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Copyright of Petroleum Geology & Oilfield Development in Daqing is the property of Editorial Department of Petroleum Geology & Oilfield Development in Daqing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Influenza A virus (IAV) shows an extensive host range and rapid genomic variations, leading to continuous emergence of novel viruses with significant antigenic variations and the potential for cross-species transmission. This causes global pandemics and seasonal flu outbreaks, posing sustained threats worldwide. Thus, studying all IAVs' evolutionary patterns and underlying mechanisms is crucial for effective prevention and control. We developed FluTyping to identify IAV genotypes, to explore overall genetic diversity patterns and their restriction factors. FluTyping groups isolates based on genetic distance and phylogenetic relationships using whole genomes, enabling identification of each isolate's genotype. Three distinct genetic diversity patterns were observed: one genotype domination pattern comprising only H1N1 and H3N2 seasonal influenza subtypes, multi-genotypes co-circulation pattern including majority avian influenza subtypes and swine influenza H1N2, and hybrid-circulation pattern involving H7N9 and three H5 subtypes of influenza viruses. Furthermore, the IAVs in multi-genotypes co-circulation pattern showed region-specific dominant genotypes, implying the restriction of virus transmission is a key factor contributing to distinct genetic diversity patterns, and the genomic evolution underlying different patterns was more influenced by host-specific factors. In summary, a comprehensive picture of the evolutionary patterns of overall IAVs is provided by the FluTyping's identified genotypes, offering important theoretical foundations for future prevention and control of these viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The purpose of this research is to combine the genetic algorithm in the optimization of the stock portfolio in the financial decision making of investors; in a simulation project, the final use of the input data is to build the simulation model. This process includes collecting input data, analyzing the input data, and using these analyzed input data in the simulation model. The statistical population of the research includes 20 symbols (companies) from among the industries (Vabsadar, Vetjarat, Akhaber, Fakhuz, Fars, Balbar, Tapampi, Khasapa, Khodro, Sasharq, Sosofi, Shobhorn, Shapna, Ghopino, Fould, Ghasabat, Kesra, Vanbank, Vanneft, Veniki) and the information related to the daily stock price and the daily index value from Decembre 22, 2008 to January 16, 2020 was considered as a sample. The tool for collecting information and data is using the Phipiran site, and the amount of beta (risk) of stocks is calculated monthly using Excel software, and the frequency of return and beta (risk) calculated using Spss software, and distribution functions were discussed using Easy fit software; the results showed that if the agents are beginners to earn more profit than normal behavior and accept 40% risk, the amount of profit obtained after optimizing the model with genetic algorithm is more than the initial model. If the agents are professionals to earn more profit than risk-averse behavior and accept 80% risk, the amount of profit obtained after optimizing the model with genetic algorithm is more than the initial model. Extended Abstract Introduction Today, in order to reduce the investment risk, investors in the financial markets prefer to allocate capital to a portfolil consisting of several shares rather than investing in only one share; because this enables them to bear a lower level of risk in order to achieve a certain amount of return in a certain period of time. An issue that has occupied the minds of many financial analysts and investors for many years is how to choose stocks and optimize the investment portfolio over time in a way that meets the investor's expectations in order to maximize the return on investment. When investors are exposed to uncertainty, the investment portfolio selection framework should include a quantitative measure of uncertainty to achieve the expected return or a quantitative measure of risk (Shahraki Sanavi, 2023). Today, with the increasing growth and changes of financial markets in developed and developing countries, or due to the unpredictable performance of investors, pure mathematical solutions are not enough to solve such problems, and therefore robust algorithms are considered to solve them. (SheidaeiNarmigi et al, 2020). Genetic algorithm can solve the problem of stock portfolio optimization by considering different levels of risk or success. By means of the genetic algorithm, you can create an optimal portfolio within a few minutes, which will cause a change in the capital market and will greatly help the efficiency of the capital market. One of the main signs of a country's progress is its economic progress, and if new methods are not used in the field of financial transactions, it will harm the economy (Pakmaram et al, 2017). Therefore, the researcher is trying to answer the question; how is the genetic algorithm in optimizing the stock portfolio in the financial decision