Search

Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead, 1900) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is an invasive species that has spread to Eucalyptus in the recent years in several countries, particularly in the Mediterranean and Africa, causing significant damage to Eucalyptus plantations and nurseries. The present work consists of, firstly, a study focussing on the incidence of infestation and the population dynamics of Ophelimus maskelli on Eucalyptus camalduliensis (Myrtaceae) and secondly, a study evaluating the parasitism of this pest by Closterocerus chamaeleon (Girault, 1922) (Hymenoptera) during two years (2019 and 2020) in two different forests in the region of Oued Smar (Algiers). The study revealed that the incidence of infestations is very high and Closterocerus chamaeleon , the parasitoid of Ophelimus maskelli used in several countries successfully, is present with a considerable rate of parasitism in the two sites; these results are discussed. This invasive species, which has spread in the recent years, requires further investigation in order to develop effective pest management methods that could possibly limit its spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental cues that predict increased risk of herbivory can prime plant defenses; however, few studies have explored how such cues elicit broader plant responses, including potential effects on plant growth and other resource allocations that may affect tolerance to herbivore damage. We exposed goldenrod plants (Solidago altissima) to varying concentrations of the putative sex pheromone of a gall‐inducing herbivore, which has previously been implicated in defense priming. In experiments with two plant genotypes and three herbivore populations, any level of exposure to the pheromone enhanced tolerance of galling, rescuing flower production to levels observed for ungalled plants. Exposure to low doses of the pheromone elicited greater resistance to galling than exposure to high doses, with unexposed plants exhibiting intermediate resistance, suggesting a nonlinear relationship between exposure and defense priming. These findings suggest plant responses to environmental cues associated with biotic stressors are broader and more complex than previously appreciated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of novel antifungal agents has become increasingly crucial according to the antifungal resistance of Candida species. Using natural product compounds as alternatives to conventional drugs is being explored to advance a more effective treatment for C. infections. This study aims to determine biological activity and the chemical compound characterization of the aqueous and acetonic extracts obtained from Mazuj and Ghalghaf galls of Quercus infectoria. After the galls extraction, the extracts' antifungal properties were investigated using an agar well diffusion method and concentrations of minimum fungicidal (MFCs) and minimum inhibitory (MICs). We utilized the ABTS and MTT methods to determine gall extracts' antioxidant and cytotoxic properties. Additionally, we identified the chemical compounds present in the extracts using LC-ESI-MS/MS and HPLC-DAD. The study results showed that both acetonic and aqueous extracts of Ghalghaf and Mazuj galls were efficient against species of three fungi species such as C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. krusei, and in particular, the acetonic Mazuj extract demonstrated the highest effectiveness as an antifungal. Furthermore, the Mazuj extract exhibited elevated levels of total phenolics and the most increased antioxidant activity. Moreover, LC-ESI-MS/MS and HPLC-DAD analysis indicated the presence of various phenolic compounds in the extracts, including gallic acid, methyl gallate, and ellagic acid. Overall, the study's findings suggest that Mazuj and Ghalghaf galls demonstrate promising antifungal and antioxidant properties, where these compounds could potentially be used to develop natural and safe antifungal agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report for the first time cylindrical galls of Youngomyia pouteriae Maia, 2001 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk. (Sapotaceae) in Peru. Youngomyia pouteriae were exclusively found in the Atlantic Forest biome, in restinga areas of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. In this study, the geographic distribution of this galling species is extended to the western Amazon lowland rainforest in Peru.

During a field survey of eriophyoid mites in Dogijan village (Marand county, East Azerbaijan province, Iran) in late spring 2023, one new eriophyid species (Acari: Eriophyoidea: Eriophyidae) on Chardinia orientalis (L.) Kuntze (Asteraceae) was discovered, illustrated, described, and named as Aceria dogijaniensis sp. nov. The mites cause tight leaf edge rolls of different length with pale blotches on their type host plant. In addition, a population of similar mites was collected on Centaurea sp. (Asteraceae) with leaf galls made by Subanguina sp. (Nematoda: Secernentea: Tylenchida: Anguinidae) at the same locality on the same date. Few quantitative and qualitative differences were found between the two populations collected on the two host plants. In this study, we provided a list of Aceria spp. associated with Asteraceae in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Productivity of faba bean is highly constrained by an emerging and destructive faba bean gall (FBG) disease caused by the fungus Physoderma. Field surveys were conducted to assess the spatial and temporal distribution as well as intensity of FBG disease and determine the association of biophysical factors with FBG disease epidemics in Ethiopia, during 2018 and 2019. A total of 783 fields were assessed across 14 districts. FBG disease was present in all surveyed districts with variable incidence and severity. The highest mean FBG disease severity was recorded in Sinan district (64%) and Ankober district (45%) during 2018 and 2019, respectively. The associations of independent variables with disease incidence and severity were analyzed using the logistic regression model. District, altitude (≥2700 m), poorly drained soil, high weed and crop density, flowering stage, manure application, and early or late planting showed a significant association (P < 0.0001) with FBG disease incidence and severity. FBG disease was found as a major production constraint in all survey districts. Therefore, proper soil drainage, weed managements, adjusting crop density, recommended planting time along with tolerant varieties should be targeted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant galls generated by insects have highly organized structures, providing nutrients and shelter to the insects living within them. Most research on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of gall development has focused on single galls. To understand the diversity of gall development, we examined five galls with different morphologies generated by distinct species of Rhopalomyia (gall midge; Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on a single host plant of Artemisia indica var. maximowiczii (Asteraceae). Vasculature developed de