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With global increase in ageing population along with increasing age-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), development of sustainable, safe and effective solutions for promoting healthy ageing and preventing diseases has become a priority. Traditional healthcare systems/medicines prescribe several herbs, foods and formulations to promote healthy ageing and prevent and/or treat age-related diseases. However, the scientific data elucidating their mechanism of action is very limited and deeper research using different models is warranted for timely and wider use. The clinical studies and research with higher model organisms, although useful, have several practical, technical, and financial limitations. Conversely, small organism models like Yeast, Roundworm, Fruit fly, and Zebrafish, which have genetic similarities to humans, can replicate the disease features and provide behavioural, cellular and molecular insights. The common features of ageing and NDs, like amyloid protein aggregations, oxidative stress, energy dysregulation, inflammation and neurodegeneration can be mimicked in the small organism models for Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s diseases, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. This review focuses on small organism model- based research unveiling interesting modes of action and synergistic effects of herbal extracts, foods, and formulations, which are indicated especially for healthy ageing and management of NDs. This will provide leads for the quick and sustainable development of scientifically evaluated solutions for clinically relevant, age-related conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel and sensitive analytical technique was proposed for estimating perindopril (angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor) in formulations using acidic dye as chromogenic reagent. The study was established on the development of colour species formation between perindopril erbumine and chromogenic reagent such as azocarmine G (ACG). Proposed method consists formation of an ion-pair association complex with azocarmine-G. The optical density was measured at λmax of 540 nm. Regression analysis of proposed method showed that the linearity lies within the concentration limits of 20-100 µg mL-1. Molar absorptivity (∈max) values of developed method are found to be as 3.22 x 10Á L mol-1 cm-1. Investigated method was found to have linear correlation coefficient (r) value of 0.9999. Proposed method obeyed Lambert-Beer' law with reproducible results. Percentage recovery was found to be within the limits of 99.7 - 100.1 (± 0.41 SD, ± 0.57 SD). All the parameters were validated statistically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

mRNA‐based therapeutics increasingly demonstrate significant potential in treating various diseases, including infectious diseases, cancers, and genetic disorders. Effective delivery systems are crucial for advancing mRNA therapeutics. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) serve as an excellent carrier, widely validated for their safety and tolerability in commercially available mRNA vaccines. Standard LNPs typically consist of four components: ionizable lipids (ILs), helper lipids, cholesterol, and polyethylene glycol‐lipids (PEG‐lipids), with the structural design of ILs gradually becoming a focal point of research interest. The chemical structures and formulations of the other components also significantly affect the delivery efficiency, targeting specificity, and stability of LNPs. The complex formulations of LNPs may hinder the clinical transformation of mRNA therapeutics and have raised widespread concerns about their safety. This review aims to summarize the progress of LNPs‐based mRNA therapeutics in clinical trials, focusing on adverse effects that occurred during these trials. It also discusses representative innovations in LNP components, highlighting challenges and potential ways in this research field. We firmly believe this review will promote further improvements and designs of LNP compositions to optimize mRNA therapeutics. This article is categorized under:Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in BiologyBiology‐Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid‐Based Structures [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study used modified formulations of traditional drinks to enrich them with several nutrients and microelements. Berries selected for the study, namely: dogwood, pomegranate, persimmon, blueberry, and raspberry, demonstrated high antioxidant activity and rich vitamin composition. The study revealed a significant increase in the antioxidant activity of traditional Azerbaijani drinks when enriched with berry extracts. The antioxidant activity of arrowroot increased by 20 mg GAE/100 ml after dogwood enrichment. Sherbet showed an increase in activity of 22.5 mg GAE/100 ml with the addition of raspberries. Tea enriched with persimmon increased its antioxidant activity by 125%. The pomegranate-enriched compote increased its activity by 24 mg GAE/100 ml. Blueberry