of investors? Theoretical Framework Genetic algorithm The principles of genetic algorithm were first presented by Jan Haland, (1975). The genetic algorithm is an optimization algorithm with general application and is modeled on Darwin's evolutionary theory. Genetic algorithms are meta-heuristic algorithms based on biological evolution that try to obtain high-quality answers at the right time by creating an initial population and improving its quality by applying various operators (Farughi et al, 2020). Genetic algorithms are suitable for multi-objective optimization due to examining a set of possible solutions and also less sensitivity to a specific form of optimal points. Objectives are in the form of mathematical functions and represent appropriate use to improve decisions in optimization (Sheydaei Narmighi et al, 2020). The concept of stock portfolio optimization has become like a tool in the direction of developing and understanding financial markets and financial decision making. Consider the spread of risk and return at the same time and choose the amount of capital allocation between various investment opportunities based on the interaction between the two. Therefore, the investment that seeks to maximize the expected return and minimize the risk has these two opposite goals that must be balanced against each other. One of the interesting results of these two opposing goals is that the investor should diversify by buying several types of securities. On the other hand, due to the complexity of management, the system of rules and regulations and the policies of asset; management companies in the framework of financial markets, investment managers impose restrictions on their optimal asset set, which makes the model nonlinear and complicates the problem. (Faridi et al, 2022). Niko & Bazrafshan (2023) investigated the stock portfolio using a combined genetic algorithm and simulated refrigeration. The results show that the hybrid algorithm searches for the optimal solution in a shorter period of time than the genetic algorithm and performs better than the other two algorithms in terms of risk and return. Shahbazi (2022) investigated stock portfolio optimization with beta coefficient clustering approach. The goal of the challenge is to minimize the portfolio variance. The stock clustering method is to group beta coefficients of stocks into four clusters. The investor has an expected return that the portfolio must meet. Expected returns and clustered shares are inputs to the problem. It is not possible to borrow and sell on credit. A non-linear mixed integer mathematical model is presented to introduce the proposed portfolio and in one case it is checked on 50 most active stock companies. Finally, the Sharp index shows a favorable result. Research methodology In a simulation project, the final use of the input data is to build the simulation model. This process includes collecting input data, analyzing the input data, and using these analyzed input data in the simulation model. The statistical population that was used for the implementation of the mentioned research was accepted in the stock exchange company with 52 industries and approximately 1,543 symbols, which were used for daily trading in the stock market. In this research, 20 brands (companies) are considered including (Vabsadar, Vetjarat, Akhaber, Fakhuz, Fars, Balbar, Tapampi, Khasapa, Khodro, Sasharq, Sosofi, Shobhorn, Shapna, Ghopino, Folad, Qathabat, Kesra, Vabank, Veneft, Vaniki). The tool for collecting information and data is using the site https://www.fipiran.com. Research findings The amount of beta (risk) of stocks was calculated monthly using Excel software, the frequency of return and beta (risk) was calculated using Spss software, and the distribution functions were analyzed using Easy fit software. The results showed that by making more transactions, people turn from beginners to professionals, and people turn from risk-averse to normal and then risk-taking. Examining the system in a longer time horizon provides more realistic results and the simulation model can be examined in more realistic conditions. Conclusion The current research has been carried out with the aim of combining the genetic algorithm in the optimization of the stock portfolio in the financial decision making of investors. The results of this research are consistent with the results of Shahbazi (2022), Kalayci et al, (2020), Li & Tam (2020), Mirabi & Zarei (2020). Pakmaram et al, (2017) showed that the genetic algorithm had a lower objective function value, or in other words, it reached the best result with the least error; it performed better than other algorithms and shows the relative superiority of this algorithm in choosing the optimal stock portfolio. According to the present research, it is suggested that investors (risk averse/risk taking) should also examine other models with regard to the expected return, because according to their risk tolerance or risk aversion, their returns will be different. One of the important points for investors is portfolio management and considering future transaction costs. Investors always want to achieve their desired portfolio with the least number of transactions and consequently the lowest future transaction costs.

