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This article summarises the state of the science on the role of the gut microbiota (GM) in diabetes from a recent international expert forum organised by Diabetes, Diabetes Care, and Diabetologia, which was held at the European Association for the Study of Diabetes 2023 Annual Meeting in Hamburg, Germany. Forum participants included clinicians and basic scientists who are leading investigators in the field of the intestinal microbiome and metabolism. Their conclusions were as follows: (1) the GM may be involved in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, as microbially produced metabolites associate both positively and negatively with the disease, and mechanistic links of GM functions (e.g. genes for butyrate production) with glucose metabolism have recently emerged through the use of Mendelian randomisation in humans; (2) the highly individualised nature of the GM poses a major research obstacle, and large cohorts and a deep-sequencing metagenomic approach are required for robust assessments of associations and causation; (3) because single time point sampling misses intraindividual GM dynamics, future studies with repeated measures within individuals are needed; and (4) much future research will be required to determine the applicability of this expanding knowledge to diabetes diagnosis and treatment, and novel technologies and improved computational tools will be important to achieve this goal.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a typical microbial agent that interferes with the complex mechanisms of gastric homeostasis by disrupting the balance between the host gastric microbiota and mucosa-related factors, ultimately leading to inflammatory changes, dysbiosis, and gastric cancer (GC). We searched this field on the basis of PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Most studies show that H. pylori inhibits the colonization of other bacteria, resulting in a less variety of bacteria in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. When comparing the patients with H. pylori– positive and H. pylori –negative GC, the composition of the gastric microbiome changes with increasing abundance of H. pylori (where present) in the gastritis stage, whereas, as the gastric carcinogenesis cascade progresses to GC, oral and intestinal-type pathogenic microbial strains predominate. H. pylori infection induces a premalignant milieu of atrophy and intestinal metaplasia, and the resulting change in gastric microbiota appears to play an important role in gastric carcinogenesis. The effect of H. pylori –induced GC on GI microbiota is discussed in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Specific intestinal metabolites are closely associated with the classification, severity, and necrosis of acute pancreatitis (AP) and provide novel insights for in-depth clinical investigations. In this study, the gut microbiota and metabolites of 49 AP patients at different treatment stages and severities were analysed via 16S rDNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics to investigate the trends in gut microbiota composition and metabolome profiles observed in patients with severe AP. These findings revealed an imbalance in intestinal flora homeostasis among AP patients characterized by a decrease in probiotics and an increase in opportunistic pathogens, which leads to damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier through reduced short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) secretion and disruption of the intestinal epithelium. This dysbiosis influences energy metabolism, anti-inflammatory responses, and immune regulation, and these results highlight significant differences in energy metabolism pathways. These findings suggest that the differential composition of intestinal flora, along with alterations in intestinal metabolites and metabolic pathways, contribute to the compromised integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier and disturbances in energy metabolism in patients with severe AP.

AbstractThe gastrointestinal (GI) tract hosts a diverse microbiota composed of trillions of microorganisms that play crucial roles in maintaining human homeostasis, health, and overall well-being. Dietary polyphenols, primarily found in edible plants, exhibit intricate interactions with the GI microbiota. These polyphenols undergo biotransformation by microbial activity and can modulate the growth of microorganisms, either promoting or inhibiting their proliferation. The composition of microbes in different segments of the GI tract is highly variable and directly influences polyphenols’ metabolism. Consequently, it is essential to examine the transformation of the microbiota by dietary polyphenols. Despite their significance, the collective impact of dietary polyphenols, GI site, and GI microbiota remains an underexplored area of study, warranting further investigation. This review aims to address the existing research gap by focusing on the site-specific effects of polyphenols on the oral, esophageal, gastric, small intestinal (duodenum, jejunum, ilium), and large intestinal microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specific intestinal metabolites are closely associated with the classification, severity, and necrosis of acute pancreatitis (AP) and provide novel insights for in-depth clinical investigations. In this study, the gut microbiota and metabolites of 49 AP patients at different treatment stages and severities were analysed via 16S rDNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics to investigate the trends in gut microbiota composition and metabolome profiles observed in patients with severe AP. These findings revealed an imbalance in intestinal flora homeostasis among AP patients characterized by a decrease in probiotics and an increase in opportunistic pathogens, which leads to damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier through reduced short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) secretion and disruption of the intestinal epithelium. This dysbiosis influences energy metabolism, anti-inflammatory responses, and immune regulation, and these results highlight significant differences in energy metabolism pathways. These findings suggest that the differential composition of intestinal flora, along with alterations in intestinal metabolites and metabolic pathways, contribute to the compromised integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier and disturbances in energy metabolism in patients with severe AP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The gut microbiota significantly influences gastric cancer development, with H. pylori being a primary risk factor. Other microbes also contribute through chronic inflammation, genotoxic effects, and metabolic changes. Alterations in microbiota can impact the efficacy and side effects of cancer therapies. New microbiome-targeted treatments, including dietary changes, antibiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and fecal transplants, show potential for improving therapeutic outcomes and reducing side effects. Understanding the microbiota's role in gastric cancer could lead to more effective treatment strategies. Emerging evidence highlights the crucial role of gastrointestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection stands out as a primary pathogenic factor. However, interventions such as anti-H. pylori therapy, gastric surgeries, immunotherapy, and chronic inflammation significantly remodel the gastric microbiome, implicating a broader spectrum of microorganisms in cancer development. These microbial populations can modulate gastric carcinogenesis through various mechanisms, including sustained chronic inflammation, bacterial genotoxins, alterations in short-chain fatty acids, elevated gastrointestinal bile acids, impaired mucus barrier function, and increased concentrations of N-nitrosamines and lactic acid. The dynamic changes in gut microbiota also critically influence the outcomes of anti-cancer therapies by modifying drug bioavailability and metabolism, thus affecting therapeutic efficacy and side effect profiles. Additionally, the effectiveness of radiotherapy can be significantly impacted by gut microbiota alterations. Novel therapeutic strategies targeting the microbiome, such as dietary interventions, probiotic and synbiotic supplementation, and fecal microbiota transplantation, are showing promise in cancer treatment. Understanding the intricate relationship between the gut microbiota and gastric cancer is essential for developing new, evidence-based approaches to the prevention and treatment of this malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae are promising as prebiotics in aquaculture. Arthrospira maxima has potential nutritional value but is poorly studied. We assessed A. maxima feed supplementation in tilapia fry and evaluated its effect on growth performance and gut microbiota. Fish were cultivated in ponds under 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% A. maxima inclusion treatments. Growth parameters and biomass proximate analysis were assessed. A meta-amplicon analysis was performed on the gut microbiota using DADA2 and PICRUST2 for functional prediction. Among treatments, the 5% supplementation group seemed to present no negative effect on growth parameters and did not compromise the nutritional quality of tilapia fry biomass. Microbial composition was characterized by Cetobacterium, Pseudomonas and Aeromonas genera, and a predominance of beneficial metabolic pathways. Microbiota of tilapia fry fed with A. maxima showed unique genera with reported beneficial functions in tilapia. The abundance of potential pathogenic taxa was significantly decreased in supplementation treatments, possibly related to valuable compounds of A. maxima. The inclusion of the microalgae supported the stability of the microbiota, favoring the growth of commensal species. This seems to have an effect on decreasing the presence of pathogenic genera in the gastrointestinal tract. Overall, our work proposes 5% feed inclusion of A. maxima to be the most suitable for tilapia fry aquaculture to maintain production rates while improving general health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cetaceans play a crucial role in marine ecosystems; however, research on their gastrointestinal microbiota remains limited due to sampling constraints. In this study, we collected hindgut samples from 12 stranded cetaceans and performed 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to investigate microbial composition and functional potentials. Analysis of ZOTUs profiles revealed that the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes dominated all hindgut samples. However, unique microbial profiles were observed among different cetacean species, with significant separation of gut microbiota communities according to biological evolutionary lineages. Different genera that contain pathogens were observed distinguishing delphinids from physeteroids/ziphiids. Delphinid samples exhibited higher abundances of Vibrio, Escherichia, and Paeniclostridium, whereas physeteroid and ziphiid samples showed higher abundances of Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, and Intestinimonas. Functional analysis indicated convergence in the gut microbiota among all cetaceans, with shared bacterial infection pathways across hindgut samples. In addition, a comparison of the gastrointestinal microbial composition between a stranded short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus) and a stranded roughtoothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis) using 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed distinct microbial community structures and functional capacities. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first report on the gastrointestinal microbiota of the pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata), Blainville’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris), and rough-toothed dolphin, with various comparisons conducted among different cetacean species. Our findings enhance the understanding of microbial composition and diversity in cetacean gastrointestinal microbiota, providing new insights into co-evolution and complex interactions between cetacean microbes and hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe human gastrointestinal microbiota, densely populated with a diverse array of microorganisms primarily from the bacterial phyla Bacteroidota, Bacillota, and Actinomycetota, is crucial for maintaining health and physiological functions. Dietary fibers, particularly pectin, significantly influence the composition and metabolic activity of the gut microbiome. Pectin is fermented by gut bacteria using carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), resulting in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, which provide various health benefits. The gastrointestinal microbiota has evolved to produce CAZymes that target different pectin components, facilitating cross-feeding within the microbial community. This review explores the fermentation of pectin by various gut bacteria, focusing on the involved transport systems, CAZyme families, SCFA synthesis capacity, and effects on microbial ecology in the gut. It addresses the complexities of the gut microbiome’s response to pectin and highlights the importance of microbial cross-feeding in maintaining a balanced and diverse gut ecosystem. Through a systematic analysis of pectinolytic CAZyme production, this review provides insights into the enzymatic mechanisms underlying pectin degradation and their broader implications for human health, paving the way for more targeted and personalized dietary strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a typical microbial agent that interferes with the complex mechanisms of gastric homeostasis by disrupting the balance between the host gastric microbiota and mucosa-related factors, ultimately leading to inflammatory changes, dysbiosis, and gastric cancer (GC). We searched this field on the basis of PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Most studies show that H. pylori inhibits the colonization of other bacteria, resulting in a less variety of bacteria in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. When comparing the patients with H. pylori–positive and H. pylori–negative GC, the composition of the gastric microbiome changes with increasing abundance of H. pylori (where present) in the gastritis stage, whereas, as the gastric carcinogenesis cascade progresses to GC, oral and intestinal-type pathogenic microbial strains predominate. H. pylori infection induces a premalignant milieu of atrophy and intestinal metaplasia, and the resulting change in gastric microbiota appears to play an important role in gastric carcinogenesis. The effect of H. pylori–induced GC on GI microbiota is discussed in this review.

