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Background: Over the past few years, the sport psychology literature has established that gender stereotype threat (ST) is one of the factors that can impair girls' performance. However, few studies have attempted to annihilate these negative effects. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether questioning gender ST can mitigate the classical decline in girls' standing long jump (SLJ) performance. Methods: The participants were 120 girls (Mage = 10.74 ± 0.85 years), selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to three groups: the gender ST group (n = 40), the questioning group (n = 40), and the control group (n = 40). For all groups, baseline performance (i.e., SLJ) was measured by a female researcher following a warm-up period. In the experimental phase, the control group repeated the baseline conditions; the gender ST group completed the same test but was evaluated by a male examiner (i.e., implicit stereotype induction), while participants in the questioning group were assessed after receiving questioning statements while performing the task in front of a male examiner. Results: The results of the present study showed that the induction of a gender ST leads to a decrease in SLJ in girls. Additionally, if these inducing conditions of gender ST are accompanied by a questioning condition, the negative effects of gender ST can be reduced, and SLJ in girls does not decline. Conclusion: Based on our findings, this intervention is recommended as a simple, inexpensive, and quick solution for mitigating the negative effects of gender ST on girl's motor performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research examines how a temporal dimension of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) fashion style—consistent (vs. variable) fashion—influences stakeholders' perceptions of CEO competence. Based on the temporal aspect of attribution theory, we hypothesize that stakeholders perceive those CEOs who are consistent in their clothing across various occasions as more competent than CEOs who do not portray consistency. We also consider CEO gender a key moderator of the link between fashion consistency and perceived competence. Based on gender stereotypes and relatively unclear rules about women's clothing within professional settings, we hypothesize that the enhancement of perceived competence from a consistent fashion style is mitigated for female CEOs. Furthermore, by applying a zero‐sum belief in time management to CEOs' clothing decisions, we hypothesize that perceived work engagement mediates the "gender" moderation. Three studies, including a survey and two scenario‐based experiments in which we manipulate fashion consistency and CEO gender, largely supported the hypotheses. The results emphasize the importance for CEOs to strategically manage visual cues, like fashion style, focusing on either their consistency or variability when interacting with stakeholders across different occasions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The portrayal of female villains in media and movies has evolved significantly, as evidenced through the lens of Stuart Hall's representation theory and film analysis concepts. Traditionally confined to one-dimensional roles perpetuating gender stereotypes, contemporary cinema showcases multi-dimensional characters like those in Cruella, challenging societal norms and defying traditional gender expectations. By employing narrative and non-narrative film analysis techniques, these characters are revealed as agents of subversion and empowerment, embodying a new archetype of female villains characterized by individual agency and autonomy. However, despite this progress, the lingering impact of gender stereotypes persists, influencing how female villains are depicted on screen. Thus, ongoing critical analysis and advocacy for more diverse and authentic representations of women in media remain crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies of the 2016 U.S. presidential election have demonstrated that American voters with strong sexist beliefs tended to vote against the female candidate, Hillary Clinton. However, most of these studies did not pay much attention to whether eligible voters chose to vote. This study analyzed the 2018 and 2020 General Social Surveys to examine how American voters' gender stereotypes in the family and sexist attitudes toward women in politics were associated with their participation in the 2016 presidential election—the latest election when the surveys were conducted—considering their party identification. The study discovered that strong Democrats who harbored a sexist attitude toward women in politics were less likely to participate in the 2016 presidential election than were Republicans and Independents with the same attitude. Furthermore, weak Democrats and Independents who endorsed traditional gender stereotypes in the family were less likely to participate in the election than were Republicans with the same ideals. The findings indicate that benevolent sexism may have discouraged some Democrat and Independent voters from going to the polls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe nursing shortage in the US and all over the world continues to skyrocket. An untapped channel of recruitment that some are considering is men in the nursing profession. Currently a large disparity exists in the representation of men in nursing causing issues with quality of care, diversity, and staffing. Research suggests that nursing recruitment should occur before licensure in order to better address gender stereotypes and prejudice. Early exposure is revealed as a defining factor in enticing men into the profession. Further research reveals that issues related to nurse educator staffing must first be considered to include more men into the profession. Without nurse educators, schools are unable to increase class sizes and admit more men into programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the promotion of paternity leave by focusing on the role of female directors on boards. Drawing on insights from the literature on the upper echelons theory and strategic leadership, we argue that efforts to break gender stereotypes in upper‐echelon positions, particularly through female representation on boards, can promote paternity leave. Analyzing data from 633 Japanese firms between 2017 and 2021 with pooled regression models revealed that a high proportion of female directors promoted paternity leave. Additionally, it implied that the proportion of female department managers can strengthen the positive effects of female directors on paternity