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Implementationalism maintains that conventional, silicon‐based artificial systems are not conscious because they fail to satisfy certain substantive constraints on computational implementation. In this article, we argue that several recently proposed substantive constraints are implausible, or at least are not well‐supported, insofar as they conflate intuitions about computational implementation generally and consciousness specifically. We argue instead that the mechanistic account of computation can explain several of the intuitions driving implementationalism and non‐computationalism in a manner which is consistent with artificial consciousness. Our argument provides indirect support for computationalism about consciousness and the view that conventional artificial systems can be conscious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate and analyse interpersonal communication as a prominent issue in modern educational practice. The authors employed various general scientific research methods including analysis and synthesis, the comparative method, as well as the inductive and deductive approaches. Additionally, a theoretical analysis of relevant research by other scholars was carried out in the final stage of the study. Throughout the research, the authors identified different types of communication and barriers to effective communication. Furthermore, three aspects of a teacher's speech culture were identified. This study explores the educational perspectives within the field of educational science and the emerging scientific concept of educational acmeology in global educational research. The focus on educational acmeology addresses the objective of enhancing teachers' psychological and educational skills, professional competence and the interplay between education and psychology. The findings contribute to the development of professional and scientific relationships among teachers as a result of successful acmeological practices. The practical significance of this research lies in its potential application to examine interpersonal communication as an acmeological problem in contemporary educational settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why is Deleuze important to literature? For Deleuze, literature is the capitalised Life, which I argue is essentially an in-betweenness based on the dissolution of transcendental Kantian-Cartesian subjectivity. This perception of literature can lead to a creative functionalistic reading of literature, including the following three functions: (1) the in-betweenness between the transcendental and the empirical, (2) the in-betweenness between the public and the private, and (3) the in-betweenness between the general and the generative. These functions which are focused on the creator perspective can alleviate the anxiety over ‘the simple application of theory in literary textual analysis’ because they encourage authors and readers alike to create concepts. It is not only an active response to the question mentioned in the beginning, but also a practice of Deleuze’s philosophy of creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How can we conceptualise politicised integration at the global level? Functionalism and neo-functionalism are de-politicised, technocratic theories of integration dispensing with ideology and contestation, while post-functionalist approaches address politicisation but not supra-national integration. Drawing on comparative macro-historical theories, this article suggests a conceptualisation of politicised integration that extends exit–voice and political structuring models used at national and European levels to global integration. The replacement of territorial divisions with cleavages cutting across world regions – core–periphery and North–South divisions, civilisations and 'multiple modernities' – creates the conditions for cross-territorial dimensions of contestation, along which cross-regional membership groups link, coordinate and form bonds of solidarity. The de-territorialisation of global cleavages and the regional convergence it brings about, provide the social bases for mass politics rather than elitist policy integration. The conceptualisation of integration is political rather than technocratic, and one in which collective decision making is a matter of pluralist contestation rather than problem-solving expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Latin American & Latinx Visual Culture is the property of University of California Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Realism about general relativity (GR) seems to imply realism about spacetime curvature. The existence of the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity (TEGR) calls this into question, for (a) TEGR is set in a torsionful but flat spacetime, and (b) TEGR is empirically equivalent to GR. Knox (Stud Hist Philos Sci Part B Stud Hist Philos Mod Phys 42(4):264–275, 2011) claims that there is no genuine underdetermination between GR and TEGR; we call this verdict into question by isolating and addressing her individual arguments. In addition, we anticipate and evaluate two further worries for realism about the torsionful spacetimes of TEGR, which we call the ‘problem of operationalisability’ and the ‘problem of visualisability’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principles of social justice, equity, diversity, inclusion (JEDI) have received increasing attention in behavior analysis circles, but the conversation has largely centered on implications for applied behavior analysis practice and research. It may be less clear to researchers who conduct basic and translational research how JEDI principles can inform and inspire their work. This article synthesizes publications from behavior analysis and other scientific fields about tactics of JEDI‐informed research. We organized this scholarship across five stages of research from developing the research question to sharing findings and curated sources for an