The Western diet is associated with gastrointestinal dysbiosis, an active contributor to the pathophysiology of obesity and its comorbidities. Gastrointestinal dysbiosis is strongly linked to increased adiposity, low-grade inflammation, dyslipidaemia, and insulin resistance in individuals with morbid obesity. Bariatric bypass surgery remains the most effective treatment for achieving significant weight loss and alleviating obesity-related comorbidities. A growing body of evidence indicates that traditional Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) improves the disrupted gut microbiota linked with obesity, potentially contributing to sustained weight loss and reduction of comorbidities. One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass (OAGB), a relatively new and technically simpler bariatric procedure, has shown both safety and efficacy in promoting weight loss and improving comorbidities. Few studies have investigated the impact of OAGB on gut microbiota. This review provides insights into the pathogenesis of obesity, current treatment strategies and our current understanding of the gut microbiota in health and disease, including modulating the gut microbiota as a promising and novel way to alleviate the burden of obesity and cardiometabolic conditions. By exploring the impact of gastric bypass surgery on gut microbiota-host interactions, we aim to shed light on this evolving field of research and uncover potential therapeutic targets for elevating outcomes in bariatric surgery.

Mastitis affects almost all mammals including humans and dairy cows. In the dairy industry, bovine mastitis is a disease with a persistently high incidence, causing serious losses to the health of cows, the quality of dairy products, and the economy of dairy farms. Although local udder infection caused by the invasion of exogenous pathogens into the mammary gland was considered the main cause of mastitis, evidence has been established and continues to grow, showing that nutrition factors and gastrointestinal microbiome (GM) as well as their metabolites are also involved in the development of mammary inflammatory response. Suboptimal nutrition is recognized as a risk factor for increased susceptibility to mastitis in cattle, in particular the negative energy balance. The majority of data regarding nutrition and bovine mastitis involves micronutrients. In addition, the dysbiotic GM can directly trigger or aggravate mastitis through entero-mammary gland pathway. The decreased beneficial commensal bacteria, lowered bacterial diversity, and increased pathogens as well as proinflammatory metabolites are found in both the milk and gastrointestinal tract of mastitic dairy cows. This review discussed the relationship between the nutrition (energy and micronutrient levels) and mastitis, summarized the role of GM and metabolites in regulating mastitis. Meanwhile, several non-antibiotics strategies were provided for the prevention and alleviation of mastitis, including micronutrients, probiotics, short-chain fatty acids, high-fiber diet, inulin, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor.

