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Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) play an important role in aerosol effects on air quality and public health, but their atmospheric abundance and sources are poorly understood. We measured EPFRs contained in PM2.5 collected in Fairbanks, Alaska, in winter 2022. We find that EPFR concentrations were enhanced during surface-based inversion and correlate strongly with incomplete combustion markers, including carbon monoxide and elemental carbon (R2 > 0.75). EPFRs exhibit moderately good correlations with PAHs, biomass burning organic aerosols, and potassium (R2 > 0.4). We also observe strong correlations of EPFRs with hydrocarbon-like organic aerosols, Fe and Ti (R2 > 0.6), and single-particle mass spectrometry measurements reveal internal mixing of PAHs, with potassium and iron. These results suggest that residential wood burning and vehicle tailpipes are major sources of EPFRs and nontailpipe emissions, such as brake wear and road dust, may contribute to the stabilization of EPFRs. Exposure to the observed EPFR concentrations (18 ± 12 pmol m-3) would be equivalent to smoking ∼0.4-1 cigarette daily. Very strong correlations (R2 > 0.8) of EPFR with hydroxyl radical formation in surrogate lung fluid indicate that exposure to EPFRs may induce oxidative stress in the human respiratory tract.

Electronic (e-) cigarette formulations containing nicotine salts from a range of organic acid conjugates and pH values have dominated the commercial market. The acids in the nicotine salt formulations may alter the redox environment in e-cigarettes, impacting free radical formation in e-cigarette aerosol. Here, the generation of aerosol mass and free radicals from a fourth-generation e-cigarette device was evaluated at 2 wt % nicotine salts (pH 7, 30:70 mixture propylene glycol to vegetable glycerin) across eight organic acids used in e-liquids: benzoic acid (BA), salicylic acid (SLA), lactic acid (LA), levulinic acid (LVA), succinic acid (SA), malic acid (MA), tartaric acid (TA), and citric acid (CA). Furthermore, 2 wt % BA nicotine salts were studied at the following nicotine to acid ratios: 1:2 (pH 4), 1:1 (pH 7), and 2:1 (pH 8), in comparison with freebase nicotine (pH 10). Radical yields were quantified by spin-trapping and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The EPR spectra of free radicals in the nicotine salt aerosol matched those generated from the Fenton reaction, which are primarily hydroxyl (OH) radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although the aerosol mass formation was not significantly different for most of the tested nicotine salts and acid concentrations, notable ROS yields were observed only from BA, CA, and TA under the study conditions. The e-liquids with SLA, LA, LVA, SA, and MA produced less ROS than the 2 wt % freebase nicotine e-liquid, suggesting that organic acids may play dual roles in the production and scavenging of ROS. For BA nicotine salts, it was found that the ROS yield increased with a higher acid concentration (or a lower nicotine to acid ratio). The observation that BA nicotine salts produce the highest ROS yield in aerosol generated from a fourth-generation vape device, which increases with acid concentration, has important implications for ROS-mediated health outcomes that may be relevant to consumers, manufacturers, and regulatory agencies.

GaCH2, a free radical thought to play a role in the chemical vapor deposition of gallium-containing thin films and semiconductors, has been spectroscopically detected for the first time. The radical was produced in a pulsed discharge jet using a precursor mixture of trimethylgallium vapor in high pressure argon and studied by laser-induced fluorescence and wavelength resolved emission techniques. Partially rotationally resolved spectra of the hydrogenated and deuterated species were obtained, and they exhibit the nuclear statistical weight variations and subband structure expected for a 2A2–2B1 electronic transition. The measured spectroscopic quantities have been compared to our own ab initio calculations of the ground and excited state properties. The electronic spectrum of gallium methylene is similar to the corresponding spectrum of the aluminum methylene radical, which we reported in 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C4F7N/CO2 gas mixtures have attracted extensive attention because of their excellent insulating properties and environmental friendliness. High electrical and thermal stability is an important indicator for evaluating their performance, but there have been few molecular dynamics studies of their decomposition mechanisms. In this study, using ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations and quantum chemistry theory, the decomposition mechanism of a C4F7N/CO2 gas mixture and the effect of the O2 content on the decomposition of the mixture were simulated on the microscopic level. It was found that there are three main decomposition pathways of C4F7N molecules, of which the generation of C3F4N⋅ and CF3⋅ free radicals is the most likely to occur. COF2 is the main oxygen-containing product of the C4F7N/CO2 gas mixture, and its generation is significantly affected by the simulation time and temperature. COF2 can be regarded as the characteristic decomposition product of the C4F7N/CO2 gas mixture. The addition of O2 slightly promotes the decomposition of C4F7N, whereas the maximum decomposition rate of CO2 decreases by 0.3% and 1% after the addition of 2% and 8% O2, respectively. Relevant results of this research can provide a theoretical basis and guidance for research into the performance of C4F7N/CO2 gas mixtures and practical engineering applications of these mixtures in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Absolute line strengths of several transitions in the ν1 fundamental band of the hydroxyl radical (OH) have been measured by simultaneous determination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and OH upon laser photolysis of H2O2. Based on the well-known quantum yield for the generation of OH radicals in the 248-nm photolysis of H2O2, the line strength of the OH radicals can be accurately derived by adopting the line strength of the well-characterized transitions of H2O2 and analyzing the difference absorbance time traces of H2O2 and OH obtained upon laser photolysis. Employing a synchronized two-color dual-comb spectrometer, we measured high-resolution time-resolved absorption spectra of H2O2 near 7.9 µm and the OH radical near 2.9 µm, simultaneously, under varied conditions. In addition to the studies of the line strengths of the selected H2O2 and OH transitions, the kinetics of the reaction between OH and H2O2 were investigated. A pressure-independent rate coefficient kOH+H2O2 was determined to be [1.97 (+0.10/−0.15)] × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 296 K and compared with other experimental results. By carefully analyzing both high-resolution spectra and temporal absorbance profiles of H2O2 and OH, the uncertainty of the obtained OH line strengths can be achieved down to <10% in this work. Moreover, the proposed two-color time-resolved dual-comb spectroscopy provides a new approach for directly determining the line strengths of transient free radicals and holds promise for investigations on their self-reaction kinetics as well as radical–radical reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A flexible, shape-editable transparent wood (ATW) composite containing acetal linkages was prepared simultaneously through free radical polymerization and addition reaction between vinyl ether bonds and hydroxyl groups. In this system, the anisotropic hierarchical structure of wood acted as a reinforced skeleton, the flexible chain segment ensured flexibility at room temperature, and