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This research aimed to increase the reproduction of dairy cows with artificial insemination (AI) in Filial Friesian Holstein cows using sexed semen. This research was conducted in Pandesari Village, Pujon District, Malang Regency, East Java. The 114 Filial Friesian Holstein cows were used in this research and divided into three Treatments: T1: 38 cows were inseminated using unsexed semen, T2: 38 cows were inseminated using albumin sedimentation sexed semen, and T3: 38 cows were inseminated using Percoll density gradient centrifugation (PDGC) sexed semen. The material was selected by purposive sampling with a minimum body condition score (BCS) specification of 2.5 (scale 1-5); the material had normal reproductive organs and showed signs of heat/estrus. The parameters of this study are the percentage of non-return rate (NRR) 1, NRR 2, and conception rate (CR). The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive analysis. The differences in NRR and CR between the unsexed sperm, sexed sperm with albumin sedimentation, and sexed sperm with PDGC were analyzed with the chi-square test and were considered significant at p < 0.05. The chi-square test was carried out to compare the observed values with the expected values. The results showed that the success of artificial insemination was greater by using albumin-sedimented sexed semen compared to unsexed semen or PDGC-sexed semen, with NRR values of 1 (95%), NRR values of 2 (87%) and CR values of 63%. The conception rate of artificial insemination using albumin-sedimented sexed semen was 63% greater than that of artificial insemination using unsexed semen and PDGC-sexed semen, which obtained the same value of 47%.

The reproductive ability of Holstein Friesian (FH) cows greatly affects milk yield because, however, in the lactation period, dairy cows anestrus postpartus, which is the condition where does not appear in estrus postpartus. Anestrus postpartus to uterine involution as a consequence of nutritional deficiencies. Recovery from can be this condition can be conducted by additional feeding. One of the supplementary feeds is urea multinutrient molasses block (UMMB). UMMB consists of fillers and adhesives and cement is the most used in UMMB production as an adhesive. UMMB is an additional feed using cement dairy cows health problems. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine the effect of cement substitution with tapioca meal as an adhesive on postpartus estrus of FH cows. A total of 9 lactating FH dairy cows were divided into 3 dietary groups. Each treatment had 3 cows as replicates. The dietary treatments consisted of UMMB with 100% cement adhesive (as D0); 50% cement and 50% tapioca (D1); and 0% cement and 100% tapioca meal (D2). The parameters were postpartus estrus, estrus speed, estrus duration, estrus intensity, and estrogen hormone levels. The results revealed that the treatment had a significant effect (P0.05) neither on postpartus estrus, estrus speed, estrus intensity, or estrogen hormone levels. Therefore, it can be concluded that tapioca meals can be used as a substitute for cement as much as 50% provides as an adhesive in UMMB production for better estrus performance.

The quality of frozen semen is one of the components of the artificial insemination program. The freezing method, kind of diluent, handling of frozen semen, and thawing process all affect the quality of frozen semen. This study aimed to determine the motility, viability, and plasma membrane integrity of frozen semen of Friesian Holstein cattle at storage periods of 33, 30, 27, and 24 years. The samples used were stored for 33 years (production 1987), 30 years (production 1990), 27 (1993 production), and 24 years (1996 production) stored in Singosari Artificial Insemination Center, Malang. Data were statistically analyzed using One-Way ANOVA followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (p < 0,05). Based on the study's findings, it can be concluded that the motility, viability, and plasma membrane integrity of frozen semen that had been preserved for 33, 30, 27, and 24 years were still acceptable and in good condition in comparison to the SNI quality criteria for bull frozen semen in Indonesia.

The quality of frozen semen is one of the components of the artificial insemination program. The freezing method, kind of diluent, handling of frozen semen, and thawing process all affect the quality of frozen semen. This study aimed to determine the motility, viability, and plasma membrane integrity of frozen semen of Friesian Holstein cattle at storage periods of 33, 30, 27, and 24 years. The samples used were stored for 33 years (production 1987), 30 years (production 1990), 27 (1993 production), and 24 years (1996 production) stored in Singosari Artificial Insemination Center, Malang. Data were statistically analyzed using One-Way ANOVA followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (p < 0,05). Based on the study's findings, it can be concluded that the motility, viability, and plasma membrane integrity of frozen semen that had been preserved for 33, 30, 27, and 24 years were still acceptable and in good condition in comparison to the SNI quality criteria for bull frozen semen in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to know the influence of grass to concentrate ratio to milk urea nitrogen (MUN) level, progesterone level and pregnancy status in Friesian Holstein. A total of 18 dairy cows were randomly selected from the population. The cows were grouped based on feed and MUN and pregnancy. Milk sample collection was carried out once on the seventh day after estrus (D7) and tested with the Barthelot method for measuring urea nitrogen levels. Blood samples were taken three times, on the day of estrus (D0), seven days after estrus (D7), and twenty-two days after estrus (D22), and were tested using Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Pregnancy examination was carried out at D90 after artificial insemination through rectal palpation. Based on the analysis, grass to concentrate ratio, progesterone level and MUN level showed no significant difference (p>0.05) but it showed significantly different on milk yield (p