Invasive alien plant species (IAPS) in urban ecosystems can significantly impact ecosystems and human wellbeing. However, our knowledge on the IAPS in urban ecosystems are limited due to the small number of studies. In this study, we examined features of the invasion process of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) by using a comparative study approach and genetic population methods. We conducted field surveys in 19 prefecture-level cities in East China and collected samples of 37 urban and 18 non-urban populations in 16 cities. Using information from six microsatellite loci and two chloroplast spacers extracted from the samples, we tested hypotheses on the source, genetic diversity, and genetic patterns of urban populations of common ragweed. We found that urban populations of common ragweed had more modern and diverse invasion sources than that of non-urban populations. Also, urban populations had more complex genetic patterns than non-urban populations as we identified seven genetic clusters in urban populations and four genetic clusters in non-urban populations. Nevertheless, no significant difference was found between the genetic diversity of urban and non-urban populations. In addition, we observed a significant isolation by distance (IBD) pattern in non-urban populations (Mantel test, R2 =0.160, p-value=0.001) but not in urban populations (R2 =0.003, p-value=0.253). The patterns may be shaped by the long-distance dispersal of seeds of common ragweed in urban environments through human activities such as transportation. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the invasion process of IAPS in urban ecosystems.

[Objective] The red rice germplasm ' rm257 ' showed outstanding in terms of total flavonoids and resistant starch contents in seeds. Analysis of its genetic pattern of pericarp color will lay the foundation for its practical application in breeding. At the same time, investigating the relationship between pericarp color traits with the Regene of red rice ' rm257 ' and developing corresponding functional markers will provide technical support for assisted breeding of red rice varieties in Yunnan to improve breeding efficiency. [Method ] The red rice germplasm ' rm257' was used to construct test cross combinations, and F2 isolation population with Yunnan local white rice varieties. The genetic pattern of red rice germplasm ' rm257' was predicted by analyzing the pericarp color and separation ratio of the contemporary generation of cross test and its F2 segregating populations. The functional marker RCGX was developed based on the reported sequence of the Regene deletion mutation locus, and nine single F2 isolate populations were genotyped. And the genotypes were paired with corresponding individual phenotypes to determine the relationship between pericarp color and the Re gene in red rice germplasm ' rm257' . At the same time, the versatility of functional marker RCGX was examined using 96 local species in Yunnan to evaluate the accuracy of the functional marker in determining the red rice pericarp color. [Result] Genetic pattern analysis showed that the pericarp color of red rice ' rm257 ' was controlled by one dominant gene pair in seven test cross combinations, and was controlled by two gene loci in two cross combinations. This was basically consistent with the previous studies reporting that the pericarp color of red rice was controlled by one or two pairs of genes. The validation of the Re functional markers in the F2 isolate populations indicated t hat the Regene was most likely to be the target gene for controlling the pericarp color of ' rm257' . The results of the general experiment of functional marker RCGX showed that most of the local white rice varieties in Yunnan had a deletion variation of the Regene. [Conclusion] The pericarp color of red rice germplasm ' rm257 ' was controlled and influenced by one dominant gene or two genetic loci in different test cross combinations. The experimental results also showed that the Re gene was most likely to control the target genes for pericarp color of 'rm257', and that the variation in pericarp color of most local species of white rice in Yunnan was caused by the deletion variation of the Regene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundPseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA) diseases are difficult to diagnose because symptoms are often non-specific and an in-depth pathogenesis study is still lacking.Case PresentationWe present the case of a 19-day-old neonate who presented with unexplained recurrent hyperkalaemia, hypovolemia and metabolic acidosis, whose parents did not have significant clinical disease characteristics. Whole-exome sequencing was performed to confirm the disease and genetic pattern of the neonate. Sanger sequencing was performed to identify the mutation sites. Secondary structure comparisons and 3D model construction were used to predict changes in protein structure. Two novel frameshift mutations in the SCNN1B gene were identified (c.1290delA and c.1348_1361del), which resulted in amino acid synthesis termination (p.Gln431ArgfsTer2 and p.Thr451AspfsTer6). Considering the clinical phenotype and genetic analysis, this case was finally identified as a PHA type I disease. Genetic analysis showed that the neonate suffered complex heterozygosity in the SCNN1B gene inherited from the parents, which is passed on in an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. These two deleterious mutations resulted in an incomplete protein 3D structure.ConclusionsOur results have confirmed the associations of mutations in the SCNN1B gene with recurrent hyperkalaemia, which can cause severe PHA type I disease, meanwhile suggested clinical attention should be paid when persistent recurrent hyperkalemia is accompanied by these types of mutations.