audience of behavioral science researchers. We discuss reflexive practice, representation, belongingness, participatory research, quantitative critical theory, and open science, among other topics. Some researchers may have already adopted some of the practices outlined, some may begin new practices, and some may choose to conduct experimental analyses of JEDI problems. Our hope is that those actions will be reinforced by the behavior analysis scientific community. We conclude by encouraging the leadership of this journal to continue to work toward the structural changes necessary to make the experimental analysis of behavior just, equitable, diverse, and inclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching a course on religions of the world is challenging, especially considering the cogent critiques of that paradigm and the history of its construction. In our courses and text, we have employed a strategy comparing different representations of a single religion to help students develop analytical and critical thinking skills. Within this approach, we employ a functionalist methodology that addresses how each representation of a religion empowers particular groups as well as how the practices and ideas within each religion function. Organizing a course and textbook in this fashion coordinates with assignments that ask students to compare the construction and functions of different representations of the same religion, thus reinforcing to students that no single description of a religion is complete or free from individual and group interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The general study of the ontology of quantum field theories (QFTs) concerns whether particles or fields are more fundamental. Both views are well-motivated, although each is subject to some serious criticism. Given that the current versions of the particle interpretation and the field interpretation are not satisfying, I propose a mixed ontology of particles and fields in the framework of QFT. I argue that the ontological question should focus on how to view particles and fields consistently in QFT, provided that they are the natural candidates for the ontology of QFT. In particular, based on this reading, I adopt a functionalist reading of ontology and defend a mixed ontology of QFT. I address a paradigmatic case of the mixed ontology approach: a particle/field duality defined in terms of functional equivalence between particles and fields. Functionalism about ontology provides new insight into resolving the problem of unitarily inequivalent representations, which is one of the major interpretational issues of QFT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Architectonics & Architecture / Építés - Építészettudomány is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Valence is central to the experience of emotion. However, to the detriment of affective science, it is often ill-defined and poorly operationalized. Being more precise about what is meant by valence would make for more readily comparable emotion stimuli, methodologies, and results, and would promote consideration of the diversity, complexity, and function of discrete emotions. This brief review uses prior literature and an informal survey of affective scientists to illustrate disagreements in conceptualizing valence. Next, we describe issues of valence in affective science, particularly as they pertain to the emotion process, the functions of emotion, and precision in empirical research. We conclude by providing recommendations for the future of valence in affective science.

This study aims to account for the German expression von wegen (literally ‘of ways’) when used outside of the sentence structure. Drawing on corpus data for written and spoken German, we show that there are two types of syntactically non-integrated von wegen: (i) illustrating/exemplifying von wegen and, (ii) opposing von wegen. By combining both a formal and a functional perspective, we claim that these two types can be analyzed as modal expressions. In fact, from a formal point of view based on Werner Abraham’s classification in lexical and grammatical forms of modality, both illustrating/exemplifying and opposing von wegen encode a quotative/evidential meaning, whereas only the second type expresses an epistemic modal value. Nevertheless, von wegen does not belong to the prototypical forms of modality described by Abraham as it does not occupy a structural position within the sentence and therefore does not fall into any of the classes proposed by Abraham. For this reason, we also need to integrate the formal perspective with a functional one by defining modality not only structurally but also semantically. In doing so, we account for the modality of von wegen in that we assume the existence of a third strategy of modalization that is specific to syntactically non-integrated expressions and operates at the discourse level.

This special issue examines the question of how both formal(ist) and functional(ist) accounts or elements of theorizing can contribute to the explanation of (morpho)syntactic variation. Are formal and functional approaches really irreconcilable with each other, as often seems to be taken for granted by their respective advocates? It will be argued instead that they are rather complementary and that both can make a valuable contribution to explaining linguistic variation, in synchronic as well as diachronic respects. The integration of ways of looking at a certain phenomenon or problem from the respective other camp is proven to provide a significant added value and should not be excluded. The volume focuses on several Germanic languages and dialects, more specifically on German, Dutch, and Swedish varieties. It unites different formal and functional perspectives and, not least, it considers also semantic and phonological factors. The models covered include different versions of generative grammar, information-based morphology, construction grammar/construction morphology, natural morphology, and sociolinguistics.