Lignochlitic bacteria have a high ability to degrade complex and synthetic organic compounds. Lignochrolitic bacteria-based probiotics can improve gas production, digestibility of organic matter, efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, production of NH3 and VFA in vitro. The purpose of the study is the optimization and testing of the synbiotic potential of lignochloritic bacteria–based powder in vivo. The research was conducted in collaboration with PT. Agro Gemilang Indonesia for synbiotic production, PT. Milkindo Berkah Abadi for in vivo test in dairy cows. The test variables include nutritional performance, production and quality of dairy cow’s milk given synbiotic powder to the feed. The synbiotic formula used is the best result on in vitro testing.

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ABSTRACT. Kementerian Pertanian terus berupaya untuk mewujudkan swasembada daging sapi/kerbau melalui pengembangan sapi keturunan Belgian Blue. Salah satu bangsa sapi yang dikembangkan adalah sapi persilangan Belgian Blue dengan Friesian Holstein (BBXFH). Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kualitas karkas sapi persilangan Belgian Blue (BB) dengan Friesian Holstein (FH) dengan menggunakan teknik pencitraan ultrasonografi (USG). Sapi yang digunakan dalam penelitian merupakan sapi pada turunan pertama (F1). Sebanyak 13 ekor sapi jantan hasil persilangan BB dan FH berasal dari BET Cipelang 5 ekor dan 8 ekor dari BBPTU HPT Baturraden dengan umur 14-18 bulan. Pengukuran back fat (BF), longissimus dorsi (LD), skor marbling (SM) dan lemak intramuskular (LIM) dilakukan di antara tulang rusuk ke-12 dan ke-13 dengan teknik pencitraan ultrasonografi. Pengukuran rump fat (RF) dan rump thickness (RT) dilakukan di antara daerah ischium dan ilium. Nilai SM dan PIF dianalisis lebih lanjut menggunakan software image-J sehingga menghasilkan integrated density dan dilakukan uji regresi untuk menentukan kurva standar dan skor marbling serta persentase LIM. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji-t tidak berpasangan (independence t-test) berdasarkan perbedaan lokasi pengambilan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan lokasi tidak memberikan pengaruh pada skor marbling, %LIM, ketebalan LD, dan ketebalan RT (P0,05), tetapi memberikan pengaruh pada ketebalan BF dan RF (P0,05). Faktor perbedaan pakan juga belum mampu memberikan pengaruh pada SM dan %LIM. Perbedaan ketebalan BF dan RF dapat dipengaruhi karena perbedaan manajemen pemeliharaan dimana sapi-sapi di BBPTU HPT Baturraden dipelihara dengan sistem penggembalaan sehingga mengalami penurunan ketebalan BF dan RF. (Estimation of Carcass Quality in Belgian Blue and Friesian Holstein Crossbreed using Ultrasound Imaging) ABSTRAK. The Ministry of Agriculture strives to achieve beef/buffalo self-sufficiency through the development of Belgian Blue breeds. One of the breeds that has been developed is the crossbreed of Belgian Blue and Friesian Holstein (BBXFH). This study aimed to evaluate the carcass quality of crossbreed BBXFH using ultrasound imaging technique (USG). Cattle used in the study were first breed (F1). A total of 13 bulls BBXFH came from BET Cipelang and BBPTU HPT Baturraden respectively 5 and 8 heads (14-18 months age). Measurements of back fat (BF), longissimus dorsi (LD), marbling score (SM) and intramuscular fat (LIM) were performed between the 12th and 13th ribs by ultrasound imaging technique. Rump fat (RF) and rump thickness (RT) measurements were performed between the ischium and ilium areas. The SM and PIF values were analyzed using image-J software and a regression test was performed to determine the standard curve and the marbling score and the LIM percentage. Data were analyzed using unpaired t-test. The results showed that the difference in location had no effect on the marbling score, % LIM, LD, and RT (P 0,05), but had an effect on BF and RF (P 0,05). The difference factor in feed has not effect on SM and% LIM. The difference in BF and RF obtained in this study might be due to the difference of cattle management, where cattle in BBPTU HPT Baturraden are raising with a grazing system so that the BF and RF decrease.