novo within the galls, indicating active transport of nutrients between galls and the host plant. Each gall had a different pattern of vasculature and lignification, probably due to differences in the site of gall generation and the gall midge species. Transcriptome analysis indicated that photosynthetic and cell wall–related genes were down‐regulated in leaf and stem galls, respectively, compared with control leaf and stem tissues, whereas genes involved in floral organ development were up‐regulated in all types of galls, indicating that transformation from source to sink organs occurs during gall development. Our results help to understand the diversity of galls on a single herbaceous host plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gall formation in Salix species is caused by Candidatus phytoplasma trifolii. The present study was designed with the aim of evaluation of the morphological and physiological response of two species of Salix alba and Salix babylonica to gallers in the witches' broom structure. The morphological responses of Salix species to gallers, denoted as biotic stress, were represented by growth suppression of leaves and shoots. Accordingly, the leaf area and shoot internodes significantly decreased, in comparison with healthy plants. The biotic stress can induce oxidative stress, which was observed in the present study with a high accumulation of H2O2 in galled tissues. High accumulation of H2O2 in the infected tissue damaged chlorophyll a and proteins. Even though Salix species induced the antioxidants catalase, peroxidase, proline, anthocyanins and phenols to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), high accumulation of H2O2 was observed in galled tissues. Altogether, regardless of activation of antioxidants in response to galls-induced oxidative stress, ROS accumulation damaged photosynthetic apparatus and proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an editorial that discusses the ecology and evolution of host-plant relations in gall-inducing arthropods. It focuses on the Tephritidae, or true fruit flies, which are economically important and known for inducing galls. The article also explores the mutualistic relationship between fig wasps and figs, as well as the presence of galls in the fossil record. Additionally, it discusses the impact of global warming on gall-inducing arthropods and the attempts to control invasive pests through biological control. The authors hope that this research will inspire further exploration into the interactions between plants and animals. [Extracted from the article]

Wasp communities are often complex and speciose and often associated with plant and herbivorous hosts. Nonpollinating wasps are one example of these communities: these communities can reach 20 species on a single species of Ficus trees. Such diversity implies that the number of interactions is high, and the trophic web may be complicated to disentangle. Some of wasp species may be gall wasps whereas the majority of them are parasitoid wasps feeding on other wasp species larvae. To understand the nonpollinating fig wasp community associated with Ficus subpisocarpa in Northern Taiwan, the oviposition timing of the fig wasps has been monitored and a bagging experiment has been done on several crops. Twenty-one morphospecies were found, and three fig crops type were defined by the wasp composition and fig traits as "typical" crops, "rare NPFWs" crops (RN), and "rare pollinators" (RP) crops. The diversity indexes showed that the typical type has the highest diversity and the RN type, which is the most dissimilar crop from the others, has the lowest diversity. From their oviposition time along the fig development, the nonpollinating fig wasps can be easily divided into two guilds: gall wasps and parasitoid wasps. Moreover, one of the most striking results of this study is the presence of figs that do not produce any pollinator in RP crops. The implications of this type of crops on the mutualism between Ficus subpisocarpa and its pollinator are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Plant galls generated by insects have highly organized structures, providing nutrients and shelter to the insects living within them. Most research on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of gall development has focused on single galls. To understand the diversity of gall development, we examined five galls with different morphologies generated by distinct species of Rhopalomyia (gall midge; Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on a single host plant of Artemisia indica var. maximowiczii (Asteraceae). Vasculature developed de novo within the galls, indicating active transport of nutrients between galls and the host plant. Each gall had a different pattern of vasculature and lignification, probably due to differences in the site of gall generation and the gall midge species. Transcriptome analysis indicated that photosynthetic and cell wall–related genes were down‐regulated in leaf and stem galls, respectively, compared with control leaf and stem tissues, whereas genes involved in floral organ development were up‐regulated in all types of galls, indicating that transformation from source to sink organs occurs during gall development. Our results help to understand the diversity of galls on a single herbaceous host plant.

Adelges (Cholodkovskya) viridanus (Cholodkovsky 1896) (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) is found throughout Eurasia where it is understood to be anholocyclic, feeding on species of larch (Larix), without host alternation. For the first time, we report this species in North America, outside of its native range, from specimens collected in an arboretum in Ohio, USA. Molecular phylogenetic analysis was inconclusive as to whether it was introduced from Europe or Asia. In addition, specimens collected from Picea jezoensis in Japan were confirmed for the first time as A. (C.) viridanus by matching DNA sequences to specimens collected on Larix. Therefore, A. (C.) viridanus is either capable of completing a host‐alternating holocycle in Japan, or includes very recently diverged anholocyclic populations on Picea. Finally, we describe the adult fundatrix form, which was previously unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The galls of cynipid species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) have been used since ancient times as an important source of bioactive compounds. Many researchers have evaluated the medicinal potential of some cynipid galls and found that these galls have numerous ethnomedical uses. The aim of this study was to determine the total bioactive (phenolic, flavonoid and tannin) compound amounts of gall extracts, to reveal the phenolic compound contents by HPLC method and to set ground for future pharmaceutical studies. The galls of cynipid wasps (totally 24 taxa) on host plants were collected from the Eastern Black Sea Region of Türkiye. Acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water extracts of these galls were prepared for quantity analysis and HPLC. The phenolic compound amounts (phenolic, flavonoid and tannin) of the cynipid gall extracts were determined, and their phenolic compound contents were also revealed. Some phenolic compounds in ethanol gall extracts were analyzed using HPLC, and some of these compounds were detected for the first time in the cynipid galls. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, epicatechin, and ellagic acid are the most abundant in the ethanolic gall extracts. Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin amounts of the cynipid gall extracts showed high variation. All these studies on quantification and characterization of phenolic compound are the first detailed studies on these taxa of cynipid galls and show that these cynipid galls might pharmaceutically be an important source for human and animal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many herbivorous insect species are capable of hijacking plant development to induce novel plant organs called galls. In most groups of galling insects, the insect organs and molecular signals involved in gall induction are poorly understood. We focused on gall wasps (Hymenoptera:Cynipidae), the second largest clade of gall inducers (~1,400 spp.), for which the developmental stages and organs responsible for gall development are unclear. We investigated the female metasomal anatomy of 69 gall-inducing and 29 non-gall-inducing species across each of the major lineages of Cynipoidea, to test relationships between this lifestyle and the relative size of secretory organs. We confirmed that the venom apparatus in gall-inducing species is greatly expanded, although gall-inducing lineages vary in the relative size of these glands. Among these gallers, we measured the largest venom gland apparatus relative to body size ever recorded in insects. Non-galling inquiline species are accompanied by a reduction of this apparatus. Comparative microscopic analysis of venom glands suggests varying venom gland content across the lineages. Some oak gallers also had enlarged accessory glands, a lipid-rich organ whose function remains unclear, and which has not been previously studied in relation to gall formation. Together, the massive expansion of secretory organs specifically in gall-inducing species suggests a role of these secretions in the process of gall formation, and the variance in size of venom glands, accessory glands, and the contents of these glands among gallers, suggests that gall formation across this clade is likely to employ a diversity of molecular strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Gymnosporangium asiaticum and G. yamadae can share Juniperus chinensis as the telial host, but the symptoms are completely different. The infection of G. yamadae causes the enlargement of the phloem and cortex of young branches as a gall, but not for G. asiaticum, suggesting that different molecular interaction mechanisms exist the two Gymnosporangium species with junipers. Results Comparative transcriptome analysis was performed to investigate genes regulation of juniper in responses to the infections of G. asiaticum and G. yamadae at different stages. Functional enrichment analysis showed that genes related to transport, catabolism and transcription pathways were up-regulated, while genes related to energy metabolism and photosynthesis were down-regulated in juniper branch tissues after infection with G. asiaticum and G. yamadae. The transcript profiling of G. yamadae-induced gall tissues revealed that more genes involved in photosynthesis, sugar metabolism, plant hormones and defense-related pathways were up-regulated in the vigorous development stage of gall compared to the initial stage, and were eventually repressed overall. Furthermore, the concentration of cytokinins (CKs) in the galls tissue and the telia of G. yamadae was significantly higher than in healthy branch tissues of juniper. As well, tRNA-isopentenyltransferase (tRNA-IPT) was identified in G. yamadae with highly expression levels during the gall development stages. Conclusions In general, our study provided new insights into the host-specific mechanisms by which G. asiaticum and G. yamadae differentially utilize CKs and specific adaptations on juniper during their co-evolution.

Purpose Nematode diseases are major constraints in tomato production. Screenhouse and field experiments were conducted to assess the efficacy of Effective Microorganisms-Fermented Plant Extract (EM-FPE) and compost manure singly and in combination on Meloidogyne incognita infecting tomatoes.Method Screenhouse and field experiments were designed respectively as 2×5 and 2×4 factorial fitted into a completely randomized design (CRD) in the screenhouse and randomized complete block design (RCBD) on the field. For single treatments, 100 ml of EM-FPE or 200 g of compost was used per plant while 50 ml of EM-FPE and 100 g of compost were combined and used per plant for treatment combination. Pots that did not receive any treatment served as control. Data were collected on growth parameters, fruit production, galling, and soil nematode population. The data collected was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) where significant differences in means were separated using Fisher’s Least Significance Difference (LSD) Test at P = 0.05.Results In both trials, treated plants performed significantly better. No significant difference was recorded among the three treatments for soil nematode population and root galling on the field. But in the screenhouse trial, plants treated with the combination of EM-FPE and compost recorded higher soil nematode population (150) and root galling (7) at harvest but the plants performed well. Among the treatments, compost manure applied singly gave the best result with respect to vegetative growth, flower formation, and yield of the tomatoes.Conclusion This study reveals that both treatments, EM-FPE, and compost manure could be relied on for effective control of Meloidogyne incognita in tomatoes.

We report for the first time conical galls of Clinodiplosis capsici Gagné, 2000 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L., Solanaceae) in Brazil. This report has agricultural importance since this midge is one of the known sweet-pepper pests.

Background: Gymnosporangium asiaticum and G. yamadae can share Juniperus chinensis as the telial host, but the symptoms are completely different. The infection of G. yamadae causes the enlargement of the phloem and cortex of young branches as a gall, but not for G. asiaticum, suggesting that different molecular interaction mechanisms exist the two Gymnosporangium species with junipers. Results: Comparative transcriptome analysis was performed to investigate genes regulation of juniper in responses to the infections of G. asiaticum and G. yamadae at different stages. Functional enrichment analysis showed that genes related to transport, catabolism and transcription pathways were up-regulated, while genes related to energy metabolism and photosynthesis were down-regulated in juniper branch tissues after infection with G. asiaticum and G. yamadae. The transcript profiling of G. yamadae-induced gall tissues revealed that more genes involved in photosynthesis, sugar metabolism, plant hormones and defense-related pathways were up-regulated in the vigorous development stage of gall compared to the initial stage, and