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In this paper, we investigated educated millennials&rsquo, evaluation of credence attributes in food products containing genetically modified organisms (GMO products). Our goal is to assess whether beliefs about GMO products are determined by scientific knowledge alone or if they are affected by other factors such as trust in information providers and use of social media. The focus on millennials is motivated by the increasing relevance of this social group in the public debate and by their extensive use of social media. We surveyed a sample of 215 Italian college students, confronting them with questions about safety, environmental impact and ethical issues in GMO product consumption. Using an ordered probit regression model, we found that educated millennials build their beliefs using a mix of scientific knowledge and trust in information providers. The role of the two drivers depended on the issue considered. Scientific knowledge drove beliefs in health claims, while trust in information providers was a driving factor in almost all claims. After controlling for trust effects, we did not find evidence of impact of confidence in the reliability of traditional and social media on beliefs. This result contradicts previous literature.

Tyrimo tikslas - įvertinti visuomenės požiūrį į genetiškai modifikuotus organizmus bei jų daromą poveikį žmogaus sveikatai. Tyrimas atskleidė, kad visuomenė domisi, kas yra genetiškai modifikuoti organizmai bei jų poveikiu žmogaus sveikatai, tačiau vis dar išlieka neigiamas požiūris į šiuos organizmus. Taip pat išlieka poreikis atlikti kuo daugiau tyrimų dėl genetiškai modifikuotų organizmų poveikio sveikatai., Research aim - is to evaluate an attitude of society towards genetically modified organisms and their impact on human health. The survey revealed that the society is interested in GMOs and their effect on human health, but there is still a negative attitude towards these organisms and the need remains to conduct as much research as possible on the health effects of GMOs.

It is a common ground that humans have always modified the genome of both plants and animals. This intrusive process that has existed for thousands of years, many times through mistakes and failures, was initially carried out through the crossing of organisms with desirable features. This was done with the aim of creating and producing new plants and animals that would benefit humans, that is , they would offer better quality food, more opportunities for people to move and transport products, greater returns to work, resistance to diseases, etc. However, creating genetically modified organisms does not proceed without conflicts. One part of the equation concerns objections made by disputants of genetically modified organisms to the manipulation of life, as opposed to defenders who argue that it is essentially an extension of traditional plant cultivation and animal breeding techniques. There are also conflicts regarding the risks to the environment and human health from using genetically modified organisms. Concerns about the risks to the environment and human health from genetically modified products have been the subject of much debate, which has led to the development of regulatory frameworks for the evaluation of genetically modified crops. However, the absence of a globally accepted framework has the effect of slowing down technological development with negative consequences for areas of the world that could benefit from new technologies. So, while genetically modified crops can provide maximum benefits in food safety and in adapting crops to existing climate change, the absence of reforms, as well as the lack of harmonization of the frameworks and regulations about the genetic modifications results in all those expected benefits of using genetically modified crops being suspended. However, it is obvious that the evolution of genetically modified products is not going to stop. For that reason, research on the impact of genetic modification on medical technologies, agricultural production, commodity prices, land use and on the environment in general, should therefore continue.

In 2016, many judicial developments on GMOs can be reviewed. Among them, some is introducing new questions. That is the case of Judgment of the General Court of 15 December 2016 TestBioTech eV and Others v. European Commission because the applicants seek the annulment of the European Commission’s decision refusing to review its Decision granting a market authorisation to Monsanto Europe SA for its genetically modified soybean “ MON 87701 × MON 89788”. That is also the case of the reference for preliminary ruling from the Conseil d’État in relation with the debate on NBT and the interpretation of the directive 2001/ 18/ EC on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms., En 2016, les actualités en matière de droit des biotechnologies ont été, à nouveau, nombreuses, plus judiciaires que législatives toutefois. Parmi elles, certains contentieux ont mis en jeu des questions nouvelles. C’est clairement le cas de l’arrêt du Tribunal de l’Union du 15 décembre 2016, TestBioTech et a. c/ Commission européenne car le Tribunal de l’Union était en l’espèce saisi non pas d’une demande d’annulation d’une décision d’autorisation de mise sur le marché de produits génétiquement modifiés, mais d’une demande d''annulation d''une décision de refus du réexamen de la décision d’autorisation. C’est également le cas de l’arrêt du 3 octobre 2016, Confédération paysanne et autres dans lequel le Conseil d’État a décidé de poser à la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne plusieurs questions préjudicielles liées aux nouvelles technologies de sélection génétique et à l’applicabilité (et validité) de la directive 2001/ 18 relative à la dissémination volontaire d’OGM dans l’environnement à de telles technologies., Brosset Estelle. Droit des biotechnologies (2016). In: Revue Juridique de l'Environnement, n°2, 2017. pp. 293-310.

