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According to reports in the literature, males score higher on certain mental rotation tests and complex problem-solving exercises than females. This study analyzes the types of errors made in the Primary Mental Abilities (PMA) space relations sub-test test by 328 secondary school students (ages 13 to 16), 143 of whom, having exhibited complex mathematical problem-solving abilities, were participating in a mathematical talent enhancement programme. The error types detected are defined in terms of angle of rotation of the object and the presence of symmetries in the items of the test. The findings show significantly higher performance in the more mathematically gifted students. Gender differences are only evidenced in the total score of the test and the number of non-answered items, where boys got higher scores than girls. Moreover, there is no significant interaction between the independent variables gender and complex mathematical problem-solving abilities. The conclusions drawn from those findings introduce nuances in the understanding of the gender difference traditionally identified in visualisation, particularly in connection with geometric properties in mental rotation tests. It is stressed that educational research focuses on other aspects, like emotional or behavioural ones that can impact test execution, like speed or the use of less efficient strategies., Esta publicación forma parte del proyecto de I+D+i PID2020-117395RB-I00, financiado por MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033.

Sexuality has been censored by Spanish culture, where legal progress in the form of new policies about sexual diversity rights has not been followed by lower levels of social discrimination. This has affected sexual development across the lifespan for both sexual minorities and heterosexual people who experience their sexuality outside of heteronormativity. However, the literature has regularly excluded the possible consequences of the experience of sexuality within prescriptive categories, particularly in heterosexual people. This study delves deeper into the same-sex experiences of heterosexual women and men and the discomfort they may feel toward such experiences in Spain. A total of 2900 young Spanish people who self-identified as heterosexual completed a questionnaire on sexual diversity and experiences related to sexual orientation. The mean age was 24.22 years (SD = 5.71), 71.1% were women, and 28.9% were men. More heterosexual women than heterosexual men reported having had same-sex attraction, fantasies, desires, and behavioral intentions. However, these men and women reported having similar levels of same-sex sexual intercourse. The discomfort level experienced was higher among heterosexual men and younger people, suggesting the possibility that traditional norms restrict behavioral expression of sexuality among these individuals. At least in the Spanish context, these gender differences should be taken into account to adjust all psychological and educational interventions in the future to improve inclusive sexual attitudes and the treatment of discomfort with sexual orientation. Following these results, research on sexual diversity should focus on young heterosexual people who have different same-sex experiences according to gender differences. Funding for open access charge: CRUE-Universitat Jaume I This research was supported by grant UJI-B2018-42 and PREDOC/2017/45 of the University Jaume I of Castellón (Spain).

A growing body of research focus on subjective well-being (SWB) in adolescence; however there are few studies focus specifcally on the residential care population and even fewer on diferences by type of residential facility separately for males and females. This study aims to analyze SWB in therapeutic residential care (a residential program created to address youths with severe emotional and behavioral problems) in relation to young people in other kinds of residential child care (RCC). 567 adolescents aged 14-18 from Therapeutic Residential Care (TRC) (n=256) and RCC (n=311) participated in the study. Results showed few signifcant diferences concerning the residential program factor. Satisfaction with their own family was greater for young people in TRC and satisfaction, both with the groups they belong to and with their own residential facility, rated higher among the RCC group. Regarding diferences by sex, females reported less SWB in all the domains including overall life satisfaction. The efect of the interaction between sex and type of residential program showed that females in TRC reported SWB, particularly low. The main implications for research and intervention will be discussed. Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This research study was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) of Spain through the National Plan of I + D + i (PSI2015-65229-R and PSI2012-33185). The author Alba Águila-Otero holds a post-doctoral scholarship from the Severo Ochoa Program for Training in Research and Teaching in the Principality of Asturias (BP16061).