were eventually repressed overall. Furthermore, the concentration of cytokinins (CKs) in the galls tissue and the telia of G. yamadae was significantly higher than in healthy branch tissues of juniper. As well, tRNA-isopentenyltransferase (tRNA-IPT) was identified in G. yamadae with highly expression levels during the gall development stages. Conclusions: In general, our study provided new insights into the host-specific mechanisms by which G. asiaticum and G. yamadae differentially utilize CKs and specific adaptations on juniper during their co-evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the course of evolution, animals and particularly insects, have developed efficient and complex mechanisms for survival. Biomimetics aims to find applications for these features of organisms (or organs) in industry, agriculture, and medicine. One of these features is the thin, flexible, and mobile insect ovipositor, which is also capable of carrying substances and drilling various substrates, usually of plant origin. Despite the wellstudied structure of the ovipositor, the principles of its operation and real possibilities remain poorly understood. In our study, we first discovered an unusual behavioral pattern of oviposition of the female parasitoid Eupelmus messene Walker (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae): she drilled with her ovipositor through the wall of a polystyrene Petri dish and laid her egg outside the dish. Due to the transparency of the plastic, we described the technique of ovipositor movement and studied its structure using scanning electron microscopy. Our research may contribute to developing minimally invasive guided probes and various other instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parrotia subaequalis , an endangered Tertiary relict tree native to China and a member of the Hamamelidaceae family, is one of several host plant species in this family that exhibit unique ecological habits, such as gall formation. Tree galls are the results of complex interactions between gall-inducing insects and their host plant organs. The formation of galls may serve to protect other regions of the plant from potential damage, often through the production of phytoalexins. In this study, a preliminary investigation was carried out on the metabolites of the 90% MeOH extract derived from the closed spherical galls on the twigs of P. subaequalis. Consequently, nine previously undescribed benzofuran-type and dibenzofuran-type phytoalexins (parrotiagallols A−I, 1 − 9 , respectively) were isolated and characterized, along with several known miscellaneous metabolites (10 − 17). Their chemical structures and absolute configurations were elucidated using spectroscopic methods, a combination of calculated and experimental electronic circular dichroism data, and single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Among these compounds, 1 and 2 are identified as neolignan derivatives, while compounds 3 − 5 are classified as 9,10-dinorneolignans. Compound 6 represents a rare 2,3- seco -neolignan, and compounds 7 − 9 are dihydroxy-dimethyl-dibenzofuran derivatives. Parrotiagallol A (1) showed considerable antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus , with an MIC value of 14 μ M. Additionally, parrotiagallol E (5) and methyl gallate (17) exhibited inhibitory effects against ATP-citrate lyase (ACL), a potential therapeutic target for hyperlipidemia, with IC 50 values of 5.1 and 9.8 μ M, respectively. The findings underscore that galls not only serve as physical defense barriers but also benefit from the chemical defense system of the host plants. These insights provide avenues for exploring potential new therapeutic agents for S. aureus infections and ACL-related diseases, while also promoting scientific conservation strategies for P. subaequalis. A preliminary phytochemical investigation of the closed spherical galls on the twigs of the endangered Chinese endemic tree Parrotia subaequalis resulted in the isolation and characterization of nine previously undescribed benzofuran-type and dibenzofuran-type phytoalexins (parrotiagallols A−I, 1 − 9 , respectively). Compounds 1 and 2 are identified as neolignan derivatives, while compounds 3 − 5 are classified as 9,10-dinorneolignans. Compound 6 represents a rare 2,3- seco -neolignan, and compounds 7 − 9 are dihydroxy-dimethyl-dibenzofuran derivatives. [Display omitted] • A preliminary phytochemical study on Parrotia subaequalis galls was conducted. • Nine undescribed benzofuran-type and dibenzofuran-type phytoalexins were identified. • Neolignan-type compound 1 showed notable inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. • Compounds 5 and 17 exhibited significant inhibitory effects against the ACL enzyme. • These findings inspire further promotions to conserve the endangered P. subaequalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of evidence indicates that epigenetic mechanisms, particularly DNA methylation, play key regulatory roles in plant-nematode interactions. Nevertheless, the transcriptional activity of key genes mediating DNA methylation and active demethylation in the nematode feeding sites remains largely unknown. Here, we profiled the promoter activity of 12 genes involved in maintenance and de novo establishment of DNA methylation and active demethylation in the syncytia and galls induced respectively by the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in Arabidopsis roots. The promoter activity assays revealed that expression of the CG-context methyltransferases is restricted to feeding site formation and development stages. Chromomethylase1 (CMT1), CMT2, and CMT3 and Domains Rearranged Methyltransferase2 (DRM2) and DRM3, which mediate non-CG methylation, showed similar and distinct expression patterns in the syncytia and galls at various time points. Notably, the promoters of various DNA demethylases were more active in galls as compared with the syncytia, particularly during the early stage of infection. Mutants impaired in CG or CHH methylation similarly enhanced plant susceptibility to H. schachtii and M. incognita, whereas mutants impaired in CHG methylation reduced plant susceptibility only to M. incognita. Interestingly, hypermethylated mutants defective in active DNA demethylation exhibited contrasting responses to infection by H. schachtii and M. incognita, a finding most likely associated with differential regulation of defense-related genes in these mutants upon nematode infection. Our results point to methylation-dependent mechanisms regulating plant responses to infection by cyst and root-knot nematodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galls display a multiplicity of traits, including colours, which are driven by pigment accumulation. Their conspicuousness has attracted researchers' attention and several hypotheses have been raised. However, plants themselves vary intra‐specifically, including in their pigment concentrations. As galls are a result of host tissue development, colours may be a by‐product of the host's own traits, being more conspicuous simply because the sites where galls develop already have the predisposition to accumulate more pigment. Here, we call this the host