This research uses a life space analysis to examine the complex interactions between social and psychological elements in Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale. It is based on Kurt Lewin's field theory and Emile Durkheim's functionalism. Through the use of sociological and psychological analysis, the research focusses on the characters' complex experiences of oppression and struggle within their dystopian setting. The research analyses the many psychological fields that impact the characters' responses to the societal pressures they face by looking at how their circumstances and psychological needs shape their behaviours and perceptions. The descriptive-analytical technique demonstrates how the dynamics within the characters' living spaces--including cognitive structures and external processes--determine how they interact with their physical and social environments. The analysis also shows that the characters' lives are defined by the intensity of their demands and the fluidity of their social settings, which drives them to continually navigate between conflicting influences. The ideas of social solidarity, integration, phenomenon, and cohesiveness are used to further analyse the social component of the characters' experiences and show how these elements are represented in the characters' actual experiences. In the end, the study emphasises how important it is to include sociological and psychological ideas into literary studies in order to improve our comprehension of the intricate relationships that exist between the person and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brexit constitutes a puzzle for integration theory. Functionalist analyses have not only failed to predict the UK's exit but have also underestimated the disintegrative dynamics of the withdrawal negotiations. By contrast, postfunctionalism accounts for the disintegrative Brexit process but struggles to explain the unity and defence of supranational integration among the EU-27. This article tries to make sense of the Brexit puzzle. First, it argues that Brexit constitutes an attack on the EU polity rather than a policy failure – the type of crisis that functionalist theories explain best. Second, it complements the postfunctionalist account of domestic politicisation with an analysis of the reactions and strategies of the defenders of supranational integration. According to this expanded postfunctionalist analysis, the interaction of polity attack and polity defence has produced 'external rebordering': extreme disintegration of the UK from the EU, on the one hand, and strengthened integration of the EU-27, on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digitalization of (higher) education has been an increasingly important subject in the recent years, spiking especially due to pandemic lockdowns. While many scholars and third parties consider this process to be an improvement or even an inevitability, I argue that there is much to understand about it beyond 'attending to the materialities of digital education'. This paper aims to do two things: 1) to argue why digital materialities approach ('attending to the materialities of digital education') is not enough to grasp the digitalization of the University (and thus, its stakes) and 2) to discuss how combining general organology and an educational-phenomenological outlook offers a more robust way of understanding digitalization of the University and its stakes. I conclude by pointing to the issue of place and placefulness that seems to be one of the most directly affected characteristics of the University and studying, which calls on to be reflected further upon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sociology of religion is the part of sociology as the science of society. From the beginning of this discipline, interest in the phenomenon of religion has been very lively. The structure of the article includes four main research problems. These are, in order: religion and society, religious experience, functionalism theory and religionand education, upbringing and religion... The aim of the analysis is to try to articulate some elements that are also conducive to pedagogical research, especially regarding the problem of upbringing. The analysis often suggested educational, shaping and socializing aspects of religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, improving teacher's professional ethics is an essential topic that has repeatedly appeared in the national teacher's policies. Researchers have also tried to update the paradigm and orientation of teacher ethics research through new terms. However, current research mainly focuses on exploring teacher's professional ethics from an individual perspective, while relatively neglecting the understanding of teacher's professional ethics phenomena from a group perspective and analyzing their social characteristics. Indeed, professional sociology provides a solid theoretical foundation for expanding this direction. Therefore, we should stand on the base of the professional ethics theories of comprehensive functionalism, conflict theory, and ecology theory, treat teacher's professional ethics as a social phenomenon within specific historical and cultural processes, and summarize into four categories: universal and special, symbolic and substantive, social and individual, internal and external, thus providing cognitive tools for analyzing teacher' s professional ethics phenomena from a group perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a functional approach to audio describing foreign films. First, a functional model of audio description (AD) is outlined, aimed at identifying functional priorities in audio-visual content with a view to determining AD macro- and micro-strategies. Second, the skopos theory is discussed and its principles adapted for AD purposes, by proposing four rules that stand in a hierarchical order: the Skopos rule (i.e. the fact that AD should be determined by its purpose), the