the dynamic acetal bonds were responsible for the shape memory and editability under relatively mild conditions, verifying the expanding applications of functionalized wood-based materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the phytochemical profile of Acacia cyclops trunk bark methanol extract using LC-MS/MS, as well as to assess its antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities. Thus, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the studied extract were established and 19 compounds were detected and quantified. In addition of their antioxidant potential against DPPH and ABTS assays, in vitro and in silico studies were adopted to evaluate tyrosinase inhibitory property of A. cyclops extract. Methanol trunk bark extract showed significant total phenolic content, antioxidant potential in terms of free radical scavenging, as well as an interesting tyrosinase inhibitory action (IC50= 05.12 ± 0.41 μg/mL). The molecular docking analysis and the drug-likeness prediction of the major selected compounds supported the significant anti-tyrosinase activity of the studied extract. The obtained results suggest that A. cyclops extract could be a promising candidate in the treatment of skin hyperpigmentation disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the influence of gangue left in goafs on the low-temperature oxidation characteristics of coal, the variations of gas products and free radical parameters of coal-gangue mixed samples with different gangue contents were tested. The results show the concentration of gas products is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to gangue content (except the sample with 20% gangue content (G(20))). In addition, the oxygen consumption rate and heat release intensity follow a variation trend similar to that of gas product. Pure gangue corresponds to the highest apparent activation energy, 57.6 kJ/mol, and G(20) has the lowest value, 48.8 kJ/mol. With the rise of temperature, the free radical concentration of the mixed samples decreased slowly when it was lower than 90°C and higher than 210°C, and increased between 90°C and 210°C. Compared with the theoretical calculation results, the mixed samples all possess higher gas product, oxygen consumption rates, heat release intensities, free radical concentrations and lower apparent activation energy in the experiments, which indicates that gangue can remarkably promote the reaction of coal during low-temperature oxidation. As a result, the gangue left in goafs may promote the risk of coal spontaneous combustion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, ascorbic acid (AA) and cysteine (Cys) were used as homogeneous potassium persulfate (S2O82−) activators. The efficiency of the S2O82−/AA and S2O82−/Cys systems was investigated to generate sulfate radicals (SO4−•) for the oxidation of sulfathiazole (STZ). The presence of AA and Cys displayed a promoting effect on the activation of S2O82−. The results indicated that the STZ/S2O82− redox reaction followed pseudo‐first order kinetics with respect to STZ concentrations. The oxidative degradation of STZ is accelerated by temperature, dose of S2O82−, AA, Cys, and pH with S2O82−/AA and/or S2O82−/Cys systems. The degradation rates of STZ followed the order S2O82−/AA > S2O82−/Cys > S2O82− under similar experimental conditions. The presence of SO4−• and HO• were tested with two radical scavengers, tertiary butanol (TBA) and ethanol, in which HO• was mainly responsible for STZ degradation at higher pH. In summary, S2O82−/AA and S2O82−/Cys systems might provide a potentially useful technique for remediation of water contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamental combustion field of ammonia-hydrogen fuel is being extensively researched. However, studies on the laminar burning velocity (LBV) under high pressure with varying hydrogen concentration conditions are relatively scarce. This study innovatively used the constant volume method (CVM) to measure LBV of ammonia-hydrogen fuels with various hydrogen concentrations X H2 = 15%–30%, initial temperatures T i = 298–428 K, initial pressures P i = 1–3 bar, and equivalence ratios ϕ = 0.8–1.4. The LBV of the fuel mixture up to the temperature and pressure of 540 K and 7 bar under isentropic adiabatic assumption was determined with the CVM method. The results illustrate that the enhancing effect of hydrogen concentration on LBV is suppressed under high pressures, supporting the argument that the equivalence ratio associated with the maximum LBV is solely determined by the initial fuel composition. Chemical kinetics simulations were also analyzed including flame structure, sensitivity analysis, and reaction pathways. It indicated that the elementary reaction H + O 2 <=>O + OH predominantly governs the LBV of ammonia-hydrogen. An increase in hydrogen concentration intensifies this process by boosting the concentration of free radical hydrogen, albeit with a concomitant rise in NO emissions due to nitrogen-containing radical oxidation. Conversely, an increase in initial pressure diminishes NO emissions by strengthening the pathway from NO to NNH. The findings of this study enhance the LBV database of ammonia-hydrogen fuel at high pressures and high temperatures, and can further act as a reference for other experiments. • Investigated NH 3 /H 2 /Air laminar burning velocity via the constant volume method. • Provided the laminar burning velocity data under continuously elevating temperature and pressure. • Analyzed the impact of elevated hydrogen concentration and pressure on NO emissions. • Findings show that increased pressure aids in reducing NO emissions by promoting its consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the extent to which apnoea‐induced extremes of oxygen demand/carbon dioxide production impact redox regulation of cerebral bioenergetic function. Ten ultra‐elite apnoeists (six men and four women) performed two maximal dry apnoeas preceded by normoxic normoventilation, resulting in severe end‐apnoea hypoxaemic hypercapnia, and hyperoxic hyperventilation designed to ablate hypoxaemia, resulting in hyperoxaemic hypercapnia. Transcerebral exchange of ascorbate radicals (by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy) and nitric oxide metabolites (by tri‐iodide chemiluminescence) were calculated as the product of global cerebral blood flow (by duplex ultrasound) and radial arterial (a) to internal jugular venous (v) concentration gradients. Apnoea duration increased from 306 ± 62 s during hypoxaemic hypercapnia to 959 ± 201 s in hyperoxaemic hypercapnia (P ≤ 0.001). Apnoea generally increased global cerebral blood flow (all P ≤ 0.001) but was insufficient to prevent a reduction in the cerebral metabolic rates of oxygen and glucose (P = 0.015–0.044). This was associated with a general net cerebral output (v > a) of ascorbate radicals that was greater in hypoxaemic hypercapnia (P = 0.046 vs. hyperoxaemic hypercapnia) and coincided with a selective suppression in plasma nitrite uptake (a > v) and global cerebral blood flow (P = 0.034 to <0.001 vs. hyperoxaemic hypercapnia), implying reduced consumption and delivery of nitric oxide consistent with elevated cerebral oxidative–nitrosative stress. In contrast, we failed to observe equidirectional gradients consistent with S‐nitrosohaemoglobin consumption and plasma S‐nitrosothiol delivery during apnoea (all P ≥ 0.05). Collectively, these findings highlight a key catalytic role for hypoxaemic hypercapnia in cerebral oxidative–nitrosative stress. Key points: Local sampling of blood across the cerebral circulation in ultra‐elite apnoeists determined the extent to which severe end‐apnoea hypoxaemic hypercapnia (prior normoxic normoventilation) and hyperoxaemic hypercapnia (prior hyperoxic hyperventilation) impact free radical‐mediated