Search

The first systematic reviews of the effects of exercise on appetite‐regulation and energy intake demonstrated changes in appetite‐regulating hormones consistent with appetite suppression and decreases in subsequent relative energy intake over a decade ago. More recently, an intensity‐dependent effect and several potential mechanisms were proposed, and this review aims to highlight advances in this field. While exercise‐induced appetite suppression clearly involves acylated ghrelin, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 may also be involved, though recent evidence suggests peptide tyrosine tyrosine may not be relevant. Changes in subjective appetite perceptions and energy intake continue to be equivocal, though these results are likely due to small sample sizes and methodological inconsistencies. Of the proposed mechanisms responsible for exercise‐induced appetite suppression, lactate has garnered the most support through in vitro and in vivo rodent studies as well as a growing amount of work in humans. Other potential modulators of exercise‐induced appetite suppression may include sex hormones, growth‐differentiation factor 15, Lac‐Phe, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, and asprosin. Research should focus on the mechanisms responsible for the changes and consider these other modulators (i.e., myokines/exerkines) of appetite to improve our understanding of the role of exercise on appetite regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical cyclone (TC) size and intensity define the potential destructiveness in the land-falling region. This study investigates the inter-relationships between size parameters (radius of maximum wind, Rmax; 34-knots wind, R34; and TC-fullness, TCF) and intensity. The best-track (size and intensity) data is obtained from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center during 2002–2021. The frequently observed R34, Rmax, and TCF are 100–150 km, 20–60 km, and 0.8, respectively for NIO TCs. Intensity and TCF are more strongly related (0.7) than R34 (0.5) and Rmax (0.6). Analysis shows that size changes are weakly related to intensity changes (0.37–0.39). Diagnostic analysis has been conducted to address possible reasons for different TC groups 1) TCs with no size variation with intensity (Group-1), (2) both increase (Group-2), (3) size increases with no intensity change (Group-3), (4) Initial more size (Group-4). The dry air intrusion outside the eyewall in Group-1 TCs in low vertical wind shear condition limit rain-bands development, enabling moisture convergence into the primary eyewall that helps maintain storm intensity without R34 increase. Strong surface fluxes in the primary eyewall region support convection and absolute angular momentum (AAM) at upper and lower levels, which boosts size and intensity in Group-2 TCs. Strong and broader surface fluxes and vertical velocities may create rain-bands or secondary-eyewall, causing bigger TCs with limited intensification in Group-3 TCs. Larger initial TC vortices maintain wider and intense surface fluxes, vertical velocities, and AAM in the TC inner and outer cores, supporting the maintenance of larger TC size in Group-4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The first systematic reviews of the effects of exercise on appetite‐regulation and energy intake demonstrated changes in appetite‐regulating hormones consistent with appetite suppression and decreases in subsequent relative energy intake over a decade ago. More recently, an intensity‐dependent effect and several potential mechanisms were proposed, and this review aims to highlight advances in this field. While exercise‐induced appetite suppression clearly involves acylated ghrelin, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 may also be involved, though recent evidence suggests peptide tyrosine tyrosine may not be relevant. Changes in subjective appetite perceptions and energy intake continue to be equivocal, though these results are likely due to small sample sizes and methodological inconsistencies. Of the proposed mechanisms responsible for exercise‐induced appetite suppression, lactate has garnered the most support through in vitro and in vivo rodent studies as well as a growing amount of work in humans. Other potential modulators of exercise‐induced appetite suppression may include sex hormones, growth‐differentiation factor 15, Lac‐Phe, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, and asprosin. Research should focus on the mechanisms responsible for the changes and consider these other modulators (i.e., myokines/exerkines) of appetite to improve our understanding of the role of exercise on appetite regulation.

Dietary fibers prevent obesity through reduction of hunger and prolongation of satiety. A number of mechanical and endocrine signals from gastrointestinal tract are stimulated by fibers and their fermentation products, reach regions of brain involved in the regulation of appetite, and ultimately reduce food intake. Gastric distention, delayed gastric emptying, prevention of hypoglycemic, increased amounts of unabsorbed nutrients reaching to the ileum, and stimulation of enteroendocrine cells for secretion of cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY are among mechanisms of fibers in decreasing hunger and prolongation of satiety. Fermentation of fibers produces short-chain fatty acids that also stimulates enteroendocrine cells to secrete GLP-1 and PYY. Randomized controlled trials have shown reductions in energy intake and body weight along with increased satiation and reduced hunger following consumption of fibers. Prospective cohort studies have confirmed these results but the extent of weight loss in some studies has been small. Controversies exist between studies particularly for the effect of fibers on the gastrointestinal hormones, subsequent food intake, and the resultant weight loss. More studies are needed before a clear conclusion can be drawn especially for the effect of fibers on appetite-related hormones and weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Numerous investigations have studied relationships between satiation, satiety, or food intake and single factors like food composition and resting metabolic rate. However, a comprehensive framework connecting food, physiological, and psychological factors together has not previously been reported. As an exploratory study with a trained panel consisting of nine participants, the contributions of twenty‐eight variables (seven food, seven psychological, and fourteen physiological factors) to satiation, satiety, and food intake of a mid‐morning snack were investigated. Both human factors and foods had contributions to perceived satiation and satiety, but with large differences in loadings, especially for metabolic factors. Food factors, including nutrient and energy contents, were major determinants of food intake, with only small contributions from human factors. Investigating diverse factors together provides a comprehensive approach linking appetite to both food and human factors. This study suggests the potential to guide manipulation of satiation, satiety, and food intake depending on individual psychological and physiological profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this multicentric cross-sectional study was to collect phenotypes and clinical variability on a large sample of 244 patients enrolled in different university centers in Italy, trying to differentiate subtypes of VM. Background: VM is one of the most frequent episodic vertigo characterized by a great clinical variability for duration of attacks and accompanying symptoms. Diagnosis is based only on clinical history of episodic vertigo in 50% of cases associated with migrainous headache or photo/phonophobia. Methods: We enrolled in different university centers 244 patients affected by definite VM according to the criteria of the Barany Society between January 2022 and December 2022. An audiometric examination and a CNS MRI were performed before inclusion. Patients with low-frequency sensorineural hearing loss were not included, as well as patients with an MRI positive otherwise that for microischemic lesions. Patients were asked to characterize vestibular symptoms choosing among (multiple answers were allowed): internal vertigo, dizziness, visuo-vestibular symptoms/external vertigo; onset of vertigo and duration, neurovegetative, and cochlear accompanying symptoms (hearing loss, tinnitus, and fullness during attacks) were collected as well as migrainous headache and/or photo/phonophobia during vertigo; autoimmune disorders were also analyzed. A bedside examination was performed including study of spontaneous-positional nystagmus with infrared video goggles, post head shaking ny, skull vibration test, and video head impulse test. Results: We included 244 subjects, 181 were females (74.2%). The age of onset of the first vertigo was 36.6 ± 14.5 while of the first headache was 23.2 ± 10.1. A positive correlation has been found between the first headache and the first vertigo. The mean duration of vertigo attacks was 11 ± 16 h. We carried on a cluster analysis to identify subgroups of patients with common clinical features. Four variables allowed to aggregate clusters: age of onset of vertigo, duration of vertigo attacks, presence of migrainous headache during vertigo, and presence of cochlear symptoms during vertigo. We identified 5 clusters: cluster 1/group 1 (23 subjects, 9.4%) characterized by longer duration of vertigo attacks; cluster 2/group 2 (52 subjects, 21.3%) characterized by absence of migrainous headache and cochlear symptoms during vertigo; cluster 3/group 3 (44 subjects, 18%) characterized by presence of cochlear symptoms during vertigo but not headache; cluster 4/group 4 (57 subjects, 23.4%) by the presence of both cochlear symptoms and migrainous headache during vertigo; cluster 5/group 5 (68 subjects, 27.9%) characterized by migrainous headache but no cochlear symptoms during vertigo. Conclusion: VM is with any evidence a heterogeneous disorder and clinical presentations exhibit a great variability. In VM, both symptoms orienting toward a peripheral mechanism (cochlear symptoms) and central ones (long lasting positional non-paroxysmal vertigo) may coexist. Our study is the first published trying to characterize subgroups of VM subjects, thus orienting toward different pathophysiological mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migraine pathogenic pathways may selectively target the cochlea. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of cochlear symptoms in migraine patients without vestibular migraine and/or Méniere’s disease was conducted. We examined 60 consecutive patients with history of cochlear symptoms, including fullness, tinnitus, and hearing loss. Patients were divided into two groups based on migraine history: M (migraine) and nM (no migraine). The incidence of migraine was compared to a homogeneous control group with dysfunctional and inflammatory dysphonia without cochlear symptoms. The type, time of onset, recurrence, bilaterality of symptoms, and hearing threshold were analyzed. The incidence of migraine was significantly higher (p = 0.04) in patients with cochlear symptoms than in the control group. The onset of symptoms is significantly earlier (p < 0.05) in the presence of migraine. The fullness, recurrence, and bilaterality of symptoms are associated with migraine in a statistically significant way (p < 0.05). Pure tone audiometry shows a statistically significant increase in the hearing threshold (500–1000 Hz) in group M. Based on developing findings, cochlear migraine may be considered as a novel clinical entity, like vestibular migraine. It would be the expression, in the absence of vertiginous symptoms, of a selective suffering of the anterior labyrinth by known operating mechanisms of migraine.