cohesion rule (i.e. that the AD should be internally coherent as a text), the coherence rule (i.e. that the AD should be coherent for the target audience given their presupposed background knowledge and socio-cultural circumstances), and the correspondence rule (i.e. that there should be intersemiotic coherence between the source text and the AD). Then, the article presents a case study in which it is demonstrated how the functional aspects may have an impact on the audio describer's choices both in terms of content and form of AD, and how one film may have different ADs depending on its target audiences and the intended purposes. All in all, it is argued that functionalism in general and the skopos theory in particular as applied to AD provide a theoretical conceptualisation of AD, but more importantly, may serve as a practical tool for effective audio description as well as translation of AD scripts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose This study investigates the budgeting system in Indonesia, which has not been adapted to increase and equalise the funding allocation for primary school education. Furthermore, it analyses the causally adaptive failure in the budgeting system of the Government of Indonesia (GoI).Design/methodology/approach Our study employed semi-structured interviews, gathering in-depth insights from 24 relevant informants from the local government officials and auditors. Using Talcott Parson’s structural functionalism as our theoretical approach, the authors analysed the research transcripts using the coding structure of Nvivo, capturing GoI’s education budgeting systems holistically and enriching this study’s findings derived from valid, credible and reliable research data.Findings This study finds deficiencies in the primary school education budgeting system: the identified integrative functions, polity as an organised system for directing various resources towards a collective goal, and the low justification of legitimacy. The findings indicate that the GoI needs to modify the regulations to enhance the adaptive capacity of budgeting functionalism. The findings have consequences for the Public-School Education Ministry in managing the budget allocation, indicating that the GoI needs to modify the regulations to enhance the adaptive capacity. This policy ensures that primary school students get the fund allocation from the GoI as a function of constitutional instruction.Originality/value This study provides knowledge regarding how most GoI’s regional officers spend their mandatory budgets on infrastructure, disregarding the soft-skill ones. As they avoid transferring general allocation funds by formulating mechanistic allocation due to diminishing incentives, the regional officers are unreasonable when getting the special-fund-allocation transfer.

AbstractThis response to the essays in the special issue on fictions in law, literature and philosophy considers the results of dispensing with the requirement that legal fictions must rest on a falsehood. As the contributions show, reconsidering the subject in this way opens up space for connections with fictional thinking in literature and philosophy, and has the potential to provide a much clearer understanding of fictions’ roles and functions. The discussion then turns to the question of why it matters whether we define fictions according to a falsehood criterion or take a wider view. The last section takes up two recent essays, by Stacie Friend in philosophy and Julie Orlemanski in literary studies, to consider yet further avenues for research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When member states of the European Union face serious international threats, does this serve as a catalyst or obstacle for European integration in the security and defence domain? To gain purchase on this question, this paper examines public opinion from a common instrument fielded in 24 EU member states (and the United Kingdom) with a total sample size of more than 40,000 respondents.We argue that theoretical accounts of perceived threat produce rival hypotheses. Threats might have either uniform or differential effects on different groups of citizens and could lead to either convergence or divergence of public opinion. We show that perceptions of foreign threats are associated with more favourable views on integration in the security and defence domain. Importantly, this association is as strong among Eurosceptics as among Europhiles. The findings presented here are consistent with the view that functional pressures may temporarily convince Eurosceptics to accept integration in the foreign and security domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Were European public reactions to Russia's invasion of Ukraine in line with the external threat hypothesis? Accordingly, the invasion should have increased the perception of threat from Russia's territorial ambitions and support for collective defence. We review survey data from a diverse sample of ten European countries, collected before and after the event, showing that this was indeed the case. Threat perceptions and attitudes toward various aspects of collective defence – the general principle, readiness to defend other European nations, and NATO – increased fairly consistently across countries, and the association between perceptions and attitudes also increased. Findings regarding (changes in) attitudes towards defence efforts of the European Union were more ambiguous. We discuss the implications of these findings for the future of collective defence in Europe and the resilience of European societies more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of URVIO - Revista Latinoamericana de Seguridad Ciudadana is the property of FLACSO - Ecuador (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Builder (1896-0642) is the property of PWB MEDIA Zdzieblowski sp.j. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annals of Philosophy / Roczniki Filozoficzne is the property of John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Faculty of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annals of Philosophy / Roczniki Filozoficzne is the property of John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Faculty of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper proposes a five-part empirical typology of interconnections of race and class. We describe the mechanisms whereby (1) race is a form of class relation; (2) race relations and class relations reciprocally affect each other; (3) race acts as a sorting mechanism into class locations; (4) race acts as a mediating linkage to class locations; and (5) race interacts with class in determining other outcomes. Rather than insisting on one or another mechanism as the overarching framework for conceptualising the interconnections between race and class, we propose a theoretical integration of all five within a functionalist model. The model reconciles the empirical effects of race variables with a class-functionalist explanation of race. Our typology of interconnections is useful for situating concrete empirical phenomena, and our theoretical integration of those interconnections offers a coherent explanatory system that captures the recursive causality of race and class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicine faces challenges that indicate that it may not be sustainable. A descriptive disease concept is apt to what philosopher of science Ian Hacking called "looping effects", which can explain why health care is faced with insatiable demands. Diseases are not only indifferent objects with an objective existence in the biology of individuals. They are often interactive identities that have attractive properties. We suggest a shift in medical practice where descriptive perspectives are complemented with functional perspectives to enable clinicians better to help people from merging with dysfunctional disease identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) established in 2015 has developed an institutional framework that on the paper largely mimics the European Union's. The article suggests that a closer examination of the economic interdependence in the region adds valuable knowledge regarding the development of the organization. The analysis follows a (post)-functionalist model and highlights how the integration process responds to economic interdependence, and that the integration process has the potential of generating spillovers. The Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) has initiated work targeting the removal of non-tariff barriers, and business associations in the region are paying attention to the organization. Yet, there are also several constraints to integration in the region linked to the member states' reluctance to delegate substantial powers to the EEC, and their insistence on the cooperation as being merely economic. These limitations are in line with previous suggestions in the literature regarding non-democratic regional organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been argued that nonreductive physicalism’s problems with mental causation disappear if we abandon the intuitive but naïve production-based conception of causation in favor of one based on counterfactual dependence and difference-making. In recent years, this response has been thoroughly developed and defended by James Woodward, who contends that Kim’s causal exclusion argument, widely thought to be the most serious threat to nonreductive mental causation, cannot even be given a coherent formulation within Woodward’s preferred interventionist framework. But Woodward has, even more recently, defended a pair of necessary conditions on mental causation and higher-order causation more generally, and it is here that the interventionist framework proves less friendly to nonreductive mental causation. Functionalism is arguably the most important species of nonreductive physicalism concerning specifically mental properties, but, as I argue, functional properties fail both of Woodward’s tests of causal relevance, one of them in two different ways. The problem, moreover, seems unique to functionalism, for other types of higher-order properties appear to pass Woodward’s tests. If functionalism faces defeat even in such friendly territory, its problems with mental causation are not an artifact of naïve metaphysics. They run deep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of machine functionalism, as one of the most popular positions within the philosophy of mind, in the context of the development of artificial intelligence. Our analysis starts from the idea that machine functionalism is a theory that is largely consistent with the principles behind the strong AI thesis. However, we will see that there is a convincing counter-argument against such claims, and we will problematize this issue. Also, by testing ChatGPT, as the most popular publicly available AI tool, we will make an effort to figure out whether the strong AI thesis could currently even be considered a potentially sustainable principle. Since ChatGPT fails the Turing test our conclusion is that the strong AI thesis cannot be upheld even in principle, implying that the current state of this AI tool does not yet provide strong enough arguments in favor of machine functionalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractMedicine faces challenges that indicate that it may not be sustainable. A descriptive disease concept is apt to what philosopher of science Ian Hacking called "looping effects”, which can explain why health care is faced with insatiable demands. Diseases are not only indifferent objects with an objective existence in the biology of individuals. They are often interactive identities that have attractive properties. We suggest a shift in medical practice where descriptive perspectives are complemented with functional perspectives to enable clinicians better to help people from merging with dysfunctional disease identities.