variation hypothesis.We test this hypothesis using the system of galls induced by Palaeomystella oligophaga on Macairea radula host plant. Using spectrophotometry, we calculated the Anthocyanin Reflectance Index (ARI) of gall projections, which are responsible for their characteristic colours. We tested the influence of occupant identity (galling insect or any natural enemy), gall volume, parenchyma thickness, height from the ground, ARI of leaf, ARI of gall surface and ARI of the respective stem.We corroborated the host variation hypothesis since the anthocyanin content in stems and in galls' projections were positively related. Moreover, anthocyanin in galls' projections was positively related to anthocyanin in the gall surface and negatively related to gall volume and parenchyma thickness. This shows that, besides the host specificities, galls' own traits may also be responsible for pigment accumulation, influencing their colours.In this study, using colour as an example, we show that although galls tend to be considered complex expressions of galling insects' stimuli, their traits may be simply influenced by previous and specific attributes of the host organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author presents new data and additional remarks to the material of plant damages caused by Symphyta housed in the Hymenoptera Collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum. 27 plant species and as well as 27 sawflies species have been recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: ChatGPT-4 is the latest release of a novel artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot able to answer freely formulated and complex questions. In the near future, ChatGPT could become the new standard for health care professionals and patients to access medical information. However, little is known about the quality of medical information provided by the AI. Objective: We aimed to assess the reliability of medical information provided by ChatGPT. Methods: Medical information provided by ChatGPT-4 on the 5 hepato-pancreatico-biliary (HPB) conditions with the highest global disease burden was measured with the Ensuring Quality Information for Patients (EQIP) tool. The EQIP tool is used to measure the quality of internet-available information and consists of 36 items that are divided into 3 subsections. In addition, 5 guideline recommendations per analyzed condition were rephrased as questions and input to ChatGPT, and agreement between the guidelines and the AI answer was measured by 2 authors independently. All queries were repeated 3 times to measure the internal consistency of ChatGPT. Results: Five conditions were identified (gallstone disease, pancreatitis, liver cirrhosis, pancreatic cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma). The median EQIP score across all conditions was 16 (IQR 14.5-18) for the total of 36 items. Divided by subsection, median scores for content, identification, and structure data were 10 (IQR 9.5-12.5), 1 (IQR 1-1), and 4 (IQR 4-5), respectively. Agreement between guideline recommendations and answers provided by ChatGPT was 60% (15/25). Interrater agreement as measured by the Fleiss κ was 0.78 (P <.001), indicating substantial agreement. Internal consistency of the answers provided by ChatGPT was 100%. Conclusions: ChatGPT provides medical information of comparable quality to available static internet information. Although currently of limited quality, large language models could become the future standard for patients and health care professionals to gather medical information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Meloidogyne incognita is the most well-known root knot nematode, with more than 2000 host species. Integrated nematode management (INM) is recommended to manage the destructive plant parasitic nematode. Integrated management is generally performed by using the maximum available management methods (at least two methods) and the minimum use of chemical nematicides to bring the pathogen population below the economic threshold. The use of resistant cultivars is of particular importance in integrated management, due to environmental compatibility, economic efficiency, and sometimes the impossibility of implementing other methods, especially in developing countries. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the resistance of the important barley plant (Hordeum vulgare) to prevent damage and also to investigate nematode interactions with it. Materials and Methods In the current study, the resistance of different barley cultivars (i.e., Nik, Nimrouz, and Zarjow) was evaluated based on plant growth factors (length, fresh, and dry weight of aerial part and roots) and nematode gall index at 60 days post inoculation. Then the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes were measured on days 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 days post inoculation. Results and Discussion Regarding the mean number of galls, the Nik cultivar showed a significant difference compared to Nimroz and Zarjow cultivars (P ≤ 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between Nimroz and Zarjow cultivars. Based on plant growth factors, M. incognita nematode was found to have a negative effect on the aerial part length and weight and a positive effect on root weight. Evaluation of the gall index showed Nik is moderately susceptible, and Nimrouz and Zarjow are moderately resistant cultivars. SOD enzyme in Nik, Nimrouz, and Zarjow showed maximum activity in 2.72, 1.91, and 2.15 U mg-1 protein on the 4, 4, and 3 days post inoculation, respectively. The enzyme in Nik was determined to be 1.42 and 1.25 times higher than Nimrouz and Zarjow. There was a significant difference between 0, 1, and 2 with the 3 and 4 days of the infected samples in Nik (P ≤ 0.05). In the other cultivars, enzyme activity increased with a slight slope. CAT enzyme peaked in Nik, Nimrouz, and Zarjow at 0.204, 0.09, and 0.11 μmol min-1 mg-1 protein on the fourth-day post inoculation. In the Nik cultivar, unlike the other two cultivars, the enzyme increased more and had a steep slope from the second to the fourth day. In infected plants of Nimrouz, despite the gradual increase of enzyme, no significant difference was found between any of the days. APX enzyme peaked at 0.26, 0.27, and 0.24 μmol min- 1 mg-1 protein in Nik, Nimrouz, and Zarjow on the fourth day, respectively. The activity of the above enzyme had an increasing trend in three cultivars. The maximum activity of this enzyme was at Nimrouz, which was determined to be 1.03 and 1.1 times higher than Nik and Zarjow, respectively. In this cultivar, the upward trend was rapid, although there was a significant difference between all-time points at the level of 0.05. In the current research, it was found that the invasion of the root knot nematode M. incognita reduces the growth of length, fresh and dry weight in the aerial part, reduces the length of the root but increases the fresh weight of it. Conclusion The hallmark of inducing pathogenicity in the sedentary root knot nematodes is the formation of special feeding cells named giant cells, which require controlling the expression of host genes and manipulation of plant hormones