période d’un mois glissant. Les performances de ces alertes étaient calculées pour trois espèces d’EBLSE (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli et Enterobacter cloacae complexe) en les comparant aux données issues du séquençage des souches isolées en 2019 et 2020 puis en prospectif en 2021. Résultats. L’algorithme a été créé à partir des 320 souches d’EBLSE identifiées et séquencées : 138 E. coli, 91 K. pneumoniae et 91 E. cloacae. Le taux global de transmission croisée était de 22% en 2019-2020 (respectivement 1,5%, 42% et 33% pour chaque espèce) et de 21,2% en 2021 (0%, 16,7% et 54,0%). La valeur prédictive positive de notre algorithme est de 14,3% pour E. coli, 92,7% pour K. pneumoniae et 51,8% pour E. cloacae. Conclusion. Par une approche génomique, nous pouvons détecter et alerter toute transmission croisée afin d’adapter les mesures de prévention ainsi que les enquêtes environnementales en cas d’épidémie. L’algorithme donne une orientation précoce des alertes mais peut et doit s’adapter selon les dynamiques de diffusion, qui semblent être différentes entre espèces.
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- 2023
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45. Global transcriptome profiling reveals differential regulatory, metabolic and hormonal networks during somatic embryogenesis in Coffea arabica
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Rayan Awada, Maud Lepelley, David Breton, Aline Charpagne, Claudine Campa, Victoria Berry, Frédéric Georget, Jean-Christophe Breitler, Sophie Léran, Doâa Djerrab, Federico Martinez-Seidel, Patrick Descombes, Dominique Crouzillat, Benoît Bertrand, and Hervé Etienne
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Genetics ,Embryogénèse somatique ,Marqueur génétique ,Coffea arabica ,Biotechnology ,F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes ,génomique - Abstract
Background Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is one of the most promising processes for large-scale dissemination of elite varieties. However, for many plant species, optimizing SE protocols still relies on a trial and error approach. We report the first global scale transcriptome profiling performed at all developmental stages of SE in coffee to unravel the mechanisms that regulate cell fate and totipotency. Results RNA-seq of 48 samples (12 developmental stages × 4 biological replicates) generated 90 million high quality reads per sample, approximately 74% of which were uniquely mapped to the Arabica genome. First, the statistical analysis of transcript data clearly grouped SE developmental stages into seven important phases (Leaf, Dedifferentiation, Primary callus, Embryogenic callus, Embryogenic cell clusters, Redifferentiation and Embryo) enabling the identification of six key developmental phase switches, which are strategic for the overall biological efficiency of embryo regeneration. Differential gene expression and functional analysis showed that genes encoding transcription factors, stress-related genes, metabolism-related genes and hormone signaling-related genes were significantly enriched. Second, the standard environmental drivers used to control SE, i.e. light, growth regulators and cell density, were clearly perceived at the molecular level at different developmental stages. Third, expression profiles of auxin-related genes, transcription factor-related genes and secondary metabolism-related genes were analyzed during SE. Gene co-expression networks were also inferred. Auxin-related genes were upregulated during dedifferentiation and redifferentiation while transcription factor-related genes were switched on from the embryogenic callus and onward. Secondary metabolism-related genes were switched off during dedifferentiation and switched back on at the onset of redifferentiation. Secondary metabolites and endogenous IAA content were tightly linked with their respective gene expression. Lastly, comparing Arabica embryogenic and non-embryogenic cell transcriptomes enabled the identification of biological processes involved in the acquisition of embryogenic capacity. Conclusions The present analysis showed that transcript fingerprints are discriminating signatures of cell fate and are under the direct influence of environmental drivers. A total of 23 molecular candidates were successfully identified overall the 12 developmental stages and can be tested in many plant species to optimize SE protocols in a rational way.