Introduction: Extensive research efforts have been dedicated to elucidating the intricate pathways by which gastrointestinal microbiota and their metabolites exert influence on the processes of bone formation. Nonetheless, a notable gap exists in the literature concerning a bibliometric analysis of research trends at the nexus of gastrointestinal microbiota and bone metabolism. Methods: To address this scholarly void, the present study employs a suite of bibliometric tools including online platforms, CiteSpace and VOSviewer to scrutinize the pertinent literature in the realm of gastrointestinal microbiota and bone metabolism. Results and discussion: Examination of the temporal distribution of publications spanning from 2000 to 2023 reveals a discernible upward trajectory in research output, characterized by an average annual growth rate of 19.2%. Notably, China and the United States emerge as primary contributors. Predominant among contributing institutions are Emory University, Harvard University, and the University of California. Pacifici R from Emory University contributed themost research with 15 publications. In the realm of academic journals, Nutrients emerges as the foremost publisher, followed closely by Frontiers in Microbiology and PLOS One. And PLOS One attains the highest average citations of 32.48. Analysis of highly cited papers underscores a burgeoning interest in the therapeutic potential of probiotics or probiotic blends in modulating bone metabolism by augmenting host immune responses. Notably, significant research attention has coalesced around the therapeutic interventions of probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus reuteri, in osteoporosis, as well as the role of gastrointestinalmicrobiota in the etiology and progression of osteoarthritis. Keyword analysis reveals prevalent terms including gut microbiota, osteoporosis, bone density, probiotics, inflammation, SCFAs, metabolism, osteoarthritis, calcium absorption, obesity, double-blind, prebiotics, mechanisms, postmenopausal women, supplementation, risk factors, oxidative stress, and immune system. Future research endeavors warrant a nuanced exploration of topics such as inflammation, obesity, SCFAs, postmenopausal osteoporosis, skeletal muscle, oxidative stress, double-blind trials, and pathogenic mechanisms. In summary, this study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of global research on the interplay between gastrointestinal microbiota and bone metabolism, offering valuable insights for scholars, particularly nascent researchers, embarking on analogous investigations within this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Anxiety and cognitive dysfunction are frequent, difficult to treat and burdensome comorbidities in human and canine epilepsy. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been shown to modulate behavior in rodent models by altering the gastrointestinal microbiota (GIM). This study aims to investigate the beneficial effects of FMT on behavioral comorbidities in a canine translational model of epilepsy. Methods: Nine dogs with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) and behavioral comorbidities were recruited. The fecal donor had epilepsy with unremarkable behavior, which exhibited a complete response to phenobarbital, resulting in it being seizure-free long term. FMTs were performed three times, two weeks apart, and the dogs had follow-up visits at three and six months after FMTs. Comprehensive behavioral analysis, including formerly validated questionnaires and behavioral tests for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)- and fear- and anxiety-like behavior, as well as cognitive dysfunction, were conducted, followed by objective computational analysis. Blood samples were taken for the analysis of antiseizure drug (ASD) concentrations, hematology, and biochemistry. Urine neurotransmitter concentrations were measured. Fecal samples were subjected to analysis using shallow DNA shotgun sequencing, realtime polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based Dysbiosis Index (DI) assessment, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) quantification. Results: Following FMT, the patients showed improvement in ADHD-like behavior, fear- and anxiety-like behavior, and quality of life. The excitatory neurotransmitters aspartate and glutamate were decreased, while the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABA/glutamate ratio were increased compared to baseline. Only minor taxonomic changes were observed, with a decrease in Firmicutes and a Blautia_A species, while a Ruminococcus species increased. Functional gene analysis, SCFA concentration, blood parameters, and ASD concentrations remained unchanged. Discussion: Behavioral comorbidities in canine IE could be alleviated by FMT. This study highlights FMT's potential as a novel approach to improving behavioral comorbidities and enhancing the quality of life in canine patients with epilepsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbiota, defined as the ecological community of microorganisms living on and in a host, is comprised of hundreds of species that perform functions that are important to human health. The taxonomic composition of microbiota can vary dramatically through a person’s life, reflecting changes in lifestyle, nutrition, and medication usage. Changes in the microbiota have been linked to a range of diseases states including gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders, and even Alzheimer’s disease. Obesity is also believed to be linked to microbiota, so there is growing interest in treating obesity by altering microbiota composition through the administration of antibiotics, probiotics and prebiotics. In this work, we assessed the effects of administration of probiotic bacteria and prebiotic fiber on the composition of gastrointestinal microbiota cultured in an in vitro system that simulates the distal part of the human colon. We hypothesized that adding probiotics and prebiotics to cultured microbiota obtained from an obese person’s feces would alter the microbial composition. We assessed changes in the microbiome using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results indicate that the addition of both probiotic organisms and prebiotic fiber changes the composition of gastrointestinal microbiota, as assessed by the Before-After ControlImpact design analysis. We also observed a reduction of bacterial biodiversity during the 72 hr period of the experiment in the in vitro system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vonoprazan, a potassium‐competitive acid blocker, is superior to traditional proton pump inhibitor (PPI) in acid suppression and has been approved in the treatment of acid‐related disorders. Accumulating evidence suggest associations between PPI use and gut microbiota, yet the effect of vonoprazan on GI microbiota is obscure. Methods: Transgenic FVB/N insulin‐gastrin (INS‐GAS) mice as a model of gastric cancer (GC) were administered vonoprazan by gavage every other day for 12 weeks. Stomachs were evaluated by histopathology, Ki‐67 proliferation index, and inflammatory cytokines. The mucosal and lumen microbiota from stomach, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and feces were detected using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: Higher incidence of intestinal metaplasia and epithelial proliferation were observed in the vonoprazan group than that in the control mice. Vonoprazan also elevated the gastric expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6. Each mice comprised a unique microbiota composition that was consistent across different niches. The structure of GI microbiota changed dramatically after vonoprazan treatment with the stomach being the most disturbed segment. Vonoprazan administration shifted the gut microbiota toward the enrichment of pathogenic Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Bilophila, and the loss of commensal Prevotella, Bifidobacterium, and Faecalibacterium. Interestingly, compared to the controls, microbial interactions were weaker in the stomach while stronger in the jejunum of the vonoprazan group. Conclusions: Long‐term vonoprazan treatment promoted gastric lesions in male INS‐GAS mice, with the disequilibrium of GI microbiome. The clinical application of vonoprazan needs to be judicious particularly among those with high risk of GC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Axial spondyloarthritis, also referred to as ankylosing spondylitis, is a chronic inflammatory condition that predominantly affects the axial spine but may also present with peripheral arthritis. It falls within the umbrella of disorders known as spondyloarthropathies. In addition to axial spondyloarthritis, this group includes psoriatic arthritis, enteropathic arthritis, reactive arthritis, and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy, with axial spondyloarthritis being one of the most common. The overall mechanisms underlying the development of axial spondyloarthritis are complex and multifactorial. There is a significant and well-recognized association between axial spondyloarthritis and the HLA-B27 gene, but there have also been non-HLA genes identified in the disease process, as well as certain inflammatory cytokines that play a role in the inflammatory process, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF). More recently, there has been research and new evidence linking changes in the gut microbiota to the disease process of axial spondyloarthritis. Research into the role of the gut microbiota and gut dysbiosis is a large, ever-growing field. It has been associated with a multitude of conditions, including axial spondyloarthritis. This mini-review highlights the symbiotic relationship of the gut microbiota with the pathogenesis, therapeutic agents and future treatments of axial spondyloarthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The microbiome is known to have a substantial impact on human health and disease. However, the impacts of the microbiome on immune system development, susceptibility to infectious diseases, and vaccine-elicited immune responses are emerging areas of interest. Areas covered: In this review, we provide an overview of development of the microbiome during childhood. We highlight available data suggesting that the microbiome is critical to maturation of the immune system and modifies susceptibility to a variety of infections during childhood and adolescence, including respiratory tract infections, Clostridioides difficile infection, and sexually transmitted infections. We discuss currently available and investigational therapeutics that have the potential to modify the microbiome to prevent or treat infections among children. Finally, we review the accumulating evidence that the gut microbiome influences vaccine-elicited immune responses among children. Expert opinion: Recent advances in sequencing technologies have led to an explosion of studies associating the human microbiome with the risk and severity of infectious diseases. As our knowledge of the extent to which the microbiome influences childhood infections continues to grow, microbiome-based diagnostics and therapeutics will increasingly be incorporated into clinical practice to improve the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases among children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about shifts in the fecal microbiome of dairy calves preceding and following the incidence of gastrointestinal disease. The objective of this cohort study was to describe the fecal microbiome of preweaned dairy calves before, during, and after gastrointestinal disease. A total of 111 Holstein dairy calves were enrolled on 2 dairies (D1 and D2) and followed until 5 weeks old. Health assessments were performed weekly and fecal samples were collected every other week. Of the 111 calves, 12 calves from D1 and 12 calves from D2 were retrospectively defined as healthy, and 7 calves from D1 and 11 calves from D2 were defined as diarrheic. Samples from these calves were sequenced targeting the 16S rRNA gene and compared based on health status within age groups and farms: healthy (0-1 week old) vs. pre-diarrheic (0-1 week old), healthy (2-3 weeks old) vs. diarrheic (2-3 weeks old), and healthy (4-5 weeks old) vs. post-diarrheic (4-5 weeks old) calves. Healthy and diarrheic samples clustered together based on age rather than health status on both farms. Based on linear discriminant analysis, a few species were identified to be differently enriched when comparing health status within age groups and farm. Among them, Bifidobacterium sp. was differently enriched in pre-diarrheic calves at D1 (0-1 week old) whereas healthy calves of the same age group and farm showed a higher abundance of Escherichia coli. Bifidobacterium sp. was identified as a biomarker of fecal samples from healthy calves (2-3 weeks old) on D1 when compared with diarrheic calves of the same age group and farm. Feces from diarrheic calves on D2 (2-3 weeks old) were characterized by taxa from Peptostreptococcus and Anaerovibrio genera whereas fecal samples of age-matched healthy calves were characterized by Collinsella aerofaciens and Bifidobacterium longum. After resolution of uncomplicated diarrhea (4-5 weeks old), Collinsella aerofaciens was more abundant in D2 calves whereas Bacteriodes uniformis was more abundant in D1 calves. Taken together, these findings suggest that the age of the preweaned calf is the major driver of changes to fecal microbiome composition and diversity even in the face of uncomplicated gastrointestinal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharides derived from Alhagi camelorum Fisch possess diverse activities, making them a potential prebiotic candidates for enhancing lamb health. This study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of Alhagi camelorum Fisch polysaccharides from Aksu (AK) and Shanshan (SS) regions on sheep lambs. The results showed that sheep lambs in the SS group exhibited significantly increased (p < 0.05) average daily gain, levels of growth hormone (GH), insulin (INS), IgA and IgM, and cytokines IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α and IFN-γ compared to those in the control check (CK) group. Moreover, the SS treatment significantly increased the diversity and abundance of beneficial bacteria, while concurrently diminishing the prevalence of harmful bacteria. Additionally, it modulated various metabolic pathways, promoted lamb growth, improved immunity, reduced the risk of gastrointestinal disease and improved the composition of gastrointestinal microbiota. In summary, our findings highlight the potential of SS treatment in enhancing gastrointestinal health of sheep lambs by improving intestinal function, immunity, and gut microbiome. Consequently, these results suggest that Alhagi camelorum Fisch polysaccharides derived from Shanshan regions holds promising potential as a valuable intervention for optimizing growth performance in sheep lambs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive review investigates the specific impact of the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) on gastrointestinal health, focusing on its connection to post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS). This review examines the pathogen's pathophysiology, clinical implications and epidemiological trends using recent research and data to highlight its prevalence and association with PI-IBS. A detailed literature analysis synthesizes current research to illuminate Campylobacter's long-lasting effects on gut microbiota and intestinal function. It provides a detailed analysis of the literature to shed light on C. jejuni's long-term impact on gut microbiota and intestinal function. The findings suggest the need for multifaceted prevention and treatment approaches considering individual, microbial and epidemiological factors, thus contributing to a more nuanced understanding of PI-IBS following C. jejuni infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune gastrointestinal disease triggered by dietary gluten, occurring in genetically predisposed individuals. Currently, a gluten-free diet is the only current evidenced-based treatment for CD. With the growing prevalence of this condition worldwide, adjuvant therapies are needed. We understand that there are several factors that influence the pathogenesis of the condition. There is a complex interplay between genetics, environmental triggers, the immune system and gut microbiota. Recently, there has been a growing focus on the significance of gut microbiota in several autoimmune-based conditions. In particular, there has been much research involving the role of microbial flora and CD. Here, in this mini-review, we highlight the importance of gut microbiota and the symbiotic relationship with the host, introduce key factors that influence the development of the intestinal flora in early colonization, and ultimately explore its role in the pathogenesis of CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionAnxiety and cognitive dysfunction are frequent, difficult to treat and burdensome comorbidities in human and canine epilepsy. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been shown to modulate behavior in rodent models by altering the gastrointestinal microbiota (GIM). This study aims to investigate the beneficial effects of FMT on behavioral comorbidities in a canine translational model of epilepsy.MethodsNine dogs with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) and behavioral comorbidities were recruited. The fecal donor had epilepsy with unremarkable behavior, which exhibited a complete response to phenobarbital, resulting in it being seizure-free long term. FMTs were performed three times, two weeks apart, and the dogs had follow-up visits at three and six months after FMTs. Comprehensive behavioral analysis, including formerly validated questionnaires and behavioral tests for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)- and fear- and anxiety-like behavior, as well as cognitive dysfunction, were conducted, followed by objective computational analysis. Blood samples were taken for the analysis of antiseizure drug (ASD) concentrations, hematology, and biochemistry. Urine neurotransmitter concentrations were measured. Fecal samples were subjected to analysis using shallow DNA shotgun sequencing, real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based Dysbiosis Index (DI) assessment, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) quantification.ResultsFollowing FMT, the patients showed improvement in ADHD-like behavior, fear- and anxiety-like behavior, and quality of life. The excitatory neurotransmitters aspartate and glutamate were decreased, while the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABA/glutamate ratio were increased compared to baseline. Only minor taxonomic changes were observed, with a decrease in Firmicutes and a Blautia_A species, while a Ruminococcus species increased. Functional gene analysis, SCFA concentration, blood parameters, and ASD concentrations remained unchanged.DiscussionBehavioral comorbidities in canine IE could be alleviated by FMT. This study highlights FMT’s potential as a novel approach to improving behavioral comorbidities and enhancing the quality of life in canine patients with epilepsy.

