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Emergency responses to the Covid-19 pandemic have generated debates over the scope and reach of government powers in the exercise of freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) and the compliance with international and constitutional provisions. This article argues that the standards used by the Brazilian Supreme Court to scrutinize the limitations imposed on religious activities were incomplete because they focused on the temporality of the restrictions and the factual situation of hospitals' capacity. Although these are fundamental factors, the Court should have assessed the principle of proportionality between the objectives pursued and the means adopted. Furthermore, the unilateral "essentiality strategy", used both at federal and state levels was problematic and generated more problems than solutions vis-à-vis religious groups. Instead, a collaboration-driven approach that stays away from debating whether or not a religious activity is essential should be used in the event of future health outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: based on studying the statistics of crimes, national legislation and norms of international law, to give a legal assessment to restrictions of the right to worship implemented with the use of artificial intelligence technologies in China.Methods: the methodological basis of the research is the set of methods of scientific cognition, including specific sociological (analysis of statistical data and other documents), formal-legal (examining legal categories and definitions), formal-logical (analysis and synthesis), general scientific (induction, deduction), and other methods.Results: the work researches prerequisites for using artificial intelligence technologies in China to control public relations arising during religious activity both in the digital space and beyond; analyzes the legal framework of the measures implemented; gives a legal assessment to restrictions of the religious freedom using artificial intelligence technologies; forecasts the further development of Chinese legislation and foreign policy associated with religious freedom. Additionally, the work analyzes materials of human rights organizations aimed at hindering the Chinese policy of “sinicisation” and “de-extremification” of ethnic and religious minorities, including with the help of control and propaganda using modern digital technologies.Scientific novelty: the work researches the attempt of China to regulate the challenges related to religious activity, arising during rapid digitalization of the society and state, which the Republic faces being a developing, multinational and polyconfessional country. The established restrictions of religious freedom using artificial intelligence technologies are considered along with the relevant criminal statistics. The legal assessment of using artificial intelligence as a tool for restricting the right to worship is given from the standpoint of international law, as well as with the account of Chinese national legislation.Practical significance: the research results can be used to elaborate a consistent legal framework for using artificial intelligence technologies to counteract extremism.

This study addresses the violation of the rights of minority groups to adhere to beliefs other than the six state religions recognized in Indonesia. The government must identify why minority rights are not being fulfilled, and seek to provide answers so that they become the main learning material for diversity in Indonesia. In particular, the power of the state in controlling the dynamics of a pluralistic society is to maintain the integrity and unity of society in an effort to realize the ideals of Pancasila to create a just and prosperous society. This study uses field studies and qualitative research methodologies, including direct observation and in-depth interviews with community leader Towani Tolotang, to obtain objective information about the reality of the object under study. This research shows that until now the Towani Tolotang community in Sidrap Regency still exists in cultural practices and social interaction with the Sidrap community in general because of their political actions. Furthermore, social belief states that the Towani Tolotang community is part of the Bugis community which has a distinctive culture that must be protected.

Las sociedades bíblicas y misioneras comenzaron a distribuir Biblias y textos protestantes en España de manera regular a través de agentes en los años treinta del siglo XIX. En esta estrategia de distribución jugó un papel clave James Graydon. En Barcelona publicó el Nou Testament en catalán (1836) y la Biblia (1837) en español. Ambos fueron impresos en el taller de Antonio Bergnes de las Casas, además de otros impresos protestantes, de tono polémico y apologético, que el colportor distribuyó por toda la costa mediterránea. La red de agentes de Bergnes y el papel jugado por la publicidad en prensa fueron esenciales para la distribución de estos impresos protestantes, generando una importante respuesta católica en los diarios y en textos antiprotestantes, contribuyendo a profundizar el debate sobre la libertad religiosa y la libertad de cultos. = Biblical and missionary societies began to distribute Protestant Bibles and texts in Spain on a regular basis in the 1830s, through agents. One of the most important of these agents was James Graydon. He operated in Barcelona, where he published the Nou Testament in Catalan (1836) and the Biblia (1837) in Spanish. Both works were printed at the workshop of Antonio Bergnes de las Casas, in addition to other polemic and apologetic Protestant, which the colporteur distributed throughout the Mediterranean coast. Bergnes’ network of agents and the role played by press advertising were essential for the distribution of these Protestant works. They were met by a notable response from Catholics, in newspapers and in anti-Protestant texts, which deepened the debate on religious freedom and the freedom of worship.