This contribution, within the framework of the research project on values in Judeo-Christian sources and traditions, aims to highlight the multiplicity of values which the figure of Ruth carries in the book dedicated to her. Looking at the plot of the narration, one can see how the theme of values, starting from Ruth, broadens and is present in the other protagonists of the narration, particularly in Boaz. After having presented the most relevant features of Ruth character that define her as ≫woman of valor≪, the article considers the need to place the narrative in the biblical canon, mentioning particularly the Jewish one, without ignoring the specificities of the positioning of the narration within the Greek and Latin canon and in the different Christian confessions. The contribution shows how the figure of Ruth in the Jewish canon is closely connected to the two books that precede (Proverbs) and follow (Song of Songs) the story dedicated to her and how the canonical position enables a better understanding of the value system transmitted by the three texts and their message

Copyright of Journal of Soochow University Law Edition is the property of Soochow University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Migraine pathogenic pathways may selectively target the cochlea. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of cochlear symptoms in migraine patients without vestibular migraine and/or Méniere's disease was conducted. We examined 60 consecutive patients with history of cochlear symptoms, including fullness, tinnitus, and hearing loss. Patients were divided into two groups based on migraine history: M (migraine) and nM (no migraine). The incidence of migraine was compared to a homogeneous control group with dysfunctional and inflammatory dysphonia without cochlear symptoms. The type, time of onset, recurrence, bilaterality of symptoms, and hearing threshold were analyzed. The incidence of migraine was significantly higher (p = 0.04) in patients with cochlear symptoms than in the control group. The onset of symptoms is significantly earlier (p < 0.05) in the presence of migraine. The fullness, recurrence, and bilaterality of symptoms are associated with migraine in a statistically significant way (p < 0.05). Pure tone audiometry shows a statistically significant increase in the hearing threshold (500–1000 Hz) in group M. Based on developing findings, cochlear migraine may be considered as a novel clinical entity, like vestibular migraine. It would be the expression, in the absence of vertiginous symptoms, of a selective suffering of the anterior labyrinth by known operating mechanisms of migraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relationship between the growth of the 34‐kt wind radius (R34) of tropical cyclones (TCs) and their fullness using best‐track data from 2001 to 2020. The storms were categorized into four groups based on a fullness scale: FS1 (fullness ≤ 0.4), FS2 (0.4 < fullness ≤ 0.6), FS3 (0.6 < fullness ≤ 0.8), and FS4 (fullness > 0.8). These groups exhibit unique spatial patterns of very deep convective clouds with infrared brightness temperatures <208 K. The mean R34 growth rates in 24 hr decrease from FS1 to FS4, which is linked to the higher coverage of very deep convection around R34 in storms with lower fullness. This study demonstrates that TC fullness can characterize the spatial distribution of deep convection in storms and serve as a representation of the growth of TC outer region size. These results have implications for understanding the mechanisms behind TC outer size growth. Plain Language Summary: The destructive potential of tropical cyclones (TCs) is primarily determined by two key factors: intensity and the size of the outer region. While the impact of TC wind structure on TC intensification rates has been extensively studied, little has been done to explore its effect on the growth of the outer region. This study finds that storms with lower fullness had larger growth rates in the radius of gale‐force winds (34 kt or 17 m/s; R34). TC fullness is defined as the ratio of the extent of the outer‐core wind skirt to the outer‐core size of the TC. This is associated with the higher coverage of very deep convective clouds with infrared brightness temperatures below 208 K around R34 in storms with lower fullness. These findings shed light on the importance of wind structure in the growth of the outer region in TCs, which helps improve our understanding of how these storms change in outer‐core size. Key Points: Tropical cyclone fullness can serve as a reliable indicator of the distribution of very deep convectionStorms with lower fullness have a higher mean R34 growth rate over a 24‐hr periodMore intense convection occurred around R34 in storms with lower fullness, which promotes the growth of R34 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper investigates the relationship between the growth of the 34‐kt wind radius (R34) of tropical cyclones (TCs) and their fullness using best‐track data from 2001 to 2020. The storms were categorized into four groups based on a fullness scale: FS1 (fullness ≤ 0.4), FS2 (0.4 0.8). These groups exhibit unique spatial patterns of very deep convective clouds with infrared brightness temperatures