A 56-day feeding period was performed to investigate the possible impacts of dietary nano curcumin (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm) on the growth, nutrient utilization, non-specific immune parameters, antioxidants in Nile tilapia under chronic low temperature (21.02 ± 0.11 °C). Fishes (n = 225; Initial weight = 4.39 ± 0.08 g/fish) were randomly stocked at 15 fish/tank for five experimental groups in triplicates. Under low-temperature circumstances, dietary curcumin in nano form showed no notable alteration in growth variable, nutrient efficiency, digestive enzymes efficiency, biometric indices, survival rates, and hematological components. Meanwhile, the serum of fishes with nano curcumin diets under low-temperature stress displayed higher total protein as well as lower glucose, cortisol, and total cholesterol compared with the control group. Moreover, fish fed nano curcumin diets displayed higher lysozyme and bactericidal activities compared to the control group and the best performance was found at dietary nano curcumin level of ≥100 ppm. Also, groups fed the basal diet demonstrated the poorest antioxidant capacity, and the best superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) existed in fish with nano curcumin diets while the best catalase (CAT) efficiency occurred at higher nano curcumin levels ≥100 ppm. In addition, higher counts of intestinal microbiota in terms of total bacterial count (TBC), total yeast and molds count (TYMC), and coliform were noticed in fish consumed the basal diet compared to groups fed on nano curcumin diets. In conclusion, incorporating nano curcumin at a level of ≥100 mg/kg diet (particularly at 150 mg/kg) improved a non-specific immune response, antioxidant, and healthier gastrointestinal microbiota in Nile tilapia under chronic low-temperature stress.

Little is known about shifts in the fecal microbiome of dairy calves preceding and following the incidence of gastrointestinal disease. The objective of this cohort study was to describe the fecal microbiome of preweaned dairy calves before, during, and after gastrointestinal disease. A total of 111 Holstein dairy calves were enrolled on 2 dairies (D1 and D2) and followed until 5 weeks old. Health assessments were performed weekly and fecal samples were collected every other week. Of the 111 calves, 12 calves from D1 and 12 calves from D2 were retrospectively defined as healthy, and 7 calves from D1 and 11 calves from D2 were defined as diarrheic. Samples from these calves were sequenced targeting the 16S rRNA gene and compared based on health status within age groups and farms: healthy (0–1 week old) vs. pre-diarrheic (0–1 week old), healthy (2–3 weeks old) vs. diarrheic (2–3 weeks old), and healthy (4–5 weeks old) vs. post-diarrheic (4–5 weeks old) calves. Healthy and diarrheic samples clustered together based on age rather than health status on both farms. Based on linear discriminant analysis, a few species were identified to be differently enriched when comparing health status within age groups and farm. Among them, Bifidobacterium sp. was differently enriched in pre-diarrheic calves at D1 (0–1 week old) whereas healthy calves of the same age group and farm showed a higher abundance of Escherichia coli. Bifidobacterium sp. was identified as a biomarker of fecal samples from healthy calves (2–3 weeks old) on D1 when compared with diarrheic calves of the same age group and farm. Feces from diarrheic calves on D2 (2–3 weeks old) were characterized by taxa from Peptostreptococcus and Anaerovibrio genera whereas fecal samples of age-matched healthy calves were characterized by Collinsella aerofaciens and Bifidobacterium longum. After resolution of uncomplicated diarrhea (4–5 weeks old), Collinsella aerofaciens was more abundant in D2 calves whereas Bacteriodes uniformis was more abundant in D1 calves. Taken together, these findings suggest that the age of the preweaned calf is the major driver of changes to fecal microbiome composition and diversity even in the face of uncomplicated gastrointestinal disease.

Polysaccharides derived from Alhagi camelorum Fisch possess diverse activities, making them a potential prebiotic candidates for enhancing lamb health. This study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of Alhagi camelorum Fisch polysaccharides from Aksu (AK) and Shanshan (SS) regions on sheep lambs. The results showed that sheep lambs in the SS group exhibited significantly increased (p < 0.05) average daily gain, levels of growth hormone (GH), insulin (INS), IgA and IgM, and cytokines IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α and IFN-γ compared to those in the control check (CK) group. Moreover, the SS treatment significantly increased the diversity and abundance of beneficial bacteria, while concurrently diminishing the prevalence of harmful bacteria. Additionally, it modulated various metabolic pathways, promoted lamb growth, improved immunity, reduced the risk of gastrointestinal disease and improved the composition of gastrointestinal microbiota. In summary, our findings highlight the potential of SS treatment in enhancing gastrointestinal health of sheep lambs by improving intestinal function, immunity, and gut microbiome. Consequently, these results suggest that Alhagi camelorum Fisch polysaccharides derived from Shanshan regions holds promising potential as a valuable intervention for optimizing growth performance in sheep lambs.