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- 2023
46. Virion-associated nucleic acid-based metagenomics: a decade of advances in molecular characterization of plant viruses
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Moubset, Oumaima, François, Sarah, Maclot, François, Palanga, Essowé, Julian, Charlotte, Claude, Lisa, Fernandez, Emmanuel, Rott, Philippe, Daugrois, Jean-Heinrich, Antoine-Lorquin, Aymeric, Bernardo, Pauline, Blouin, Arnaud G., Temple, Coline, Kraberger, Simona, Fontenele, Rafaela S, Harkins, Gordon William, Ma, Yuxin, Marais, Armelle, Candresse, Thierry, Ben Chehida, Sélim, Lefeuvre, Pierre, Lett, Jean-Michel, Varsani, Arvind, Massart, Sébastien, Ogliastro, Mylène, Martin, Darren Patrick, Filloux, Denis, Roumagnac, Philippe, Plant Health Institute of Montpellier (UMR PHIM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), University of Oxford, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech [Gembloux], Université de Liège, Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique (ITRA), Diversité, Génomes & Interactions Microorganismes - Insectes [Montpellier] (DGIMI), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Enza Zaden, Agroscope, Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), University of the Western Cape (UWC), Biologie du fruit et pathologie (BFP), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical (UMR PVBMT), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Cape Town, European Union (ERDF, contract GURDT I2016-1731-0006632), Conseil Régional de La Réunion, project SEVIPLANT from Federal Public 17 Service, Public Health, Belgium, Grant Agreement no. RT 18/3, ANR-19-CE35-0008,PHYTOVIRUS,Mesure et cartographie de la richesse des virus des plante à l'échelle de l'écosytème(2019), and European Project: 813542,INEXTVIR
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Identification ,Ecology ,viruses ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Virion ,Virus des végétaux ,[SDV.BC.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology/Subcellular Processes [q-bio.SC] ,Plants ,génomique ,Plant Viruses ,[SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology ,Nucleic Acids ,Virology ,[SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology ,Metagenomics ,Pathogen Detection ,[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology ,Ecosystem ,H20 - Maladies des plantes ,Plant Diseases - Abstract
Over the last decade, viral metagenomic studies have resulted in the discovery of thousands of previously unknown viruses. These studies are likely to play a pivotal role in obtaining an accurate and robust understanding of how viruses affect the stability and productivity of ecosystems. Among the metagenomics-based approaches that have been developed since the beginning of the 21st century, shotgun metagenomics applied specifically to virion-associated nucleic acids (VANA) has been used to disentangle the diversity of the viral world. We summarize herein the results of 24 VANA-based studies, focusing on plant and insect samples conducted over the last decade (2010 to 2020). Collectively, viruses from 85 different families were reliably detected in these studies, including capsidless RNA viruses that replicate in fungi, oomycetes, and plants. Finally, strengths and weaknesses of the VANA approach are summarized and perspectives of applications in detection, epidemiological surveillance, environmental monitoring, and ecology of plant viruses are provided. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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- 2022
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47. Characterizing the impact of the mutational landscape of SARS-CoV-2 on epitope presentation and CTL
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Hamelin, David, Caron, Étienne, and Hussin, Julie
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Immunopeptidomique ,Immune Escape ,T Cells ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Virologie ,Genomics ,SRAS-CoV-2 ,Immunopeptidomics ,Évasion Immunitaire ,Épitopes ,Génomique ,Epitopes ,Virology ,Cellules T - Abstract
La pandémie actuelle de COVID-19, causée par le coronavirus 2 du syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (SRAS-CoV-2), a entraîné plus de 6 millions de décès et près de 680 millions de cas confirmés dans le monde. Depuis l'émergence du virus en décembre 2019, beaucoup d’efforts de recherche mondiaux ont visé à étudier la relation entre le SRAS-CoV-2 et l'immunité adaptative à médiation cellulaire. La caractérisation des réponses immunitaires à base de lymphocytes T CD4+ et CD8+ contre le SRAS-CoV-2 dans le contexte de mutations virales est d'une pertinence immédiate pour l’approfondissement de nos connaissances concernant l'immunité adaptative envers un virus en évolution, ainsi que l'amélioration de vaccins. Dans cette thèse, je passerai en revue les découvertes actuelles concernant la biologie du SRAS-CoV-2 et sa relation avec le système immunitaire adaptatif humain. Je discuterai ensuite les divers mécanismes par lesquels le SRAS-CoV-2, ainsi que d'autres virus, se sont avérés échapper l’immunité adaptative humoral et cellulaire. Enfin, je présenterai mes contributions à la compréhension du paysage mutationnel global du SRAS-CoV-2 et de sa capacité à échapper à la reconnaissance par les lymphocytes T CD8+. Dans ce travail, j'ai observé que le paysage mutationnel global du SRAS-CoV-2 était régi par des biais de mutation au cours de la première année de la pandémie, le plus répandu d’entre eux conduisant à la suppression de la proline. Il a ensuite été prédit que cette élimination globale de la proline conduirait à la perte d’épitopes reconnues par les cellules T CD8+ d'une manière dépendante sur les super-types HLA, avec la perte d'épitopes survenant préférentiellement dans le contexte du super-type HLA-B7. Le modèle développé dans ce travail propose un lien entre les biais mutationnels globaux du SRAS-CoV-2, les allèles HLA et l'évasion des lymphocytes T. Ce travail crée un cadre pour anticiper l'impact des variantes existantes et émergentes du SRAS-CoV- 2 envers la réponse immunitaire à base de lymphocytes T CD8+., The current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to upwards of 6 million deaths and nearly 680 million confirmed cases worldwide. Since the emergence of the virus in December 2019, astounding global research efforts have been aimed at investigating the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and cell-mediated adaptive immunity. Characterizing CD4+ and CD8+ T Lymphocyte responses to SARS-CoV-2 in the context of viral mutations is of immediate relevance to understanding the breadth of a population’s adaptive immunity to an evolving virus and is central to the improving existing vaccines. In this thesis, I will review all present findings pertaining to the biology of SARS-CoV-2 and its relationship with the human adaptive immune system. I will then discuss the various mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2, along with other viruses, have been found to evade the various arms of the adaptive immune system. Finally, I will present my contributions to the understanding of the global mutational landscape of SARS-CoV-2 and its ability to evade recognition by CD8+ T lymphocytes. By investigating over 300,000 SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences, I observed that the mutational landscape of SARS-CoV-2 was governed by mutation biases during the first year of the pandemic, with the most prevalent bias leading to the removal of proline. The observed global removal of Proline was predicted to lead to the loss of CD8+ T cell epitopes in an HLA-supertype-dependent manner, with the loss of epitopes occurring preferentially in the context of the HLA-B7 supertype. The model developed proposes a link between SARS-CoV-2 global mutational biases, HLA alleles and T cell evasion. This work creates a framework to anticipate the population-specific impact of existing and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants on CD8+ T cell-based immunity.