pekmez showed average results, although due to the high level of nutritional properties of blueberries, it was also a promising research object. The study also analysed the selected berries, further evaluating potential changes in the vitamin composition, antioxidant activity, and organoleptic properties of the beverages after adding the berries. The most significant improvement in taste, aroma, colour and texture of the drinks was observed in persimmon extract-enriched tea and blueberry pekmez, which received the highest scores for all parameters after enrichment. The antioxidant activity of the drinks also increased significantly after adding berry extracts. The microbiological and chemical risks associated with the use of fresh berries and the proposed measures to ensure the safety of beverages helped to shape the further vector of research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mario Jug,1 Flavia Laffleur,2 Gioconda Millotti3 1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10 000, Croatia; 2Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria; 3Faculty of Natural Sciences, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Pula, 52100, CroatiaCorrespondence: Gioconda Millotti, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Zagrebačka 30, Pula, 52100, Croatia, Email gmillotti@unipu.hrAbstract: Niclosamide (NIC), an anthelmintic drug, has garnered recent attention for its potential as an antiviral, antibacterial, and chemotherapeutic agent, among other applications. Repurposing NIC presents a current trend, offering significant time and cost savings compared to developing entirely new therapeutic chemical entities. However, its drawback lies in poor solubility, resulting in notably low oral bioavailability. This review consolidates efforts to overcome this limitation by summarizing twelve categories of formulations, spanning derivatives, amorphous solid dispersions, co-crystals, nanocrystals, micelles, nanohybrids, lipid nanoparticles and emulsions, cyclodextrins, polymeric nanoparticles, dry powders for inhalation, 3D printlets, and nanofibers. These formulations cover oral, injectable, inhalable and potentially (trans)dermal routes of administration. Additionally, we present a comprehensive overview of NIC characteristics, including physico-chemical properties, metabolism, safety, and pharmacokinetics. Moreover, we identify gaps in formulation and administration pathways that warrant further investigation to address NIC poor bioavailability.Keywords: niclosamide, drug repurposing, solubility, formulations, administration pathways, pharmaco-kinetics

Background: Therapeutic plants are an important source of medicine, and various active compounds were isolated from the plants. As per the Indian traditional system of medicine, many medicinal plants have been used for the management of various health disorders, including diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is a non-communicable disease that is also referred to as a lifestyle disorder that requires modifications in diet, exercise, and behavior along with medication. The present research work was designed to evaluate the impact of multiherbal formulations on blood sugar and body weight in albino rats. Three different formulations were prepared from five plant extracts (Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica, Phyllanthus emblica, Tamarindus indica, and Zingiber officinale). After daily administration of multiherbal formulations at a dose of 300 mg/kg b.wt. and the standard drug (Glibenclamide) at a dose of 5 mg/kg b.wt. for 15, 30, and 45 days, respectively, blood samples were collected from each rat and analyzed according to standard techniques (parameters). Blood sugar and body weight were measured. Results: There was a significant (p

Abstract Nanoparticles are extremely small particles with dimensions in the range of one to hundred nanometers and consist of varied physicochemical properties contrasted to their bulk counterparts. Nanoparticles display properties of high biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and high stability thereby causing its appreciation in various spheres, especially in nano pharmaceuticals and nano cosmeceuticals. The skin is the largest organ of the human body and the first line of defense. The plethora of functions carried out by the skin requires it to be protected against any damage. A variety of skin problems such as dryness, aging, inflammation, and low elasticity may arise due to exposure to harsh chemicals, physical stress or simply due to aging. These problems often involve irritability, discomfort, and loss of aestheticism and many of the traditional methods have not been able to answer these raising concerns. Nanoparticles used in skin protection aim to treat or prevent such skin ailments providing it with various utilitarian active ingredients and providing active solutions to global concerns related to skin. This article comprehensively explores the dynamic nature, contemporary methodologies, and future outlook of nanoparticles in the realm of skin protection, aiming to fulfill the aspiration of safeguarding the skin.