The development and commercialization of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and its related products have been increasing in the last two decades. This challenges the currently applied time-consuming and expensive qPCR screening procedure from a practical perspective, due to the necessity to develop and validate additional targets at a regular pace and the increasing number of targets included in a single screening. In this study we developed a next generation sequencing (NGS)-based GMO screening approach covering 96 GMO targets and compared it to the two-step qPCR GMO screening approach; the two approaches were evaluated with five feed samples known to contain GMOs. The amplicons obtained from the feed samples were analyzed using 150-bp Paired-End sequencing, Illumina HiSeq 4000 platform. A dedicated data analysis pipeline was developed, which allows automated identification of GMOs and associated genetic elements and constructs. The result of the NGS-based screening were compared with the qPCR approach, indicating that 92% of the targets were commonly identified between the qPCR and NGS-based screening. The remaining 8% of the targets had discrepancies in detection between the two methods. This was mainly observed for targets that were detected in qPCR with high Cq values (above 36), which could not be detected in NGS-based screening. Additionally, due to the more extensive screening in the NGS-based strategy, in total 43 additional GMOs and related targets were identified compared to the standard qPCR screening. From the commonly identified targets in both approaches, 8 targets could not be associated with the detected GMOs. These targets had late Cq values (above 36) and could indicate traces of unknown GMOs in the samples. The current study shows the applicability of NGS as a novel, broad and reliable screening strategy for GMOs and its potential to improve current screening methods.

Identifica e analisa criticamente a produção científica brasileira, no campo da saúde pública, sobre os organismos geneticamente modificados, no que concerne à (in)segurança alimentar. Para tanto, realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica nos portais do Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO) e da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes). Dos 716 trabalhos encontrados, apenas oito abordam a segurança alimentar dos transgênicos, através, principalmente, da exposição aos riscos e das incertezas desses produtos para a saúde e o meio ambiente. A principal conclusão do estudo refere-se ao fato de que os oito trabalhos analisados discursam, não sobre a segurança, mas sobre a insegurança dos alimentos geneticamente modificados. Based on a bibliographic review, the article identifies and offers a critical analysis of scientific production by the public health field in Brazil on genetically modified organisms and food (in)security. Of the 716 articles found on the portals of the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and the Coordinating Agency for the Development of Higher Education (Capes), only 8 address the food security of transgenic products, primarily in terms of risk exposure and the uncertainties about how these products impact health and the environment. The main conclusion involves the fact that the eight analyzed articles do not speak to the question of the security but rather the insecurity of genetically modified foods.