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- 2022
48. Évaluation de l’imputation des données génétiques Canadiennes-Françaises
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Pelletier, Justin and Hussin, Julie
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Genotyping ,French-Canadian ,Bioinformatics ,Founder population ,Génotypage ,Panels de référence ,Canadien français ,Québec ,Génomique ,Génétique des populations ,Population fondatrice ,Genomic ,Bio-informatique ,Population genetic ,Reference panels ,Imputation - Abstract
L'imputation est désormais un outil essentiel dans l'analyse des études d'association à l'échelle du génome, permettant l'estimation de génotypes à des positions variables du génome non génotypées, via des inférences statistiques à partir d'haplotypes contenus dans un panel de référence utilisé pour l'imputation, soit une bibliothèque d’haplotype séquencés phasés en haplotypes. Les données génétiques imputés servent aux études d’associations sur les traits et maladies complexes. La population fondatrice canadienne-française est une population très utile dans les études d'association génétique en raison de sa diversité unique d'haplotypes et de l'excès de variantes rares. Ici, nous décrivons les défis qui accompagnent l'imputation de cette population fondatrice, qui n'est pas représentée dans les panels de référence disponibles, ainsi que la stratégie optimale pour imputer des ensembles de données génotypés hétérogènes, provenant de plusieurs plateformes de génotypage. Nous avons caractérisé l'imputation de 29,356 individus génotypés sur plusieurs puces de génotypage de la province du Québec constituant la cohorte CARTaGENE (CaG). Nous avons établi que le panel de référence le plus récent et le plus diversifié Trans-Omics for Precision Medecine (TOPMed) a surpassé le panel de référence Haplotype Reference Consortium (HRC) dans l'ensemble de données canadienne-française de CaG. Nous avons évalué la précision de l'imputation avec le un score de qualité (R2) fréquemment utilisé, ainsi que l’exactitude calculée en fonction des génotypes aux variants observés par séquençage, disponibles dans CARTaGENE pour un sous-groupe d’individus. Nous avons déterminé que la stratégie optimale pour augmenter la qualité d'imputation sur des ensembles de données hétérogènes a été atteinte en fusionnant chaque sous-ensemble de données après les avoir imputés individuellement. Ce résultat ouvre la voie à l’intégration de cohortes génotypées hétérogènes dans les études d’associations. Nos résultats soulignent également les défis que représente une population fondatrice pour l'imputation, en comparant la qualité de l'imputation de CaG avec d'autres sous-cohortes canadiennes du projet CanPath, soit l’Ontario, l’Alberta, la Colombie-Britannique et les provinces atlantiques. Ces résultats mettent en évidence l'impact de l’absence de diversité haplotypique spécifique dans les panels de référence sur l'imputation d'une population européenne fondatrice récente, démontrant l'importance de la représentativité de la population étudiée dans ces panels., Imputation is now an essential tool in the analysis of genome-wide association studies, allowing the estimation of genotypes at variable positions of the ungenotyped genome, via statistical inferences from haplotypes contained in a reference panel used for imputation, (a library of sequenced genotypes phased into haplotype). Imputed genetic data is used for association studies of complex traits and diseases. The French-Canadian founder population is a very useful population in genetic association studies due to its unique haplotype’s diversity and excess of rare variants. Here, we describe the challenges that come with imputing this founder population, which is not represented in available reference panels, as well as the optimal strategy for imputing heterogeneous genotyped datasets, from multiple genotyping platforms. We characterized the imputation of 29,356 individuals genotyped on multiple genotyping arrays from the province of Quebec constituting the CARTaGENE (CaG) cohort. We established that the newer and more diverse Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) reference panel outperformed the Haplotype Reference Consortium (HRC) reference panel in the CaG French-Canadian dataset. We evaluated the precision of the imputation with the frequently used quality score (R2), as well as the accuracy calculated according to the genotypes observed by sequencing, available in CARTaGENE for a subgroup of individuals. We determined that the optimal strategy for increasing imputation quality on heterogeneous datasets was achieved by merging each subset of data after imputing them individually. This result opens the way to the integration of heterogeneous genotyped cohorts in association studies. Our results also highlight the challenges of a founder population for imputation, comparing the quality of CaG imputation with other Canadian sub-cohorts of the CanPath project, namely Ontario, Alberta, British-Columbia, and the Atlantic provinces. These results highlight the impact of the absence of specific haplotypic diversity in the reference panels on the imputation of a recent European founder population, demonstrating the importance of the representativeness of the population studied in these panels.