leave promotions. Our results contribute to the theory and practice of gender equality in organizations by providing implications for promoting crucial management practices that may be hindered by gender stereotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Education for Life / Yaşadıkça Eğitim Dergisi is the property of Istanbul Kultur Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Gender inequalities are linguistically constructed and indexed through the strategic use of language representing the power structure in the physical world. Recently, #MeTooIndia, an Indian version of the global feminist movement, provided a scholarly opportunity to explore the gender stereotypes of emotional expressions. Even though some researchers have studied the sociocultural dimensions of #MeToo, the corpus-based linguistic analysis of this movement has yet to be explored significantly. Therefore, the current study investigated the discursive association of emotional representation of masculine and feminine genders in media texts. Given the societal nature of Indian patriarchal ideologies, power and gender stereotypes, we hypothesize that Indian mass media, as a powerful political actor, may attribute more positive lexicons to the masculine pronoun he and more negative markers to the feminine pronoun she. Textual genres of #MeToo were extracted from the print media by using the corpus framework of collocational and concordance methods. Our results revealed that, though the news of #MeToo heightened the feminine actor and largely produced the pronoun she in the referential position, the narratives of texts assigned more positive emotive markers to the masculine social actors. Overall, this study concludes that #MeToo as a gender movement has faced strategic linguistic resistance against feminine sexual victims, favouring the masculine actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Over the past few years, the sport psychology literature has established that gender stereotype threat (ST) is one of the factors that can impair girls’ performance. However, few studies have attempted to annihilate these negative effects. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether questioning gender ST can mitigate the classical decline in girls’ standing long jump (SLJ) performance. Methods The participants were 120 girls (Mage = 10.74 ± 0.85 years), selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to three groups: the gender ST group (n = 40), the questioning group (n = 40), and the control group (n = 40). For all groups, baseline performance (i.e., SLJ) was measured by a female researcher following a warm-up period. In the experimental phase, the control group repeated the baseline conditions; the gender ST group completed the same test but was evaluated by a male examiner (i.e., implicit stereotype induction), while participants in the questioning group were assessed after receiving questioning statements while performing the task in front of a male examiner. Results The results of the present study showed that the induction of a gender ST leads to a decrease in SLJ in girls. Additionally, if these inducing conditions of gender ST are accompanied by a questioning condition, the negative effects of gender ST can be reduced, and SLJ in girls does not decline. Conclusion Based on our findings, this intervention is recommended as a simple, inexpensive, and quick solution for mitigating the negative effects of gender ST on girl’s motor performance.

It has been demonstrated that both part‐set cues and social interaction can produce detrimental effects on memory. Specifically, part‐set cues lead to part‐set cueing impairment, while social interaction can result in collaborative inhibition. However, there is less evidence on whether these factors have isolated or comparable impacts on memory. Additionally, it is still unknown whether the effects behave similarly on item memory and source memory, whether the effects are comparable between ongoing and post‐social collaboration, and whether stimulus features influence their respective roles. To address these issues, we conducted the current experiment where participants were exposed to gender stereotype‐consistent or ‐inconsistent words, categorized as positive, neutral, or negative. The words were read out by either a male or a female. Two recall sessions were conducted: Recall 1 was carried out either individually or collaboratively, whereas Recall 2 was always collaborative. Some participants performed Recall 1 under the part‐set cued condition while others were under the no‐cued condition. Both item memory and source memory were assessed in both recall sessions. The results have three implications. First, during the ongoing collaborative session, two effects were observed on item memory: part‐set cueing impairment and collaborative inhibition. Further, the contributions elicited by part‐set cues and social collaboration are isolated. The part‐set cueing impairment was influenced by both emotional valence and stereotypical consistency. Second, post‐collaboration analysis indicated that both the utilization of part‐set cues and collaboration itself enhanced item memory, resulting in the part‐set cueing enhancement and post‐collaborative memory benefit. Additionally, there was evidence indicating that the mechanisms prompted by these two factors intertwined when emotional valence and stereotypical consistency were considered. Third, in both ongoing and post‐collaboration scenarios, the detrimental and beneficial effects on item memory and source memory exhibited different patterns, thereby supporting the dual‐process models. These findings enhance our comprehension of the insolation and the interplay between part‐set cues and collaboration in memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The ChatGPT technology is increasingly becoming a part of our daily lives and is starting to be utilized in various decision-making contexts. The current study builds upon prior research, demonstrating that people’s moral decision-making is influenced by ChatGPT across three perspectives, as evidenced by two studies (total n = 1925). The findings suggested that ChatGPT advice impacted decision-making similarly to expert advice, although not all decisions were susceptible to influence, particularly those based on negative emotions. Additionally, ChatGPT advice affected decisions beyond moral judgments, but no effect was observed when the advice recommended immediate low rewards. Moreover, individuals with a higher tendency for personal fear of invalidity were more likely to be influenced by both expert and AI advice, but this was not related to trust in AI.