Titel: Ett Färgat Köpbeteende Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Martin Myhrman & Robin Uppman Handledare: Jonas KågströmDatum: 2015 - 05 Syfte: Bakgrunden till att vi har utfört denna studie är att forskning om färgers påverkan på beslutsfattande inom ämnet marknadsföring är begränsad, tidigare forskning har även pekat på att vidare forskning borde beröra vilka faktorer som skulle kunna påverka konsumenters uppfattning om genmodifierade produkter. Således är vårt syfte:“Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur färgkodad märkning kan kompensera för den negativa uppfattningen som kan råda kring genmodifierade livsmedel.” Metod: För att besvara vårt syfte har vi valt att utföra ett experiment. Studien genomfördes på 120 respondenter på en högskola i Sverige, testpersonerna utförde ett smaktest där de tre olika betingelserna var märkta med olika färger (röd, blå och grön). Den data vi fick in analyserades sedan med hjälp av statistikprogrammet IBM SPSS Statistics 22, därefter har vi tolkat och diskuterat resultaten. Resultat & Slutsats: Vårt huvudsakliga fynd är att röd färg på negativ märkning genererar lägre betalningsvilja än grön och blå färg, vårt resultat korroborerar tidigare forskning som bland annat menar att röd färg bidrar till en aggressivare sinnesstämning och ett mer analytiskt tänkande. I övrigt har vi sett tendenser till att färgen på märkningen inte påverkat varken smakupplevelsen eller hälsouppfattning. Förslag till vidare forskning: Flertalet av våra resultat har inte uppnått statistisk signifikans, vilket troligtvis beror på att vårt urval har varit för litet, vidare forskning borde replikera vår studie på ett större urval. Utöver detta förslag till framtida forskning anser vi att följande bör undersökas:- Hur påverkar färgmärkning uppfattningen om andra GMO-produkter?- Hur blir köpbeteendet påverkat av olika färgnyanser?- Hur förhåller sig varumärke och färg till varandra i köpbeslut? Uppsatsens bidrag: Vår studie har bidragit till att branschen bör tänka på att använda färger med viss försiktighet när det kommer till märkning. Vidare har vi visat att färger påverkar kunders betalningsvilja, vilket är vårt bidrag till ämnet marknadsföring. Title: A Colorful Consumer Behavior Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Author: Martin Myhrman & Robin Uppman Supervisor: Jonas KågströmDate: 2015 – 05 Aim: The background of our study was grounded in the fact that the research of colors impact are limited in the field of marketing. Studies have also shown that future research should examine which factors that affect consumer’s perception of genetically modified products. The aim of our study is as follows: “The aim of this study is to examine how colored labeling might compensate for the negative perception of genetically modified products.” Method: In this study we have performed an experiment. The experiment took place at a University in Sweden and we had 120 respondent commits. The respondents were asked to perform a taste test in which the color of a label was manipulated between three test groups (red, blue and green). The collected data was analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics 22, further the results were interpreted and discussed. Result & Conclusions: Our main finding is that the color red on a negative label generated a lower willingness to pay than both blue and green. This result confirms previous research which among other things says that the color red trigger an aggressive mindset and encourage analytical thinking. Furthermore we have seen trends that indicate that colors do not affect the taste and health perception. Suggestions for future research: Many of our results have not been statistically significant, which probably depends on our relatively limited sample, further research should replicate our study with a wider sample. In addition to this suggestion we would like to see further research concerning:- Colors impact on the perception of other GMO products.- The impact of color shades on consumer behavior.- The relation between brands and colors in buying decisions. Contribution of the thesis: Our contribution to people working with marketing is that they should be aware that colored labels may affect the consumer perception. Furthermore we have shown that colors affect consumer’s willingness to pay, which is our contribution to the field of marketing.

This paper attempts to present and analyze problems that may arise from the use of Genetically Modified (GM) products and issues raised by the Intellectual Property (IP) rights that Genetic Engineering (GE) companies have on their products. Arguments in favor and against the existence of health risks and environmental risks of GM products are presented. The European policy of the socioeconomic effects of the GM products is discussed and is proposed the application of the precautionary principle for the prevention of unintended consequences from the GM products to other than health and environmental domains. The need of IP rights is supported, but is also suggested an IP rights flexibility. Do IP rights violate the rights of all people to a nourishing life, natural resources, the right to decide about what they eat and the right to live in a viable ecosystem? Finally, I provide an analysis of the effects on the farmers due to the IP rights on GM crop for cultivation and state dependency issues that may occur.