Medical education is widely known to be demanding and stressful, with elevated levels of anxiety and depression among medical students. This study aims at examining well-being, perceived stress and quality of life in a sample of Italian first-year medical students in order to investigate the relations between these variables and individual characteristics and behaviours. An anonymous cross-sectional questionnaire was administered to a sample of 407 Italian first-year medical students. Psychological well-being, perceived stress and quality of life were assessed using standardised questionnaires PGWBI, PSS, SF-12. Data were analysed with multivariate statistical methods. Significant differences in PGWBI, PSS and SF-12 scores were found between males and females (with poorer scores for females), between smokers and non-smokers (with poorer scores for smokers) and between students who reported cannabis use in their lifetime and students who did not (with poorer scores for those who smoked cannabis). Logistic regression showed that gender (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.24–0.61), reported cannabis use (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.07–3.09) and regular physical exercise (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.34–0.86) were significant predictors of distress. In summary, this study shows that female medical students and students who reported negative health behaviours and sporadic drug use reported lower psychological well-being and quality of life and higher stress, while positive health behaviours might prevent distress.

En l’estudi de la conducta suïcida, hi ha hagut col·lectius que han rebut menys atenció que d’altres, l’adolescència és un d’aquests col·lectius. En molts casos, les conclusions que s’apliquen a aquesta etapa vital, ve derivada d’estudis d’adults, però no sempre encaixen en una etapa tan complexa i canviant com l’adolescència. Això és especialment important, quan, entre els aspectes a valorar, contemplem la personalitat, fent més complex l’abordatge, per les controvèrsies de l’estudi de la personalitat en un període en què s’està conformant. Una altra característica de l’estudi de la conducta suïcida, especialment aquells que estudien la conducta suïcida sense resultat mortal, és la major representació de l’gènere femení, sent la conducta suïcida sense resultat mortal, més freqüent en dones que en homes, i les morts per suïcidi més freqüents en homes que en dones. Mitjançant la realització de dos estudis s’ofereix evidència empírica que pretén aportar llum a les dues preguntes que s’afronten en aquesta tesi doctoral: Hi ha diferències en la conducta suïcida que realitzen els homes i la que realitzen les dones adolescents? I ¿són explicables aquestes diferències per diferents perfils de personalitat, problemes referits, i intensitat de la clínica que presenten? Per respondre a la primera pregunta, s’ha realitzat una anàlisi retrospectiva de la població de pacients menors d’edat que van ser atesos per conducta suïcida al servei d’urgències hospitalàries de psiquiatria de l’Hospital Sant Joan de Déu des de Novembre de 2013 fins novembre de 2019. derivat dels resultats, es pot concloure que: 1) els trastorns de la conducta alimentària i la presència de trets desadaptatius de la personalitat són més prevalents en dones, mentre els trastorns de conducta, els trastorns de l’espectre autista i els trastorns per dèficit d’ atenció i hiperactivitat, són més prevalents en homes; (2) els antecedents de conducta autolesiva no suïcida i els abusos sexuals en la infància són més prevalents entre les dones; (3) les dones ateses a urgències per conducta suïcida presenten més antecedents de temptatives prèvies, i tornen a repetir un intent amb més freqüència; (4) les morts per suïcidi després de l’alta hospitalària són el doble en homes que en dones; tant homes com dones tendeixen a triar com a primer mètode de suïcidi la sobreingesta medicamentosa, però els homes escullen amb més freqüència que les dones mètodes més violents com són el penjament o la precipitació. L’anàlisi de regressió logística no va permetre identificar un perfil de repetició per a cap dels dos gèneres, però les correlacions entre la variable resposta (Reconsulta als sis mesos) eren diferents en cada gènere. Per respondre a la segona pregunta, s’ha administrat l’inventari multiaxial de personalitat de Millon (MACI). Dels resultats podem extreure que tots dos gèneres presenten puntuacions elevades en les dimensions: Introvertit, Inhibit, Pessimista, oposicionista i Autopunitivo. Així mateix, tots dos gèneres presenten puntuacions baixes en les dimensions: Histriònic, Egocèntric i Conformista. D’altra banda, els adolescents homes són més inhibits i presentació una clínica més severa en depressió, ansietat i tendència suïcida, i una major experiència d’abús referit; mentre que les dones presenten major tendència a la delinqüència. Podem