The study reviewst how traditional gender norms are parodied in Kazakh. Stereotypes of “male” and “female” characteristics are evolving in the age of cultural globalization. The old notion that a man provides for the family needs financially and a woman tends to the home has evolved. In modern Kazakh society, a woman can earn significantly more than a male or serve as the family primary breadwinner. Many men believe that raising children and taking care of the home is the domain of women, so they do not want to be involved in these roles. Gender stereotypes prevailing in society prevent both women and men from living, determining their behavior and lifestyle. The relevance of the problem under consideration lies in the fact that the factors contributing to the formation of gender stereotypes have not been sufficiently studied. The parodies of the Kazakh people reflect traditional family and tribal relations based on patriarchal attitudes. The purpose of the study is to analyze gender stereotypes in Kazakh proverbs and sayings. Due to the large number entries of the main sample, 154 paremias were taken through a representative sample and grouped into five categories according to their content: 1. The role of men and women in the family, 2. Education of girls - education of the nation, 3. Preservation of family life, 4. Feminine and masculine qualities, 5. A woman mother gives birth to offsprings. The study used comprehensive research, contextual analysis, comparison and descriptive methods. As a result of the study, the stereotype “A woman is the basis, and a man is the breadwinner of the family” has partially lost its relevance today. In modern Kazakh society, the wife not only supports family comfort, but also earns quite well. The stereotype “A mother woman gives birth to offspring” always remains the same relevant, since the main function of a woman is procreation. The traditional stereotype of “Educating girls - educating the nation” is formed in relation to the upbringing of girls in the family. Since girls are future mothers and guardians of the hearth, from an early age they are prepared for family life, motherhood and household chores. The stereotype associated with the preservation of family life depicts a woman as a man’s support, an incomparable companion, his luck and even paradise. The key to a happy family life is a good spouse, so stereotypes are formed regarding the preservation of family life.

Introduction: Honor of Kings (HoK) is one of the most popular mobile games worldwide. To understand why players actively engage with digital games, it is essential to focus on their gaming motivations. However, no previous studies were found to have investigated the kinds and depth of players' motivations in this game. Moreover, the empirical research concerning the impact of stereotype threat and lift on players' motivations is scant. Thus, this pre-registered study aims to examine male and female players' gaming motivations in Honor of Kings and the effects of stereotypes on players' motivations. Methods: This study utilized Yee et al. (2012)'s motivational model. A 2 × 3 MANCOVA was performed for the outcome variables of achievement, social, and immersion motivations; with gender and stereotype activation (no activation, female, and male threat activation) as independent variables; and with age and gaming time as covariates (n = 421). Results: Contrary to prevalent perceptions, the results suggested females had higher achievement and immersion motivations, but lower social motivation than males in Honor of Kings. Unexpectedly, only females' immersion motivation was impaired under stereotype threat, and females demonstrated lower social motivation under stereotype lift. However, males were not affected by either stereotype threat or stereotype lift. Discussion: The results suggest that caution is needed for the assumption that male gamers are more achievement-oriented and females are more social-oriented because their motivations may vary depending on game genres. This study also found unexpected effects of stereotype threat and lift. Future research should further explore how to implement stereotype activation effectively to promote gender equality in gaming. Notably, this study only recruited participants from China due to the restrictions of recruitment channels. Future researchers are highly recommended to examine whether there are cross-cultural differences in the findings of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work I will try to explain two lines of interpretation of the discussed article that regulates the crime of feminicide in our Penal Code, making known the consequences that would follow from accepting them, in addition to some objections to them. Much of the essay will examine the best interpretation of the criminal offense and then the strongest objection that must be faced; I consider the latter the real problem of feminicide. Finally, I will suggest an