Studijoje nagrinėjami GMO naudojimo Lietuvoje ekonominiai padariniai šalies žemės ir maisto ūkiui. Pasaulyje GMO yra plačiai naudojami, tačiau tai susilaukia įvairių vertinimų. Mokslininkai, politikai ir visuomenė, diskutuodami dėl GMO naudojimo, pabrėžia ne tik biotechnologijų ekonominę naudą gamintojams ir jų gebėjimą naudojant GMO padidinti maisto pasiūlą pasaulyje, bet ir kylančią grėsmę dėl nevaldomo GMO plitimo ir neištirto poveikio žmonių sveikatai. Tyrimo aktualumą lemia liberalėjantis GMO naudojimo teisinis reglamentavimas ES šalyse. ES teisės aktai numato vis daugiau teisių šalių institucijoms apsispręsti dėl platesnio GMO naudojimo. Lietuvos valdžios institucijos, priimdamos sprendimus, privalo atsižvelgti į įvairius šio klausimo aspektus, nuolat stebėti su GMO paplitimu susijusius procesus ir vertinti ekonominius padarinius. Tyrimo tikslas - sukurti kriterijų sistemą, leidžiančią įvertinti GMO naudojimo šalies žemės ūkyje ir maisto pramonėje ekonominius padarinius. Įgyvendinant minėtą tikslą sprendžiami uždaviniai: Apibrėžti politinius, ekonominius, socialinius ir technologinius veiksnius, lemiančius GMO naudojimo plitimą pasaulyje; Įvertinti GMO naudojimo būklę ES; Pagrįsti GMO naudojimo padarinių vertinimo sistemos metodus; Atlikti GMO naudojimo finansinių rezultatų ir galimų ekonominių situacijų scenarijų vertinimą; Remiantis atliktais skaičiavimais, įvertinti galimus GMO naudojimo ekonominius padarinius; Pateikti siūlymus GMO naudojimo ekonominių padarinių stebėsenos rodiklių sistemai sukurti., The study focuses on economic consequences resulting from GMO use on agriculture and food sector in Lithuania. GMO is spread globally, however leading to various estimations of the fact. In their discussions on the use of GMO, in addition to economic benefits of biotechnologies to producers and the capability of increasing global food supply by means of GMO, scientists, politicians and the public emphasize threats emerging from GMO's uncontrolled spread and unexplored impact on human health. Liberalization of legal regulation of GMO use in the EU countries determines relevance of the assessment. EU legislation provides for increasing rights of state institutions to decide regarding broader use of GMO. Lithuanian authorities must make decisions in the light of various aspects of this issue, continuously follow up on GMO related processes and evaluate of economic consequences. The objective of the study is to create a system of criteria enabling the assessment of economic consequences of the GMO use in food sector and agriculture. The following tasks are undertaken in order to achieve the above objective: Definition of political, economic, social and technological factors determining global spread of GMO; Assessment of the state of GMO use in the EU; Justification of methods applied for the assessment of the consequences of the GMO use; Assessment of financial results and potential economic alternatives related to GMO use; Assessment of potential economic consequences of GMO use based on accomplished calculations; Presentation of proposals for the development of the monitoring ratios of economic consequences related to GMO use.