Introduction: This study investigated the effects of rumen-protected sulfurcontaining amino acids (RPSAA) on the rumen and jejunal microbiota as well as on the metabolites and meat quality of the longissimus lumborum (LL) in Tibetan sheep. Methods: By combining 16S rDNA sequencing with UHPLC-Q-TOF MS and Pearson correlation analysis, the relationship between gastrointestinal microbiota, muscle metabolites and meat quality was identified. Results: The results showed that feeding RPSAA can increase the carcass weight, abdominal fat thickness (AP-2 group), and back fat thickness (AP-2 and AP-3 group) of Tibetan sheep. The water holding capacity (WHC), texture, and shear force (SF) of LL in the two groups also increased although the fatty acids content and brightness (L*) value significantly decreased in the AP-2 group. Metabolomics and correlation analysis further showed that RPSAA could significantly influence the metabolites in purine metabolism, thereby affecting L* and SF. In addition, RPSAA was beneficial for the fermentation of the rumen and jejunum. In both groups, the abundance of Prevotella 1, Lachnospiraceae NK3A20 group, Prevotella UCG-003, Lachnospiraceae ND3007 group in the rumen as well as the abundance of Eubacterium nodatum group and Mogibacterium group in the jejunum increased. In contrast, that of Turicibacter pathogens in the jejunum was reduced. The above microorganisms could regulate meat quality by regulating the metabolites (inosine, hypoxanthine, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, etc.) in purine and fatty acids metabolism. Discussion: Overall, reducing the levels of crude proteins in the diet and feeding RPSAA is likely to improve the carcass quality of Tibetan sheep, with the addition of RPMET (AP-2) yielding the best edible quality, possibly due to its ability to influence the gastrointestinal microbiota to subsequently regulate muscle metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Currently, the worldwide livestock sector is facing the problem of producing sufficient feed resources. Alternative sources of proteinaceous ingredients are needed to feed the ever-increasing number of farm animals. Consumers are also aware of the negative environmental impacts of soybean and fishmeal production. For these reasons, novel feeding ingredients causing low environmental burden should be developed and used in the farm animal industries. In the present study, a combined dietary supplementation with Tenebrio molitor larvae and chitosan in pig diets was carried out. Forty-eight weaned pigs (34 days of life; mixed sex) were assigned into four treatment groups: a control group (Group A), a group supplemented with 10% T. molitor larvae (Group B), a group supplemented with 0.05% chitosan (Group C), and a group supplemented with both 10% T. molitor larvae and 0.05% chitosan (Group D). The experimental period lasted 42 days (from 34 to 76 days of life). The results showed that T. molitor larvae supplementation improved the overall performance of the pigs, modified the fecal microbiota as well as the red blood cell content, and enhanced specific quality parameters of the meat such as phenolic content, oxidative stability, fatty acid profile, and color. Although chitosan supplementation did not affect the overall performance, it affected the blood lymphocyte count and the gut microbiota, while it also improved some meat quality parameters. Moreover, the combined supplementation of T. molitor and chitosan had positive effects on the zootechnical parameters, the fecal microbial populations, and the color and fatty acid profile of the meat. Nowadays, the global animal industry faces considerable challenges in securing sufficient feed resources. Responding to consumer demands for reduced use of antibiotics in animal nutrition, better animal welfare status, and reduced impact on the environment, there is an increased urgency to develop innovative functional feeds with a reduced environmental footprint and the ability to improve meat quality and safety. In an effort to explore innovative feed ingredients for growing pig diets, the combined dietary supplementation of Tenebrio molitor larvae and chitosan was investigated. An experimental trial was performed with 48 weaned pigs (34 days of life; mixed sex) that were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (with six males and six females each): Group A (control), Group B (supplemented with T. molitor larvae at 10%), Group C (supplemented with chitosan at 0.05%), and Group D (supplemented with both ingredients at 10% and 0.05%, respectively). On the 42nd day of the experimental trial, samples of blood, feces, and carcass parts were taken for analysis. The results indicated that the insect larvae meal significantly improved (p < 0.05) overall performance, increased (p < 0.05) blood red blood cell content, increased meat phenolic content (p < 0.05), improved meat oxidative stability (p < 0.05), and affected meat fatty acid profile (p < 0.05). On the other hand, chitosan had no significant effect on overall performance (p > 0.05), but it significantly increased blood lymphocyte content (p < 0.05), affected the fecal microbiota (p < 0.05), improved meat oxidative stability (p < 0.05), increased meat phenolic content (p < 0.05), and affected meat fatty acid composition (p < 0.05) and (p < 0.05) meat color. Finally, the combined use of both T. molitor and chitosan significantly affected some important zootechnical parameters (p < 0.05), fecal microbial populations (p < 0.05), meat color (p < 0.05), and fatty acid profile (p < 0.05). Further investigation into the potential interaction between insect larvae meals and chitosan in pig diets is advised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) are cecal fermenters; the health of their gastrointestinal system contributes significantly to their overall wellbeing, yet minimal data are available regarding the composition of the microbiota present in different segments of their gastrointestinal tract. This study addresses the knowledge gap regarding the gastrointestinal microbiota in healthy chinchillas. Notably, the cecum and colon displayed significantly higher microbiota abundance compared with the proximal gastrointestinal segments, with cellulose-degrading bacteria as the core microbiota. In contrast, the stomach and small intestine exhibited lower microbiota abundance, with characteristic microbiota possessing acid-resistant properties. Moreover, the Atopobiaceae family was discovered in the proximal gastrointestinal tract of the chinchilla, which is the first report of its presence in the gastrointestinal tract of cecal fermenters. The gastrointestinal microbiota develop alongside the host and play a vital role in the health of cecal fermenters such as chinchillas. However, little is known about the microbiota architecture in healthy chinchillas. Illumine-based 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was used to investigate the microbiota present in six different gastrointestinal tract regions of three healthy adult chinchillas. The findings revealed significantly more abundant microbiota in the large intestine compared with the proximal segments. In addition, the cecum exhibited better evenness compared to the colon. The core microbiota are Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota, and Proteobacteria at the phylum level. The signature microbiota of each segment were identified. The cecum had 10 signature microbiota, which had the widest coverage and overlapped with that of the cecum. The stomach had five signature microbiota, exhibiting the second widest coverage and overlapping with the duodenum. No signature microbiota were detected in the jejunum and ileum. While similarities exist with the microbiota of other cecal fermenters, chinchillas exhibit distinct microbiota closely related to their unique digestive mechanisms. This study is a preliminary study of the gastrointestinal microbiota architecture and distribution in healthy chinchillas. Further study is needed in order to better understand the effect of gastrointestinal microbiota on the health of the chinchilla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In healthy individuals, there is a favourable balance between commensal and potentially pathogenic bacteria. When the balance is broken, the host might suffer from gastrointestinal cancer. Studies have shown that high-fat diet can alter the composition of gastrointestinal microbiota, gastrointestinal microbiota may promote gastrointestinal cancer by affecting metabolites of gastrointestinal microbiota, leading to loss of gastrointestinal barrier function, suppressing anti-tumor immunity, etc. In this work, we will summary the current knowledge on relations and possible mechanisms of high-fat diet-associated gastrointestinal microbiota and gastrointestinal cancer. To provide new ideas for the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this review is to systematically analyze the potential correlation between gut microbiota and osteoarthritis (OA) as well as to evaluate the feasibility of microbiota-targeted therapies for treating OA. Studies conducted from October 2013 to October 2023 were identified via a search on electronic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, following established PRISMA statement standards. Two reviewers independently screened, assessed, and extracted relevant data, and then they graded the studies using the ROBINS I tool for non-randomized interventions studies and SYRCLE's risk-of-bias tool for animal studies. A search through 370 studies yielded 38 studies (24 preclinical and 14 clinical) that were included. In vivo research has predominantly concentrated on modifying the gut microbiota microenvironment, using dietary supplements, probiotics, and prebiotics to modify the OA status. Lactobacilli are the most thoroughly examined with Lactobacillus acidophilus found to effectively reduce cartilage damage, inflammatory factors, and pain. Additionally, Lactobacillus M5 inhibits the development of OA by preventing high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and protecting cartilage from damage. Although there are limited clinical studies, certain compositions of intestinal microbiota may be associated with onset and progression of OA, while others are linked to pain reduction in OA patients. Based on preclinical studies, there is evidence to suggest that the gut microbiota could play a significant role in the development and progression of OA. However, due to the scarcity of clinical studies, the exact mechanism linking the gut microbiota and OA remains unclear. Further research is necessary to evaluate specific gut microbiota compositions, potential pathogens, and their corresponding signaling pathways that contribute to the onset and progression of OA. This will help to validate the potential of targeting gut microbiota for treating OA patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 56-day feeding period was performed to investigate the possible impacts of dietary nano curcumin (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm) on the growth, nutrient utilization, non-specific immune parameters, antioxidants in Nile tilapia under chronic low temperature (21.02 ± 0.11 °C). Fishes (n = 225; Initial weight = 4.39 ± 0.08 g/fish) were randomly stocked at 15 fish/tank for five experimental groups in triplicates. Under low-temperature circumstances, dietary curcumin in nano form showed no notable alteration in growth variable, nutrient efficiency, digestive enzymes efficiency, biometric indices, survival rates, and hematological components. Meanwhile, the serum of fishes with nano curcumin diets under low-temperature stress displayed higher total protein as well as lower glucose, cortisol, and total cholesterol compared with the control group. Moreover, fish fed nano curcumin diets displayed higher lysozyme and bactericidal activities compared to the control group and the best performance was found at dietary nano curcumin level of ≥100 ppm. Also, groups fed the basal diet demonstrated the poorest antioxidant capacity, and the best superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) existed in fish with nano curcumin diets while the best catalase (CAT) efficiency occurred at higher nano curcumin levels ≥100 ppm. In addition, higher counts of intestinal microbiota in terms of total bacterial count (TBC), total yeast and molds count (TYMC), and coliform were noticed in fish consumed the basal diet compared to groups fed on nano curcumin diets. In conclusion, incorporating nano curcumin at a level of ≥100 mg/kg diet (particularly at 150 mg/kg) improved a non-specific immune response, antioxidant, and healthier gastrointestinal microbiota in Nile tilapia under chronic low-temperature stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Preterm birth is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Despite evidence shows that imbalances in the maternal microbiome associates to the risk of preterm birth, the mechanisms underlying the association between a perturbed microbiota and preterm birth remain poorly understood. Method Applying shotgun metagenomic analysis on 80 gut microbiotas of 43 mothers, we analyzed the taxonomic composition and metabolic function in gut microbial communities between preterm and term mothers. Results Gut microbiome of mothers delivering prematurely showed decreased alpha diversity and underwent significant reorganization, especially during pregnancy. SFCA-producing microbiomes, particularly species of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Eubacteriaceae, were significantly depleted in preterm mothers. Lachnospiraceae and its species were the main bacteria contributing to species’ differences and metabolic pathways. Conclusion Gut microbiome of mothers delivering prematurely has altered and demonstrates the reduction of Lachnospiraceae.