Chia seeds are gaining interest as a potential functional food. We compared the subjective hunger, fullness and glycaemic responses elicited by 30 g cookies containing 0, 3, 5 or 7 g chia seed (CS0, CS3, CS5 or CS7; 140–150 kcal, 7–8 g fat, 4 g protein, 0–2 g dietary-fibre, 16 g available-carbohydrate) using a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design. Overnight-fasted heathy adults (24 male, 22 female) consumed test-cookies with endpoints measured before and intermittently for 3 h after eating. Total areas under the curve (tAUC0-3 h) for hunger were similar among treatments (p = 0.49) but fullness differed (p = 0.019) with tAUC0-3 h after CS3 > CS7 (mean ± SEM) (140 ± 9 vs 122 ± 10 mm × h, p

This article seeks to outline schematically the philosophical problem that underlies the main thesis of the German philosopher Markus Gabriel, namely, that the world does not exist, or in other words, a totality of the real is neither possible nor conceivable, nor is there a transversal or fundamental element of reality as a whole This problem stems from the quintessential ontological question: What exists? This, in turn, is based on the question of what it means to exist. The analysis of the notion of existence will show that: (1) it cannot be an authentic property, as it does not allow the identification and distinction of objects; (2) because of this, there cannot be a total definition of 'existence,' and therefore, there cannot be a realm of objects characterized solely by it. The impossibility of this total realm will show that neither a totality of the real exists nor is conceivable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outpouring and infilling of the Holy Spirit was followed by carrying out God's missionary duties in Acts 2. This event was also adopted and became a tradition by some Christians in their religious life. The problem is that adoption only emphasizes how outpouring and fulfillment occurs. The purpose of this article is to discover the meaning of the outpouring and infilling of the Holy Spirit in the Love of Apostles in Acts 2: 1-13 and its implications for the church today. The Holy Spirit came upon the apostles and the others on the Day of Pentecost. Those who heard them speaking in tongues were perplexed and asked, "What does this mean?" (Acts 2:12). The question perseveres today. Pentecost teaches us that we should strive to have the same blessed experience as the disciples. God's sanctions His church with the power of His Spirit so that He will be glorified among the nations. We need to remember that our purpose as the Lord's church is not to focus on ourselves and our own happiness. Our purpose as Christians is to spread the knowledge of God to all the nations of the earth. If we lose our external focus, with the overall purpose of God's glory, we may lose our reason for being. The result of this article is that the outpouring and fullness of the Holy Spirit is an important part in successfully carrying out God's mission. The method used in this brief study was a narrative theological analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overconsumption of fat is considered a major driver of the prevalence of obesity globally. While fat type and emulsification have been suggested to play roles in appetite control, very limited data exist. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of type and emulsification of fat on postprandial appetite responses. Sixteen healthy subjects participated in a 4-arm, randomised, crossover study. The net iAUC of hunger visual analogue scales (VAS) (mean ± SE) was observed higher with emulsified fat (−512 ± 137 cm × 300 min) than with non-emulsified fat (−785 ± 133 cm × 300 min) (p < 0.05), but the difference became insignificant over time. Compared to olive oil, coconut oil resulted in higher fullness VAS iAUC (olive oil: 1369 ± 306 cm × 600 min; coconut oil: 1786 ± 311 cm × 600 mi, p < 0.05). Findings from this study support the potential effects of fat in appetite regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previously, narrative reviews have considered the effects of intermittent fasting on appetite. One suggestion is that intermittent fasting attenuates an increase in appetite that typically accompanies weight loss. Here, we conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify the effects of intermittent fasting on appetite, when compared to a continuous energy restriction intervention. Five electronic databases and trial registers were searched in February 2021 and February 2022. Abstracts (N = 2800) were screened and 17 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), consisting of a variety of intermittent fasting regimes, met our inclusion criteria. The total number of participants allocated to interventions was 1111 and all RCTs were judged as having either some concerns or a high risk of bias (Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool). Random effects meta-analyses were conducted on change-from-baseline appetite ratings. There was no clear evidence that intermittent fasting affected hunger (WMD = −3.03; 95% CI [−8.13, 2.08]; p = 0.25; N = 13), fullness (WMD = 3.11; 95% CI [−1.46, 7.69]; p = 0.18; N = 10), desire to eat (WMD = −3.89; 95% CI [−12.62, 4.83]; p = 0.38; N = 6), or prospective food consumption (WMD = −2.82; 95% CI [−3.87, 9.03]; p = 0.43; N = 5), differently to continuous energy restriction interventions. Our results suggest that intermittent fasting does not mitigate an increase in our drive to eat that is often associated with continuous energy restriction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】In order to explore the growth characteristics of Exopalaemon carinicauda under different salinity conditions, the growth patterns and relationship between body length and body weight were compared to provide references for the healthy breeding of E. carinicauda.【Method】The growth parameters of E. carinicauda under lowsalinity (5.0 ‰ ±1.0 ‰) and high-salinity (22.0 ‰ ±1.0 ‰) conditions were analyzed, including body length and body weight.【Result】(1) The growth trends of E. carinicauda populations from Fengxian and Ninghai were rather similar, which grew faster under low-salinity model. The average daily increments of body length and body weight of Fengxian population were 0.0203 cm and 0.0194 g under high-salinity model, while those were 0.0252 cm and 0.0265 g under lowsalinity model; the average daily increments of body weight of Ninghai population under high-salinity model and low-salinity model were 0.0183 g and 0.0254 g, which were slower than those of Fengxian population; (2) The relationship between body length and body weight of E. carinicauda populations from Fengxian and Ninghai was correlated as the power function, and their regression equations were: Fengxian population under high-salinity model: W=0.024L2.731 (R2=0.971), Fengxian population under low-salinity model: W=0.023L2.765 (R2=0.992), Ninghai population under high-salinity model: W=0.022L2.807 (R2=0.993), Ninghai population under low-salinity model: W=0.028L2.643 (R2=0.990). All of their b values were less than 3, which showed allometric growth patterns; (3) There were linear relationships between body length and breeding time in Fengxian and Ninghai populations under two salinity models, while power function relationships between body weight and breeding time under low-salinity model, in which the index function of Fengxian population was: Y=0.500e0.014t (R2=0.971), and that of Ninghai population was: Y=0.017t1.0148 (R2=0.977); (4) The trends of fullness of E. carinicauda populations were similar, which were highest at the beginning of the experiment and then gradually decreased to the lowest in the 150 day-age.【Conclusion】In general, the experimental populations under low-salinity breeding environment grow significantly faster than they do under high-salinity breeding environment, and low-salinity model is more conducive to their growth and reproduction.