concloure que caldria incloure perspectiva de gènere en tots els abordatges i la planificació d’intervencions de prevenció de l’suïcidi, tant universals, com selectives i indicades. A més, en el nostre àmbit sociocultural, es fa necessària una intervenció de prevenció universal de l’suïcidi orientada a la manca d’accés a medicació a l’almenys fins a la majoria d’edat, tant en l’àmbit familiar com en farmàcies o altres centres amb capacitat de dispensar medicació. En el estudio de la conducta suicida, ha habido colectivos que han recibido menos atención que otros, la adolescencia es uno de estos colectivos. En muchos casos, las conclusiones que se aplican a esta etapa vital, viene derivada de estudios de adultos, pero no siempre encajan en una etapa tan compleja y cambiante como la adolescencia. Esto es especialmente importante, cuando, entre los aspectos a valorar, contemplamos la personalidad, haciendo más complejo el abordaje, por las controversias del estudio de la personalidad en un periodo en el que se está conformando. Otra característica del estudio de la conducta suicida, especialmente aquellos que estudian la conducta suicida sin resultado mortal, es la mayor representación del género femenino, siendo la conducta suicida sin resultado mortal, más frecuente en mujeres que en hombres, y las muertes por suicidio más frecuentes en hombres que en mujeres. Mediante la realización de dos estudios se ofrece evidencia empírica que pretende aportar luz a las dos preguntas que se afrontan en esta tesis doctoral: ¿Hay diferencias en la conducta suicida que realizan los hombres y la que realizan las mujeres adolescentes? Y ¿son explicables estas diferencias por diferentes perfiles de personalidad, problemas referidos, e intensidad de la clínica que presentan? Para responder a la primera pregunta, se ha realizado un análisis retrospectivo de la población de pacientes menores de edad que fueron atendidos por conducta suicida en el servicio de urgencias hospitalarias de psiquiatría del Hospital Sant Joan de Déu desde Noviembre de 2013 hasta Noviembre de 2019. Derivado de los resultados, se puede concluir que: 1) los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y la presencia de rasgos desadaptativos de la personalidad son más prevalentes en mujeres, mientras los trastornos de conducta, los trastornos del espectro autista y los trastornos por déficit de atención e hiperactividad, son más prevalentes en hombres; (2) los antecedentes de conducta autolesiva no suicida y los abusos sexuales en la infancia son más prevalentes entre las mujeres; (3) las mujeres atendidas en urgencias por conducta suicida presentan más antecedentes de tentativas previas, y vuelven a repetir un intento con más frecuencia; (4) los fallecimientos por suicidio tras el alta hospitalaria son el doble en hombres que en mujeres; tanto hombres como mujeres tienden a elegir como primer método de suicidio la sobreingesta medicamentosa, pero los hombres escogen con más frecuencia que las mujeres métodos más violentos como son el ahorcamiento o la precipitación. El análisis de regresión logística no permitió identificar un perfil de repetición para ninguno de los dos géneros, pero las correlaciones entre la variable respuesta (reconsulta a los seis meses) eran diferentes en cada género. Para responder a la segunda pregunta, se ha administrado el inventario multiaxial de personalidad de Millon (MACI). De los resultados podemos extraer que ambos géneros presentan puntuaciones elevadas en las dimensiones: Introvertido, Inhibido, Pesimista, Oposicionista y Autopunitivo. Así mismo, ambos géneros presentan puntuaciones bajas en las dimensiones: Histriónico, Egocéntrico y Conformista. Por otro lado, los adolescentes hombres son más inhibidos y presentación una clínica más severa en depresión, ansiedad y tendencia suicida, y una mayor experiencia de abuso referido; mientras que las mujeres presentan mayor tendencia a la delincuencia. Podemos concluir que sería necesario incluir perspectiva de género en todos los abordajes y la planificación de intervenciones de prevención del suicidio, tanto universales, como selectivas e indicadas. Además, en nuestro ámbito sociocultural, se hace necesaria una intervención de prevención universal del suicidio orientada a la privación de acceso a medicación al menos hasta la mayoría de edad, tanto en el ámbito familiar como en farmacias u otros centros con capacidad de dispensar medicación. In the study of suicidal behavior, there have been groups that have received less attention than others, adolescence is one of these groups. In many cases, the conclusions that apply to this life stage are derived from adult studies, but they do not always fit into a stage as complex and changing as adolescence. This is especially important when, among the aspects to be evaluated, we contemplate the personality, making the approach more complex, due to the controversies of