This trial assessed for 90 days the influences of dietary organic acids mixture (Aquagest ® OM) on the performance of Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata; n = 360; initial weight= 9.15 ± 0.10 g). A diet without organic acids supplement was specified as control (D0), whereas another five diets were supplemented by 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5% for diets D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5, respectively. The fish fed on the control diet [D0] and 0.5% organic acids mixture-based diet [D5] exhibited the lowest final weight [Wt.90], weight gain [Wt.G.], average daily gain [A.D.G.], specific growth rate [S.G.R.], and feed intake [F.I.], as well as the highest feed conversion ratio [F.C.R.]. In comparison, the best results were with 0.2% and 0.3% organic acids mixture-based diets [D2 and D3]. The condition factor (K) rises when the amount of organic acid mixture in the diet is increased ≥ 0.2% [D2 – D5]. At the same time, the highest hepatosomatic indices [H.S.I.] were in the D5 and D1 groups. Furthermore, the lowest values for hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cells [RBCs] were observed in fish fed a basal diet, and the highest records were in fish-fed D2 and D3 diets. The best lysozyme and phagocytic activities were in D2 and D3 groups. Regarding total bacterial count, Vibrio, and Escherichia coli, fish given a basal diet (D0) showed the highest microbiota records, while fish fed on diets fortified with organic acids exhibited lower counts. No alterations between the experimental groups in body proximate composition, white blood cells [WBCs], total proteins, alanine transaminase [ALT], aspartate transaminase [AST], albumin, urea, creatinine, and acid-fermentative bacteria counts. In conclusion, based on the polynomial regression analysis of S.G.R., F.C.R., lysozyme activity, and phagocytic activity on organic acids levels, the optimal levels of the organic acids mixture ranged from 0.18% to 0.28%.

ABSTRACTBacteria synchronize social behaviors via a cell-cell communication and interaction mechanism termed as quorum sensing (QS). QS has been extensively studied in monocultures and proved to be intensively involved in bacterial virulence and infection. Despite the role QS plays in pathogens during laboratory engineered infections has been proved, the potential functions of QS related to pathogenesis in context of microbial consortia remain poorly understood. In this review, we summarize the basic molecular mechanisms of QS, primarily focusing on pathogenic microbes driving gastrointestinal (GI) infections. We further discuss how GI pathogens disequilibrate the homeostasis of the indigenous microbial consortia, rebuild a realm dominated by pathogens, and interact with host under worsening infectious conditions via pathogen-biased QS signaling. Additionally, we present recent applications and main challenges of manipulating QS network in microbial consortia with the goal of better understanding GI bacterial sociality and facilitating novel therapies targeting bacterial infections.