At present, the internal quality detection method of pumpkin seeds has the problems such as low efficiency and poor accuracy. Therefore, the combined terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) imaging technology and K-Means image segmentation method was proposed to achieve efficient and accurate detection of the internal quality of pumpkin seeds in this paper. The samples were prepared based on national standards, and four types of samples were made broken grain 1, broken grain 2, empty shell pumpkin seeds, and whole pumpkin seeds. The terahertz images of the above four samples were acquired, respectively. The acquired terahertz images suffer from the problem of indistinguishability where the husk meets the kernel. Therefore, the K-Means algorithm was used to segment the terahertz image. By calculating the area ratio of pumpkin seed shell and kernel, the grade classification of pumpkin seeds was realized. However, the conventional terahertz image acquisition was time-consuming. In this paper, the frequency domain spectrum was obtained by the Fourier transform of the 0.1–5.0 THz time-domain spectrum of the mixture of pumpkin seed husk and pumpkin seed husk kernel. The characteristic frequency was determined by analyzing the maximum peak and characteristic peak of the frequency domain spectrum, and the single frequency image was obtained. The detection error of the single-frequency image was analyzed by calculating the ratio of the defect area between the real image and the single-frequency image. The average detection errors of single-frequency images were about 6.27% and 4.27% at spatial resolutions of 0.4 and 0.2 mm, respectively.In the quality detection of pumpkin seeds, the single-frequency image can realize the rapid detection of the quality of pumpkin seeds under the premise of ensuring accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outpouring and infilling of the Holy Spirit was followed by carrying out God's missionary duties in Acts 2. This event was also adopted and became a tradition by some Christians in their religious life. The problem is that adoption only emphasizes how outpouring and fulfillment occurs. The purpose of this article is to discover the meaning of the outpouring and infilling of the Holy Spirit in the Love of Apostles in Acts 2: 1-13 and its implications for the church today. The Holy Spirit came upon the apostles and the others on the Day of Pentecost. Those who heard them speaking in tongues were perplexed and asked, “What does this mean?” (Acts 2:12). The question perseveres today. Pentecost teaches us that we should strive to have the same blessed experience as the disciples. God’s sanctions His church with the power of His Spirit so that He will be glorified among the nations. We need to remember that our purpose as the Lord’s church is not to focus on ourselves and our own happiness. Our purpose as Christians is to spread the knowledge of God to all the nations of the earth. If we lose our external focus, with the overall purpose of God’s glory, we may lose our reason for being. The result of this article is that the outpouring and fullness of the Holy Spirit is an important part in successfully carrying out God's mission. The method used in this brief study was a narrative theological analysis.

Objective: Walnuts have rich nutritional value and are favored by the majority of consumers. As walnuts are shelled nuts, they are prone to suffer from defects such as mildew during storage. The fullness and mildew of the fruit impose effects on the quality of the walnuts. Therefore, it is of great economic significance to carry out a study on the rapid, non-destructive detection of walnut quality. Methods: Terahertz spectroscopy, with wavelengths between infrared and electromagnetic waves, has unique detection advantages. In this paper, the rapid and nondestructive detection of walnut mildew and fullness based on terahertz spectroscopy is carried out using the emerging terahertz transmission spectroscopy imaging technology. First, the normal walnuts and mildewed walnuts are identified and analyzed. At the same time, the image processing is carried out on the physical samples with different kernel sizes to calculate the fullness of the walnut kernels. The THz image of the walnuts is collected to extract the spectral information in different regions of interest. Four kinds of time domain signals in different regions of interest are extracted, and three qualitative discrimination models are established, including the support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and k-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithms. In addition, in order to realize the visual expression of walnut fullness, the terahertz images of the walnut are segmented with a binarization threshold, and the walnut fullness is calculated by the proportion of the shell and kernel pixels. Results: In the frequency domain signal, the amplitude intensity from high to low is the mildew sample, walnut kernel, and walnut shell, and the distinction between walnut kernel, shell samples, and mildew samples is high. The overall identification accuracy of the aforementioned three models is 90.83%, 97.38%, and 97.87%, respectively. Among them, KNN has the best qualitative discrimination effect. In a single category, the recognition accuracy of the model for the walnut kernel, walnut shell, mildew sample, and reference group (background) reaches 94%, 100%, 97.43%, and 100%, respectively. The terahertz transmission images of the five categories of walnut samples with different kernel sizes are processed to visualize the detection of kernel fullness inside walnuts, and the errors are less than 5% compared to the actual fullness of walnuts. Conclusion: This study illustrates that terahertz spectroscopy detection can achieve the detection of walnut mildew, and terahertz imaging technology can realize the visual expression and fullness calculation of walnut kernels. Terahertz spectroscopy and imaging provides a non-destructive detection method for walnut quality, which can provide a reference for the quality detection of other dried nuts with shells, thus having significant practical value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumption of foods with high glycaemic index (GI) can cause hyperglycemia, thus increasing postprandial hunger. Since circadian rhythm differs inter-individually, we describe glucose dips after breakfast/dinner with high/medium estimated meal GI among students with early (n = 22) and late chronotype (n = 23) and examine their relation to the feeling of hunger in a secondary analysis of a randomized cross-over nutrition trial. Glucose dips reflect the difference between the lowest glucose value recorded 2–3 h postprandially and baseline, presented as percentage of average baseline level. Associations between glucose dips and the feeling of hunger were analyzed using multilevel linear models. Glucose dips were lower after medium GI meals than after high GI meals among both chronotype groups (p = 0.03). Among early chronotypes, but not among late chronotypes, glucose dip values were lower after breakfast than after dinner (−4.9 % vs. 5.5 %, p = 0.001). Hunger increased throughout the day among both chronotypes but glucose dips were not related to the feeling of hunger at the meal following breakfast. Interestingly, lower glucose dip values 2–3 h postprandially occurred particularly after medium GI meals and were seen after breakfast among early chronotypes. These glucose dips did not predict hunger at meals after breakfast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appetite control has attracted many scientists' attention recently since it can lead to weight management and the prevention of further metabolic disorders. Many studies have been carried out to assess the effect of flaxseed on satiety perception but the results are controversial. This study aims to review these results comprehensively. PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were searched for related papers on June 2021. The searched keywords for appetite were: visual analog scale, appetite, desire to eat, satiation, satiety, hunger, fullness, and for Flaxseed they were: flax, flax*, linseed*, lignin*, Linseed Oil, flaxseed, ground flaxseed, flaxseed oil, and Linum usitatissimum. The 13 included studies were inconsistent in results and some of them found no significant effect of flaxseed on the considered outcomes. However, three studies revealed a significant reduction in hunger perception as well as appetite. Moreover, two studies found a decreasing effect on prospective consumption. Three studies observed a positive significant effect on fullness and satiety. Although there are a limited number of documents related to the effect of flaxseed on appetite perception, or its equivalent terms, the available studies suggest the potential role of flaxseed in decreasing appetite and hunger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The density and quality of zooplankton prey affect the feeding success of larval and juvenile fishes and thus can drive growth, survival, and recruitment. As part of a larger effort investigating potential causes of a pelagic fish decline, we examined regional feeding success (food presence/absence, stomach fullness), diet composition and prey selection of young Longfin Smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys) in spring and summer as a function of fish size and prey availability in the San Francisco Estuary. We conducted our sampling during two wet and two dry years, because weather and river flow influence prey community composition and location. Larval and juvenile fish showed evidence of food limitation: high proportions of empty stomachs (≤ 70%) and stomach contents totaling