Influenza A virus (IAV) shows an extensive host range and rapid genomic variations, leading to continuous emergence of novel viruses with significant antigenic variations and the potential for cross-species transmission. This causes global pandemics and seasonal flu outbreaks, posing sustained threats worldwide. Thus, studying all IAVs' evolutionary patterns and underlying mechanisms is crucial for effective prevention and control. We developed FluTyping to identify IAV genotypes, to explore overall genetic diversity patterns and their restriction factors. FluTyping groups isolates based on genetic distance and phylogenetic relationships using whole genomes, enabling identification of each isolate's genotype. Three distinct genetic diversity patterns were observed: one genotype domination pattern comprising only H1N1 and H3N2 seasonal influenza subtypes, multi-genotypes co-circulation pattern including majority avian influenza subtypes and swine influenza H1N2, and hybrid-circulation pattern involving H7N9 and three H5 subtypes of influenza viruses. Furthermore, the IAVs in multi-genotypes co-circulation pattern showed region-specific dominant genotypes, implying the restriction of virus transmission is a key factor contributing to distinct genetic diversity patterns, and the genomic evolution underlying different patterns was more influenced by host-specific factors. In summary, a comprehensive picture of the evolutionary patterns of overall IAVs is provided by the FluTyping's identified genotypes, offering important theoretical foundations for future prevention and control of these viruses., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors of this study declared that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) spike architecture is an important trait associated with spike development and grain yield. Here, we report a naturally occurring wheat mutant with branched spikelets (BSL) from its wild-type YD-16, which has a normal spike trait and confers a moderate level of resistance to wheat Fusarium head blight (FHB). The lateral meristems positioned at the basal parts of the rachis node of the BSL mutant develop into ramified spikelets characterized as multiple spikelets. The BSL mutant shows three to four-day longer growth period but less 1000-grain weight than the wild type, and it becomes highly susceptible to FHB infection, indicating that the locus controlling the BSL trait may have undergone an intensively artificial and/or natural selection in modern breeding process. The self-pollinated descendants of the lines with the BSL trait consistently segregated with an equal ratio of branched and normal spikelets (NSL) wheat, and homozygotes with the BSL trait could not be achieved even after nine cycles of self-pollination. Distinct segregation patterns both from the self-pollinated progenies of the BSL plants and from the reciprocal crosses between the BSL plants with their sister NSL plants suggested that gametophytic male sterility was probably associated with the heterozygosity for the BSL trait. Transcriptome sequencing of the RNA bulks contrasting in the two types of spike trait at the heading stage indicated that the genes on chromosome 2DS may be critical for the BSL trait formation since 329 out of 2540 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were located on that chromosome, and most of them were down-regulated. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that carbohydrate metabolism may be involved in the BSL trait expression. This work provides valuable clues into understanding development and domestication of wheat spike as well as the association of the BSL trait with FHB susceptibility.

Ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes belonging to the genus Tuber produce edible fruiting bodies known as truffles. Tuber aestivum, in particular, is a fungus appreciated worldwide and has a natural distribution throughout Europe. Most of the molecular studies conducted on this species have been focused on the question as to whether or not T. aestivum and the morphologically similar T. uncinatum are conspecific. Conversely, only a handful of studies have assessed the level and distribution of genetic diversity and occurrence of phylogeographic patterns in this species. Here, we analyzed the genetic diversity of T. aestivum over a wide geographic range, performing an extensive sampling of specimens from Turkey, which is novel, to the best of our knowledge. We compared the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) profiles of 45 samples collected in different Turkish areas with those of 144 samples from all over Europe. We identified 63 haplotypes, 32 of which were exclusively present in Turkey. The majority of these haplotyes were also population specific. Haplotype network analysis and statistical tests highlighted the presence of a genetic structure and phylogeographic pattern, with three spatially distinct genetic clusters (northeastern Europe, southern Europe, and Turkey), with Turkey representing a diversity hotspot. Based on these results, we hypothesize the presence of glacial refugia for T. aestivum in Turkey, whereas European populations likely experienced a population bottleneck. The possible occurrence of cryptic species among Turkish T. aestivum samples also emerged. Our results are of practical relevance for the marketing of T. aestivum truffles and mycorrhizal seedlings and the preservation of the biodiversity of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study are to identify the genetic pattern, estimation of gene frequency, penterance, prevalence of PKD, and to furnish an appropriate plan for genetic counselling specific for these families under investigation. A total of 41 families reside in the western region of Iraq were included in this study. This study showed that PKD is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease due to the defects in PKD1 gene. Gene frequency was 0.003 and 0.997 for p and q respectively. Genotype frequency was 0.000009, 0.005982 and 0.994009 for p2, 2pq and p2, respectively. The prevalence of the disease is 3.7/1000. The mutation was originated outside this family. The individual numberthree from parent generation (Generation- I-3) who is the patient which brought this defected gene to all of her descendants. Gene flow of the defected gene into these families increased the frequency of p gradually.