In this paper, the synthesis of a new trifunctional sulfur and phosphorus epoxy architecture based on hydroxy diphenyl sulfone bis para-ester phosphoric triglycidyl ether (TGEHDSEP) is presented. The viscometric properties of the synthesized resin using an Ubbelohde type capillary viscometer were investigated and were thermally crosslinked using the hardener methylene dianiline (MDA). The viscosity values of the new trifunctional epoxy resin TGEHDSEP increased as the pre-polymer mass concentrations increased, as expected, and as the sample temperature increased, the viscosity of the system (TGEHDSEP/ethanol) decreased. A new nanocomposite composed of the prepared resin, TGEHDSEP, and carbon nanotubes (CNT) was developed using a variety of formulations to optimize the rheological behavior and thermal stability of the epoxy matrix. The effect of the CNT filler in admixture with the TGEHDSEP/MDA system in this series of formulations on the nanocomposites rheological properties was studied. The rheological and thermal properties of the formulated materials were assessed using the RHM01-RD Haaks rheometer and the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in the dynamic regime, respectively. The results showed that the G′ (storage modulus) and G′′ (loss modulus) of various nanocomposites increase as the filler CNT content increases. Over the entire frequency range studied, the storage modulus G′ is much higher than the loss modulus G′′ for methylene–dianiline crosslinked nanocomposites formulated with varying percentages of CNT. The storage modulus G′ of all prepared nanocomposites increases as the percentage of CNTs increases. These results also show that the addition of carbon nanotubes to the epoxy matrix improves its thermal properties significantly. The morphology of the prepared nanocomposites, analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), varies significantly with the percentage of carbon nanotube filler incorporated into the studied matrix, and the carbon nanotube filler is uniformly distributed in this epoxy resin. Finally, we utilized the Materials Studio software package to investigate the mechanical and thermal conductivity properties of TGEHDSP and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT). The material exhibited the following mechanical properties: Young's modulus: 7.1508 GPa, shear modulus: 2.6169 GPa, bulk modulus: 8.9116 GPa, Poisson's ratio: 0.3663. Additionally, its compressibility is approximately 105.9918 TPa. On the other hand, the epoxy resin, TGEHDSP, performs relatively well as a heat conductor among epoxy-based materials, while SWCNT's high thermal conductivity highlights its exceptional heat transfer capabilities, characteristic of nanoscale structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the pesticide formulations are widely used for pest control, the combined effects of these formulations with adjuvants on droplet behavior, spraying characteristics, and pest control still need to be studied. To clarify their impact on droplet behavior, spraying characteristics, and control efficacy, six formulations of acetamiprid and six adjuvants were examined. A series of laboratory and field experiments were conducted to analyze the physicochemical properties, toxicity against cotton aphids, droplet deposition characteristics, and droplet drift. The results indicated that 5% acetamiprid micro-emulsion (ME) enhanced the physicochemical features and effectiveness in pest control compared to other formulations. The nongjianfei considerably enhanced the efficiency of all acetamiprid formulations when added. The addition of selected adjuvants to pesticide formulations improved the performance of certain physicochemical properties such as viscosity and surface tension and led to higher aphid mortality rates, demonstrating enhanced pest control effectiveness during the present study. In the field experiments, the combination effect of acetamiprid formulations and adjuvants exhibited a higher droplet size, coverage, and density within the cotton canopy. However, 5% acetamiprid ME was found to be most effective followed by nongjianfei. Furthermore, 5% acetamiprid ME with adjuvant reduced the droplet drift and provided better deposition when compared with other formulations. Overall, the combination of specific formulations and adjuvants led to improved physicochemical properties, enhanced droplet deposition characteristics, reduced spray drift, and increased pesticide deposition. These findings highlighted the significance of selecting appropriate pesticide formulations and adjuvants and provided a solid foundation for efficient pesticide spraying through UAVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aloe vera is a natural product that is now a day frequently used in the field of cosmetology. Aloevera is natural plant it is used for manufacturing of different type of product. Though there are various indications for its use, controlled trials are needed to determine its real efficacy. The Aloevera plant has been known and used for centuries for its health, beauty, medicinal and skin care properties. The name Aloevera derives from the Arabic word "Alloeh" meaning "shining bitter substance," while "vera" in Latin means "true." 2000 years ago, the Greek scientists regarded Aloe vera as the universal panacea.The Egyptians called Aloe "the plant of immortality."Today, the Aloe vera plant has been used for various purposes in dermatology. Aloe vera is gel from the leaves of aloe plants. People have used it for thousands of years for healing and softening the skin. Aloe has also long been a folk treatment for many maladies, including constipation and skin disorders. Modern-day research into aloe vera's benefits is mixed, with some evidence showing it can cause cancer in lab animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of in vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy (ICRS) methodology over the last 20 years has enabled previously unavailable capability to acquire molecular concentration gradients across the stratum corneum (SC), at the micron level and in a clinical setting. Professor Tony Rawlings has been a driving force in SC research for over 30 years, working with a wide range of teams across the world. Because a detailed knowledge of skin biochemistry was key to interpreting ICRS‐acquired molecular concentration gradients, the authors formed a close working relationship with Professor Rawlings during the development of ICRS. This article, therefore, presents a summary of this process and how challenges raised by application of ICRS were tackled, towards the goal of validating the technique for clinical skin measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing of glass aims to change the paradigm of glass manufacturing by allowing for improved customization coupled with lower energy and post‐processing needs. Fabrication of glass via volumetric additive manufacturing (VAM) involves printing in a silica‐loaded photopolymer resin with subsequent thermal processing and adds additional advantages by allowing for rapid printing of parts with smooth surfaces and no supports. Previous work in glass VAM has demonstrated fabrication of optical quality microoptics with overall dimensions on the scale of tens of cubic millimeters. For applications requiring glass printed on the scale of cubic centimeters the rheology, scattering, and green part strength must be controlled via resin formulation. Here, we present insight into a novel glass photopolymer resin suitable for VAM and in the effect of tuning formulation on the ability to produce dense glass parts with volumes on the scale of cubic centimeters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles are extremely small particles with dimensions in the range of one to hundred nanometers and consist of varied physicochemical properties contrasted to their bulk counterparts. Nanoparticles display properties of high biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and high stability thereby causing its appreciation in various spheres, especially in nano pharmaceuticals and nano cosmeceuticals. The skin is the largest organ of the human body and the first line of defense. The plethora of functions carried out by the skin requires it to be protected against any damage. A variety of skin problems such as dryness, aging, inflammation, and low elasticity may arise due to exposure to harsh chemicals, physical stress or simply due to aging. These problems often involve irritability, discomfort, and loss of aestheticism and many of the traditional methods have not been able to answer these raising concerns. Nanoparticles used in skin protection aim to treat or prevent such skin ailments providing it with various utilitarian active ingredients and providing active solutions to global concerns related to skin. This article comprehensively explores the dynamic nature, contemporary methodologies, and future outlook of nanoparticles in the realm of skin protection, aiming to fulfill the aspiration of safeguarding the skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosimilar drugs enter the United States market well after they enter the European market. That is likely because pharmaceutical companies have many more patents in the United States than in Europe. But why is patent coverage of biological drugs so much more extensive in United States? This case study seeks to answer this question for drug formulation patents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chagas disease (CD) is a worldwide public health problem. Benznidazole (BZ) is the drug used to treat it. However, in its commercial formulation, it has significant side effects and is less effective in the chronic phase of the infection. The development of particulate systems containing BZ is therefore being promoted. The objective of this investigation was to develop polymeric nanoparticles loaded with BZ and examine their trypanocidal impact in vitro. Two formulas (BNP1 and BNP2) were produced through double emulsification and freeze drying. Subsequent to physicochemical and morphological assessment, both formulations exhibited adequate yield, average particle diameter, and zeta potential for oral administration. Cell viability was assessed in H9C2 and RAW 264.7 cells in vitro, revealing no cytotoxicity in cardiomyocytes or detrimental effects in macrophages at specific concentrations. BNP1 and BNP2 enhanced the effect of BZ within 48 h using a treatment of 3.90 μg/mL. The formulations notably improved NO reduction, particularly BNP2. The findings imply that the compositions are suitable for preclinical research, underscoring their potential as substitutes for treating CD. This study aids the quest for new BZ formulations, which are essential in light of the disregard for the treatment of CD and the unfavorable effects associated with its commercial product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water–ethanol mixtures are largely exploited for many different applications, from industrial processes to pharmaceutical formulations. Surfactants are often added to tune their interfacial properties. Sustainability concerns require redesigning such blends to minimize their environmental impact. A successful approach is to replace synthetic oil-based components with affordable unpurified bio-derived alternatives. In this respect, we have characterized aqueous mixtures of bioethanol, obtained by the fermentation of algae, and rhamnolipids, biosurfactants of microbial origin. The physico-chemical characterization of water–bioethanol binary mixtures in terms of refractive index, density, viscosity, and surface tension indicates that bioethanol behaves like pure ethanol with negligible effects of impurities. Analysis of tensiometric titrations shows that, at bioethanol contents higher than 20–30% bioethanol