Freshman-15 is a phenomenon of first-year university students resulting in weight gain partly due to new cafeteria eating patterns and stress. This study determined if a premeal walnut snack alters planned eating behavior and mealtime nutrient intake during a subsequent buffet-model meal. Healthy university students (n = 36; 18.1 ± 0.5 years; body mass index: 23.6 ± 3.9) received three treatments (90 min premeal) in randomized order on 3 consecutive days: (1) snack of 190 Cal (1 oz) of walnuts (WS), (2) snack of 190 Cal of gummy candy (GS), or (3) no snack (NS; control) before a standard cafeteria dinner (1760 Cal). Visual analog scale (VAS) surveys were administered before and after dinner, and caloric intake was determined. Premeal VAS desire to eat was lower after WS and GS than NS, whereas the sense of hunger and sense of fullness were higher after WS and GS compared with NS. Postmeal VAS was not different between treatments. Mealtime calories, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, protein, sodium, fiber, and sugar consumed after WS were significantly less than NS. Total fat and sodium consumed after GS did not significantly differ from NS. Mealtime total fat, sodium, and fiber for WS were significantly less than GC, and a trend was observed for total calories. Differences in calorie intake were not observed between treatments when snack calories were included as part of the mealtime caloric intake. These findings could be helpful for promoting WS and to a lesser degree GS for increased satiety before meals possibly leading to reduced food intake during dinner by university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternate day fasting (ADF) with consumption of calories up to 25 % of the daily energy intake on fast days is one of the most used intermittent fasting regimens and promoted as a promising, alternative approach for treating obesity. Feelings of appetite are critical for adherence to dietary approaches, and therefore the success of dietary interventions. This systematic review aimed to assess the effects of a minimum of 8 weeks of ADF on subjective feelings of appetite and body weight for adults with overweight and obesity. We conducted the review in accordance with the Cochrane guidelines, including systematic searches in four databases. Because of the high level of clinical and methodological heterogeneity, a narrative approach was used to synthesise the results. Eight studies with a total of 456 participants met the eligibility criteria: three randomised controlled trials and five uncontrolled before-after studies. Seven of the studies had high risk of bias. Feelings of appetite were assessed by hunger in eight studies, fullness in seven studies, satisfaction in four studies and desire to eat in one study. All the studies assessed weight loss. The certainty of the evidence was rated low or very low for all outcomes, thus no firm conclusions can be drawn about the potential benefits of ADF on subjective feelings of appetite and body weight. Despite the high interest in ADF, good quality evidence is still needed to determine its effectiveness and if offered in clinical practice, ADF should be offered cautiously while concomitantly evaluated.

Esistono un vuoto negativo e un vuoto positivo. Il primo origina oppressione, il secondo si pone come spazio aperto al possibile, ed è questo il vuoto che l’arte cinese esprime: la possibilità del diverso, l’incompletezza dell’esistente, la parzialità del Primordiale che si dà in un’immagine, in una pennellata, in un suono o in una parola che è sempre senza forma definita.

Objective: Walnuts have rich nutritional value and are favored by the majority of consumers. As walnuts are shelled nuts, they are prone to suffer from defects such as mildew during storage. The fullness and mildew of the fruit impose effects on the quality of the walnuts. Therefore, it is of great economic significance to carry out a study on the rapid, non-destructive detection of walnut quality. Methods: Terahertz spectroscopy, with wavelengths between infrared and electromagnetic waves, has unique detection advantages. In this paper, the rapid and nondestructive detection of walnut mildew and fullness based on terahertz spectroscopy is carried out using the emerging terahertz transmission spectroscopy imaging technology. First, the normal walnuts and mildewed walnuts are identified and analyzed. At the same time, the image processing is carried out on the physical samples with different kernel sizes to calculate the fullness of the walnut kernels. The THz image of the walnuts is collected to extract the spectral information in different regions of interest. Four kinds of time domain signals in different regions of interest are extracted, and three qualitative discrimination models are established, including the support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and k-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithms. In addition, in order to realize the visual expression of walnut fullness, the terahertz images of the walnut are segmented with a binarization threshold, and the walnut fullness is calculated by the proportion of the shell and kernel pixels. Results: In the frequency domain signal, the amplitude intensity from high to low is the mildew sample, walnut kernel, and walnut shell, and the distinction between walnut kernel, shell samples, and mildew samples is high. The overall identification accuracy of the aforementioned three models is 90.83%, 97.38%, and 97.87%, respectively. Among them, KNN has the best qualitative discrimination effect. In a single category, the recognition accuracy of the model for the walnut kernel, walnut shell, mildew sample, and reference group (background) reaches 94%, 100%, 97.43%, and 100%, respectively. The terahertz transmission images of the five categories of walnut samples with different kernel sizes are processed to visualize the detection of kernel fullness inside walnuts, and the errors are less than 5% compared to the actual fullness of walnuts. Conclusion: This study illustrates that terahertz spectroscopy detection can achieve the detection of walnut mildew, and terahertz imaging technology can realize the visual expression and fullness calculation of walnut kernels. Terahertz spectroscopy and imaging provides a non-destructive detection method for walnut quality, which can provide a reference for the quality detection of other dried nuts with shells, thus having significant practical value.