Simple Summary: Fermented distillers' grains are a common dietary supplement for livestock and poultry, aimed at improving health and metabolism. Despite this, there is a lack of studies examining the effect of fermented distillers' grains intake on the gastrointestinal microbiota and metabolites in cattle. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of partially substituting traditional feed with fermented distillers' grains on the gastrointestinal flora and metabolic profile of Guanling cattle. The results indicate that the fermented distillers' grains replacement diet altered the microbial community structure in the abomasum and cecum of the cattle. Furthermore, it increased the abundance of probiotics while decreasing the abundance of potential pathogenic bacteria, thereby improving the overall gastrointestinal health of the cattle to some extent. The differential metabolites present in the abomasum and cecum contents of Guanling cattle demonstrated a significant enrichment in metabolic pathways, including primary bile acid biosynthesis and choline metabolism in cancer. Moreover, a noteworthy correlation was observed between the differential metabolites and the differential bacterial genera. This study's outcomes offer a scientific reference for the potential employment of FDG as a feed resource in cattle. Fermented distillers' grains (FDG) are commonly used to enhance the health and metabolic processes of livestock and poultry by regulating the composition and activity of the intestinal microbiota. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of research on the effects of the FDG diet on the gastrointestinal microbiota and its metabolites in cattle. This study examines the impact of FDG dietary supplements on the gastrointestinal flora and metabolic profile of Guanling cattle. Eighteen cattle were randomly assigned to three treatment groups with six replicates per group. The treatments included a basal diet (BD), a 15% concentrate replaced by FDG (15% FDG) in the basal diet, and a 30% concentrate replaced by FDG (30% FDG) in the basal diet. Each group was fed for a duration of 60 days. At the conclusion of the experimental period, three cattle were randomly chosen from each group for slaughter and the microbial community structure and metabolic mapping of their abomasal and cecal contents were analyzed, utilizing 16S rDNA sequencing and LC-MS technology, respectively. At the phylum level, there was a significant increase in Bacteroidetes in both the abomasum and cecum for the 30%FDG group (p < 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant reduction in potential pathogenic bacteria such as Spirochetes and Proteobacteria for both the 15%FDG and 30%FDG groups (p < 0.05). At the genus level, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 fiber degradation bacteria. Non-target metabolomics analysis indicated that the FDG diet significantly impacted primary bile acid biosynthesis, bile secretion, choline metabolism in cancer, and other metabolic pathways (p < 0.05). There is a noteworthy correlation between the diverse bacterial genera and metabolites found in the abomasal and cecal contents of Guanling cattle, as demonstrated by correlation analysis. In conclusion, our findings suggest that partially substituting FDG for conventional feed leads to beneficial effects on both the structure of the gastrointestinal microbial community and the metabolism of its contents in Guanling cattle. These findings offer a scientific point of reference for the further use of FDG as a cattle feed resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ratio of dietary concentrate to coarse is an important factor affecting the performance of ruminants. An appropriate ratio of dietary concentrate to coarse can maintain rumen fermentation function of ruminants, stabilize rumen environment, prevent rumen acidosis and provide nutrients for the body, so as to ensure the efficient production performance of ruminants such as lactation performance and slaughter performance. In the paper, the effects of dietary concentrate to coarse ratio on nutrient digestion and metabolism, rumen fermentation, gastrointestinal flora, rumen acidosis and slaughter performance of ruminants are reviewed to provide reference for improving the efficiency of ruminant breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Several small-scale animal studies have suggested that gut microbiota and blood pressure (BP) are linked. However, results from human studies remain scarce and conflicting. We wanted to elucidate the multivariable-adjusted association between gut metagenome and BP in a large, representative, well-phenotyped population sample. We performed a focused analysis to examine the previously reported inverse associations between sodium intake and Lactobacillus abundance and between Lactobacillus abundance and BP. Methods and Results We studied a population sample of 6953 Finns aged 25 to 74 years (mean age, 49.2±12.9 years; 54.9% women). The participants underwent a health examination, which included BP measurement, stool collection, and 24-hour urine sampling (N=829). Gut microbiota was analyzed using shallow shotgun metagenome sequencing. In age- and sex-adjusted models, the α (within-sample) and β (between-sample) diversities of taxonomic composition were strongly related to BP indexes (P

Wensu Yang,1,2 Zhaoxin Xia,1,2 Yi Zhu,1,2 Hao Tang,1,2 Huaming Xu,1,2 Xinyi Hu,1,2 Chunhui Lin,1,2 Tong Jiang,1,2 Pei He,1,2 Jilu Shen1,2 1The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 23001, People’s Republic of China; 2Anhui Public Health Clinical Center Hefei, Anhui, 230012, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jilu Shen, Tel +86-15155152963, Email shenjilu@ahmu.edu.cnBackground: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged as a new therapy targeting gastrointestinal microbiota for the treatment of a growing number of diseases in recent years. Previous studies have suggested that FMT may be a potential therapy for type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of FMT in T2D and its underlying mechanisms.Methods: To induce T2D, mice were fed a high-fat diet and injected with low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) for four weeks. The mice were then randomly divided into four groups: control group (n = 7), T2D group (n = 7), metformin (MET)-treated group (n = 7), and FMT group (n = 7). The MET group was orally administered 0.2 g/kg MET, the FMT group was orally administered 0.3 mL of bacterial solution, and the other two groups were orally administered the same volume of saline for four weeks. Serum and fecal samples were collected for non-targeted metabolomics, biochemical indicators, and 16S rRNA sequencing, respectively.Results: Our results demonstrated that FMT had a curative effect on T2D by ameliorating hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. Using 16S rRNA sequencing and serum untargeted metabolomic analysis, we found that FMT could restore the disorders of gastrointestinal microbiota in T2D mice. Moreover, corticosterone, progesterone, L-urobilin, and other molecules were identified as biomarkers after FMT treatment. Our bioinformatics analysis suggested that steroid hormone biosynthesis, arginine, proline metabolism, and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis could be potential regulatory mechanisms of FMT.Conclusion: In summary, our study provides comprehensive evidence for the role of FMT in the treatment of T2D. FMT has the potential to become a promising strategy for the treatment of metabolic disorders, T2D, and diabetes-related complications.Keywords: type 2 diabetes, fecal microbiota transplantation, gastrointestinal microbiota, untargeted metabolomics, 16S rRNA, corticosterone

Intestinal fibrosis associated stricture is a common complication of inflammatory bowel disease usually requiring endoscopic or surgical intervention. Effective anti-fibrotic agents aiming to control or reverse intestinal fibrosis are still unavailable. Thus, clarifying the mechanism underpinning intestinal fibrosis is imperative. Fibrosis is characterized by an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins at the injured sites. Multiple cellular types are implicated in fibrosis development. Among these cells, mesenchymal cells are major compartments that are activated and then enhance the production of ECM. Additionally, immune cells contribute to the persistent activation of mesenchymal cells and perpetuation of inflammation. Molecules are messengers of crosstalk between these cellular compartments. Although inflammation is necessary for fibrosis development, purely controlling intestinal inflammation cannot halt the development of fibrosis, suggesting that chronic inflammation is not the unique contributor to fibrogenesis. Several inflammation-independent mechanisms including gut microbiota, creeping fat, ECM interaction, and metabolic reprogramming are involved in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. In the past decades, substantial progress has been made in elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms of intestinal fibrosis. Here, we summarized new discoveries and advances of cellular components and major molecular mediators that are associated with intestinal fibrosis, aiming to provide a basis for exploring effective anti-fibrotic therapies in this field.

The microbiota of the gastrointestinal system of dolphins has received significant interest recently. Moreover, little is understood about the microbiomes found in the stomachs of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus). This study aimed to evaluate the biodiversity of bacterial microbiota in the digestive system of T. aduncus. In the present study, 18 samples were obtained from an ex-situ conservation area, Wersut Seguni Indonesia, Kendal, Indonesia, and processed for bacterial DNA extraction. A total of 7 samples were qualified as representative samples for the 16S metagenomic sequencing. The bacterial composition revealed that the Shewanellaceae was significantly higher in the stomach than in the gut. As a result, the abundance of the microbiome in gastric and stool samples showed significant differences. In contrast, the Peptostreptococcaceae was found in greater abundance in the gut than in the stomach. At the species level, we successfully found emerging zoonotic pathogens involving Shewanella algae and Shewanella xiamenensis. This report is the first study to explore the bacterial diversity in gastro of T. aduncus.

Abstract Background There is an urgent need to identify natural bioactive compounds that can enhance gastrointestinal health and promote pig growth performance in the absence of pharmacological levels of zinc oxide (ZnO). The objectives of this study were to: 1) compare the effects of mushroom powder supplemented with inorganic selenium (inSeMP) to mushroom powder enriched with organic selenium (orgSeMP) to pharmacological levels of ZnO on growth performance and faecal scores (FS) for the first 21 d post-weaning (Period 1); and 2) compare the molecular and microbial effects of inSeMP and orgSeMP in these pigs on d 39 post-weaning (Period 2). Methods In Period 1, pigs (3 pigs/pen; 8 pens/treatment) were assigned to: (1) basal diet (control); (2) basal diet + zinc oxide (ZnO) (3100 mg/kg d 1–14, 1550 mg/kg d 15–21); (3) basal diet + mushroom powder supplemented with inorganic selenium (inSeMP) containing selenium (selenite) content of 0.3 mg/kg feed; (4) basal diet + mushroom powder enriched with organic selenium (orgSeMP) containing selenium (selenocysteine) content of 0.3 mg/kg feed. Mushroom powders were included at 6.5 g/kg of feed. Results In Period 1, there was no effect of diets on average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed (G:F) ratio (P > 0.05). The orgSeMP supplemented pigs had a lower average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared to all other groups (P 0.05). The orgSeMP supplementation increased the caecal abundance of bacterial members of the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phylum, including Lactobacillus, Agathobacter, Roseburia, and Prevotella and decreased the abundance of Sporobacter compared to the basal group, while inSeMP increased the caecal abundance of Prevotella and decreased the caecal abundance of Sporobacter compared to the basal group (P