interpretation of feminicide and the conclusions will be compiled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies on gender bias in the evaluation of politicians by voters have reported mixed results. We seek to understand these mixed findings by focusing on Japan, where female political representation is the lowest among advanced democracies and gender stereotypes are prevalent. We consider that gender stereotypes and the dearth of women in politics affect the evaluation of politicians via two distinct mechanisms: biased beliefs and weak priors. The two mechanisms are assumed to run counter to each other, thus leading to the null or mixed findings for gendered evaluation reported by previous studies. To test our argument, we conduct a series of survey experiments in Japan. Our findings conform to neither of the two mechanisms. Even in a society with low female political representation, we find no evidence of the gendered evaluation of candidates by voters. We suggest that rather than biasing voters' evaluation of candidates, gender stereotypes dissuade women from aspiring to a political career and elite electoral gatekeepers from selecting female candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparing the mouthed words and official dubbings of Word of Honor (WoH), a Chinese web drama adapted from a homoerotic danmei novel, this paper examines which parts of dangai works are changed to accommodate censorship. The paper explains the censorship standards of the Chinese National Radio and Television Administration (NRTA) regarding how the male image is conveyed: Men must achieve predictable social relationships with authorities and cannot be limited to their personal intimacies, let alone be regarded as objects of desire. On the other hand, the mouthed words hidden by the official dubbings are forms of strategic self-preservation. However, one must remain alert to how these mouthed words also support the dream of "a quiet time of equal rights for men and women"1 for Chinese female audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the modern society government authorities pay quite a lot of attention to the development of the socio-cultural sphere in the country. Despite the fact that at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century, libraries began to take on the functions of abolished cultural centers due to a significant reduction in the network of socio-cultural institutions. The functions of information centers have been added to the traditional functions of an educational nature, preservation and enhancement of cultural heritage, providing access to national and global information networks and databases. Today, modern library science presents new analytical capabilities for the study and analysis of library communications. One of these is a gender perspective, which looks at the norms and cultural symbols that men and women bring to the library profession. The purpose of the research is to study this aspect in the socio-cultural sphere at the regional level, which allows us to trace the uniqueness of general processes within individual national republics. To achieve this goal, the task has been formulated to reflect the history of the development of the library network in 1950s in the region using a gender approach. In the research methods of comparative historical analysis were used, as well as the principles of objectivism and historicism, which provided the opportunity to analyze various episodes and phenomena from a historical point of view. When studying the questions posed, the author has come to the conclusion that Russian historiography today has almost no research devoted to the study of the development of librarianship through the prism of gender stereotypes. This study is an attempt to highlight the development of librarianship, with an emphasis on women's experiences in this profession.

This study aimed to develop and validate a theoretical framework elucidating the connections between general self-efficacy (GSE), multidimensional perceived social support (MPSS), STEM interest (SI), stereotype vulnerability (SVS-4), COVID-19 Student Stress (CSSQ), and STEM Belonging (SB) among a diverse group of students in England. An online survey was administered to 290 Mathematics (n = 83, 28.6%), Physics (n = 95, 32.8%), and Chemistry (n = 112, 38.6%) students in three Russell Group universities in England. The majority of participants (n = 115, 43.1%) were between 18 and 19 years old. Data were collected and analysed using a structural equation model and multigroup analysis. The study findings revealed that MPSS, GSE, and SI had a positive impact on students’ SB, while CSSQ and SVS-4 had a negative impact on students’ SB. The findings revealed that the influence of MPSS on SB and the effect of GSE on SI were found to be statistically significant among female, male, and non-binary students, as well as across A-level, undergraduate, master’s, and Ph.D. levels.