like auxin and cytokinin hormones. It is obvious that during the invasion of root knot nematodes and the formation of giant cells in host roots, the plant is weakened due to impaired transport of water and nutrients, and the host growth factors, especially in the aerial part, are reduced. However, due to hormonal disorders and the formation of galls, the weight of the roots increases. The higher expression of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase in Nik possibly has occurred due to the compatible interaction, as a result of lack of necrosis and programmed cell death and to tolerate stress (nematode invasion). Less expression of SOD, CAT, and APX enzymes in Nimrouz and Zarjow cultivars possibly have occurred due to their moderate resistance to M. incognita invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forest Research is the property of Forest Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: A new species of aphid, causing the formation of large galls on a sumac species endemic to Yunnan, China, is named and described. Molecular and morphological diagnostic criteria are provided, and digital specimen data made available. A new species of gall-forming aphid from China, Qiao jinshaensis gen. et sp. nov., is described from Rhus wilsonii Hemsl. Morphological identification and molecular analyses both support the establishment of a new genus. A diagnosis combining morphological and molecular characters from alate viviparae is provided and specimen metadata are published in an open-access and machine-readable format. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Plant biotrophic pathogens employ secreted molecules, called effectors, to suppress the host immune system and redirect the host's metabolism and development in their favour. Putative effectors of the gall‐inducing maize pathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis were analysed for their ability to induce auxin signalling in plants.Using genetic, biochemical, cell‐biological, and bioinformatic approaches we functionally elucidate a set of five, genetically linked effectors, called Topless (TPL) interacting protein (Tips) effectors that induce auxin signalling.We show that Tips induce auxin signalling by interfering with central corepressors of the TPL family. CRISPR‐Cas9 mutants and deletion strain analysis indicate that the auxin signalling inducing subcluster effectors plays a redundant role in virulence.Although none of the Tips seem to have a conserved interaction motif, four of them bind solely to the N‐terminal TPL domain and, for Tip1 and Tip4, we demonstrate direct competition with auxin/indole‐3‐acetic acid transcriptional repressors for their binding to TPL class of corepressors. Our findings reveal that TPL proteins, key regulators of growth–defence antagonism, are a major target of the U. maydis effectome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role played by phytohormones in insect galls and the mechanisms underlying plant manipulation by gall makers are still unclear.Galls made by Leptocybe invasa on two Eucalyptus species were sampled, the correlations between the levels of nine phytohormones in galls and gall size were analysed, and phytohormone levels in the interior and exterior tissues of galls and L. invasa were determined.During two larval stages, the levels of three forms of cytokinins (CKs) in the galls of the two plant species all showed significantly positive correlations with gall size. Brassinosteroids (BRs) and dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR) occurred at significantly higher levels in the interior tissues of the galls compared to in the exterior tissues of galls. Isopentenyl adenosine (IPA) was significantly higher in L. invasa larvae themselves, compared to levels in the interior and exterior tissues of galls. However, the levels of DHZR and BR were significantly lower or similar in the L. invasa pupae compared to that in the interior and exterior tissues of the galls.These findings indicate that phytohormones, especially CKs, act as key regulators of L. invasa galls, and that the larvae of L. invasa may themselves be a source of CKs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barbotinia oraniensis (Barbotin, 1964) is here reported for the first time from Turkey. The cynipid wasp has recorded in Mediterranean region, Northern Africa and some European countries. The galls of the species were collected from the seed capsules of Papaver rhoeas L. (Papaveraceae) in April 2022. Photos of the gall, and data on the distribution, and biology of the new record species are provided.

Purpose Nematode diseases are major constraints in tomato production. Screenhouse and field experiments were conducted to assess the efficacy of Effective Microorganisms-Fermented Plant Extract (EM-FPE) and compost manure singly and in combination on Meloidogyne incognita infecting tomatoes. Method Screenhouse and field experiments were designed respectively as 2×5 and 2×4 factorial fitted into a completely randomized design (CRD) in the screenhouse and randomized complete block design (RCBD) on the field. For single treatments, 100 ml of EM-FPE or 200 g of compost was used per plant while 50 ml of EM-FPE and 100 g of compost were combined and used per plant for treatment combination. Pots that did not receive any treatment served as control. Data were collected on growth parameters, fruit production, galling, and soil nematode population. The data collected was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) where significant differences in means were separated using Fisher's Least Significance Difference (LSD) Test at P = 0.05. Results In both trials, treated plants performed significantly better. No significant difference was recorded among the three treatments for soil nematode population and root galling on the field. But in the screenhouse trial, plants treated with the combination of EM-FPE and compost recorded higher soil nematode population (150) and root galling (7) at harvest but the plants performed well. Among the treatments, compost manure applied singly gave the best result with respect to vegetative growth, flower formation, and yield of the tomatoes. Conclusion This study reveals that both treatments, EM-FPE, and compost manure could be relied on for effective control of Meloidogyne incognita in tomatoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, new cynipid species have been described and new records were provided in Turkey where is the most species-rich region in the Western Palearctic region. In this study, some cynipid galls were collected from roots (close to the surface) or branches below the soil surface of the host oak (Andricus csokai, A. quercusradicis, A. rhyzomae, A. schoenroggei, A. stonei). A. rhyzomae and A. schoenroggei among these species are new records for the cynipid (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) fauna of Turkey. In addition, a new host oak was recorded for A. quercusradicis and A. rhyzomae. Also, the first location record of A. stonei was provided with this study although the species previously is known from Turkey. With this study, these five species were reported for the first time for the study area (Afyonkarahisar).