Straipsnyje, remiantis genetiškai modifikuotų produktų rinkos efektus nagrinėjančiais teoriniais ir taikomaisiais darbais, analizuojami ir vertinami šių produktų rinkos teigiami ir neigiami ekonominiai efektai gamintojams bei vartotojams, naudojant dalinės pusiausvyros modelį. Nuo 2010 m. ES narėms suteikus didesnius įgaliojimus savarankiškai spręsti, auginti GM augalus, gaminti GM pašarus bei produktus ar to atsisakyti, svarbu įvertinti jų ekonominę naudą. Dėl šių produktų gamybos keliamų grėsmių ekonominė jų nauda vertinama nevienareikšmiai, todėl ją tirti svarbu. Identifikavus genetiškai modifikuotų organizmų (GMO) bei produktų (GMP) kūrimo tikslus ir pritaikymo sritis, nustatyta, kad biotechnologija ir genų inžinerija taikoma plačiai, iš jų – ir žemės ūkyje. Mokslininkų nuomonės dėl GMO ir GMP poliarizacija rodo, kad jie traktuojami kontroversiškai. Nustatyta, kad biotechnologijos taikymo ekonominis poveikis gali būti vertinamas mikro ir makro lygiais. Mikro lygyje poveikis ūkiui vertinamas pagal gamybos veiksnių našumo pokyčius, kuris ekonomiškai naudingas. Vertinant šios technologijos taikymo ekonominius efektus makro lygiu, dažniausiai naudojamas kaštų-naudos ekonominis modelis. Tyrimas parodė, kad GM produktų, lyginant su tradiciniais, patekimas į rinką duoda ekonominę naudą visuomenei; tiesa, ji sumažėja dėl inovacijų apsaugos intelektinės nuosavybės teisėmis. Tačiau, vertinant GM produktų gamybos kaštus ir naudą, jų pasiskirstymą, svarbu atsižvelgti į vartotojų žinias, lūkesčius, požiūrį į GMP, orientuotis į jų elgseną, nes nuo jos priklauso ūkininkaujančiųjų ekonominiai rezultatai. GMP rinkos ekonominiams efektams vertinti dažniausiai taikomas dalinės pusiausvyros modelis, kuris atskleidžia jos poveikį šių produktų gamintojams, vartotojams bei visuomenės gerovei, pasireiškiantį per produktų kainų, gamybos ir vartojimo apimčių pokyčius. Tačiau dėl dalinės pusiausvyros modelio taikymo ekonominiams efektams vertinti ribotumų tikslingiau taikyti visuminės pusiausvyros modelį In the article, based on the theoretical and applied works investigating the effects of the genetically modified products' market, its positive and negative effects on manufacturers and consumers are analyzed and evaluated, by applying the partial equilibrium model. The identification of development goals and application areas of genetically modified organisms (GMO) and products (GMP) helped to determine agriculture as the area of their highest prevalence. The polarization of the scientific opinion regarding GMO and GMP indicates the controversy related to this issue. It has been established that the biotechnological effect can be evaluated on micro and macro levels. In micro level, such an effect on economy is evaluated according to the changes of total factor productivity, due to this, it is considered economically beneficial. […] The research has revealed that, compared to traditional products, the entry of GMP to the market present economic benefit to the society. However, the benefit is decreased by the protection of innovations with intellectual property rights. Nevertheless, the scientists draw attention to the fact that the evaluation of the cost/benefit and distribution of GMP must be oriented towards consumer behavior, because the economic results of agricultural subjects depend on consumption, social values and ethics. Scientific researches show that the society values GMP differently and perceives them controversially. Nonetheless, consumers of the EU, Lithuania included, values these products sceptically, due to the concern about the safety of GM food and its effect on health

Genetically modified products and food additives are the new biotechnology that could be understood as one of the symbols of modern society representing a controversial nature. The use of genetically modified products and food additives in food production can help solving the food shortage in the world, improve food taste, but at the same time they create new global environmental as well as human health threats. The goal of the article is to analyze regulation of genetically modified products and products containing food additives in Lithuania. Existing regulations, legislation, decisions and penalties for violations are subjects discussed in Lithuanian internet news portals. The greatest attention is paid to the legal regulation. The attention is also often focussed on the management of GMOs (usually associated with illegal importation of genetically modified plants and misleading or inappropriate labelling of genetically modified food or food containing additives), institutional incompetence, and the need for public education. Genetiškai modifikuotų produktų ir sintetinių maisto priedų panaudojimas maisto gamyboje, maisto produktuose gali padėti iš dalies išspręsti maisto stygiaus problemą pasaulyje, pagerinti maisto skonį. Tačiau kartu jie sukuria naujas globaliąsias grėsmes aplinkai, taip pat žmonių sveikatai. Todėl leisti ar uždrausti tiekti į Lietuvos rinką genetiškai modifikuotų augalų veislių daiginamąją medžiagą, kaip žymėti genetiškai modifikuotus produktus ir panašūs klausimai yra reglamentuojami valstybės lygmeniu, atsižvelgiant ir į Europos Sąjungos reikalavimus. Straipsnio tikslas – atskleisti genetiškai modifikuotų ir maisto priedų turinčių produktų tiekimo Lietuvos rinkai reglamentavimo principus ir jų pateikimą visuomenei.