Context The continuous rise in urbanisation and its associated factors has been reflected in the structure of the human gut ecosystem. Objective The main focus of this review is to discuss and summarise the major risk factors associated with urbanisation that affect human gut microbiota thus affecting human health. Methods Multiple medical literature databases, namely PubMed, Google, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were used to find relevant materials for urbanisation and its major factors affecting human gut microbiota/microbiome. Both layman and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms were used in the search. Due to the scarcity of the data, no limitation was set on the publication date. Relevant materials in the English language which include case reports, chapters of books, journal articles, online news reports and medical records were included in this review. Results Based on the data discussed in the review, it is quite clear that urbanisation and its associated factors have long-standing effects on the human gut microbiota that result in alterations of gut microbial diversity and composition. This is a matter of serious concern as chronic inflammatory diseases are on the rise in urbanised societies. Conclusion A better understanding of the factors associated with urbanisation will help us to identify and implement new biological and social approaches to prevent and treat diseases and improve health globally by deepening our understanding of these relationships and increasing studies across urbanisation gradients.HIGHLIGHTS Human gut microbiota have been linked to almost every important function, including metabolism, intestinal homeostasis, immune system, biosynthesis of vitamins, brain processes, and behaviour. However, dysbiosis i.e., alteration in the composition and diversity of gut microbiota is associated with the pathogenesis of many chronic conditions. In the 21st century, urbanisation represents a major demographic shift in developed and developing countries. During this period of urbanisation, humans have been exposed to many environmental exposures, all of which have led to the dysbiosis of human gut microbiota. The main focus of the review is to discuss and summarise the major risk factors associated with urbanisation and how it affects the diversity and composition of gut microbiota which ultimately affects human health.

This investigation examined the effects of zinc lactate and Lactobacillus bulgaricus supplementation on the gastrointestinal microbiota of broiler chickens, analysing zootechnical, allometric, microbiological parameters and small intestine morphology. A total of 300 broiler chickens with an average initial weight of 47 g were distributed in four treatments in a completely randomised design. Treatments consisted of different zinc lactate and probiotic amounts added to the base diet. Chickens receiving the basal diet with organic zinc and L. bulgaricus showed a healthy response, remaining free of infectious agents for the 42-day study period. Treatment T1, with 30 mg of zinc lactate and 10 mg of probiotics per kg, showed improvements in weight gain, feed conversion, allometry, and intestinal health, as well as a healthy presence of gastrointestinal microbiota. Thus, the incorporation of zinc lactate (organic Zn) and probiotics based on L. bulgaricus into the basal diet of broiler chickens is an effective strategy to improve sanitary conditions and organic production of these species. Highlights: • From: Efficacy of zinc lactate and Lactobacillus bulgaricus on nutrition and health of broiler chickens. • Innovative Supplementation Strategy: This study presents an innovative approach by combining zinc lactate and Lactobacillus bulgaricus in broiler chickens' diet, showcasing a novel method to enhance poultry health and organic production. • Comprehensive Analysis of Gut Microbiota: The research provides a detailed analysis of the gastrointestinal microbiota, demonstrating how zinc lactate and Lactobacillus bulgaricus supplementation positively alters the gut environment in broiler chickens. • Significant Improvements in Zootechnical Parameters: The study highlights notable improvements in zootechnical parameters, including weight gain and feed conversion ratios, underlining the efficacy of the supplementation strategy. • Enhanced Intestinal Morphology: Examination of the small intestine morphology revealed significant health benefits, attributing these improvements to the synergistic effect of organic zinc and probiotic supplementation. • Pathogen-Free Development over 42 Days: A key finding is the maintenance of a healthy, pathogen-free state in chickens throughout the 42-day study period, emphasizing the potential of this supplementation in promoting disease resistance in poultry farming.

The primary aim of this review was to systematically evaluate the literature regarding the effect of pre-, pro-, or synbiotic supplementation in infant formula on the gastrointestinal microbiota. The Cochrane methodology for systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was employed. Five databases were searched and 32 RCTs (2010–2021) were identified for inclusion: 20 prebiotic, 6 probiotic, and 6 synbiotic. The methods utilized to evaluate gastrointestinal microbiota varied across studies and included colony plating, fluorescence in situ hybridization, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, or tagged sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Fecal Bifidobacterium levels increased with supplementation of prebiotics and synbiotics but not with probiotics alone. Probiotic and synbiotic supplementation generally increased fecal levels of the bacterial strain supplemented in the formula. Across all pre-, pro-, and synbiotic-supplemented formulas, results were inconsistent regarding fecal Clostridium levels. Fecal pH was lower with some prebiotic and synbiotic supplementation; however, no difference was seen with probiotics. Softer stools were often reported in infants supplemented with pre- and synbiotics, yet results were inconsistent for probiotic-supplemented formula. Limited evidence demonstrates that pre- and synbiotic supplementation increases fecal Bifidobacterium levels. Future studies utilizing comprehensive methodologies and additional studies in probiotics and synbiotics are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins are a type of natural pigment that has numerous health benefits. In recent years, the interaction of anthocyanins with gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota has been presented as a viable paradigm for explaining anthocyanin activities. The current study performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the potential modulation of GI microbiota by anthocyanins in human health improvement. Clinical trials were retrieved from PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Knowledge, China Biology Medicine, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and ClinicalTrials.gov with no language restrictions. Eight clinical trials (252 participants) were selected from the 1121 identified studies and the relative phylum abundance extracted from the trials was analyzed using a random-effects model. Based on the analysis, anthocyanins had no effect on the relative abundance of Firmicutes (standard mean difference [SMD]: –0.46 [–1.25 to 0.34], P =.26), Proteobacteria (SMD, –0.32 [–0.73 to 0.09], P =.13), nor Actinobacteria (SMD, –0.19 [–0.50 to 0.12], P = 0.24), but influenced the abundance of Bacteroidetes (SMD, 0.84 [0.17 to 1.52], P =.01) when compared with placebo/control. No significant influence on the relative abundance was detected when the data were analyzed following the "posttreatment vs. pretreatment" strategy. Our preliminary analysis revealed that the effects of anthocyanins on human GI microbiota vary between studies and individuals, and at the current stage, the clinical trials regarding the effects of anthocyanin interventions on human GI microbiota are lacking. More trials with larger sample sizes are needed to promote the clinical application of anthocyanins. The current study performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effects of anthocyanins on gastrointestinal microbiota in human bodies. Eight clinical trials (252 participants) were selected from the 1121 identified studies. Based on the analysis, anthocyanins had no effect on the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria , and Bacteroidetes when compared with placebo. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT While the effect of gut microbiota and/or inflammation on a distant body site, including the lungs (gut–lung axis), has been well characterized, data about the influence of lung microbiota and lung inflammation on gut homeostasis (lung–gut axis) are scarce. Using a well-characterized model of pulmonary infection with the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, we investigated alterations in the lung and gut microbiota by next-generation sequencing of the V3–V4 regions of total bacterial DNA. Pulmonary inflammation due to the fungus A. fumigatus caused bacterial dysbiosis in both lungs and gut, but with different characteristics. While increased alpha diversity and unchanged bacterial composition were noted in the lungs, dysbiosis in the gut was characterized by decreased alpha diversity indices and modified bacterial composition. The altered homeostasis in the lungs allows the immigration of new bacterial species of which 41.8% were found in the feces, indicating that some degree of bacterial migration from the gut to the lungs occurs. On the contrary, the dysbiosis occurring in the gut during pulmonary infection was a consequence of the local activity of the immune system. In addition, the alteration of gut microbiota in response to pulmonary infection depends on the bacterial composition before infection, as no changes in gut bacterial microbiota were detected in a rat strain with diverse gut bacteria. The data presented support the existence of the lung–gut axis and provide additional insight into this mechanism. IMPORTANCE Data regarding the impact of lung inflammation and lung microbiota on GIT are scarce, and the mechanisms of this interaction are still unknown. Using a well-characterized model of pulmonary infection caused by the opportunistic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, we observed bacterial dysbiosis in both the lungs and gut that supports the existence of the lung–gut axis.