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- 2022
49. Méthode d'apprentissage profond pour l'analyse génomique des cancers canins comme modèle des cancers humains
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Kergal, Camille, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Université de Rennes, Christophe Hitte, and Thomas Derrien
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Apprentissage profond ,Génomique ,Modèle animal ,Deep learning ,Genomics ,Species model ,Cancers ,[SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology - Abstract
Deep learning (DL) methods have recently been shown to be powerful strategies for predicting the regulatory activity of a genomic sequence and thus for ultimately assessing the impact of regulatory mutations on gene expression. The Basenji tool proposes a DL approach using convolutional neural networks to predict the expression level of human genes. We adapted this program to train a dog-specific gene expression model and showed that this model achieved similar performance to that observed in humans, with high correlations between real and predicted expression levels (r=0.66). To predict the ex- pression level of canine genes, we show that the canine prediction model (within-species approach) leads to better performances than the human model (cross-species approach), particularly due to some specific features of canine sequences (GC content, transposable elements and evolutionary conservation). As the dog is a spontaneous model for human cancers, we used these models to predict the impact of non-coding mutations on the expression of genes involved in cancers. We identified 1301 common mutations to both humans and dogs, suggesting a functional role in the regulation of the expression of genes involved in cancer. Finally, models and tools to exploit them are available on GitHub: https://github.com/ckergal/BLIMP.; Les méthodes d’apprentissage profond (DL) se sont récemment révélées être de puissantes stratégies pour prédire l’activité régulatrice d’une séquence génomique et donc pour, in fine, évaluer l’impact des mutations régulatrices sur l’expression des gènes. L’outil Basenji propose une approche DL utilisant des réseaux de neurones convolutifs pour prédire le niveau d’expression de gènes humains. Nous avons adapté ce programme pour entraîner un modèle d’expression génique spécifique au chien et montré que ce modèle de prédiction atteignait des performances similaires à celles observées chez l’homme, avec des corrélations élevées entre les niveaux d’expression réels et ceux pré- dits (r=0,66). Pour prédire le niveau d’expression de gènes canins, nous démontrons également que l’utilisation du modèle de prédiction canin (approche intra-espèce) aboutit à de meilleures performances que le modèle humain (approche inter-espèce), notamment en lien avec certaines caractéristiques spécifiques aux séquences canines (niveau de GC, d’éléments transposable et conservation évolutive). Le chien étant un modèle naturel pour l’étude des cancers humains, nous avons également exploité ces modèles pour prédire l’impact de mutations non-codantes sur l’expression de gènes impliqués dans les cancers. Nous avons ainsi localisé 1301 mutations communes entre l’homme et le chien, suggérant un rôle fonctionnel dans la régulation de l’expression de gènes impliqués dans les cancers. Finalement, nos modèles et les outils pour les exploiter sont disponibles sur GitHub : https://github.com/ckergal/BLIMP.
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- 2022
50. Penguin ectoparasite panmixia suggests extensive host movement within a colony.
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Moon, Katherine L., Dann, Peter, Chown, Steven L., McGaughran, Angela, and Fraser, Ceridwen I.
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LITTLE blue penguin , *ECTOPARASITES , *BIRD parasites - Abstract
Parasite population structure can be used to infer fine-scale movement in host species. Many penguin species form large social colonies, and are highly philopatric, returning to the same nest or burrow, along the same route, after each trip to sea. Within a colony, however, the local abundance, physical similarity, and nocturnal habits of penguins hinder the observation of fine-scale movements. To determine the extent of movement and interaction of penguins within colonies, a genotyping by sequencing (GBS) approach was used to study the fine-scale structure of ticks--which depend on host movements for dispersal--exploiting the largest Little Penguin (Eudyptula novaehollandiae) colony in Australia (Phillip Island, Victoria). No barriers to tick gene flow were identified, and we infer that extensive penguin movement occurs throughout the colony. Our findings support the hypothesis that some penguin species are highly gregarious, socializing widely within colonies despite strong nest-site philopatry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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