Background: l-Tryptophan reduces energy intake in healthy men. The underlying mechanisms, including appetite, plasma cholecystokinin (CCK), tryptophan (Trp), and the ratio of Trp to large neutral amino acids (Trp:LNAAs ratio), and whether responses differ in lean and obese individuals, are uncertain.Objectives: We evaluated the effects of intragastric Trp on energy intake (primary outcome) and their potential mechanisms, pre- and postmeal, in lean men and those with obesity.Methods: Twelve lean men [mean ± SD age: 30 ± 3 y; BMI (in kg/m2): 23 ± 1] and 13 men with obesity (mean ± SD age: 31 ± 3 y; BMI: 33 ± 1) received, on 3 separate occasions, in double-blind, randomized order, 3 g ("Trp-3") or 1.5 g ("Trp-1.5") Trp, or control ("C"), intragastrically, 30 min before a buffet-meal. Energy intake from the buffet-meal, hunger, fullness, and plasma CCK and amino acid concentrations were measured in response to Trp alone and for 2 h postmeal. Data were analyzed using maximum likelihood mixed-effects models, with treatment, group, and treatment-by-group interaction as fixed effects.Results: Trp alone increased plasma CCK, Trp, and the Trp:LNAAs ratio (all P < 0.001), with no difference between groups. Trp suppressed energy intake (P < 0.001), with no difference between groups (lean, C: 1085 ± 102 kcal, Trp-1.5: 1009 ± 92 kcal, Trp-3: 868 ± 104 kcal; obese, C: 1249 ± 98 kcal, Trp-1.5: 1217 ± 90 kcal, Trp-3: 1012 ± 100 kcal). Postmeal, fullness was greater after Trp-3 than after C and Trp-1.5 (all P < 0.05), and in men with obesity than in lean men (P < 0.05). Plasma Trp and the Trp:LNAAs ratio were greater after Trp-3 and Trp-1.5 than after C (all P < 0.001), and tended to be less in men with obesity than in the lean (P = 0.07) (Trp:LNAAs ratio: lean, C: 1.5 ± 0.2, Trp-1.5: 6.9 ± 0.7, Trp-3: 10.7 ± 1.4; obese, C: 1.4 ± 0.1, Trp-1.5: 4.6 ± 0.7, Trp-3: 7.8 ± 1.3). There were inverse correlations of energy intake with plasma Trp and the Trp:LNAAs ratio in both groups (lean, both r = -0.50, P < 0.01; obese, both r = -0.40, P < 0.05).Conclusions: Intragastric Trp has potent energy intake-suppressant effects, in both lean men and those with obesity, apparently related to the Trp:LNAAs ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: We aimed to identify relations between satiation and subsequent satiety for six plant‐based foods (apple, avocado, banana, carrot, chick pea and macadamia) using a panel of ten healthy participants and a complete crossover randomised design. Food was served as a mid‐morning snack ad libitum over 20 min until participants were comfortably full, and subsequent satiety was monitored for up to 180 min. Carrot and macadamia had significantly higher perceived fullness during eating, but also significantly lower perceived satiety per gram than other foods. Food energy factors had no strong relationship with perceived fullness, but were significantly positively correlated with satiety. Mastication number had significant effects on both perceived fullness (negative) and satiety (positive). This pilot study showed that plant food factors affecting perceived fullness during eating and subsequent satiety are different, and suggests how portion control through satiation for different plant‐based snacks may influence both energy intake and subsequent satiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use FLIGHT+ aircraft reconnaissance data for tropical cyclones (TCs) in the North Atlantic and Eastern Pacific from 1997 to 2015 to re-examine TC fullness (TCF) characteristics at the flight level. The results show a strong positive correlation between the flight-level TCF and the intensity of TCs, with the flight-level TCF increasing much more rapidly than the near-surface TCF with increasing intensity of the TCs. The tangential wind in small-TCF hurricanes is statistically significantly stronger near the eye center than that in large-TCF hurricanes. Large-TCF hurricanes have a ring-like vorticity structure. No significant correlation is observed between the flight-level TCF and the comparative extent of the vorticity-skirt region occupied in the outer core skirt. The proportion of the rapid filamentation zone in the outer core skirt increases with increasing flight-level TCF. The differences in entropy between the radius of the maximum wind and the outer boundary of the outer core skirt also increase with increasing flight-level TCF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is known as a potent orexigenic signal in vertebrates, but its role in Atlantic salmon has not yet been fully established. In this study, we identified three npy paralogs, named npya1, npya2, and npyb , in the Atlantic salmon genome. In silico analysis revealed that these genes are well conserved across the vertebrate's lineage and the mature peptide sequences shared at least 77% of identity with the human homolog. We analyzed mRNA expression of npy paralogs in eight brain regions of Atlantic salmon post-smolt, and the effect of 4 days of fasting on the npy expression level. Results show that npya1 was the most abundant paralog, and was predominantly expressed in the telencephalon, followed by the midbrain and olfactory bulb. npya2 mRNA was highly abundant in hypothalamus and midbrain, while npyb was found to be highest expressed in the telencephalon, with low mRNA expression levels detected in all the other brain regions. 4 days of fasting resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) decrease of npya1 mRNA expression in the olfactory bulb, increased npya2 mRNA expression in the midbrain and decreased npyb mRNA expression in the pituitary. In the hypothalamus, the vertebrate appetite center, expression of the npy paralogs was not significantly affected by feeding status. However, we observed a trend of increased npya2 mRNA expression (p = 0.099) following 4 days of fasting. Altogether, our findings provide a solid basis for further research on appetite and energy metabolism in Atlantic salmon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is known as a potent orexigenic signal in vertebrates, but its role in Atlantic salmon has not yet been fully established. In this study, we identified three npy paralogs, named npya1, npya2, and npyb, in the Atlantic salmon genome. In silico analysis revealed that these genes are well conserved across the vertebrate’s lineage and the mature peptide sequences shared at least 77% of identity with the human homolog. We analyzed mRNA expression of npy paralogs in eight brain regions of Atlantic salmon post-smolt, and the effect of 4 days of fasting on the npy expression level. Results show that npya1 was the most abundant paralog, and was predominantly expressed in the telencephalon, followed by the midbrain and olfactory bulb. npya2 mRNA was highly abundant in hypothalamus and midbrain, while npyb was found to be highest expressed in the telencephalon, with low mRNA expression levels detected in all the other brain regions. 4 days of fasting resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) decrease of npya1 mRNA expression in the olfactory bulb, increased npya2 mRNA expression in the midbrain and decreased npyb mRNA expression in the pituitary. In the hypothalamus, the vertebrate appetite center, expression of the npy paralogs was not significantly affected by feeding status. However, we observed a trend of increased npya2 mRNA expression (p = 0.099) following 4 days of fasting. Altogether, our findings provide a solid basis for further research on appetite and energy metabolism in Atlantic salmon.