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of cassava pomace and protected soybean meal on dairy milk production and quality of mid lactating dairy cows. This research was conducted at Turen, Malang from January to April 2020. Twelve lactating Friesian Holstein dairy cows were divided into 2 groups so that each group consisted of 6, namely the control and treatment groups. The feed were a combination of forage and concentrate with a ratio of 35:65 in dry matter (DM). The control group received wet concentrate with DM content of 30.58%, 14.87% CP, and 75.06% TDN, while the treatment groups received concentrate with supplementation of cassava pomace 15% of DM ratio and protected soybean meal 45 g/l milk production. The variables observed were nutrient consumption, milk production and quality. Data between the two groups were analyzed using the Independent Sample T-test. The results showed that the addition of waste cassava and protected soybean meal increased (P

This study aimed to determine the response of superovulation in pesisir cows. Animals were treated with GnRH at different doses, and we observed the onset, estrous duration, number of CL, and embryos. This study uses a Complete Randomized Design (CRD), with a dose of GnRH administration as a treatment. 16 pesisir cows are used in this study and divided into four groups; each cow must have been pregnant at least once. This research is performed by installing Internal Drug Release Control (CIDR) intravaginal. After the 8th day, each group was injected with GnRH 150 μg, 175 μg, 200 μg, and 225 μg, respectively. On the day – 10th amount of FSH was injected into each cow for 3 days. On the day of – 12th, cows were treated with PGF2α and started to observe estrous signs on day 13th. Artificial insemination was performed using FH (Friesian Holstein) semen. Embryo collection was carried out on days 6 to 8 after AI was performed. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and if any significant differences were analyzed with Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The result showed that the level of GnRH administration has no significant differences in the onset and estrous duration. We also found no significant differences in the amount of CL and embryos. It was be concluded that giving GnRH at different doses had no important on the onset and duration of estrous, number of CL, and the number of embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Livestock & Animal Research is the property of Sebelas Maret University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Kebutuhan energi listrik setiap tahun selalu meningkat, sedangkan cadangan sumber energi listrik yang tidak dapat diperbaharui semakin menipis dan akan habis seperti batubara, minyak bumi, dan gas alam. Pembakaran langsung batubara akan dihasilkan gas CO2 yang menimbulkan pencemaran udara, serta polutan radioaktif yang dapat meningkatkan paparan radioaktivitas alam. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya kreatifitas dalam menggunakan sumber daya alam untuk menghasilkan listrik yang ramah lingkungan serta dapat dipebaharui. Pada penelitian ini, peneliti meneliti biogas yang berasal dari feses Sapi Perah jenis FH (Friesian Holstein). Biogas ini memiliki banyak keunggulan yaitu dapat diperbaharui, mengurangi pencemaran udara, emisi gas rumah kaca, dan pemanasan global, karena gas metan (CH4) yang dihasilkan dari feses Sapi masuk ke degester kemudian dimanfaatkan untuk membangkitkan energi listrik. Parameter yang diukur adalah berapa besar energi listrik yang dapat dihasilkan dari feses Sapi. Dalam sehari dengan jumlah 232 Sapi menghasilkan feses basah 6.960 kg, digunakan untuk biogas terbentuk 125,28 m3 biogas yang dapat menghasilkan 8070,12 Watt. Energi listrik yang dihasilkan masih hanya digunakan untuk penerangan.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara volume ambing dan ukuran puting dengan produksi susu pada sapi perah Friesian Holstein di PT. Naksatra Kejora, Kabupaten Temanggung, Jawa Tengah. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada 1 Oktober 2018 sampai 30 November 2018. Materi yang digunakan yaitu 35 ekor sapi perah Friesian Holstein fase laktasi periode 1 – 5 dan bulan laktasi 1 - 10. Metode yang dilakukan yaitu dengan metode observasional. Parameter yang diukur meliputi volume ambing, volume puting, lingkar puting, panjang puting dan produksi susu. Analisis hubungan antar variabel penelitian menggunakan analisis korelasi sedangkan bentuk hubungan dicari dengan regresi linier berberganda dan sederhana, dimana volume ambing dan ukuran puting sebagai variabel independen (X) dan produksi susu sebagai variabel dependen (Y). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara volume ambing dengan produksi susu dan tidak terdapat hubungan antara volume puting, panjang puting dan lingkar puting dengan produksi susu. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah volume ambing merupakan variabel yang paling tepat digunakan untuk memprediksi produksi susu dengan persamaan Y =3,375 + 0,166X (R2 = 0,704) pada pemerahan pagi.