the study of personality in a period in which it is taking shape. Another characteristic of the study of suicidal behavior, especially those that study suicidal behavior without fatal outcome, is the greater representation of the female gender, being suicidal behavior without fatal outcome, more frequent in women than in men, and deaths by suicide more frequent in men than in women. By conducting two studies, empirical evidence is offered that aims to shed light on the two questions faced in this doctoral thesis: Are there differences in the suicidal behavior of men and that of adolescent women? And are these differences explicable by different personality profiles, referred problems, and intensity of the symptoms they present? To answer the first question, a retrospective analysis has been carried out of the population of underage patients who were treated for suicidal behavior in the psychiatric hospital emergency service of the Sant Joan de Déu Hospital from November 2013 to November 2019. Derived from the results, it can be concluded that: 1) eating disorders and the presence of maladaptive personality traits are more prevalent in women, while conduct disorders, autism spectrum disorders and deficit disorders attention and hyperactivity, are more prevalent in men; (2) history of non-suicidal self-injurious behavior and childhood sexual abuse are more prevalent among women; (3) women seen in the emergency room for suicidal behavior have a more history of previous attempts, and repeat an attempt more frequently; (4) deaths from suicide after hospital discharge are twice as high in men as in women; both men and women tend to choose drug overdose as their first method of suicide, but men choose more violent methods such as hanging or precipitation more often than women. The logistic regression analysis did not allow us to identify a repetition profile for either of the two genders, but the correlations between the response variable (reconsultation at six months) were different in each gender. To answer the second question, Millon’s multiaxial personality inventory (MACI) has been administered. From the results we can extract that both genders present high scores in the dimensions: Introverted, Inhibited, Pessimistic, Oppositional and Self-punitive. Likewise, both genders present low scores in the dimensions: Histrionic, Egocentric and Conformist. On the other hand, male adolescents are more inhibited and present a more severe clinic in depression, anxiety and suicidal tendency, and a greater experience of referred abuse; while women have a greater tendency to crime. We can conclude that it would be necessary to include a gender perspective in all approaches and planning of suicide prevention interventions, both universal, selective and indicated. In addition, in our sociocultural environment, a universal suicide prevention intervention aimed at depriving access to medication is necessary at least until the age of majority, both in the family environment and in pharmacies or other centers with the capacity to dispense medication. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Psiquiatria

Background. Spatial ability (SA) has long been the focus of research in psychology, because it is associated with performance in science, technologies, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Research has shown that males consistently outperform females in most aspects of SA, which may partially explain the observed overrepresentation of male students seeking STEM degrees. Objective. Tis study examines sex and feld of study (degree) diferences in diferent aspects of spatial ability and its structure. Design. We assessed SA by using an on-line gamifed battery, which included 10 spatial tests capturing 10 dimensions of spatial ability, among which were mental rotation, spatial visualization, spatial scanning, spatial reasoning, perspective-taking, and mechanical reasoning. Te sample consisted of 882 STEM (55% males) and Humanities (20% males) university students in Russia. Results. Males outperformed females on all assessed components of SA with a small efect size (1–11%). We also found that students from STEM felds outperformed Humanities students on all SA subtests (efect size ranged from 0.2 to 7%). Tese diferences by study choice were not fully explained by the observed over-representation of males in the STEM group. Te results of the study suggested no interaction between sex and degree. In other words, on average, males outperformed females, irrespective of whether they were STEM or humanities students; and the STEM advantage was observed for both males and females. Te same unifactorial structure of SA was observed in the STEM and Humanities groups. Conclusion. Our results are consistent with previous research, suggesting sex and study feld diferences in SA. Longitudinal research is needed to explore the causal mechanisms underscoring these diferences.