The present study aims to characterize Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in three hospitals in Hadhramout, Yemen. Two hundred samples were collected from patients, health workers staff hands and environmental samples and P. aeruginosa isolates were typed using antibiotyping and ERIC-PCR. The results showed that eleven yielded ERIC genetic patterns (PIPXI) and size of amplified DNA bands size approximately ranged from 150-200 bp to 450-500 bp per sample, the highest rate of isolates from genetic patterns (ERIC-PCR) PI and PII was 23.5%. ERIC-PCR typing results showed horizontal transmission from patient to patient who had the same genetic patterns, isolates from patients linked to all isolates from environmental sources and staff hand samples which had the same genetic patterns, that indicated there was direct relationships between them. About 16 Antimicrobial Resistance Profile (ARP) including resistance ranged from 5 to 13 antimicrobial. Resistance pattern A1 (48.2%) isolates was the more frequent. Antibiogram typing showed a link between strains isolated from patients and environmental sources, but failed to show a direct relationships between patients and staff hands samples. ERIC-PCR typing was a more precise molecular technique than antibiogram methods and should be used for monitoring and determination of the sources of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this review is on landscape genetics (LG), a relatively new discipline that arose approximately 10 years ago. LG spans the interface between population genetics and landscape ecology and thus incorporates the concepts, methods, and tools from both disciplines. On the basis of an understanding of the spatial distribution of genetic diversity, LG aims to explain how landscape and environmental characteristics influence microevolutionary processes and metapopulation dynamics, including gene flow (i.e., connectivity) and selection (i.e., local adaptations). LG is concerned with events that occurred during the recent time scale, and the individual is the operational unit. As a discipline that combines spatial genetic diversity with ecological features, LG is able to address questions relating to different evolutionary processes. We illustrate some of these here using examples taken from mammals: population structure; gene flow and the identification of barriers; fragmentation, connectivity, and corridors; local adaptation and selection; there are two different questions: applications in conservation genetics; and future developments in LG. We will then present the methods and tools commonly used in the different steps of LG analyses: the genetic and landscape sampling, the quantification of genetic variation, the characterization of spatial landscape structures, and finally, the correlation between genetic patterns and landscape features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in young adult presents a typical pattern of risk factors, clinical, angiographic and prognostic characteristics. In the last years we demonstrated that hemorheological profile is altered in these patients in a persistent way and independently of the number of risk factors and of the extent of coronary lesions. Thus, the hyperviscosity syndrome following AMI could be considered an intrinsic characteristic of these patients. Consequently it is possible to hypothesise the presence of a genetic background at the origin of this predisposition. If this background is able to influence the risk of ischemic heart disease, this should be particularly evident in young subjects. Since inflammatory mechanisms play a central role in mediating all phases of atherosclerosis, genes encoding for inflammatory or anti-inflammatory molecules are candidates for the risk of developing atherosclerosis. As atherosclerosis is the first cause of mortality in Western countries and if pro-inflammatory genotypes contribute to risk of coronary heart disease, alleles associated to disease susceptibility should not be included in the genetic background favouring longevity: People genetically predisposed to a weak inflammatory activity have fewer chances to develop cardiovascular disease and, therefore, have better chance for a long-life. According to this hypothesis, we studied in our population of young patients with AMI, the distribution of some polymorphisms influencing a inflammation and found an higher prevalence of pro-inflammatory polymorphisms (SNP A2080G of pyrin gene, SNP Gly670Arg of PECAM gene, C1019T of Cx 37 gene, SNP G1059C of PCR gene) and a lower prevalence of anti-inflammatory polymorphisms (Asp299Gly of TLR4 gene, SNP -1082 G/A of IL10 gene, CCR5Δ32). Results of these studies show that early myocardial infarction could be associated with a genetic predisposition to an intense inflammatory response, associated also to an hyperviscosity syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept and division method for petroleum accumulation system, based on layer structure, are presented according to characteristics of layer structure and reservoirs. The petroleum accumulation system of Jiyang depression can be divided into four levels, namely petroleum accumulation system combination, petroleum accumulation system, oil-gas reservoir combination and reservoir. The petroleum accumulation system combination includes three