In article the attention to features of a regulation of criminal and administrative responsibility for violation of the right to freedom of worship and religions by the legislation of the Russian Federation and some Countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (The Republic of Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Republic of Belarus) is paid. It is specified that in the analyzed laws of these countries there is no uniform technical and legal approach of contents of articles belonging to protection of the right analyzed by us. Besides, administrative legal protection of the right to freedom of worship and religions is absent in the Code on Administrative Offences of the Republic of Kazakhstan and Ukraine. It is in turn emphasized that the domestic legislator from the Belarusian experience needs to adopt such sign at hindrance of activity of the religious organizations or holding a church service and other religious actions provided that their actions don't disturb the public peace and don't affect the right, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens as in Russia various destructive religions the violating these rights of citizens work. Also from the Belarusian experience the Russian legislator should enshrine in the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences responsibility for involvement of the minor without the consent of parents or one of parents or persons them replacing to systematic participation in church services and other religious actions because take place when one of parents professes any religion, including destructive, and other parent tries to interfere with it.

Copyright of Themis: Revista de Derecho is the property of Themis Asociacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Biblical and missionary societies began to distribute Protestant Bibles and texts in Spain on a regular basis in the 1830s, through agents. One of the most important of these agents was James Graydon. He operated in Barcelona, where he published the Nou Testament in Catalan (1836) and the Biblia (1837) in Spanish. Both works were printed at the workshop of Antonio Bergnes de las Casas, in addition to other polemic and apologetic Protestant, which the colporteur distributed throughout the Mediterranean coast. Bergnes' network of agents and the role played by press advertising were essential for the distribution of these Protestant works. They were met by a notable response from Catholics, in newspapers and in anti-Protestant texts, which deepened the debate on religious freedom and the freedom of worship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In article the attention to features of a regulation of criminal and administrative responsibility for violation of the right to freedom of worship and religions by the legislation of the Russian Federation and some Countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (The Republic of Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Republic of Belarus) is paid. It is specified that in the analyzed laws of these countries there is no uniform technical and legal approach of contents of articles belonging to protection of the right analyzed by us. Besides, administrative legal protection of the right to freedom of worship and religions is absent in the Code on Administrative Offences of the Republic of Kazakhstan and Ukraine. It is in turn emphasized that the domestic legislator from the Belarusian experience needs to adopt such sign at hindrance of activity of the religious organizations or holding a church service and other religious actions provided that their actions don't disturb the public peace and don't affect the right, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens as in Russia various destructive religions the violating these rights of citizens work. Also from the Belarusian experience the Russian legislator should enshrine in the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences responsibility for involvement of the minor without the consent of parents or one of parents or persons them replacing to systematic participation in church services and other religious actions because take place when one of parents professes any religion, including destructive, and other parent tries to interfere with it.