Augant genetiškai modifikuotų produktų (GMP) pasiūlai Lietuvoje, tampa svarbu tirti rinkos dalyvių požiūrį į genetiškai modifikuotus produktus bei šių produktų pardavimo reguliavimą. Tyrimo tikslas – ištyrus rinkos dalyvių požiūrį į GMP pardavimo reguliavimą, pateikti siūlymus šiam reguliavimui tobulinti. Siekiant šio tikslo atliktas empirinis tyrimas, kuriame dalyvavo 3 tikslinės grupės: ekspertai, prekybininkai ir vartotojai. Ekspertų požiūriui nagrinėti naudojamas kokybinis tiesioginis tyrimas – giluminis interviu, prekybininkų ir vartotojų požiūrio tyrimui – žvalgybinis kiekybinis tyrimas, anketa. Toks metodas parinktas atsižvelgiant į rinkoje esančius dalyvius. Nustatyta, jog vyrauja neigiamas rinkos dalyvių požiūris į genetiškai modifikuotus produktus. Be to, vartotojams yra sunku atskirti genetiškai modifikuotų organizmų (GMO) turinčius produktus nuo įprastų. GMP prekybos reguliavimas yra reikalingas visiems rinkos dalyviams. Tyrimo rezultatų analizės pagrindu įrodoma prekybos GMP pardavimo reguliavimo būtinumas. Tai sudaro papildomas prielaidas teikti siūlymus pakeisti GMP ženklinimą bei išskirti juos keičiant šių produktų pozicionavimą prekybos vietose. Due to the fact that the supply of genetically modified products (GMP) is growing in Lithuania, it is very important to analyze market participants’ attitude to genetically modified products and these products’ trade regulation. The research aim is to examine market participants’ attitude to GMP’s trade regulation, and to submit proposals for the regulation’s improvement. To achieve this, there has been carried out an empirical study. There have participated three target groups: experts, traders, and consumers. Such a method has been chosen according to market participants. There has been found that the predominant attitude to genetically modified products is negative. In addition to this, for consumers it is difficult to distinguish products having genetically modified organisms (GMO) from normal products. GMP’s trade regulation is necessary for all the market participants. The necessity of GMP’s trade regulation has been proven by the basis of the research results’ analysis. This creates additional prerequisites to propose to change the labeling of GMP and to distinguish them by changing the positioning in sales outlets.

Aprūpinimas maistu, maisto sauga, klimato kaita, žemės ūkio tvarumas, pasaulinė prekyba žemės ūkio produktais – šie klausimai paskutiniais metais susilaukė žiniasklaidos, politikų ir plačiosios visuomenės dėmesio, kurie nėra abejingi įmonių socialinės atsakomybės klausimui (Gafenas, 2009). Tačiau kyla klausimas, kaip vystyti žemės ūkio technologijas, kad jos būtų ne tik technologiškai efektyvios, bet ir nekeltų etinių prieštaravimų bei pačios įmonės ne tik siektų trumpalaikės naudos, bet išliktų socialiai atsakingos. Natūraliai kyla klausimas kaip turėtų elgtis socialiai atsakinga įmonė genetiškai modifikuotų produktų atžvilgiu. Nemažai mokslininkų (Grinius, 2009; Sasnauskas, 2009; Bumelis, 2009) biotechnologų įžvelgia genetiškai modifikuotų produktų naudojimo privalumų. Tačiau kita mokslininkų grupė įžvelgia ir genetiškai modifikuotų organizmų (toliau GMO) slypintį pavojų, nes iš ties trūksta tyrimų apie jų poveikį žmogui, aplinkai, ūkiui. Straipsnyje įvertinus įmonės socialinės atsakomybės lygius, išskirtas šių atsakomybės lygių užtikrinimas užsiimant genetiškai modifikuotų produktų verslu. Įmonės socialinė atsakomybė akcininkams bus užtikrinta, jei GMO technologijas žemės ūkyje įmonė diegs tik atlikus nuodugnius tyrimus apie GMO poveikį žmogaus sveikatai, ūkiui bei klimatui. Įmonės socialinė atsakomybė darbuotojams bus užtikrinta jei įmonė pirmiausia rūpinsis dirbančiųjų su GMO saugumu. Įmonės socialinė atsakomybė vartotojams bus užtikrinama atlikus tinkamą produktų žymėjimą (tame tarpe apie gyvūnų šėrimą GM augalais) ir pateikiant pilną informaciją apie GMO produktų poveikį vartotojams. Įmonės socialinė atsakomybė bendruomenei ir kitoms suinteresuotosioms šalims bus užtikrinta kontroliuojant GMO augalų paplitimą išsaugant nepažeistas ekosistemas. A biotechnology offer great business opportunity for enterprises but it is also important that the enterprises would handle social responsibility. It is important to determine how socially responsible business should behave in regard to genetically modified products. Purpose of the article – evaluate social responsibility of enterprise in regard to genetically modified products. Object of the article – social responsibility of enterprises in regard to genetically modified products. Used methods – scientific literature analysis (with a view to define compatibility problem of genetically modified products production and social responsibility), descriptive statistical analysis method (with a view to evaluate interested parties assessment of GMOs). The article states that the enterprise which is engaged GMO business must ensure that the various interested parties: shareholders, employees, consumers and community requirements are met.