types of genetic pattern: other-source buried-ridge accumulation system combination in pre-Paleogene, medium-deep layer self-source accumulation system combination in Paleogene, and shallow layer other-source accumulation system combination in Neogene. This paper also describes the reservoir types and their distribution characteristics of different petroleum accumulation system combinations and their interior units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide a valuable framework for genome sequence assembly towards the elucidation of the F 1 hybrid Scylla (Scylla serrata ♀ × S. paramamosain ♂) genome as well as a reference for QTL mapping and maker-assisted selection, herein F 1 hybrid offspring were obtained and used to construct the first genetic linkage map of hybrid Scylla. We presented a sex-averaged genetic linkage map with 49 linkage groups (LGs) covering 5574 SNP markers. The male map consisted of 40 LGs, whereas the female map comprises 22 LGs. The high quality of this genetic linkage map was verified by the low proportion of distorted markers, the strong linkage relationship between adjacent markers on each LG, and the consistent source of the larger segment in each individual. All sex-linked markers distributed in three QTL regions were located on LG12, indicating the chromosome corresponding to LG12 seems to be the sex chromosome of the F 1 hybrid offspring. A sex-linked LG comparison of the genetic maps between F 1 hybrid offspring and the S. paramamosain suggested the conformation of a ZW/ZZ sex determination system in F 1 hybrid offspring. Based on the high quality of this genetic linkage map, we described the putative genetic pattern of F 1 hybrid diploid offspring. The putative genetic pattern argues the proposition that a formation of chromosome synapsis among different species might be an initial inducement for the divergence of chromosomal forms. • The first genetic linkage map of hybrid Scylla was constructed. • A single sex-linked linkage group (LG12) on the sex-average map was found. • A sex-linked LG comparison of the genetic map between F 1 hybrid offspring and paternal Scylla paramamosain was performed. • The putative genetic pattern of F 1 hybrid offspring was described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atlantic salmon fry from nine offspring belonging to individual spawnings were karyotyped. Different patterns of Robertsonian chromosome polymorphism were obtained. A theoretical model is developed to explain the different chromosome polymorphism patterns in Salmo salar offspring in terms of the chromosome numbers of the parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This paper reported a novel type of branched spike wheat from a natural mutation event. The branched spike was controlled by a heterozygous genotype. The genetic patterns showed that gametophytic male sterility probably contributed to the heterozygous genotype responsible for the branched spike trait. Expressional levels and Wheat FRIZZY PANICLE (WFZP) sequencing between the mutant with the branched spike and the wild-type with the normal spike showed that WFZP was not the causal gene for the branched spike. Data from transcriptome sequencing indicated that carbohydrate metabolism might be involved in the formation of the branched spike trait. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) spike architecture is an important trait associated with spike development and grain yield. Here, we report a naturally occurring wheat mutant with branched spikelets (BSL) from its wild-type YD-16, which has a normal spike trait and confers a moderate level of resistance to wheat Fusarium head blight (FHB). The lateral meristems positioned at the basal parts of the rachis node of the BSL mutant develop into ramified spikelets characterized as multiple spikelets. The BSL mutant shows three to four-day longer growth period but less 1000-grain weight than the wild type, and it becomes highly susceptible to FHB infection, indicating that the locus controlling the BSL trait may have undergone an intensively artificial and/or natural selection in modern breeding process. The self-pollinated descendants of the lines with the BSL trait consistently segregated with an equal ratio of branched and normal spikelets (NSL) wheat, and homozygotes with the BSL trait could not be achieved even after nine cycles of self-pollination. Distinct segregation patterns both from the self-pollinated progenies of the BSL plants and from the reciprocal crosses between the BSL plants with their sister NSL plants suggested that gametophytic male sterility was probably associated with the heterozygosity for the BSL trait. Transcriptome sequencing of the RNA bulks contrasting in the two types of spike trait at the heading stage indicated that the genes on chromosome 2DS may be critical for the BSL trait formation since 329 out of 2540 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were located on that chromosome, and most of them were down-regulated. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that carbohydrate metabolism may be involved in the BSL trait expression. This work provides valuable clues into understanding development and domestication of wheat spike as well as the association of the BSL trait with FHB susceptibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]