Stereotypes are well documented to elicit stereotype-consistent effects in individual memory. Additionally, collaborative memory can result in detrimental collaborative inhibition and 2 beneficial effects: error pruning and postcollaborative memory benefit. We examined whether the stereotype-consistent effect can be expanded to the context of collaborative memory. Additionally, we examined whether the effects observed in collaborative memory also apply to the memory for social stereotypes. This study applied positive, neutral, and negative gender stereotype words and engaged participants in an individual study and 2 recall tests. Recall 1 was completed either individually or collaboratively, whereas Recall 2 was always performed individually. The recall was to remember both the studied words and the speaker's gender associated with them, testing both item memory and source memory. (a) We expanded the stereotype-consistent effect to both ongoing and postcollaboration situations, affecting both item memory and source memory. Additionally, in the word gender–speaker inconsistent situations, there was an involuntary bias to remember the sources of own-gender stimuli. (b) We extended the detrimental and beneficial effects of collaboration into the domain of gender stereotypes. The detrimental effect of collaborative inhibition was sensitive to both memory tasks and the emotional valence of stimuli. This indicates that when dealing with social stimuli, the disruption of preferential strategies is not confined. The beneficial effects acted as a function of the memory task, providing evidence for the conditional application of the mechanisms of the retrieval strategy disruption hypothesis and the processes of dual process theory in social memory processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do men incur a psychological cost when they are outperformed by a woman competitor? We conduct a laboratory experiment that allows us to measure this cost. The experiment is conducted in both the US and China. In our Chinese sample, men are willing to pay more to hide the fact that they have performed worse than another individual than women are, while there is no gender difference in the US. In China, women are willing to pay more to hide poor performance when losing to another woman than to a man, while in the US, the opposite pattern is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Belief in gendered social power imbalance (i.e. males are more powerful than females) leads to undesirable gender disparities, but little is known about the developmental origins of this belief, especially in Eastern cultures. We investigated the development onset of this belief by focusing on 4–7-year-old Japanese children while considering another belief (females are nicer than males) for comparison. In the dyadic context tasks, children saw pairs of animated characters depicting powerful–powerless or kind–unkind postures and judged the characters' gender (boy or girl). Results suggested both ‘nice = female’ and ‘powerful = female’ gender stereotypes in children. In the collective context tasks, children were presented with stories in occupational contexts, including multiple unspecified people and verbal cues, describing more explicitly the powerful and nice traits of the protagonists. The results replicated the ‘nice = female’ gender stereotype. Moreover, early ‘powerful = male’ gender stereotypes were seen in 6-year-old boys but not among girls in general. These findings demonstrate that Japanese children's beliefs regarding gender differences in power vary depending on the context in which male–female interactions are presented. Additionally, the study reveals that signs of the ‘powerful = male’ social power gender stereotype emerge around the age of 6.

Introduction: This paper aims to study the gendered representations of robots, cyborgs, ginoids, clones, holograms, and female artificial intelligences in science fiction film. It is hypothesized that the sexist stereotypes widely studied in female film characters are perpetuated in female artificial creations in science fiction film. Methodology: A sample of 83 characters was taken from the IMdB database. After their classification, we proceeded to carry out a qualitative analysis on representation, gender roles and stereotypes of the characters. Results: The results obtained confirm that the science fiction genre is intensely masculinized and vertical occupational segregation is the dominant note. In addition, gender roles and stereotypes that are common in other film genres are also replicated in science fiction. Discussion: The representations do not manage to get rid of sexist precepts that are maintained over time as a result of the persistence of a male gaze. Conclusions: This study confirms the need to establish tools that allow women to access a highly masculinized cultural industry as well as the need to carry out a representation of female fictional characters far from the gender stereotypes traditionally associated with women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Gender stereotypes in musical instrument selection have been studied for over 40 years. However, little research has been conducted on the importance of reducing the impact of factors that affect the stereotyping of musical instruments within the framework of sociology. Gender stereotypes of musical instruments emerge in early childhood and have negative influences including losing opportunities to learn gender-crossed musical instruments in adulthood. This article argues for a gender-neutral environment for children's musical instrument selection. Using a sociological framework of cultural capital, the variables contributing to gender-neutral musical instrument selection were categorised. Moreover, this study discusses the limitations of Bourdieu's theory and offers solutions to reduce gender stereotyping of musical instrument selection. Music education researchers can promote gender neutrality by reducing binary gender stereotyping of musical instruments. Students' understanding of gender neutrality could remove biases in their musical instrument selection. Proactive measures from music teachers could disconnect the reproduction of education systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have shown that women's potential is overlooked, but few studies