Background. Gender diferences exist in almost every aspect of our lives. Individuals have an array of diferent social expectations with regard to behaviors, communication,appearance, attitudes, and social roles, but these expectations tend to be based on whether the individual is male or female. Currently, many social studies have been done with the help of virtual reality technologies. Tey have been efectively applied to the study of many social phenomena such as nonverbal communication, social skills training, social anxiety rehabilitation, etc. Recently considerable attention has been paid to issue of gender diferences during social interaction with the virtual partners, avatars. However, the question of gender diferences during interactions with avatars of diverse ethnic appearances has seldom been studied. Objective. Te goal of this study was to investigate the gender peculiarities of interaction with avatars of diferent ethnic appearances. We used the CAVE virtual reality system to study gender diferences in interpersonal distances which were maintained with avatars. Design. We designed four three-dimensional virtual scenes with avatars of four diferent ethnic appearances. Tey were avatars of Slavic, Asian, North Caucasian, and African appearance. All the avatars were male. Te participants (who all identifed as Russians) were immersed in virtual environments with the help of the CAVE virtual reality system. Teir task was to approach the avatar, present herself/himself in any way they wanted, and give instructions for the work. During the task the interpersonal distances between the participants and the avatars were measured. Afer leaving the CAVE, the participants were asked to fll out a questionnaire assessing the Presence efect. Results. Te results showed gender diferences in how much interpersonal distance was maintained: women preferred to keep shorter interpersonal distances with their virtual partners than men did. Moreover, the results showed the impact of ethnic appearance on interpersonal distances. Women approached the avatars of their own ethnic group more closely and kept further away from the avatars of other ethnic groups. Unlike the women, the men stayed the same distance away from the avatars of diferent ethnic groups. Both gender groups kept equally far away from the avatar of African appearance. Gender diferences were also revealed in the participants’ estimates of the Presence efect. Conclusion. We developed a comprehensive method for analyzing the gender differences in interaction with the avatars, including both subjective (the sense of Presence, semantic diferential technique) and objective (assessment of interpersonal distance) characteristics. Tis method allowed us to assess gender variables during the social interaction using both behavioral and psychological responses. Te same method can be applied successfully to the study of gender diferences regarding other social phenomena.

A vinculação acompanha o ser humano durante toda a sua vida, desde da infância até à sua vida adulta. A relação entre os estilos de vinculação e o funcionamento sexual surge pertinentemente como uma área de interesse ainda que permanecendo pouco clarificada. Assim, o presente estudo procurou entender e avaliar o grau de associação entre os estilos de vinculação e o funcionamento sexual bem como determinar o efeito preditivo dos estilos vinculativos no funcionamento sexual, numa amostra normativa (n=1170). Os resultados demonstram o grau de associação entre os diferentes tipos de vinculação e o funcionamento sexual. Na interpretação dos dados, foi também considerando a influência de género entre homens e mulheres, existindo diferenças de género em ambas as variáveis. Os resultados deste estudo surgem como uma moldura compreensiva sobre a influência do processo vinculativo no funcionamento sexual, pelo que oferece respostas a uma compreensão mais ampla nesta área. Este estudo permite assim contribuir para um melhor entendimento sobre as variáveis em estudo, ressalvando a importância de mais estudos que permitam explorar esta temática. The attachment follow the human being throughout his life, from infancy to his adult life. The relationship between attachment styles and sexual functioning appears pertinently as an area of interest although it remains unclear. Thus, the present study sought to understand and evaluate the degree of association between attachment styles and sexual functioning as well as to determine the predictive effect of binding styles on sexual functioning in a normative sample (n = 1170). The results demonstrate the degree of association between different types of attachment and sexual functioning. In the interpretation of the data, it was also considered the influence of gender between men and women, with differences of gender in both variables. The results of this study appear as a comprehensive framework on the influence of the binding process on sexual functioning, thus offering answers to a broader understanding in this area. This study allows to contribute to a better understanding of the study variables, noting the importance of further studies to explore this theme.

Purpose Evaluation of the effects of an individualized home-based unsupervised aerobic training on body composition, physical and physiological parameters in female and male obese adults. Methods Two hundred and twenty obese adults (age 47.9 ± 12.4 years; BMI 38.0 ± 7.2 kg/m2) entered the 4-month training program. Body composition, physiological and functional capacities were assessed pre- and post-intervention. All subjects were requested to perform unsupervised aerobic training with the intensity based on heart rate, walking speed and OMNI-RPE score corresponding to the individual ventilatory threshold for at least 5 days/week. Results After 4-month study period, 40% of patients completed the protocol, 24% had high compliance (HC) (exercise ≥ 3 days/week), while 16% had low compliance (LC) to exercise prescription (exercise

Key words: Romani girls, violence, teenage groups, gender diferences, feminity, masculinity Abstract: The text is based on ethnographic research concerning a group of Roma teenagers in Prague and especially the cooperation with Roma girls belonging to that group. The teenagers often touched upon the issue of violence within their peer communication. The research shows that there are several similar Roma teen groups in Prague which organise street fights against each other. The research was carried out in two stages, the first one of which involved work with the whole group. Violence turned out to be dominant mainly for the boys. However, the girls respected this system as well. For this reason, the girls became the focus of the second stage of the research. The text is supposed to provide an outline discussing the question of violence meaning as seen by the girls and their understanding as well as verbalising the phenomenon in question. Furthermore, the theoretical part includes conceptual frames related to the term of violence and its position in different contexts of social sciences. Violence is connected mostly with the youth, gender and masculinity but also with marginalisation, honour and respect. Theoretical literature concerning female violence is paid attention to as well. Besides, this work...