Understanding how an intervention impacts appetite in real-life settings and over several days remains a challenging and under-explored research question. To this end, we developed Momentary Appetite Capture (MAC), a form of ecological momentary assessment that combines automated text messaging with an online platform. Participants report their appetite using visual analogue scales (hunger, desire to eat, and fullness) and a virtual portion-size selection task. In two separate studies, we assessed the feasibility and test-retest reliability of MAC. Participants were prompted every 2 hours over a 14-hour window, and they repeated this assessment over two consecutive weekdays. For each participant, we calculated a daily time-averaged area under the curve (AUC) for each appetite measure. In Study One (N = 25) time-averaged AUC was significantly positively correlated across test days for hunger (r = 0.563, p =.003), desire to eat (r = 0.515, p =.008) and prospective portion size (r = 0.914, p <.001), but not for fullness (r = 0.342, p =.094). Participants completed 95% of MACs (380 of 400), and we used participant feedback to improve the MAC tool and study protocol for Study Two. In Study Two (N = 31), 94% of MACs were completed (468 of 496). Across days, time-averaged AUC was significantly positively correlated for hunger (r = 0.595, p = <.001), fullness (r = 0.501, p =.004), desire to eat (r = 0.585, p <.001), and prospective portion size (r = 0.757, p <.001). Together, these studies suggest that MAC could be an acceptable and reliable tool to track appetite throughout the day. In the future, MAC could be used to explore the impact of weight-loss interventions on natural fluctuations in appetite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of exercise on appetite have recently been systematically evaluated with a focus on endurance training (ET). However, resistance training (RT) may induce different adaptations than ET. This scoping review aimed to examine the acute and chronic effects of isolated RT and comparisons with other exercise modalities on appetite-related variables and energy intake. 17 acute studies were identified, six examining isolated RT, while 11 focused on RT intensity, amount of exercise, targeted muscle groups, or comparison with ET and combined training (RT plus ET; CT). Nine chronic studies were identified. Three investigated isolated RT vs control and six manipulated the amount of RT exercise, types of RT, or comparison with ET and CT. Acute RT compared to control conditions appears to induce responses favoring appetite inhibition. While the amount of RT exercise may acutely play a role in the suppression of appetite, while ET seems to have more potential to suppress appetite. Chronic RT does not seem to stimulate compensatory mechanisms; however, there is not clear evidence regarding the role of RT intensity or other exercise modalities. Chronic ET and CT may be more prone to favor appetite inhibition than RT. More comprehensive evaluations including the exploration of multiple appetite-related factors are needed for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Delta Smelt, an endangered fish, has suffered a long-term decline in abundance, believed to result from, in part, to changes in the pelagic food web of the upper San Francisco Estuary. To investigate the current role of food as a factor in Delta Smelt well-being, we developed reference criteria for gut fullness and body condition based on allometric growth. We then examined monthly diet, prey selectivity, and gut fullness of larvae and juvenile Delta Smelt collected April through September in 2005 and 2006 for evidence of feeding difficulties leading to reduced body condition. Calanoid copepods Eurytemora affinis and Pseudodiaptomus forbesi remained major food items during spring and from early summer through fall, respectively. Other much larger copepods and macroinvertebrates contributed in lesser numbers to the diet of older juvenile fish from mid-summer through fall. In fall, juvenile Delta Smelt periodically relied heavily on very small prey and prey potentially associated with demersal habitat, suggesting typical pelagic food items were in short supply. We found a strong positive selection for E. affinis and P. forbesi, neutral to negative selection for evasive calanoid Sinocalanus doerrii, and neutral to negative selection for the small cyclopoid copepod Limnoithona tetraspina and copepod nauplii, which were consumed only when extremely numerous in the environment. Feeding incidence was significantly higher in 2006, but among successfully feeding fish we found no between year difference in gut fullness. However, we did detect differences in fullness across months in both years. We found no difference in body condition of Delta Smelt between years yet our sample sizes were low in September when Delta Smelt reverted to feeding on very small organisms and fullness declined, so the longer-term effect remains unknown. Our findings suggest that: Delta Smelt had difficulty obtaining prey in spring 2005 or obtaining proper-sized prey in fall of both years. We detected these difficulties in some regional feeding incidence and fullness indices, but not in body condition indices.