have focused on the perspective of women themselves. From the perspective of women, this study explored judgments regarding the potential of women from the perspective of both evaluators (at personnel hiring position) and actors (at applicant position). The results showed that: (a) from both the evaluators' perspective and the actors' perspective, women show potential judgment biases; (b) from the evaluators' perspective, women were more dependent on gender stereotypes to make job allocation suggestions to their peers, and endorsement of gender stereotypes played a moderating effect in such process; (c) from the actors' perspective, women were more dependent on the intention of self-improvement to make their own job choice, and temporal focus, rather than endorsement of gender stereotypes, moderated the above relationship. Women seemed to evaluate themselves and other women based on different principles regarding judgments of potential, overlooking potential effect and self-potential realization. This study provided new evidence from the perspective of both evaluators and actors and a new explanation regarding how female participants balanced these different principles. Moreover, it provided important practical insight into personnel decision-making which is potentially helpful in eliminating the neglect of women's potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Politicians have used the web and social media to circumvent the gatekeeping behavior of traditional mass media by directly communicating with supporters in their accounts. This paper is aimed at understanding communication strategies used by politicians and campaigns, focusing on the role of gender cues in their visual self-presentation and their impact on election outcomes. Previous research has discussed the importance of visual portrayals of leaders in campaigns. These studies, however, have been mainly based on manual coding and are limited in scale and scope. This paper aims to fill the research gap by introducing a multi task method that infers perceived gender-stereotypical visual traits from social media images. We analyze 77,861 photographs collected from the Facebook accounts of 554 US politicians who ran in the 2018 elections. Regression analyses discover the positive association of the masculinity trait for electoral outcomes. We also identify an empirical evidence that the effect of gender stereotypes could vary according to the gender and party combinations of the candidates in a race. In the intersectional analysis, we found that the win of female democrats against the same gendered opponent was positively correlated with the femininity trait score. This study provides methodological foundations and empirical contributions to the understanding of politicians’ campaign behaviors via photographs shared on social media and their relation to electoral success.

Politicians have used the web and social media to circumvent the gatekeeping behavior of traditional mass media by directly communicating with supporters in their accounts. This paper is aimed at understanding communication strategies used by politicians and campaigns, focusing on the role of gender cues in their visual self-presentation and their impact on election outcomes. Previous research has discussed the importance of visual portrayals of leaders in campaigns. These studies, however, have been mainly based on manual coding and are limited in scale and scope. This paper aims to fill the research gap by introducing a multi task method that infers perceived gender-stereotypical visual traits from social media images. We analyze 77,861 photographs collected from the Facebook accounts of 554 US politicians who ran in the 2018 elections. Regression analyses discover the positive association of the masculinity trait for electoral outcomes. We also identify an empirical evidence that the effect of gender stereotypes could vary according to the gender and party combinations of the candidates in a race. In the intersectional analysis, we found that the win of female democrats against the same gendered opponent was positively correlated with the femininity trait score. This study provides methodological foundations and empirical contributions to the understanding of politicians' campaign behaviors via photographs shared on social media and their relation to electoral success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the fact that gender stereotypes may influence people's attitudes and feelings toward gendered robots, the present research conducted two questionnaire survey studies in Japan to investigate the relationships between expectations of gender assignments to robots and personal factors such as gender stereotypes and occupations. Study I aimed to clarify whether gender conceptions were actually related to feelings toward robots, as well as what factors affect these relationships. The results revealed that individuals with stronger gender biases had more negative attitudes in regard to the social influence of robots, and that correlations between negative attitudes toward interactions with robots and gender conceptions were age-dependent. Study II aimed to investigate what type of gender appearance was expected for nursing care robots. The results suggested that expectations of gender appearances were influenced by the participants' gender and relationships between their occupations and nursing care, as was anxiety regarding the robots. These results suggest that research on gender in human–robot interaction may promote the future realization of gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to investigate how gender stereotypes affect people's gender attribution to social robots. To this end, we examined whether a robot can be assigned a gender depending on a performed action. The study consists of 3 stages. In the first stage, we determined masculine and feminine actions by a survey conducted with 54 participants. In the second stage, we selected a gender-neutral robot by having 76 participants rate several robot stimuli in the masculine-feminine spectrum. In the third stage, we created short animation videos in which the gender-neutral robot determined in stage two performed the masculine and feminine actions determined in stage one. We then asked 102 participants to evaluate the robot in the videos in the masculine-feminine