Neatsiejama genetiškai modifikuotų organizmų (GMO) bei iš jų pagamintų produktų (GMP) teisinio reguliavimo dalis yra mokslas bei politika. –iame darbe analizuojamas GMO (GMP) teisinio reguliavimo raida ES ir Lietuvos Respublikoje. Nagrinėjamos tokios GMO ir GMP teisinio reguliavimo problemos, kaip etikos nuostatų suderinimas su žmogaus genų naudojimu kuriant maistui skirtus produktus; ES institucijų ir valstybių narių pozicijų išsikyrimas siekiant uždrausti apgalvotą GMO išleidimą į aplinką; visuomenės dalyvavimo priimant sprendimus dėl GMO (GMP) problematika ES ir Lietuvos Respublikoje – visuomenės „motyvuotos nuomonės“ instituto neefektyvumas. Taip pat analizuojamos ES teisės nuostatų dėl sankcijų nustatymo už GMO (GMP) reguliuojančių teisės aktų pažeidimus įgyvendinimo Lietuvos Respublikoje problemos t.y. nacionalinėje teisėje nenustačius atsakomybės pagrindiniams su GMO (GMP) veikla susijusiems juridiniams asmenims, praktiškai išlieka jų nebaudžiamumas; tai pat pažymėtina, kad teisės aktų, reglamentuojančių GMO ir GMP naudojimą, reikalavimų pažeidimai yra pakankamai skirtingo pobūdžio, o ATPK jie išvardinti viename straipsnyje, kartu numatyta gana didelis skiriamos baudos mažiausias dydis, - visa tai praktikoje sąlygoja nuobaudų neskyrimą bei neužtikrina Direktyvoje 2001/18/EB įtvirtintos sankcijos veiksmingumo, proporcingumo ir atgrasumo. Darbe nagrinėjamos tarptautinių sutarčių - Biologinės įvairovės ir Orhuso konvencijų - nuostatos dėl GMO bei jų įtaka ES ir Lietuvos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] Science and politics are part and parcel of law regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMO) and products (GMP) made from them. This work analyses development of law regulation of GMO (GMP) in ES and Lithuanian Republic. Such problems as ethical attitude towards usage of human genes in food production, distinction of ES isntitutions and member states according to their position, in purpose to forbid deliberate release of GMO into environment, problems of society involvment in taking decisions about GMO (GMP) in ES and Lithuanian Republic, inefficiency of public institute of "motivated opinion" (public comments) are disscussed in this work. Such topics as realisation of ES rules for definition of sanctions for breaking laws of GMO (GMP) usage in Lithuania Republic and rules of international contracts, such as Cartagena protocol on biosafety to the convention on biological diversity and Orhus convention, and their influence upon law regulation in ES and Lithuanian Republic are also disscussed here.