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Church in the World / Crkva u Svijetu is the property of University of Split, Catholic Faculty of Theology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The freedom of worship constitutes the quintessence of religious freedom and is also affiliated with the autonomy enjoyed by church organisations. In the times of a pandemic, the freedom of worship is subject to restrictions in accordance with the requirements of the principle of proportionality. This topical version of religious freedom is influenced significantly by the autonomy enjoyed by the different religious denominations in line with the current State, which outlines the relationships between them. In Cyprus, where the homotaxy system applies to the autocephalous Orthodox Church of Cyprus, a remarkable autonomy pursuant to the State and canon law is generally enjoyed. This is evidenced by the management of the restrictive measures imposed on the freedom of worship during the lockdown phase and the period of the gradual easing of the restrictive measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(En) Recently, extremists entitled “ISIS” have been committing unusual behaviors, including persecution, severe punishment, killing, slanting, and burning people alive in the name of Islam. These aggressions are committed against non-Muslims, e.g. Christians and Yazidis, for no reason but believing in other creeds. Furthermore, they act as the exponent of Sunnah, persecuting Muslims of different sects as well. Thus, an inquiry emerges as follows: is the term "Human Rights" in general, and freedom of worship in particular, as principles, confined to mankind of Western origin, or is it rooted in Islam as a first handler? Proceeding on this paper; it is become clear that “Human Rights” is not an outcome of western civilization, but it is deeply rooted from the Holy faiths and particularly among the fundamentals of the Islamic Faith about twelve centuries earlier than the West addressed the issue. Returning to true Islamic faith; Holy Qur’ān and the Prophetic Sunnah are full of several evidences which reject any illegal persecution to Muslims/non-Muslims alike. On the contrary, there are clear evidences ensuring Islamic faith’s tolerance and forgiveness with dissidents and the disbelievers. Typically, freedom of worship is a fundamental right for mankind in Islam. This research aims at: - Ensuring that Islam reflects the origin of “Human Rights”, especially the freedom of worship. - Highlighting Islam's innocence of aggressive behaviors of the extremists - Spreading the concepts of orthodox "true" Islamic faith. - Facilitating the erection of truth bridges between Islam and the West. (Ar) في الآونة الأخيرة، ارتکب المتطرفين الذين يسمون أنفسهم "داعش" اعمال متطرفة ما بين تعذيب، قتل، ذبح وحرق الناس أحياء تحت شعار نصرة الإسلام. هذه الاعمال والاعتداءات ترتکب ضد الغير مسلمين کالمسيحيين والايزيديون، وذلک لأنهم لا يدينون بالإسلام. بالإضافة إلى ذلک؛ تلک الجماعات المتطرفة يعتبرون أنفسهم ممثلي السنة، فهم أيضا يضطهدون المسلمين من غير المذهب السني. وهنا يتبادر إلى الذهن سؤال: هل مفهوم حقوق الإنسان بمفهومه العام، والحق في حرية الاعتقاد بصفة خاصة غربي النشأة؟ أم انه من جذور إسلامية بحتة؟ من خلال تتبع هذا البحث، سيتضح جلياً أن "حقوق الإنسان" لم تکن وليدة الحضارة الغربية، لکنها عميقة الجذور في الديانات السماوية المقدسة، بل هي من ضمن الموضوعات الأساسية التي دعا اليها الدين الإسلامي الحنيف منذ أکثر من اثنا عشر قرن قبل ان يتطرق الغرب لمثل هذه الامور. وبالرجوع إلى الدين الإسلامي الحنيف؛ نجد ان القرآن الکريم والسنة النبوية الشريفة – وهما المصدرين الأساسيين للدين الإسلامي- يحتويان على العديد من الأدلة التي ترفض أي اضطهاد او تعذيب ضد المسلمين وغير المسلمين على حد سواء. بل على العکس من ذلک، هناک العديد من الأدلة التي تؤکد على التسامح مع معتنقي الديانات الاخر. اجمالا، يمکن القول ان حرية العقيدة هي حق أساسي يکفله الإسلام لجميع البشر. يهدف البحث إلى: - التأکيد على أن الإسلام يعکس أصل حقوق الإنسان، وبالأخص حرية الاعتقاد. - إلقاء الضوء على براءة الإسلام من الاعمال العدائية التي ترتکبها الجماعات الدينية المتطرفة. - محاولة نشر مفاهيم الإسلام الصحيح. - العمل على بناء جسور من الثقة بين الإسلام والغرب

Copyright of Archivio Giuridico is the property of Mucchi Editore and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Espaço Jurídico: Journal of Law is the property of Espaco Juridico: Journal of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article traces the evolution of Yehuda Glick's strand of Jewish Temple Mount activism, which justifies the demand that Jews be allowed to worship on the Temple Mount based on freedom of worship and human rights. Glick accepts that these values should be applied universally, including to groups whose religious and political positions are at odds with his. Glick's views evolved from a seemingly opposite source-namely, Yehuda Etzion, a leader of the Jewish underground of the 1980s, which plotted to blow up the Dome of the Rock and eradicate Muslim worship from the Temple Mount. The revolutionary stream of Temple Mount activism associated with Etzion developed the ideal of a conscientious, autonomous activist who employs the discourse of civil liberties in opposition to the state. Yehuda Glick and his initiative combined this ideal with the recognition of the Palestinian Other developed by Rabbis ShaGaR and Froman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ius et Praxis (07172877) is the property of Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The law regulating non-Muslim worship, enacted in February 2006, was implemented in 2008, with unprecedented severity in many cases of neo-evangelical conversion. Litigation of these cases has produced significant public debate on freedom of conscience and religion in Algerian society. The agitated debate is occurring within a framework for reform of state political institutions a general islamization of the political debate. The phenomenon of evangelization in Algeria raises other issues related to those of democratization (the debate that has occurred since the abrupt discontinuation of the electoral process of 1992) and authoritarian abuses of presidential power.