spectrum. We asked them to rate the videos according to their own view (self-view) and how they thought society would evaluate them (society-view). We also used the Socialization of Gender Norms Scale (SGNS) to identify individual differences in gender attribution to social robots. We found the main effect of action category (feminine vs. masculine) on both self-view reports and society-view reports suggesting that a neutral robot was reported to be feminine if it performed feminine actions and masculine if it performed masculine actions. However, society-view reports were more pronounced than the self-view reports: when the neutral robot performed masculine actions, it was found to be more masculine in the society-view reports than the self-view reports; and when it performs feminine actions, it was found to be more feminine in the society-view reports than the self-view reports. In addition, the SGNS predicted the society-view reports (for feminine actions) but not the self-view reports. In sum, our study suggests that people can attribute gender to social robots depending on the task they perform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female entrepreneurship activities in China encounter a unique informal institutional situation – Confucian culture favouring masculinity. Drawing on Social Role Theory and Gender Role Congruity Theory, we explore whether and how Confucian culture affects female entrepreneurship. Using 20,531 entrepreneurs' data from Chinese Private Enterprise Survey over the period of 2002–2014, we find that Confucian culture is negatively associated with female entrepreneurship. In addition, gender stereotypes based on Confucian patriarchal ideology have a partial mediation effect in this relationship. Further analysis demonstrates that managerial experience might be a potential way for women to achieve entrepreneurial breakthroughs in these adverse conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proceeding from the need to use one concrete example to show the power with which media and modern visual content can have an impact on children of an early age, we point to the inexhaustible field of psychological influence and sociological response to Walt Disney's animated fairy tales.In this paper, our goal is to determine the appearance and change of gender stereotypes, first of all, the change of stereotypes of women and their social role through the characters of princesses – the main heroines of animated fairy tales by The Walt Disney Studios; with particular reference to the importance of the influence that popular cartoons have on the age of preschool children. We use the method of analysis and comparison of a sample of fairy tales, according to the chronology of creation, taking into account both the meaning of the story and the scenario, as well as the wealth of visual and musical content with which these popular animated films captivate children. The analysis shows that the changes in social stereotypes of women in the range from the middle of the 20th century to today are clearly evident in the representation of women in the animated Disney fairy tale, as well as changes in the importance and role of male characters. Taking into account the enormous viewership and popularity of these cartoons, we conclude that through an animated film as one of the powerful media content that influences preschool children, it is possible to project the ideal of a woman-heroine to the youngest age of girls, simultaneously portraying changes in the stereotype of their partners. Forming the image of a woman as girls who identify with Disney princesses would like to become can have a far-reaching sociological impact in the formation of attitudes, both about the role of women in the modern social moment, and about gender identity in general. Gender roles and their psychological characteristics have completely changed in the twenty-first century compared to the twentieth century. The revolution in terms of 3d animation and graphic solutions, i.e. the artistic embodiment of that virtual world, is followed by a revolution in terms of the role and characteristics of male and female characters in an animated fairy tale.In the current social moment, an important task for educators is the question of recognizing in video content for children the redefinition of the concepts of gender and sex. The recommendation of this research is that educators become aware of the influence of visual arts on the creation of gender stereotypes, select and present them in a way that does not violate the democratic standards of modern society, but also does not offend the tradition and importance of the natural family environment from which most children come.Considering the conclusions about the powerful and effective influence of the mass media on the formation and choice of ideals that are recommended to children of an early age through animated content, the question arises of the need for parents and educators to become aware of these influences and, with such knowledge, offer children positive views and interpretations, as well as selection of alternative visual contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the tale-within-tale 'Cupid and Psyche' narrated in Apuleius' Metamorphoses , the female heroine Psyche goes through a series of wanderings and tasks as punishments for seeing her husband Cupid's real form out of curiosity. Psyche's curiosity connects this internal tale with the external narratives in Metamorphoses , the protagonist of which, Lucius, shares a similar curiosity that leads to his downfall. While scholars attribute favourable qualities to Lucius' curiosity despite its negative consequences, they deny the same value to Psyche's curiosity. In this paper, I argue against the condemnation of Psyche's curiosity due to the stereotype of transgressive females. Instead, I propose to view her curiosity as the drive for her awakening, empowerment, and growth, which transforms her into a fully powered agent and leads to her final reunion with Cupid in immortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review's objective is to analyze the literature on gender stereotypes in the workplace, focusing on its conceptual and intellectual evolution, growth trajectory, and key works. The authors used a bibliometric analysis, examining 214 documents from Scopus