nitric oxide bioavailability and global cerebral bioenergetic function.Apnoea generally increased the net cerebral output of free radicals and suppressed plasma nitrite consumption, thereby reducing delivery of nitric oxide consistent with elevated oxidative–nitrosative stress.The apnoea‐induced elevation in global cerebral blood flow was insufficient to prevent a reduction in the cerebral metabolic rates of oxygen and glucose.Cerebral oxidative–nitrosative stress was greater during hypoxaemic hypercapnia compared with hyperoxaemic hypercapnia and coincided with a lower apnoea‐induced elevation in global cerebral blood flow, highlighting a key catalytic role for hypoxaemia.This applied model of voluntary human asphyxia might have broader implications for the management and treatment of neurological diseases characterized by extremes of oxygen demand and carbon dioxide production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three groups of novel analogs of combretastatin-A4 (CA-4), viz., the N1-phenyl-pyrazoline (5a–e), N1-alkyl acetylated pyrazoline (6a–c), and N1-phenyl acetylated pyrazoline (7a–g) were designed, and synthesized in good yield. The structure of the compounds was confirmed by spectroscopic techniques. All the compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anticancer (MCF-7 cell line), antioxidant (DPPH, NO, SOR, and H2O2), and anti-inflammatory activity. Compounds 5d, 7g, 7f, 7e, 7c, 5b, 6a, 7b, and 7a showed excellent potency with GI50 ranging from 0.1 to 10.9 µM against the MCF-7 cell line. Compounds 7f, 7g, 5c, 5d, 5b, 7e, and 6a exhibited good anti-inflammatory activity. Encouraged by these results, all the compounds were also tested for their antioxidant potency. Compounds 6a, 6c, 7b, 7c, 7f, and 7g were found to be excellent scavengers of all four free radicals (DPPH, NO, SOR, and H2O2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isolating high-performance phenol degradation microorganisms with high salt tolerance and studying their resistance mechanisms are urgent issues. To address these issues, a typical bacteria (Klebsiella sp. YP-1) with high salt and phenol tolerance was isolated. Its strategies for resisting high salt and high phenol stress were studied. The results indicated that Klebsiella sp. YP-1 was able to degrade 1000 mg/L phenol within 44 h at 70 g/L NaCl, which was faster than most microorganisms reported in the literature. Lyxose secreted by Klebsiella sp. YP-1 played an important role on assisting Klebsiella sp. YP-1 to resist stress. Lyxose increased phenol degradation rate by microorganisms due to its protection on cell membrane. Quantum chemical calculation results indicated that lyxose was more likely attacked by free radical than cell membrane. In addition, lyxose could bind to the cell membrane through hydrogen bonds. Thus, lyxose prevented reactive oxygen species from harming cell membranes. Moreover, lyxose has broad protective effect on microbial cell membranes. This study provides a novel idea for microorganisms to resist oxidative stresses. [Display omitted] • A strain of Klebsiella sp. YP1 with high salt-phenol tolerance was isolated. • A novel strategy for Klebsiella sp. to resist stress was presented: secreting lyxose. • Lyxose improves the ability of microbe to degrade high salt-phenol wastewater. • The mechanism of lyxose protecting cell membrane was revealed for the first time. • Lyxose has broad protection effect on microbial cell membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New isatin-thiosemicarbazone (1–6) were obtained from various 5-methylisatin and various isothiocyanates with good yields and efficient methods. The structures of the synthesized compounds were clarified by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. The antioxidant activity properties of the compounds were investigated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method and total reducing power determinations. In our total reducing power study, where we chose Trolox as the standard antioxidant, it was found that the reducing powers of compounds containing different substituent groups and positions were close to each other and lower than Trolox. In the study using butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as a reference antioxidant, DPPH antiradical scavenging capacities of the synthesized compounds were determined. The free radical scavenging effects of the synthesized compounds were compared with the IC50 values obtained from the concentration equations and were found in the order BHT > 6 > 3 > 5 > 1 > 2 > 4. Structural and electronic properties of the compounds were examined by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and their relationship with the antioxidant properties of the compounds was discussed. DFT calculations played an important role in determining how the electronic properties of the synthesized compounds, especially in the presence of different substituents and in the ortho and meta positions, and accordingly the antioxidant properties of the compounds, changed. Experimental and theoretical results confirmed that methoxy-containing structures in the synthesized compounds exhibit higher antioxidant effects compared to halogen-containing structures, regardless of their position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, tetradecyl methacrylate-maleic anhydride-benzylidene acetone (C14MC-MA-MCA) terpolymers were synthesized via free radical polymerization and evaluated as pour point depressants (PPDs) for coal-based diesel. The findings indicate that the C14MC-MA-MCA (3:1:1) terpolymer exhibited the most effective inhibition of the solid point (SP) at 1500 ppm concentration. Specifically, it reduced the SP of coal-based diesel from − 4 to − 42 °C, marking a significant decrease of 38 °C. Furthermore, the crystallization behavior and SP reduction mechanism of C14MC-MA-MCA in coal-based diesel were investigated using viscosity analysis and polarized optical microscopy (POM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Freshly extracted sugarcane juice is an ideal substrate for microbial fermentation and browning reactions. The present study is the first report on the potential of pulsed light (PL) processing in improving microbial stability with the retention of major bioactive. PL processing at different levels of voltage (2.1–2.7 kV) and number of pulses (100–200) was explored. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of PL processing on the quality of sugarcane juice, bioactive composition and microbial load. RESULTS: The microbial load, such as aerobic mesophiles, yeast and mold, and total coliform, was reduced to below 1 log colony‐forming units mL−1 in juice samples subjected to intense PL treatment at 2.7 kV. The maximum value of the total color difference of the sugarcane juice was below 4.0, even at extreme levels of PL process parameters. In comparison with the unprocessed juice, the reduction in total phenols (Folin ciocalteu reagent assay) and the total antioxidant capacity (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging assay) was limited to 6% and 16.7%, respectively, when treated at 2.7 kV/200 pulses. The pH and total soluble solids of the juice remained unaffected in all the processed samples. Among the process parameters considered, the treatment voltage was found to significantly affect the quality parameters and microbial load. CONCLUSION: PL processing at 2.1 kV/170 pulses gave an optimally processed juice with a microbial load below the permissible limit and desirability value of 0.77. The results suggest that the PL treatment is effective for enhancing the microbial stability and maintaining the bioactive components of the sugarcane juice. Furthermore, the outcomes from the present study are expected to pave the way for further in‐depth investigation of the effect of PL treatment on the critical quality attributes and shelf life of sugarcane juice. The technology will be useful for adoption by different stakeholders, including manufacturers and retailers in the food processing sector. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater contamination in India exposes an estimated 70 million people to arsenic. Over 10 million people in the state of Bihar (India) are at risk of arsenic poisoning. As reported 27 districts of the state's thirty-eight districts are under a state of catastrophe. Symptoms noticed by those who have been exposed to the arsenic caused disease are-lack of appetite, neurobehavioral problems, hyperkeratosis, and melanosis on the skin. So, this study's primary objective is to find novel approaches to treat arsenic poisoning in rats using the Charles Foster model. Following permission from the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee, the animals were divided into three groups: one group served as a control, the second group received arsenic treatment, and the third group received Ganoderma lucidum extract after arsenic treatment. For the arsenic group, the rats were given 8 mg/kg body weight of sodium arsenite orally every day for 90 days, and then for 60 days, they were given 80 mg/Kg body weight of Ganoderma lucidum extract via gavage. Their biochemical values, including those of the liver and kidneys, were found to be increased. In addition, their levels of free radicals, including lipid peroxidation, were measured and found to be substantially higher. In addition, the levels of arsenic in the kidney and liver tissue were very high. However, biochemical and lipid peroxidation levels were significantly restored after administration of Ganoderma lucidum ethanolic extract. Arsenic levels in rat liver and kidney tissues were also found to be reduced. Ganoderma lucidum has a therapeutic impact against arsenicinduced toxicity, according to the present research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spontaneous combustion and gas explosion induced by crushed small coal pillars and the residual coal of adjacent goaf will cause a large amount of coal loss and casualties of workers. Moreover, it also seriously pollutes the environment and aggravates the greenhouse effect. To effectively block small coal pillars and fracture zones of adjacent old workings is the key to prevent gas and coal spontaneous combustion in small coal pillars. However, the commonly used blocking materials at present are easy to shrink and chap after air drying, and they have no chemical inhibitory property. Thus, these materials cannot realize the coordinated prevention of gas and coal spontaneous combustion. In this paper, a low-cost and eco-friendly Synergistic Inhibiting and Sealing Material (SISM)with strong inhibitory properties is proposed. The optimal ratio of the material was determined by experiments. The inhibitory properties of the material are analyzed by testing and comparing the generation rate of free radical and CO generation rate. The experimental results showed that the optimal molar ratio of main antioxidant and auxiliary antioxidant was 5:2, and the optimal mass ratio of synergistic antioxidant and high water material was 1:8. Secondly, SISM can prevent or delay the production of new free radicals during coal spontaneous combustion, significantly reduce the concentration of free radicals in coal and finally delay the process of coal spontaneous combustion. Thirdly, both physical and chemical inhibitory properties are taken into account when preparing SISM. Hence, it can maintain both high inhibitory properties in the whole temperature range and the inhibition effect on coal-oxygen compound reaction, which is significantly better than MgCl2 and yellow mud (YM) with only physical inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Aims Methods Results Conclusions Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers are widely used in aesthetic medicine, but their in vivo behavior and long‐term effects are not fully understood.To review the decomposition and changes occurring in the body following HA filler injections, focusing on crosslinking agents, degradation processes, and tissue responses.This review analyzed oxidative and enzymatic degradation processes of HA fillers, evaluated the impact of 1,4‐Butanediol Diglycidyl Ether (BDDE) crosslinking, and examined histological changes post‐injection.Uncrosslinked HA degrades rapidly due to endogenous hyaluronidase, while crosslinked HA undergoes slower degradation via free radicals and hyaluronidase. Complete cross‐linking (C‐MoD) showed better durability compared to partially cross‐linked BDDE (P‐MoD). The concept of modification efficiency (MoE) was proposed to optimize filler safety and viscoelastic properties. Histological analysis revealed collagen capsule formation and autologous tissue replacement, affecting long‐term outcomes. The degree of chemical modification (MoD) influences filler durability and safety, with concerns raised about potential delayed immune reactions from accumulated pendent BDDE.Clinicians should consider injection site, tissue conditions, and filler properties for safe and effective HA filler use. Emphasizing thorough BDDE removal and optimal crosslinking can enhance treatment safety and efficacy. The balance between achieving desired viscoelastic properties and minimizing potential risks is crucial. Future studies should include diverse ethnic groups to validate findings and further explore long‐term tissue responses to HA fillers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxodium ‘Zhongshanshan’ is a distinctive tree known for its rapid growth and robust stress resilience. To enhance the utilization of forestry resources, tannin extracts were procured from the barks (BE) and leaves (LE) of Taxodium ‘Zhongshanshan’. The tannin structures were characterized by FT-IR and MALDI-TOF MS, and found to be condensed tannin with a degree of polymerization not exceeding 6. The tannin extracts exhibited a potent ability to scavenge free radicals at capacities of 60–80 % compared to Vitamin C (VC). They inhibited the bacterial strains Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), with a pronounced effect on the latter. Furthermore, tannin from Taxodium ‘Zhongshanshan’ appears benign and have no significant effect on cell activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the combustion characteristics of non-stick coal and the formation patterns of main combustion products and radicals, this study initially conducted a TG-DSC experiment of non-stick coal. Subsequently, non-stick coal was characterized and analyzed using XPS and 13C NMR experiments, and a molecular model with the formula C208H199O23N3S was constructed. Subsequently, the ReaxFF MD method was employed to simulate the combustion molecular dynamics of the non-stick coal periodic mixing model under varying oxygen content and temperature conditions. The analysis focused on elucidating the formation patterns of free and primary products during combustion. Experimental findings indicate that the combustion of non-stick coal progresses through stages, including water evaporation and desorption (30–145.65 °C), dynamic equilibrium (145.65–181.76 °C), oxygen weight gain (181.76–263.56 °C), thermal decomposition (263.56–379.14 °C), combustion (379.14–562.04 °C) and burnout (562.04–800 °C). The ignition temperature of non-stick coal was determined to be 379.14 °C. The simulation results indicate that an increase in temperature and oxygen content further enhances the relatively stable peak production of CO2. The peak increase of CO production is weaker than that of CO2. The rise in temperature also promotes the formation of H2O, while the increase in oxygen content initially enhances and subsequently inhibits the peak production of H2O. H radicals, O radicals, and OH radicals are primarily generated through the decomposition reactions of small molecular compounds or other free radicals. Free radical polymerization and the decomposition of small molecular compounds represent the primary pathways for the formation of CO, CO2, and H2O. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bismuth‐based photocatalysts have been widely employed in the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater. However, the lack of rational structural design and the slow generation of active free radicals have hindered its efficiency. Here, we stabilized Bi2WO6 nanoparticles by wrapping them with hydroxyl groups, introduced metal Cu doping, and underwent an annealing process to construct Cu‐BiNP nanocatalysts with exposed active sites. Under visible light irradiation, 0.03Cu‐BiNP achieved a 94.5% TC degradation efficiency, which is 15.8 times higher than the rate of bulk BiWO. The 0D structure endows Cu‐BiNP with ample opportunities for O2 adsorption and activation, and Cu atomic doping reduces the bandgap and increases the oxygen vacancy, promoting the generation of active oxygen species. This work demonstrates the rapid charge separation and activation of O2 to generate active oxygen species by 0D bismuth‐based nanocatalysts in photocatalytic oxidation reactions, providing a scalable nanocatalyst platform for TC photocatalytic degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles (NPs) have gained attention for their unique properties and potential applications, particularly in medicine. This study aim to investigate the green synthesis of silver and copper nanoparticles (NPs) using Parthenium hestephorus extract and evaluate their biological activities. The synthesized NPs were characterized using various analytical techniques, such as UV‐Vis spectroscopy, which confirmed the successful synthesis of silver and copper nanoparticles, with characteristic absorption peaks observed at 450 nm and 580 nm, respectively. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) were also conducted. In antimicrobial evaluations, the silver and copper nanoparticles exhibited notable inhibitory zones ranging from 12–18 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and 27–30 mm against Escherichia coli bacteria. Furthermore, the nanoparticles' potential as anticancer agents were tested on HepG2 human cancer cells using the MTT assay. The silver, copper nanoparticles, and control exhibited dose‐dependent cytotoxicity, with IC50 values of 35 μg/mL, 50 μg/ml, and 30 μg/ml, respectively, suggesting their promise in cancer treatment. Antioxidant activity was demonstrated through free radical scavenging assays, with silver and copper nanoparticles showing significant potential, inhibiting free radicals by 80 %, 70 %, and 90 %, respectively. It is concluded that the green synthesis of silver and copper nanoparticles using extract of Parthenium hestephorus presents an efficient and sustainable method for generating NPs with potent antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transfusion dependent β-thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder characterized by chronic anaemia. Blood transfusion is lifesaving but comes at a cost. Iron overload emerges as a prime culprit as a free radicals damage endothelial cells. Chronic anaemia further disrupts oxygen delivery, exacerbating the oxidative stress. Increased levels of met-haemoglobin and malondialdehyde compromise endothelial function. This research sheds light on the impact of met-haemoglobin and oxidative stress on endothelial function in 50 patients with transfusion dependent β-thalassemia major compared to 50 healthy individuals as control. Blood samples were collected & subjected to CBC, biochemical analysis including creatinine, ferritin, CRP, LDH, and HCV antibodies. Oxidative stress was assessed using met-haemoglobin & malondialdehyde. Endothelial dysfunction was evaluated by endothelial activation and stress index (EASIX). EASIX, met-haemoglobin and malondialdehyde were significantly increased in patients (1.44 ± 0.75, 2.07 ± 0.2, 4.8 ± 0.63; respectively) compared to the control (0.52 ± 0.24,0.88 ± 0.34,0.8 ± 0.34; respectively). Significant strong positive correlation was found between EASIX and met-haemoglobin, malondialdehyde, serum ferritin and CRP (P = 0.00, r = 0.904, P = 0.00, r = 0.948, P = 0.00, r = 0.772, P = 0.00, r = 0.971; respectively. Met-haemoglobin as well as EASIX should be routinely estimated to assess endothelial function especially before the decision of splenectomy. Antioxidant drugs should be supplemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional coal spontaneous combustion (CSC) inhibitors, while effective, have limitations such as frequent application or short-term efficacy. To this end, we developed a slow-release and water-soluble synergistic inhibitor (SWSI) to achieve long-term CSC inhibition. The SWSI was formulated by integrating synergistic antioxidants (SA) composed of ascorbic acid (AsA) and Fe-superoxide dismutase (Fe-SOD) dissolved in a super absorbent polymer (SAP) encapsulated within hydrogel microcapsules. The effectiveness of SWSI was evaluated through simultaneous thermal analysis and in-situ free radical tests. The formulation optimization demonstrated that AsA and Fe-SOD had the maximum synergistic inhibition effect at a 1:1 molar ratio. The optimal SA: SAP ratio of 3:1 achieved the lowest oxygen consumption rate and highest inhibition rate. The encapsulation formulation, consisting of 3% SA, 6% PAM, 1% CaCl2, and 0.5% citric acid, generated the highest swelling ratio. Simultaneous thermal analysis and in-situ free radical tests indicated that SWSI greatly increased feature temperatures and the apparent activation energy, lowered reaction heat, and substantially reduced free radical concentration in the full oxidation process. The newly developed SWSI offers a significant advancement in long-term CSC prevention by integrating physical and chemical inhibition, which provides sustained and effective inhibition throughout the entire oxidation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen (H2) therapy is an emerging, novel, and safe therapeutic modality that uses molecular hydrogen for effective treatment. However, the impact of H2 therapy is limited because hydrogen molecules predominantly depend on the systemic administration of H2 gas, which cannot accumulate at the lesion site with high concentration, thus leading to limited targeting and utilization. Biomaterials are developed to specifically deliver H2 and control its release. In this review, the development process, stimuli‐responsive release strategies, and potential therapeutic mechanisms of biomaterial‐based H2 therapy are summarized. H2 therapy. Specifically, the produced H2 from biomaterials not only can scavenge free radicals, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO), but also can inhibit the danger factors of initiating diseases, including pro‐inflammatory cytokines, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and heat shock protein (HSP). In addition, the released H2 can further act as signal molecules to regulate key pathways for disease treatment. The current opportunities and challenges of H2‐based therapy are discussed, and the future research directions of biomaterial‐based H2 therapy for clinical applications are emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free radical generation plays a key role in many biological processes including cell communication, maturation, and aging. In addition, free radical generation is usually elevated in cells under stress as is the case for many different pathological conditions. In liver tissue, cells produce radicals when exposed to toxic substances but also, for instance, in cancer, alcoholic