This article has as main objective to carry out a research work already set up from the end of 2001 to the beginning of 2005 within the context of the Transnational European Project: «Faiths and Social cohesion. Establishing social participation with religious differences: local Muslim communities in Europe. The Case of Granada». In the more general framework of its diversified specific objectives the process of analysis of the role of public space and the places of worship of the Muslim Community were the central themes that involved researchers, institutional actors, associations and the population which were the objective of the study. The Patio Islámico of the Municipal Cemetery of the City of Granada, that today is a cheerful reality known as the Rauda, was one of those pending/unresolved situations that demanded an important answer. While on the one hand the Muslim Community of Granada was still in the process of a search for cohesion and internal organization, on the other hand they remained passive in the face of one of the many claims that were of basic importance with regard to the social role of the sites of worship and their influence within the urban environment of a city characterized by the increase of their multiethnical components. Throughout the whole duration of the project the Islamic Patio was a real workshop on social inclusion where participation, collaboration, and first of all the mutual knowledge represented the deus ex machina -- so the right solution for the future and recent creation of the Rauda of the Municipal Cementery of the City of Granada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo analiza el contenido y límites del derecho a la libertad de conciencia, de creencias y de culto asegurado por el artículo 19 N° 6 de la Constitución, asumiendo la libertad de creencias en sus especies de libertad ideológica y de libertad religiosa, como asimismo, considerando el alcance de la objeción de conciencia y las eventuales tensiones del derecho con otros derechosThe article analyzes the content and the limits to the freedom of thought, of beliefs and of worship assured by the article 19 N° 6 of the Constitution, assuming the freedom of belief in its kinds of ideological freedom and religious freedom, as also, considering the scope of conscientiousness objection and the eventual tensions of this right with other rights

The Women of the Wall wish to participate in communal prayer in the women's section of the Western Wall in Jerusalem. Their practice is to pray as a group, wrap themselves in a tallit, and read from the Torah scroll. They represent Jewish pluralism in that their group includes Orthodox, Conservative, Reform and secular women. They represent openness to change in that they base their claims on Halakhic interpretation, thereby embracing the capacity of Jewish law to evolve. This article reviews the resistance of the religious and political establishment in Israel to their claim and their struggle, unsuccessful so far, to get recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author offers an exhaustive study on the regulation of the religious phenomenon in one of the European states that has had a very remarkable history with the laicization of its civil structures: France. The article does not shy away from some critical aspects of a model that, alongside its many benefits, also presents some notable flaws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A way past the "liturgy wars" opens up if we view contemporary liturgy from the perspective of Catholic social teaching. Freedom o f conscience and worship requires toleration of diverse theories of liturgy. Respect for the dignity of the human person foregrounds Vatican II's fundamental teaching that active participation is the primary and indispensable source of the true Christian spirit. The right to culture signals the importance of culturally in formed liturgical formation . In this way the "liturgy wars" can be reinterpreted as illustrating Congar's dialectical understanding of ecclesiastical tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Justicia (0124-7441) is the property of Universidad Simon Bolivar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the models of Voltaire and the Encyclopédie related to the freedom of conscience and religion during the French Enlightenment. Voltaire, as one of the great philosophers of this period dedicated considerable part of his work to promote the concept of religious tolerance. His empiricist conception of the human being and knowledge made him to reject Christianity, considering its essence diametrically opposed to tolerance. On the other hand, the Encyclopédie considers the physical and moral freedom as fundamental values of the human rationality. The liberty proposed by these models is detached in its essence from the Christian moral and faith, which is excluded from the public life.

Copyright of Društvena Istraživanja is the property of Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Article 19.2 of the Law 2/2010, on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Voluntary Termination of Pregnancy, includes the first regulation of conscientious objection to abortion in Spanish Law. This paper examines the (in) consistency of such regulation with the essential content of the right to ideological freedom, religious freedom and freedom of worship, according to the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court, as well as an overall evaluation of its scope and limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Derecho is the property of Revista Chilena de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)