In the vast majority of gall insects, solitary establishment of a gall is the rule, but the primitively social aphid Tamalia coweni exhibits communal gall occupation under conditions of increased competition for gall sites. Here we tested the hypothesis that gall-sharing rates are a function of variable population densities in galls and on leaves of the host plant. Current results, observed under natural density and temporal variation, demonstrate that population density is a strong predictor of co-occupation rates. Although basal leaf positions were more frequently chosen as gall-induction sites than distal ones, there was no evidence these sites were more likely to be co-occupied. In addition to spatial constraints, temporal constraints may be important in mediating primitive sociality in T. coweni. • High concentrations of Tamalia gall aphids promote sharing of gall space by foundress females. • Under increased competition for sites, Tamalia gall aphids establish multiple galls on the same leaf of the host plant. • Basal leaf positions are more likely to be chosen than distal sites for gall establishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-insect interactions where the insect changes the course of host-plant growth by building a new structure called as a "gall" to protect and nourish the growing insect continue to fascinate scientists. Alstonia scholaris, a medicinal plant extensively used in Indian Traditional Medicine has shown to have such interactions with insect Pauropsylla tuberculata Crawford producing numerous galls on the plant leaves. This intricate and poorly understood natural relationship demands further investigation to unravel the distinctions between gall tissue and unaffected leaves. We examined the tissue ultrastructure by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and phytochemistry by thin layer chromatography and liquid chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry to understand variations between the gall tissues and ungalled leaves of A. scholaris. The data showed dense population of sclereids in the gall tissues in addition to parenchyma cells. The concentration of aluminium, phosphorus and carbon were found to be reduced in the galls while cobalt and oxygen were increased. The SEM images gives insight into the ecological relationship between these species. The phytochemical analysis indicated not only enrichment of alkaloids and terpenoids in the gall tissues but also observed several novel peaks with unreported masses indicating a potential reservoir of bioactive phytochemicals. [Display omitted] • Scanning electron microscopy of the gall and ungalled leaves of Alstonia scholaris. • Comparison of macro and micronutrient contents among these plant tissues. • Putative identification of phytochemicals present in galls by a dereplication study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant galls are an important chemical resource, and allow scientists to explore the active substances resulting from continuous interactions between plants and gall-inducing insects. In this study, the gall-inducing insect, Cryptosiphum atriplicivorum (Hemiptera: Aphididae), was identified for the first time from galls on Artemisia sieversiana and A. sylvatica. The chemical components of the galls were analyzed using hydro-distillation, and higher concentrations of essential oils (EOs) were found in galls on A. sylvatica than in those from A. sylvatica. GC-MS analysis revealed that the major chemical components in the EOs from A. sieversiana and A. sylvatica galls were monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids, including eucalyptol, (–)-borneol, (+)-camphor, β -caryophyllene, and (E)- β -farnesene. Concentrations of these chemicals were higher in the galls than in uninfected plants. Fumigant toxicity assays demonstrated that A. sylvatica and A. sieversiana gall EOs had strong insecticidal activity against C. chinensis , with LC 50 values of 7.65 ± 1.84 and 46.79 ± 5.21 μL/L, respectively. Moreover, the monoterpenoids eucalyptol, (–)-borneol, and (+)-camphor, which were prominent in the gall tissues, all exhibited significant fumigant activity against Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), with LC 50 values of 20.96 ± 4.19 μL/L, 7.37 ± 0.60 μL/L, and 4.89 ± 1.52 μL/L, respectively. Interestingly, fumigation with these EOs at insecticidal concentrations did not affect soybean seed germination or seedling growth. These results illustrate that chemicals from the galls on A. sieversiana and A. sylvatica have the potential to be exploited as insecticides for overcoming storage pests. [Display omitted] • Aphid galls are quite abundant resources with defensive components. • Cryptosiphum atriplicivoru identified for the first time here as a gall-inducing insect from the Artemisia spp. • EOs extracted from these galls contain high concentrations of volatile terpenoids. • Gall EOs showed fumigant toxicity against the storage pest Callosobruchus chinensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The family Lamippidae (Cyclopoida) are endosymbionts mainly occurring in shallow water octocorals and records from deep-sea corals are few. Here we investigated the relationship between the lamippid Gorgonophilus canadensis Buhl-Mortensen & Mortensen, 2004 and its host the deep-sea coral Paragorgia arborea. Twenty-one specimens of G. canadensis was found inside eight gall-like structures on a P. arborea colony collected in 2010 at 318 m depth off Norway. The galls contained on average 1.6 females, 1.0 males, and 7.5 egg sacs estimated to contain 400 eggs each. Females were larger than males (4.6 mm compared to 2.0 mm). The gall volume increased with the number of egg sacs, females, and the length of females inside, the latter correlation was significant (p < 0.05). The number of egg sacs in galls was positively correlated with the abundance and length of females (p < 0.05), and by adding Canadian data from 17 galls the relation between egg sacs and numbers of females and males in galls became stronger (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Scanning electron microscopy revealed that this highly modified endoparasite has thoracic appendages with non-segmented flexible spines with a specialized structure at their tips through which threads are excreted. We speculate that this adaptation could relate to feeding or attachment of egg sacs inside the galls. Thread production has rarely been reported for copepods and we explore its function in the group as well as other crustaceans. The age and size of the parasite, and the introduction to and release from the host is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new genera, Striastigmus, gen. nov., and Vitreostigmus, gen. nov., as well as three new species, S. bicoloratus, sp. nov., V. maculatus, sp. nov., and V. kangarooislandi, sp. nov., are described from Australia. A key to species of Vitreostigmus is provided as well as new information on the biology of genus Bortesia. Potential hosts of the newly described genera are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an outline of the transition in "brain maps" used to illustrate locations of cortical "centers" associated with movements, sensations, and language beginning with images from Gall and Spurzheim in the nineteenth century through those of functional magnetic resonance imaging in the twenty-first century. During the intervening years, new approaches required new brain maps to illustrate them, and brain maps helped to objectify and naturalize mental processes. One approach, electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex—exemplified by Fritsch and Hitzig in 1870, Ferrier in 1873, and Penfield by 1937—required brain maps showing functional centers with expanded and overlapping boundaries. In another approach, brain maps that linked cortical centers to account for the complex syndromes of aphasia, apraxia, alexia, and agraphia were initially constructed by Baginsky in 1871, Wernicke in 1874, and Lichtheim in 1885, then later by Lissauer in 1890, Dejerine in 1892, and Liepmann in 1920, and eventually by Geschwind in 1965 and others through the late twentieth century. Over that intervening time, brain maps changed from illustrations of points on the cerebral cortex where movements and sensations were elicited to illustrations of areas (centers) associated with recognizable functions to illustrations of connections between those areas that account for complex symptoms occurring in clinical patients. By the end of this period, advancements in physics, mathematics, and cognitive science resulted in inventions that allowed brain maps of cortical locations derived from cognitive manipulations rather than from the usual electrical or ablative manipulations. "Mental" dependent variables became "cognitive" independent variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Goji (Lycium) is a popular traditional health food, and its fruit and root extracts have been found to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypocholesterolemia-inducing abilities. Goji leaves also contain high amounts of phenolic compounds, similar to its fruit, and their extracts also exhibit several pharmaceutical effects. The induction of galls on Goji leaves reduces their photosynthetic ability and fruit yield, which raise their farming costs, thereby leading to economic loss. However, the defense mechanisms induced by infection may elevate the secondary metabolite content of the leaves, which might provide more nutritive compounds. Method Content of chlorophyll, carotenoids, polyphenols, and flavonoids in the extracts of normal and infected Goji leaves (L. chinense) were analyzed. The relative content of chlorogenic acid and rutin, two major phenolic compounds in Goji leaves, were determined by LC-MS/MS. Antioxidant activity was presented by demonstrating the DPPH scavenging percentage. The extract of Goji fruit (L. barbarum) was also analyzed to show a comparative result. Results In this study, we found that in infected Goji leaves, the polyphenol content was significantly increased. The level of chlorogenic acid was increased by 36% in galled leaves. The content of rutin in galled leaves was also elevated. Testing the antioxidant activities also showed that the extracts of galled leaves have higher DPPH scavenging abilities. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that galled Goji leaves have higher functional value, and may have potential as being consumed as health food.