This study aims to determine: i) the relationship between lactation level and clinical mastitis, ii) bacteria that cause clinical mastitis and iii) the incidence rate of the disease based on Days in Milk (DIM). The research location was carried out at a modern dairy farm in Blitar Regency, Indonesia. Clinical mastitis dairy divided into nine lactation periods including: lactation period (LP) 1 (168 heads); LP 2 (224 heads); LP 3 (153 heads); LP 4 (102 heads); LP 5 (51 heads); LP 6 (14 heads); LP 7 (7 heads); LP 8 (1 head); LP 9 (3 heads). Data were analyzed using simple regression and descriptive analysis. There was a linear increase in the percentage of mastitis incidence at the lactation period in modern dairy farm, y = 1.9483x + 14.938 following R² = 0.2315. The worst incidence occurred during the sixth lactation (43.75 %). Streptococcus uberis was identified as the most common bacteria causing mastitis (55.19 %). The highest incidence of mastitis occurred in Days in Milk (DIM) > 150 d (48.55 %), followed by DIM < 75 d (21.44 %). Furthermore, the second lactation with DIM > 150 d (15.63 %) had the greatest mastitis incidence.

Caseins are milk protein subdivided into four main groups which are αS1, αS2, β-casein and kappa-casein (CSN3). Kappa-casein gene influences the manufacturing of milk properties. The aim of this study was to identify the kappa-casein gene polymorphism in Friesian Holstein (FH) cattle. Fifty nine (59) samples consisted of 32 (Malang), 10 (Sukahati Bogor) and 17 (Research Center for Biotechnology-Indonesian Institute of Sciences’s collections)were applied in this study. DNA samples were extracted by high concentrated NaCl and quantified by spectrophotometer. The kappa-casein gene was amplified at 379 bp fragment by PCR method using a pair primer of kappa-casein at 56oC annealing for 30 cycles. PCR-RFLP technique with HindIII was used for genotyping analysis. The result showed that there were three variants of genotypes (AA, AB and BB) in two populations from Malang and RC for Biotechnology-LIPI’s collection while cattle from Sukahati had only AA and AB genotypes. The averages of genotype frequencies were 65.28%; 65.28%; and 3.00% for AA, AB and BB genotypes respectively while frequencies of 0.81 and 0.19 were for A and B alleles, respectively. FH cattle populations were in equilibrium genetics. This finding concludes that polymorphism was found in three of FH populations with A allele was more common in kappa-casein locus. B allele is known having association with milk production, milk component and cheese yield. Increasing of B allele would influence on milk performance of FH cattle. Explorations of quantitative, qualitative and molecular genetics are important to improve dairy cattle performance.