Este trabalho objetivou compreender os fatores envolvidos na infidelidade em homens e mulheres casados ou coabitando a partir de quatro domínios importantes para sua compreensão: características pessoais, características do companheiro(a), casamento e contexto. Para responder aos objetivos, o tema foi desenvolvido ao longo de cinco estudos. O primeiro artigo tratou de uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre a infidelidade nos últimos cinco anos no cenário nacional e internacional e buscou identificar a maneira como a temática vem sendo pesquisada. Constatou-se deficiências nas pesquisas, tais como a não explicitação da definição da infidelidade, grande diversidade de instrumentos e baixo rigor metodológico. Desta forma, o segundo estudo teve por objetivo propor uma medida de infidelidade a partir do que homens e mulheres consideram comportamentos de infidelidade emocional, sexual, virtual emocional e virtual sexual. Este artigo demonstrou a não existência de diferenças significativas entre os comportamentos de infidelidade de homens e mulheres e sugeriu tratar a infidelidade como um fenômeno único, pois as tipologias acabam por gerar uma visão reducionista do constructo O estudo subsequente tratou de investigar a vivência da infidelidade em homens e mulheres, descrevendo frequência, tipos de comportamentos e motivos de busca da infidelidade. Ambos os sexos tiveram comportamentos de infidelidade semelhantes e o principal motivador foi a insatisfação com a relação e com o companheiro(a). Em seguida, os dois últimos estudos visaram investigar a diferença entre homens e mulheres que foram infiéis daqueles que se mantiveram fiéis ao parceiro(a) e delinear os preditores da infidelidade. Os achados apontaram para o domínio casamento tendo uma grande importância na diferenciação dos grupos, além de ser um preditor da infidelidade juntamente com as variáveis contextuais. Desta forma, dada a importância do domínio casamento para a compreensão da temática, conclui-se que a infidelidade se trata de um fenômeno relacional, demonstrando a necessidade de clínicos avaliarem a qualidade da relação e o contexto que predispõe ao risco de infidelidade. This study aimed to understand the factors involved in infidelity in married or cohabiting men and women considering four important domains: personal characteristics, partner characteristics, marriage and context. To answer the objectives of this thesis, the manuscript was developed over five studies. The first article performed a systematic review of the national and international literature about infidelity in the past five years to identify the infidelity research scenario. The results show some shortcomings in the researchs, such as lack of infidelity definition, great diversity of instruments and low methodological accuracy. The second study aimed to propose an infidelity mesure considering wich behaviors men and women define as emotional, sexual, emotional-virtual and sexual-virtual infidelity. This article evidences the absence of significant differences between the behaviors that men and women consider infidelity and suggest treating infidelity as a unique phenomenon, as far as the typology generates a reducionist view of the construct. The subsequent study investigated the experience of infidelity in men and women, describing frequency, types of behaviors and reasons for infidelity The results show similarites between men and women considering the infidelity behaviors and point to the main raison for infidelity was the partner and relationship dissatisfaction for both men and women. Then the last two studies aimed to investigate the differences between men and women who were unfaithful from those who remained faithful to the partner and to delineate the predictors of the infidelity. The findings pointed that the marriage variables have a great importance in differentiate the groups, besides being a predictor of infidelity with contextual variables. Thus, given the importance of the marriage domain for understanding the phenomenon, it is concluded that infidelity is a relational theme, demonstrating the need for clinicians to assess the quality of the relationship and the context that predispose to the risk of infidelity.