Plants defend themselves by producing various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that have direct and indirect effects on insect herbivores. Their production is often specific to the plant and herbivore species involved, with some herbivores being able to manipulate their production. Here, we used passive volatile sampling using polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) tubing to compare VOCs produced by control, mined and galled oak leaves in the field. Leaves mined by a microlepidopteran leaf-miner (Phyllonorycter harrisella) produced a lower amount of two sesquiterpenes and an increased amount of eucalyptol. In contrast, leaves galled by the gall wasp (Neuroterus quercusbaccarum) did not produce a lower amount of any of the VOC measured when compared to the control. They produced a higher amount of farnesene, β-bourbonene and eucalyptol. Some of these VOC are known for their anti-herbivore function. In a second experiment, we treated the experimental leaves with the phytohormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to determine if leaf-miners or gallers reduced the overall inducibility of infested leaves. MeJA induced a sixteen-fold increase in VOC production. However, there was no difference in VOC production of control, mined and galled leaves treated with MeJA. Our results show that up- and down-regulation of VOCs can vary among leaves infested by different herbivores. More experiments are needed to determine if this is due to manipulation by the herbivores themselves or due to a defensive response of the plant.

Summary: Agrobacterium tumefaciens colonizes the galls (plant tumors) it causes, and the roots of host and nonhost plants.Transposon‐sequencing (Tn‐Seq) was used to discover A.tumefaciens genes involved in reproductive success (fitness genes) on Solanum lycopersicum and Populus trichocarpa tumors and S.lycopersicum and Zea mays roots.The identified fitness genes represent 3–8% of A. tumefaciens genes and contribute to carbon and nitrogen metabolism, synthesis and repair of DNA, RNA and proteins and envelope‐associated functions. Competition assays between 12 knockout mutants and wild‐type confirmed the involvement of 10 genes (trpB, hisH, metH, cobN, ntrB, trxA, nrdJ, kamA, exoQ, wbbL) in A.tumefaciens fitness under both tumor and root conditions. The remaining two genes (fecA, noxA) were important in tumors only. None of these mutants was nonpathogenic, but four (hisH, trpB, exoQ, ntrB) exhibited impaired virulence. Finally, we used this knowledge to search for chemical and biocontrol treatments that target some of the identified fitness pathways and report reduced tumorigenesis and impaired establishment of A.tumefaciens on tomato roots using tannic acid or Pseudomonas protegens, which affect iron assimilation.This work revealed A.tumefaciens pathways that contribute to its competitive survival in plants and highlights a strategy to identify plant protection approaches against this pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author elaborated a large number of plant damages caused by Symphyta that had accumulated in the past 45 years, preserved and labelled in 386 envelopes. In this material 84 plant species and 82 sawfly species have been demonstrated. The list is annotated with more recent taxonomical information. The species Messa wuestnei (Konow, 1894) recorded on Basket Willow (Salix viminalis) proved as new for the fauna of Hungary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distribution of T. fletcheri is studied in India as well as on the host plant. It is recorded from many states of India on two host plants- T. nudiflora and Gmelina arborea. On host plant maximum galls are seen in middle part of foliage on eastern, western and southern direction and minimum on lower part and canopy of the tree. Seasonal cycle studied revealed peak during rainy months June to August and minimum in winter months December to January, though population and gall formation occurs throughout the year. Incubation period of eggs, nymphal period and longevity of adults prolonged in winter [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A geographic mosaic of coevolution has produced local reciprocal adaptation in tall goldenrod, Solidago altissima (L.), and the goldenrod ball‐gall fly, Eurosta solidaginis (Fitch 1855). The fly is selected to induce gall diameters that minimize mortality from natural enemies, and the plant is selected to limit gall growth that reduces plant fitness. We conducted a double reciprocal transplant experiment where S. altissima and E. solidaginis from three sites were grown in gardens at each site to partition the gall morphology variation into fly genotype, plant genotype, and the environment components. The host plant gall diameter induced by each E. solidaginis population was adapted to inhibit local natural enemies from ovipositing on or consuming enclosed larvae. Reciprocally, increasing the gall size induced by the local fly population increased the resistance of the local plant host population to gall growth. Differences among sites in natural enemies produced a mosaic of hotspots of coevolutionary arms races between flies selecting for greater gall diameter and plants for smaller diameters, and coldspots where there is no selection on plant or fly for a change in gall diameter. In contrast, the geographic variations of gall length and gall shape were not due to coevolutionary interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]