Caseins are milk protein subdivided into four main groups which are αS1, αS2, β-casein and kappa- casein (CSN3). Kappa-casein gene influences the manufacturing of milk properties. The aim of this study was to identify the kappa-casein gene polymorphism in Friesian Holstein (FH) cattle. Fifty nine (59) samples consisted of 32 (Malang), 10 (Sukahati Bogor) and 17 (Research Center for Biotechnology-Indonesian Institute of Sciences's collections) were applied in this study. DNA samples were extracted by high concentrated NaCl and quantified by spectrophotometer. The kappa-casein gene was amplified at 379 bp fragment by PCR method using a pair primer of kappa-casein at 56 °C annealing for 30 cycles. PCR-RFLP technique with HindIII was used for genotyping analysis. The result showed that there were three variants of genotypes (AA, AB and BB) in two populations from Malang and RC for Biotechnology-LIPI's collection while cattle from Sukahati had only AA and AB genotypes. The averages of genotype frequencies were 65.28%; 65.28%; and 3.00% for AA, AB and BB genotypes respectively while frequencies of 0.81 and 0.19 were for A and B alleles, respectively. FH cattle populations were in equilibrium genetics. This finding concludes that polymorphism was found in three of FH populations with A allele was more common in kappa-casein locus. B allele is known having association with milk production, milk component and cheese yield. Increasing of B allele would influence on milk performance of FH cattle. Explorations of quantitative, qualitative and molecular genetics are important to improve dairy cattle performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the rumen fermentation and milk quality of Friesian Holstein (FH) cows given complete feed silages during lactation. Twelve FH cows in 5th mo lactation were offered four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments were, control diet (NS) containing 50% concentrate, 45% elephant grass and 5% sun flower meal; grass complete feed silage (GS) containing 50% concentrate, 45% elephant grass and 5% sunflower meal; rice straw complete feed silage (RSS) containing 50% concentrate, 30% elephant grass, 15% rice straw and 5% sunflower and palm oil frond complete feed silage (PKS) containing 50% concentrate, 30% elephant grass, 15% palm oil frond, and 5% sunflower meal. Ensilage was done with addition of Lactobacillus plantarum 1A-2 and cellulase enzyme. Analysis of variance and Duncan test were applied to compare the different among the means of treatments. Complete feed silages had range of pH between 3.89-4.44, temperature of 28.0-29.67 oC and lactic acid bacteria of 0.54-1.50 x 108 cfu/g. Crude protein intake of RSS was the highest among treatments. Acetate concentration in rumen liquor was more than 70%. Milk yield and protein were not different among treatments. GS gave the highest milk fat (5.66%). The conclusion was that both complete feed silages, using rice straw or palm oil frond can be used as alternative rations for lactating dairy cows.

Productivity of dairy cows not only expresed by milk yield, but also the reproductive performance. General speaking that the milk yield depends on reproductive performance and vice versa. The present study was conducted to observe the milk yield and reproductive performance of Friesian Holstein (FH) dairy cows. This study was conducted using 150 sets of weekly recording of milk yield from 50 FH cows. Milk yield was calculated by using time interval method (TIM) which was equivalent to ME 305 days. The data were analysed using polynomial regression model. Results of the study indicated that the effect of days open on milk yield had significant effect on quadratic and qubic regression model. The average days open was 138.77 days. According to the quadratic regression model, increasing days open decreased milk yield and the minimum milk yield was observed at 169 days open

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) receptor gene is response to bacterial invasion, endothelial and epithelial cells by release the chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8). IL-8 mediates neutrophil function, allowing neutrophils to resolve bacterial infections by migrating through blood vessel walls and to the site of infection. IL-8 also impacts neutrophil killing and survival ability during the inflammatory response. Genes that associated with neutrophil function also has potency as a genetic marker for mastitis disease, the migration of neutrophil from blood to infections side is essentially to detect the mastitis pathogen in general. It has been known that mastitis disease was the major problem in dairy cattle industry since influencing the milk quality, especially in bacterial content. The aim of this research is to detect the variation of IL-8 receptor gene in Indonesian Frisien Holstein (FH) dairy cattle which keep by farmer at Pujon District of Malang Regency. DNA genom was extracted from whole blood cells by standart phenol-chloroform methods. PCR reaction was done by using genomic DNA as a template while primer was the set of nucleotide that flanking IL-8 receptor gene. Polymorphism analysis of IL-8 receptor gene was based on number and frequency of SSCP (Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism) pattern of PCR products. From research result showed that was found five patterns of SCCP from IL-8 receptor gene of Indonesian FH which came from Pujon District, Malang Regency. This is also illustrated that of IL-8 receptor gene of Indonesian FH dairy cattle was enough polymorphism. The number pattern of SSCP-1 and SSCP-2 were found higher than others. Also, those patterns less than 50 % of samples were suspected as sub clinical mastitis. It means that this preliminary study showed that SSCP-1 and SSCP-2 patterns could be as a candidate marker for mastitis resistance of Indonesian FH dairy cattle. While others patterns could be used in determination of IL-8 receptor gene polymorphism of Indonesian FH dairy cattle based on SCCP patterns. This is important because we need this data for completing the genetic variation of Indonesian cattle data base. (Animal Production 12(2): 118-123 (2010)Key Words : IL-8 gene, mastitis, SSCP, chemokine, Friesian Holstein

The Leu/Val polymorphism of the growth hormone evaluation was studied in 35 Friesian Holstein dairy cow at Baturraden Breeding Centre of Dairy Cattle. A 211 bp DNA fragment of GH gene spanning from the forth intron region (49 bp) to fifth of exon (162 bp) was amplified and digested with AluI restriction enzyme to identified polymorphism at this locus. Allele frequencies of variant Leu (leucine) and Val (valine) were 0.91 and 0.09, respectively. Selection to raising of Val allele frequencies have probably to increase of milk production at population of Friesian Holstein dairy cow at Baturraden Breeding Centre of Dairy Cattle. (Animal Production 11(3): 155-159 (2009) Key Words: gene, growth hormone, Leu/Val polymorphism, Friesian Holstein