liver disease and liver cirrhosis. However, free radicals are small, short-lived, and occur in low abundance making them challenging to detect and especially to time resolve, leading to a lack of nanoscale information. Recently, our group has demonstrated that diamond-based quantum sensing offers a solution to measure free radical generation in single living cells. The method is based on defects in diamonds, the so-called nitrogen-vacancy centers, which change their optical properties based on their magnetic surrounding. As a result, this technique reveals magnetic resonance signals by optical means offering high sensitivity. However, compared to cells, there are several challenges that we resolved here: Tissues are more fragile, have a higher background fluorescence, have less particle uptake, and do not adhere to microscopy slides. Here, we overcame those challenges and adapted the method to perform measurements in living tissues. More specifically, we used precision-cut liver slices and were able to detect free radical generation during a stress response to ethanol, as well as the reduction in the radical load after adding an antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative species, generated endogenously via metabolism or from exogenous sources, play crucial roles in the body. At low levels, these species support immune functions by participating in phagocytosis. They also aid in cellular signaling and contribute to vasomodulation. However, when the levels of oxidative species exceed the body's antioxidant capacity to neutralize them, oxidative stress occurs. This stress can damage cellular macromolecules such as lipids, DNA, RNA, and proteins, driving the pathogenesis of diseases and aging through the progressive deterioration of physiological functions and cellular structures. Therefore, the body's ability to manage oxidative stress and maintain it at optimal levels is essential for overall health. Understanding the fundamentals of oxidative stress, along with its reliable quantification, can enable consistency and comparability in clinical practice across various diseases. While direct quantification of oxidant species in the body would be ideal for assessing oxidative stress, it is not feasible due to their high reactivity, short half-life, and the challenges of quantification using conventional techniques. Alternatively, quantifying lipid peroxidation, damage products of nucleic acids and proteins, as well as endogenous and exogenous antioxidants, serves as appropriate markers for indicating the degree of oxidative stress in the body. Along with the conventional oxidative stress markers, this review also discusses the role of novel markers, focusing on their biological samples and detection techniques. Effective quantification of oxidative stress may enhance the understanding of this phenomenon, aiding in the maintenance of cellular integrity, prevention of ageassociated diseases, and promotion of longevity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The implementation of Salix psammophila sand barriers measures constitutes a crucial element in desertification control, providing a solid theoretical foundation for the future application and pretreatment of sand barriers in production practices. To address the specific damage types predominant in desert environments, we executed simulations of ultraviolet irradiation and rainfall phenomena on mechanical sand barriers in sandy areas and also inspected the variations in chemical properties during accelerated aging processes. The findings unequivocally demonstrate that: (1) The synergistic impact of ultraviolet irradiation and water accelerated the deformation and fracturing of the S.psammophila sand barriers, thereby causing a partial degradation of its chemical properties and conspicuous lignin oxidation; (2) The fissure of the sand barrier deepened, resulting in structural alterations. The existence of water expedites the degradation process of S.psammophila sand barriers under ultraviolet irradiation. (3)With respect to the binding form of C atoms, the carbon atoms at S.psammophila sand barriers were highly oxidized after 576 hours of accelerated aging. The components of C2 (C-O) and C3 (C=O) rising to 40.16% and 12.24% respectively, while the components of C1 (C-C) declined to 47.60%. The amount of hydroxyl (O-C-O), carbonyl (C=O), and carboxyl (O-C=O) groups increases in line with the expansion of the contact area between the sand barrier structure and ultraviolet irradiation as well as water. More free radical substances are generated, thereby causing the chemical binding properties to tend to be more stable. In summary, Ultraviolet irradiation and water change are the primary factors influencing the degradation of S.psammophila sand barriers material structure and properties. In future desertification control, it is imperative to focus on enhancing the longevity of sand barriers by ensuring their waterproofing capabilities and resistance to ultraviolet irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study explores the effects of microwave treatment at varying wattage and durations on the phytoconstituents, antioxidant status, anti-nutritional factors (ANFs), and metabolite profiles of de-oiled rice bran. The total phenolics and flavonoids showed both increases and decreases depending on specific microwave parameters, while flavonol content consistently increased across all treated groups compared to the control. The DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity, FRAP, CUPRAC, metal chelating activity, and ascorbic acid content were enhanced in most of the microwaved samples; however, longer microwave exposure at higher wattage led to their reduction. A treatment-specific decrease in ANFs, including condensed tannins, oxalates, and phytates, was observed. HRMS-based untargeted metabolomics identified a diverse range of primary and secondary metabolites, which clustered in a group-specific manner, indicating notable group-wise metabolite variations. Analysis of discriminating metabolites revealed no significant differences in the overall levels of phenolics, flavonoids, vitamins and cofactors, sugars, amino acids, terpenoids, fatty acids, and their derivatives among the treated groups compared to the control; however, several individual metabolites within these metabolite classes differed significantly. These findings suggest that optimized microwaving of de-oiled rice bran can enhance phytochemicals and antioxidants while improving the metabolite profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increases abnormally in the body, it damages tissue cells and is closely related to the occurrence of various chronic diseases. Antioxidant peptides (APs) are a class of active short peptides with antioxidant capacity, which have great research value. In this paper, two APs were designed and synthesized based on the structural features of APs: CHIWM (AP1) and CHCPWM (AP2). The reactive sites and activities of APs were analyzed using the quantum chemical density functional theory (DFT) method. The reactive sites are all located in the indolyl heterocycle of tryptophan residues, among which AP1 has a smaller energy gap and single point energy. Multiple free radical scavenging assays showed that AP1 and AP2 had stronger antioxidant activity than the positive control, glutathione (GSH). For scavenging DPPH free radicals, the IC50s values were 0.613 mg/mL and 0.606 mg/mL, respectively. In cellular assays, both AP1 and AP2 were able to scavenge ROS in the cells and attenuate cellular damage. In conclusion, AP1 and AP2 designed in this paper have good antioxidant activity and have the potential to be applied in the treatment of chronic diseases caused by cellular oxidative damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the mainstream