covering the years 1986 to 2022. The results show that knowledge in this field has evolved dramatically over the past three decades, with a particular increase in research since 2010. The co-citation analysis identifies three main study areas: "the underlying characteristics which distinguish women and men attributes,""women at the workplace as leaders" and "challenges faced by women in the workplace." Overall, the review highlights the significant progress made in understanding and addressing gender stereotypes in the workplace over the past few decades. The study's limitations include its reliance on bibliometric analysis, which only provides information about research trends and not specific research outcomes. Additionally, the study only included English- language documents from the Scopus database, potentially excluding relevant publications from other sources. Plain Language Summary: The purpose of this review is to examine the evolution of literature on gender stereotypes in the workplace, its growth trajectory, and key works. The bibliometric analysis reviewed 214 documents from Scopus, spanning from 1986 to 2022. The results indicate a significant increase in literature from 2004 to 2022, with three primary areas of study identified: "the underlying characteristics which distinguish women and men attributes,""women at the workplace as leaders," and "challenges faced by women in the workplace." The majority of studies use a binary conceptual framework of gender, indicating a need for a more complex mechanism to examine the effect of gender on businesses. Most studies focus on women as the subject of gender-related stereotypes and discrimination, despite the fact that gender stereotypes can negatively impact men in the workplace and society. Furthermore, there is an imbalance in the methodological approach to the first and second research areas, with fewer qualitative studies in the literature on women as leaders. Therefore, future studies should explore other areas of gender stereotypes beyond women in leadership positions. The study's limitations include its reliance on bibliometric analysis, which only provides information about research trends and not specific research outcomes. Additionally, the study only included English- language documents from the Scopus database, potentially excluding relevant publications from other sources. Future research should consider expanding the scope to include additional databases to reduce this bias. Overall, this review highlights the growth and evolution of literature on gender stereotypes in the workplace while also identifying areas for future research to address gaps in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Portrayed by the media as the story of "how a female PhD juggles intimate relationship with four male PhD academics", the LM incident, named after the female main character of the story, was a high-profile case, which provoked public debates on Chinese social media in 2019. In this article, we explore how the stereotyping of female PhDs plays out in Chinese Internet users' discussions about the LM incident. We collected a total of 632 relevant posts from the most popular Chinese community question-answering (CQA) site – Zhihu and analysed them by drawing on critical discourse analysis (CDA). The research findings reveal how a sexualised portrayal of female PhDs, which is dramatically "different" from the traditional, asexual stereotypes of well-educated women, is established in Zhihu users' postings. Many Zhihu users, including both women and men, mobilise an overwhelmingly sexualised portrayal of female PhDs, which speaks to the normalisation of patriarchal discourses in the status quo of Chinese academia and beyond. The research findings shed light on post-socialist gender politics, which facilitates the perpetuation of gender essentialism in China in the post-reform era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Textbooks use images, in addition to text, for delivering knowledge, thereby convey attitudes and values of students including those on gender bias. The gender bias presented in textbook images affects in subtle ways the students' learning outcomes, career choices, and how they perceive science. However, prior research has relied on explicit information presented by textbook images of several subjects to investigate gender representation, overlooking the implicit meaning behind images with a very limited attention to science textbooks. Therefore, this study uses the social semiotic framework to analyse the implicit meaning that images convey related to gender representation in Chinese and Egyptian science textbooks. Specifically, four (two for each country) science textbooks of grade nine were coded and analysed. The findings revealed that gender gap still exists in the images of both Chinese and Egyptian science textbooks. Specifically, females were less represented in the textbook images compared to males, and their role was mostly a caring role. Notably, unlike the Chinese females and the common gender stereotype, Egyptian females were represented in a more active and powerful way compared to males. The findings of this study could help in better designing science textbook images to reduce gender bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the low absorption of male labour in Lesotho’s textile industry. The research adopted a qualitative approach to interrogate dynamics in the industry and perspectives from social actors, including textile employees, key individuals and members of society. It revealed that the dynamics of change in the industry, particularly the technological leaps achieved by some factories, have created opportunities for men but have not necessarily resulted in changes in societal gender stereotypes, namely how society defines specific occupations as either masculine or feminine. Men working in textiles encounter barriers related to widespread and unchallenged stereotypes, characterised by denigration and feminisation by sections of society. The article concludes by alluding to the significance of paying attention to gender stereotypes embedded in societal and historical dynamics in seeking to understand the situation of men in the industry, and the potential implications of the introduction of technology in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]