The satiating efficiency of food has been increasingly quantified using the Satiety Quotient (SQ). The SQ integrates both the energy content of food ingested during a meal and the associated change in appetite sensations. This systematic review examines the available evidence regarding its methodological use and clinical utility. A literature search was conducted in six databases considering studies from 1900 to April 2020 that used SQ in adults, adolescents and children. All study designs were included. From the initial 495 references found, fifty-two were included. Of the studies included, thirty-three were acute studies (twenty-nine in adults and four in adolescents) and nineteen were longitudinal studies in adults. A high methodological heterogeneity in the application of the SQ was observed between studies. Five main utilisations of the SQ were identified: its association with (i) energy intake; (ii) anthropometric variables; (iii) energy expenditure/physical activity; (iv) sleep quality and quantity and (v) to classify individuals by their satiety responsiveness (i.e. low and high satiety phenotypes). Altogether, the studies suggest the SQ as an interesting clinical tool regarding the satiety responsiveness to a meal and its changes in responses to weight loss in adults. The SQ might be a reliable clinical indicator in adults when it comes to both obesity prevention and treatment. There is a need for more standardised use of the SQ in addition to further studies to investigate its validity in different contexts and populations, especially among children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quaestiones Disputatae is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas, Seccional Tunja and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Context: It has been suggested that thylakoid supplementation could be associated with favorable changes in appetite. However, the present trials are inconsistent., Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate whether thylakoid supplementation is effective in hunger/fullness changes., Data Sources: A comprehensive literature search was performed before conducting a systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Sciences databases up to May 2023., Data Extraction: Of the 262 articles found, 5 articles that measured hunger fullness expressed as ratings on the visual analog scale (VAS) for appetite analyses were selected and thoroughly examined. Relevant information, such as the authors' names, year of publication, country of origin, study design, number and status of participants, intervention dosage and type, study duration, assay used, and key findings, was extracted from these articles. The Jadad scale was used to evaluate the quality of studies., Data Analysis: The data were obtained using STATA version 13 (StataCorp). Effect sizes were reported as weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analyses were performed to estimate whether the effects of thylakoid supplementation on hunger and fullness varied according to dose, intervention duration, baseline population age and body mass index, baseline hunger and fullness, total sample size, and study quality. Fractional polynomial modeling was carried out to estimate time- and dose-response meta-analysis of the association between thylakoid and satiety and fullness. The meta-analysis also suggests a significant association between the combination of thylakoids with meals and reduced hunger (WMD: -2.415 mm; 95% CI: -3.544, -1.287; P < 0.001) and increased fullness (WMD: +4.602 mm; 95% CI: 2.356, 6.848; P < 0.001). Further analysis showed that thylakoid supplementation with 2 doses of 5 g/day (P = 0.002) and 7.4 g/day (P = 0.021) is more effective in reducing the feeling of hunger during an intervention of less than 56 days (P < 0.001) and with a lower level of hunger (VAS <45 mm, P < 0.001). Furthermore, a significant increase in the perception of fullness was found at a duration of less than 84 days (P < 0.001) and baseline fullness of more than 45 mm (P < 0.001)., Conclusions: Supplementation with thylakoid shows favorable effects on reducing hunger and increasing fullness during a shorter intervention duration. Further trials are required to shed light on this relationship., Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023432429., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Life Sciences Institute. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Whole apples produce greater satiety than processed apples, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Objective: Our aim was to assess the intragastric processing of apple preparations and the associated small and large bowel contents using MRI.Methods: An open label, 3-way crossover, randomized, controlled trial. Eighteen healthy adults (mean ± SD age, 25 ± 4 y; BMI, 22.7 ± 3.5 kg/m2) underwent serial MRI scans on 3 occasions separated by 7 d, after consumption of isocaloric (178 kcal) portions of either whole apples, apple puree, or apple juice. Gastric emptying, small bowel water content (SBWC; primary endpoint), were measured at baseline and at 45 min intervals (0-270 min) postmeal ingestion. Fullness and satiety were also assessed at each time point. Treatment effects between groups were analyzed using ANOVA.Results: Gastric emptying half-time (GE t50) was greater (P < 0.0001) after participants consumed whole apple (mean ± SEM), 65 (3.3) min compared with when they consumed apple puree (41 [2.8] min) or apple juice (38 [2.9] min), times that did not differ. Postprandial area under the curve (AUC) (135-270 min) SBWC was also greater for whole apples than puree (P = 0.025) and juice (P = 0.0004) but juice and puree did not differ. AUC for fullness and satiety (0-270 min) postingestion was also greater (P = 0.002 and 0.004, respectively) for whole apple compared with juice but juice and puree did not differ.Conclusions: Gastric emptying is slower after whole apple consumption causing a greater sensation of fullness and satiety than puree or juice in healthy adults. Whole apples increased small bowel and colonic contents during the later phase of the study which may be relevant for subsequent food consumption.This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03714464. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The orexigenic agouti-related protein (AgRP) and the anorexigenic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) are crucial players in the control of feed intake in vertebrates, yet their role in teleosts has not been fully established. Triplicate groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post smolts were subjected to (1) fasting for 3 days (fast) and (2) normal feeding (fed), resulting in a significant (p < 0.05) upregulation of hypothalamic agrp1 transcripts levels in the fast group. Moreover, the mRNA abundance of agrp1 was significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with the stomach dry weight content. Corresponding inverse patterns were observed for pomca2, albeit not statistically significant. No significant differences were found for the other paralogues, agrp2 and pomca1 and b, between fed and fast groups. The significant correlation between stomach fullness and agrp1 mRNA expression suggests a possible link between the stomach filling/distension and satiety signals. Our study indicates that hypothalamic agrp1 acts as an orexigenic signal in Atlantic salmon.

Sculpture can be defined as a three-dimensional shaped object in space in the classical sense. Some concepts such as space, place, and fullness that have come to the fore with this definition have become important issues for artists especially after the 20th century. The use of void as a plastic element has been considered by modern artists such as Auguste Rodin, Henry Moore, Barbara Hepworth, and consciously used void as plastic value. However, the British artist Rachel Whiteread, born in 1963, approached the gap and fullness differently from other artists and made the spaces visible by filling the empty parts of the spaces and objects with materials such as plaster, polyester, resin. She created the negative-positive contrast by filling the empty spaces of the second-hand objects where there are memories in Daily life such as places where there are experiences in his sculptures, objects that people used before, stair intervals, bed mattresses, thermophore, and he focused the viewer on the experiences of spaces and objects. The artist, who embodies the form of emptiness rather than seeking form in his Works, won the Turner Prize for her original style. In this study, Whiteread’s interpretation of place and her sculptures which are described as hearted minimalist are discussed.

To evaluate smile analysis in completely edentulous patients. Smile is a main component in presentations of a human being favoring social acceptance. A non harmonic smile decreases the beauty of the face causing discomfort in the social activity Edentulous in a condition of being toothless. Details were collected from patients visiting dental college and reviewed patient records who underwent denture treatment between june 2019 and march 2020. In the present study we analyzed visibility, fullness, teeth size, buccal corridor space and smile line. The study reviewed the patients who had undergone treatment between June 2019 -- April 2020. Data was entered in a methodological manner and was verified manually. The available data was subjected to statistical tests using - Chi square test statistical software- SPSS software by IBM. The present study indicates the dentures constructed by training students are good at fullness, visibility and teeth selection criteria but there is lack of adequate buccal corridor space and smile curves being incorporated into dentures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate factoriality, Connes' type III invariants and fullness of arbitrary amalgamated free product von Neumann algebras using Popa's deformation/rigidity theory. Among other things, we generalize many previous structural results on amalgamated free product von Neumann algebras and we obtain new examples of full amalgamated free product factors for which we can explicitely compute Connes' type III invariants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Environmental distractions have been shown to affect eating patterns.Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a cognitive distraction on amount, preference, and memory of food consumed and perceptions of fullness, hunger, and enjoyment of food in a healthy young-adult population.Methods: A randomized controlled crossover study of 119 healthy adults (20.2 ± 1.4 y; 57% women; 48% white) assigned participants to begin under either the distracted (DIS, n = 55) or control (CON, n = 64) conditions. DIS participants consumed a meal of quiche while completing a Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVIP) for 15 min. CON participants ate without any task assignment. After a 30-min rest period, participants were offered a snack and given 5 min to eat ad libitum. Participants completed a survey assessing fullness, hunger, and enjoyment of the meal using 100 mm visual analogue scales. One week later, participants completed the opposite condition. Data were analyzed using ANOVA.Results: Those in DIS consumed 13 g less of the meal (P < 0.001), even when comparing by initial condition (P < 0.001) and adjusting for sex (P < 0.001). A carryover effect of initial condition was found (P < 0.001), such that participants first assigned to DIS condition consumed less (95.2 ± 61.7 g) when distracted compared to all other condition combinations (127-133 g). Those in DIS had decreased accuracy for both memory of quiche received (absolute difference, 1.1 ± 1.6 compared with 0.7 ± 1.2 for CON, P < 0.001) and memory of quiche consumed (0.8 ± 1.1 for DIS compared with 0.7 ± 1.2 for CON, P = 0.007).Conclusions: When distracted, healthy young adults consumed significantly less food and their memory of the meal was dampened. These findings underscore the potential importance of cognitive distraction in affecting food intake. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04078607. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]