This Article aims to elucidate servitisation through the lens of Hegel’s personality theory, which justifies property based on its role in shaping our identity. The growing prominence of servitisation enables us to interact with and derive benefits from things not only through ownership but also through contractual access. In this light, it is submitted that the personality justification offers a helpful theoretical framework to inform a clearer conception of servitisation, which in turn sheds illuminating light on its effective legal shaping and regulation. Through the lens of personality theory, I argue that long-term servitisation is functionally equivalent to formal property in promoting the actualisation of personhood, while the short-term counterpart supports the experimentation of personality. The relational nature of Hegelian property is reinforced in servitisation. Accordingly, a functional approach to property lends itself to the proper regulation of servitisation, where contracts could be employed to set out the governance framework for servitised property. Legal regulation on servitisation should play both protective and facilitative roles in the servitised economy.

ÖZ: Yazının bulunmasından itibaren çeşitli yazıt ve belgelerde dua ve beddua kullanılmıştır. Dua ve beddualar, uygarlıkların ve toplumların değer yargılarını ortaya koyma ve inandıkları yüce varlıktan isteklerini veya istemediğini ifade etme şeklidir. Nitekim MÖ I. bin yılın ilk yarısında merkezi Tuşpa (Van) olmak üzere kurulan Urartu Devleti hakkında bilgiler edinebildiğimiz yazıtlarda da dua ve beddualarla karşılaşmaktayız. Urartu Yazıtları, gerek zaferleri anlatan gerekse yapmış oldukları imar faaliyetlerini göstermesi açısından çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Bu yazıtların bir kısmının Asurca, bir kısmının ise Urartuca olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Yazıtlarda geçen dua ve bedduaların çeşitli amaçlara hizmet ettiği görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada işlevsel açıdan Urartu Yazıtları’nda geçen dua ve beddualar ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir. Yazıtlarda tespit edilen dua ve beddualar, mevcut düzenin devamlılığını sağlama, kutsala olan saygı, güç ve iktidar sahibi olma, yazıtları ve savaş araç gereçlerini koruma, toplumsal kuralları uygulatma ve propaganda gibi işlevler açısından ayrıntılı ele alınmıştır. ABSTRACT: Since the beginning of written language, prayers and curses have found their place within inscriptions and documents as vehicles through which civilizations and societies convey their value judgments and articulate their desires or aversions toward the supreme beings they revere. This phenomenon is particularly evident in the inscriptions that shed light on the Urartian state, established in the first half of the 1st millennium BC, with its epicenter in Tushpa (Van). The Urartian inscriptions exhibit remarkable diversity, encompassing depictions of victories achieved and construction endeavors undertaken. It is noteworthy that some of these inscriptions are composed in Assyrian, while others are in Urartian. The prayers and curses embedded within these inscriptions serve multifarious purposes, warranting an in-depth examination. This study delves into a comprehensive exploration of the prayers and curses featured in Urartian inscriptions. The prayers and curses identified in the inscriptions were analyzed in detail in terms of functions such as ensuring the preservation of existing societal orders, reverence for the sacred, acquisition of strength and political authority, safeguarding inscriptions and military equipment, and the enforcement of social norms and propagandistic endeavors.

Functional reductionism characterises inter-theoretic reduction as the recovery of the upper-level behaviour described by the reduced theory in terms of the lower-level reducing theory. For instance, finding a statistical mechanical realiser that plays the functional role of thermodynamic entropy allows to establish a reductive link between thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. This view constitutes a unique approach to reduction that enjoys a number of positive features, but has received limited attention in the philosophy of science. This paper aims to clarify the meaning of functional reductionism in science, with a focus on physics, to define both its place with respect to other approaches to reduction and its connection to ontology. To do so, we develop and explore two alternative versions of functional reductionism, called Syntactic Functional Reductionism and Semantic Functional Reductionism, that expand and improve the basic functional reductionist approach along different lines, and make clear how the approach works in practice. The former elaborates on David Lewis’ account, is connected with the syntactic view of theories, employs a logical characterisation of functional roles, and is embedded within Nagelian reductionism. The latter adopts a semantic approach to theories, spells out functional roles mainly in terms of mathematical roles within the models, and is expressed in terms of the related structuralist approach to reduction. The development of these frameworks has the final goal of advancing functional reductionism, making it a fully developed account of reduction in science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]