Biotechnology has had an important impact on the agricultural and food industries over the last 12 years by way of fast and extensive adoption of a few genetically modified (GM) crops. This has produced large efficiency gains, including higher yields and reduced costs of weed and pest control, as well as some environmental benefits. The expected development of crops with additional agronomic traits, and with output traits to improve the nutrition and health attributes of food products, holds the potential for even more pervasive impacts. Full realisation of such promises may require overcoming the constraining effects of restrictive GM product regulations. Oxford University Press and Foundation for the European Review of Agricultural Economics 2008; all rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, Oxford University Press.

Η έρευνα έγινε με σκοπό να διερευνήσουμε τη γνώμη του ελληνικού τουριστικού κοινού σχετικά με τα γενετικά τροποποιημένα τρόφιμα. Για να το διαπιστώσουμε αυτό καλέσαμε τους ερωτημένους να απαντήσουν σε μια σειρά από ερωτήσεις που αφορούσαν την πληροφόρηση τους σχετικά με τα γενετικά τροποποιημένα τρόφιμα καθώς και το πως συσχετίζονταν αυτά με παράγοντες όπως το περιβάλλον, η οικονομία, η υγεία και το ευ ζειν των καταναλωτών. We worked on this subject so as to find out the opinion of the Greek customers about genetically modified products. The customers were asked for this reason to answer a number of questions that co-related these products with factors such as the environment, the economy, health, and the well-being of the customers in general.

Biotechnology has had an important impact on the agricultural and food industries over the last twelve years by way of fast and extensive adoption of a few genetically modified (GM) crops. This has produced large efficiency gains, including higher yields and reduced costs of weed and pest control, as well as some environmental benefits. The expected development of crops with additional agronomic traits, and with output traits to improve the nutrition and health attributes of food products, holds the potential for even more pervasive impacts. Full realisation of such promises may require overcoming the constraining effects of restrictive GM product regulations.

This paper discusses the implications of using genetically modified crops to biomanufacture pharmaceuticals and industrial compounds from the perspective of their co-existence with conventional agriculture. Such plant-made pharmaceuticals and plant-made industrial products rely on exciting scientific and technological breakthroughs and promise new opportunities for the agricultural sector, but they also entail novel risks. The management of the externalities and of the possible unintended economic effects that arise in this context is critical and poses difficult questions for regulators.

This paper develops a model of heterogeneous consumer preferences to analyze the market and welfare effects of reduced purity standards for non-GM labeled food. Analytical results show that purity standards affect the equilibrium prices and quantities of both the GM and non-GM products as well as the welfare of the groups involved. A change in purity standards is shown to create winners and losers among the consumers as well as among the suppliers of the GM and conventional products.

We develop a new partial equilibrium, four-region world trade model for the soybean complex comprising soybeans, soybean oil, and soybean meal. In the model, some consumers view genetically modified Roundup Ready (RR) soybeans and products as weakly inferior to conventional ones; the RR seed is patented and sold worldwide by a U.S. firm; and producers employ a costly segregation technology to separate conventional and biotech products in the supply chain. The calibrated model is solved for equilibrium prices, quantities, production patterns, trade flows, and welfare changes under different assumptions regarding regional government's production and trade policies, differentiated consumer tastes, and several other demand and supply parameters. Incomplete adoption of RR technology naturally arises in the free trade equilibrium, with the United States producing both genetically modified and conventional soybeans. The United States, Argentina, Brazil and the Rest of the World all gain from the introduction of RR soybeans, although some groups of agents (producers or consumers) may lose. Compared to free trade with no domestic bans, a ban on RR production in the Rest of the World improves that region's welfare at some levels of segregation costs but hurts the United States. Introduction of the same ban in Brazil benefits its farmers but makes the region worse off, and an import ban on RR products significantly reduces welfare of all agents. Price support programs for U.S. farmers, despite hurting the United States, have the potential to further improve the world's efficiency. The distribution of welfare between consumers and producers appears to be sensitive to several parameters of the model, but region-level outcomes are robust with respect to most of them and are sensitive only to parameters defining the share of consumers conscious of genetically modified organisms and the elasticity of demand for conventional product varieties.