biodegradable materials, poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) foams offer a sustainable alternative to traditional plastic foams, effectively reducing environmental pollution. However, the high cost and poor mechanical performance of PBAT foams impede their practical application. Herein, the glycidyl methacrylate-grafted biomass lignin (GML) was used to produce a PBAT/GML composite foam with good foaming performance and mechanical properties at high lignin-filling amounts by twin-screw melting free radical polymerization and supercritical CO2 foaming process. The compatibility of GML in the PBAT matrix was improved due to the formation of ester bonds in modified lignin, endowing the PBAT/GML (PGML) composite foam with exceptional foaming performance. Additionally, the mechanical properties of PGML composite foam were remarkably enhanced due to the introduction of the abundant aromatic structures of GML and the construction of a stable covalent crosslinking network. The compressive strengths and compression modulus of the PGML foam were improved by 2.53 times and 2.47 times, while its bending strength and bending modulus were improved by 1.27 times and 3.92 times compared to the neat PBAT. This research affords a new strategy for developing low-cost biodegradable biomass PBAT/lignin composite foam materials with good foaming performance and mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased intramitochondrial free iron is a key feature of various liver diseases, leading to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and liver damage. Polydatin is a polyphenol with a hepatoprotective effect, which has been attributed to its ability to enhance mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and antioxidant defenses, thereby inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) dependent cellular damage processes and liver diseases. However, it has not been explored whether polydatin is able to exert its effects by protecting the phospholipid cardiolipin against damage from excess iron. Cardiolipin maintains the integrity and function of electron transport chain (ETC) complexes and keeps cytochrome c bound to mitochondria, avoiding uncontrolled apoptosis. Therefore, the effect of polydatin on oxidative lipid damage, ETC activity, cytochrome levels, and ROS production was explored in iron-exposed rat liver mitochondria. Fe2+ increased lipid peroxidation, decreased cardiolipin and cytochromes c + c1 and aa3 levels, inhibited ETC complex activities, and dramatically increased ROS production. Preincubation with polydatin prevented all these effects to a variable degree. These results suggest that the hepatoprotective mechanism of polydatin involves the attenuation of free radical production by iron, which enhances cardiolipin levels by counteracting membrane lipid peroxidation. This prevents the loss of cytochromes, improves ETC function, and decreases mitochondrial ROS production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exhaustion of conventional light oils necessitates the shift towards unconventional sources such as biomass, heavy oil, oil shale, and coal. Non-catalytic thermal cracking by a free radical mechanism is at the heart of the upgrading, prior to refining into valuable products. However, thermal pyrolysis is hindered by the formation of asphaltenes, precursors to coke, limiting cracking, causing equipment fouling, and reducing product stability. Free radicals are inherently present in heavy fractions and are generated during thermal processes. This makes these reactive intermediates central to understanding these mechanisms and limiting coking. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy facilitates such mechanistic studies. Over the past decade, there has been no review of using in-situ ESR for studying thermal processes. This work begins with a brief description of free radicals' chain reactions during thermal reactions and the wealth of information ESR provides. We then critically review the literature that uses ESR for mechanistic studies in thermal pyrolysis of biomass, heavy oil, shales, and coal. We conclude that limited literature exist, and more investigations are necessary. The key findings from existing literature are summarized to know the current state of knowledge. We also explicitly highlight the research gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternating copolymers are crucial for diverse applications. While dispersity (Ð, also known as molecular weight distribution, MWD) influences the properties of polymers, achieving low dispersities in alternating copolymers poses a notable challenge via free radical polymerizations (FRPs). In this work, we demonstrated an unexpected discovery that dispersities are affected by the participation of charge transfer complexes (CTCs) formed between monomer pairs during free radical alternating copolymerization, which have inspired the successful synthesis of various alternating copolymers with low dispersities (>30 examples, Ð=1.13–1.39) under visible‐light irradiation. The synthetic method is compatible with binary, ternary and quaternary alternating copolymerizations and is expandable for both fluorinated and non‐fluorinated monomer pairs. DFT calculations combined with model experiments indicated that CTC‐absent reaction exhibits higher propagation rates and affords fewer radical terminations, which could contribute to low dispersities. Based on the integration of Monte Carlo simulation and Bayesian optimization, we established the relationship map between FRP parameter space and dispersity, further suggested the correlation between low dispersities and higher propagation rates. Our research sheds light on dispersity control via FRPs and creates a novel platform to investigate polymer dispersity through machine learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The (BiO)4CO3(OH)2/BiOBr heterojunction was developed by a facile hydrothermal process using polyhedral (BiO)4CO3(OH)2 as the precursor and HBr as the etching agent. BiOBr nanosheets were vertically and orderly grown on the surface of (BiO)4CO3(OH)2, and the obtained (BiO)4CO3(OH)2/BiOBr heterojunction exhibits outstanding photocatalytic performance to degrade 50 mg L−1 of Cr(VI) and 30 mg L−1 of TC in 25 and 20 min, respectively, under simulated sunlight. The enhanced photocatalytic performance is the synergistic effect of the two factors: the unique hierarchical structure can effectively utilize light, and the suitable position of the band edge is conducive to the construction of a Z-scheme heterostructure. The free radical capture confirms that superoxide free radicals (˙O2−) and hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) are the major active agents during photocatalysis. Based on the transient photocurrent response and electrochemical impedance measurements, the (BiO)4CO3(OH)2/BiOBr heterostructure shows excellent separation efficiency of the photogenerated electron–hole pairs. This finding will inspire many researchers to develop novel high-performance photocatalysts for degrading harmful and toxic pollutants and remediating environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the fundamental configuration (tetrahedron-type and capsule-type) of Zr-MOCs is well understood, the synthesis of amino-functionalized Zr-based capsule (denoted as ZrC-1-NH2) based on 2-aminoterephthalic acid remains a considerable challenge. Fortunately, we obtained single crystals under solvothermal conditions and further achieved the rapid synthesis of ZrC-1-NH2 with pure phase and high yield using a microwave-assisted solvothermal method. In addition, ZrC-1-NH2 was utilized as a photocatalyst to perform the degradation of tetracycline (TC) in water. The degradation efficiency of 92.3% was achieved at the optimal conditions, and the main active free