This study was conducted to evaluate the rumen fermentation and milk quality of Friesian Holstein (FH) cows given complete feed silages during lactation. Twelve FH cows in 5th mo lactation were offered four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments were, control diet (NS) containing 50% concentrate, 45% elephant grass and 5% sun flower meal; grass complete feed silage (GS) containing 50% concentrate, 45% elephant grass and 5% sunflower meal; rice straw complete feed silage (RSS) containing 50% concentrate, 30% elephant grass, 15% rice straw and 5% sunflower and palm oil frond complete feed silage (PKS) containing 50% concentrate, 30% elephant grass, 15% palm oil frond, and 5% sunflower meal. Ensilage was done with addition of Lactobacillus plantarum 1A-2 and cellulase enzyme. Analysis of variance and Duncan test were applied to compare the different among the means of treatments. Complete feed silages had range of pH between 3.89-4.44, temperature of 28.0-29.67 °C and lactic acid bacteria of 0.54-1.50 × 108 cfu/g. Crude protein intake of RSS was the highest among treatments. Acetate concentration in rumen liquor was more than 70%. Milk yield and protein were not different among treatments. GS gave the highest milk fat (5.66%). The conclusion was that both complete feed silages, using rice straw or palm oil frond can be used as alternative rations for lactating dairy cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to identify polymorphism of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) gene in 89 heads of Holstein-Friesian (HF) dairy cattle from Lembang Artificial Insemination Center/LAIC (17 bulls), Singosari Artificial Insemination Center/SAIC (32 bulls), and Cipelang Livestock Embryo Center/CLEC (40 cows); as well as in 4 breeds of female beef cattle from CLEC for comparison, providing Simmental (13 cows), Limousin (14 cows), Brahman (5 cows), and Angus (5 cows). This study used PCR-RFLP method by using HaeIII restriction enzyme. The enzyme cut the GHRH gene at nucleotides of GG∣CC at the base positions of 118, 312, and 406 and produced 4 fragments of 118, 194, 94, and 45 bp respectively. Genotyping the GHRH gene produced two types of allele, namely A (312, 94, and 45 bp) and B (194, 118, 94, and 45 bp). These two alleles resulted in three types of genotype, namely AA (312, 94, and 45 bp), AB (312, 194, 118, 94, and 45 bp), and BB (194, 118, 94, and 45 bp). Frequency of the B allele was dominant to the A allele. Chi-Square analysis showed that all of HF dairy and beef cattle observed were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (X2 < X2(0.05)). The highest heterozygosity value was 0.471 for HF bulls in LAIC, while the lowest one was for HF bulls in SAIC. Heterozygosity values in Simmental and Limousin cattles were higher than that of in HF cattle. The GHRH gene in HF and beef cattle was polymorphic, the exception was for Brahman with the only B allele. This result will improve the understanding of the polymorphism of GHRH gene in dairy and beef cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth hormone gene (GH gene) plays an important role in regulating body growth and in developing mammary gland, similar with its interaction to specific receptors. The GH gene has been considered as one of candidate gene associated with selection on lactation trait and milk production. This study was aimed to determine genetic polymorphism of the GH-AluI gene and to associate its genotype variants on various 15-d partial cumulative milk yields in Holstein Friesian (HF) dairy cows. A number of 370 blood samples were collected from six HF populations, respectively from small dairy farmer under the supervision of the North Bandung Milk Cooperation (NBMC) in Cilumber (98) and Pasir Kemis village (96), Dairy Cattle Breeding and Improvement Station (Cikole DCBIS) Cikole (88), Lembang Artificial Insemination Center (Lembang AIC) (17), Singosari Artificial Insemination Center (Singosari AIC (32), and Cipelang Livestock Embryo Center (Cipelang LEC) (40). A polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used to identify variant genotypes of the GH gene using AluI restriction enzyme. Genotyping results produced only two genotypes, i.e. LL and LV genotypes, without VV genotype. Frequency of the former was dominant, whilst that was low for the latter (89% vs. 11%); leading to the frequency of L allele was very high (94%) compared to that of V allele (6%). No significant association between variant genotypes (LL and LV) and various 15-d partial cumulative milk yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]