radical was determined as ·O2− according to the trapping agent experiment and EPR results. Furthermore, the possible degradation pathway of TC was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After cerebral ischemia, the brain encounters noxious stimuli that result in a dysfunctional balance between the production and elimination of reactive oxygen species, which in turn cause damage to cellular components. Oxidative stress may activate the inflammatory response, promoting apoptosis, autophagy, etc. Flavonoids are present in a wide range of foods and have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and anticancer properties. Dietary flavonoid intake have beneficial effects against ischemic stroke. Dietary flavonoids can significantly reduce the risk of ischemic stroke and improve its prognosis by directly scavenging free radicals, regulating redox balance, and modulating signaling pathways and gene expression to counteract the cellular damage of brain caused by oxidative stress after ischemic stroke. Therefore, this review summarizes the effect of dietary flavonoids against oxidative stress on ischemic stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In catalytic tests, the results have shown that almost all the BPAF was removed within 30 min when the dosage of Co3O4@BiOI and sodium persulfate (PS) was 0.15 g and 0.1 mM, respectively. Acid conditions inhibited BPAF degradation, but the inclusion of a precise concentration of bicarbonate ions (HCO3−) promoted degradation. The presence of chloride (Cl−), sulfate ions (SO42−), and a high concentration of HCO3− inhibited the degradation process, whereas the addition of nitrate ions (NO3−) had a minor effect on the catalytic process. The presence of free radicals (sulfate (SO4•−), hydroxyl (•OH), and superoxide (O2•−)) and the non-free radical singlet oxygen (1O2) in the Co3O4@BiOI/PS system was determined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and quenching tests. We propose that the Co(II)/Co(III) and Bi(III)/Bi(V) redox pairs simultaneously activate PS where the Co3O4 and BiOI components work synergistically to promote the rapid oxidative degradation of BPAF in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of Chi-aroma Baijiu generates free radicals, which may pose potential health risks. This study aimed to scavenge free radicals in Chi-aroma Baijiu and assess the impact on the composition of volatile compounds (VOCs) by using distillers' grains-derived homologous peptides. Five peptides—Pro-Ala (PA), Pro-Val (PV), Gly-Leu (GL), Asp-Phe (DF), and Pro-Leu (PL)—were isolated from the distillers' grain filtrate. These peptides are present in trace amounts in Chi-aroma Baijiu. By supplementing five peptides to Chi-aroma Baijiu, they could completely scavenge hydroxyl radicals. The rate of scavenging alkoxy radicals ranged from 10.84% to 35.66%. Furthermore, these peptides had an impact on ethyl nonanoate, diethyl acetal, and octanal, which were recognized as characteristic compounds. Ultraviolet spectroscopy simulation revealed that the highest absorption peaks of certain peptides shift when they interact with various esters. Those peptides interact with ethyl acetate and ethyl lactate via hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces, demonstrating their influence on VOCs. These findings offer new insights into free radical scavenging, flavor compound regulation, and the valorization of Baijiu by-products in Chi-aroma Baijiu production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myracrodruon urundeuva, popularly known as 'aroeira-do-sertão', a large tree, with a tall trunk. Belonging to the Anacardiaceae family, it occurs in the 'caatinga' and dry forests of Brazil, from Ceará to the states of Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul. The present study aimed to analyse the whitening and antioxidant activities of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Myracrodruon urundeuva (AELMU). Inhibition of the tyrosinase enzyme, as well as its copper chelating capacity and antioxidant effect were evaluated. The AELMU (at 2000 µg/mL) showed excellent inhibitory action (83.76%) on tyrosinase by chelating the copper ion while kojic acid at the same concentration inhibited 97.81%. Moreover, the extract displayed important antioxidant activity (inhibited 76,46% of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical - DPPH; 49,59% of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and 51,07% of the hydroxyl radical). Thus, the extract under study is promising for use in cosmetics, given its multifactorial action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diblock copolymers of phenyl methacrylate (PMA) and butyl methacrylate (BMA) were synthesized using dual-wavelength photopolymerization with a bifunctional photoinitiator 2-(4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl)phenoxy)ethyl(E)-3-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)acrylate (PAA-2959). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two characteristics of boehmite nanoparticles (BNs) were used to improve the dynamic‐mechanical properties of pure unsaturated polyester resin (Neat UP). (1) Boehmite's ability to target free radical control in the radical curing reaction of UP resin, and (2) adsorption of alkyd chains and creation of attractive interactions with the resin network. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis were used to identify the synthesis of particles. The results of FESEM analysis showed that the average particle size was 80–100 nm. TGA was used to investigate the thermal properties of the Neat UP and UP resin containing 0.3 wt% BNs (UP 0.3 BNs). The results of the dynamic‐mechanical analysis showed that the elastic modulus of the UP 0.3 BNs composite increased by 42% compared to the Neat UP. To investigate the significant increase observed in the dynamic‐mechanical properties, the curing kinetics were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Investigating the activation energy in terms of the conversion degree showed earlier dominance of the diffusion phenomenon in the UP 0.3 BNs composite. Investigating the diffusion factors provided by Vyazovkin–Sbirrazzouli showed a significant decrease in K and ED in the UP 0.3 BNs composite (−10.5, 19 kJ/mol) compared to the Neat UP resin (−9.5, 40 kJ/mol). Highlights: Targeted control of free radicals increases network regularity of the UP/BNs.Impressive improvement of mechanical properties of UP/BNs compared to Neat UP.Increasing diffusion phenomenon dominance of UP/BNs system compared to Neat UP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Inflammatory infiltration of synovial M1 macrophages, high levels of ROS, and NO exacerbate osteoarthritis (OA) progression. The PdZn/CoSA‐NC nanozymes, which are highly ordered PdZn intermetallic nanoparticles loaded with Co single atom N‐doped carbon‐rich in multi‐level pores, in an attempt to serve as SOD and CAT mimicking nanozymes for OA therapy is designed. The PdZn/CoSA‐NC nanozymes' high electron transfer and dual active site sufficient exposure enhances free radical adsorption and lower reaction energies, accelerating SOD‐like, CAT‐like, and GPx‐like catalyzed reactions, outperforming CoSA‐NC and PdZn/NC alone. Furthermore, PdZn/CoSA‐NC nanozymes exhibit favorable biocompatibility, reduce synovial macrophage oxidative stress in OA, alleviate hypoxia, restore mitochondrial function, regulate energy metabolism, increase antioxidant factors, and reduce inflammatory factors, thus effectively mitigating the progression of OA. Mechanistically, PdZn/CoSA‐NC nanozymes downregulate M1‐type phenotypic markers like IL‐1β by regulating purine metabolism. The PdZn/CoSA‐NC nanozymes offer a novel approach to treating oxidative stress‐related inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]