mass percent, rhamnolipid aggregation is impaired, whereas surface adsorption at the water–air interface remains poorly affected. Overall, bio-derived components can be proposed as a promising alternative to oil-derived chemicals in eco-sustainable formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New advancements in nanocarrier technologies are revolutionizing the delivery of drugs through the skin, allowing for precise treatment with better absorption, stability, and bioavailability. This review investigates lipid and inorganic nanocarriers like liposomes, ethosomes, and inorganic nanoparticles and assesses their potential for delivering drugs through the skin. It emphasizes the mechanisms that enable controlled release and deeper skin penetration, which are crucial for ensuring effectiveness in clinical applications. The review synthesizes existing research, acknowledging that only few nanocarriers are successfully deployed in clinical settings. By offering a comprehensive overview, it sheds light on the progress and future obstacles to using nanocarriers for drug delivery through the skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutrient-enriching properties of cyanobacteria were explored to enhance growth and fruit quality in a popular tomato variety Pusa Cherry tomato 1. The dried biomass of plant growth promoting and nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena laxa (A. laxa) and biofilm (Anabaena torulosa-Trichoderma viride; An-Tr) was used to prime the nursery potting mixes. An-Tr significantly enhanced pigment content and root volume of the nursery-raised seedlings by 27 and 50% respectively. Transplantation after 1-month into beds in a climate regulated polyhouse was done and plant, soil samples analyzed. Sampling after 8 WAT (Weeks after transplanting) illustrated the better performance of An-Tr with 30% increase over control, in terms of leaf pigments. This was followed by soil drenching using formulations and foliar application with water/Fe-EDTA, at weekly intervals, from pre-flowering stage (8 WAT) onwards. An-Tr soil drench + water foliar treatment led to significantly superior quality of fruits, when analyzed at first harvest (21 WAT). Ascorbic acid in fruits reported a significant positive correlation with lycopene content (0.83), fruit fresh weight, soil urease activity (0.71. 0.72, respectively), as also with root volume (0.94) and chlorophyll content (0.9) of nursery potting media. Fruit yield was significantly higher, by 20–30% over control, in treatments receiving soil drench of An-Tr + water as foliar or in A. laxa; water drench + Fe-EDTA as foliar. A promising nutri-fertigation strategy was developed, using cyanobacteria to prime nursery, followed by use as drench, along with water/Fe-EDTA as foliar spray, from flowering stage onwards, to improve growth, yield, and quality of cherry tomato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Sewage sludge compounds possess physical and chemical attributes that make them well-suited for formulating fertilizers intended for agricultural purposes. Within this framework, the research aimed to assess the effects of utilizing organomineral fertilizers derived from sludge on soil fertility and chickpea yield. Method: The study was conducted in a randomized complete block design, with five replications, in a 2×2+2 factorial scheme, consisting of two organic sources for organomineral fertilizer production (composted sludge - SC or sludge biochar - SB), two fertilizer forms (granular-GRA or powder-POW), and two additional controls (mineral fertilization with NPK at a 04:15:04 ratio, and unfertilized-NF). The chickpea production and soil chemical attributes were characterized. Results: The organomineral fertilization with composted sewage sludge and sewage sludge biochar, in the forms of powder or granules, increased soil fertility, and enhanced production characteristics. Fertilization with LC and BL resulted in soil organic carbon (OC) content of 8.00 and 8.60 g/kg, while treatments with NPK and without fertilization had 6.50 and 7.30 g/kg, respectively. Grain dry matter and total dry matter varied from 4.80 to 5.70 and 17.40 to 19.10 g per plant in fertilized treatments, respectively. In the unfertilized plots, the averages were 0.30 and 3.40 g per plant. Conclusion: The use of organomineral fertilizer consisting of composted sludge or in granulated form increased straw production by 19% and 5.70 times, compared to mineral fertilization and the control (no fertilization), respectively. This indicates the potential for chickpea production similar to that obtained in treatments receiving only mineral fertilization. Research Highlights • Fertilizers from composted sludge or sludge biochar enhance soil fertility. • Organomineral fertilizers increase soil organic matter content. • Organomineral fertilizers enhance soil cation exchange capacity. • Granulation of composted sludge increases chickpea residue production. • Stabilized sludge in powder or granulated form can serve as an alternative fertilizer source. • Organomineral and mineral NPK fertilizers are equivalent in chickpea production.

Water–ethanol mixtures are largely exploited for many different applications, from industrial processes to pharmaceutical formulations. Surfactants are often added to tune their interfacial properties. Sustainability concerns require redesigning such blends to minimize their environmental impact. A successful approach is to replace synthetic oil-based components with affordable unpurified bio-derived alternatives. In this respect, we have characterized aqueous mixtures of bioethanol, obtained by the fermentation of algae, and rhamnolipids, biosurfactants of microbial origin. The physico-chemical characterization of water–bioethanol binary mixtures in terms of refractive index, density, viscosity, and surface tension indicates that bioethanol behaves like pure ethanol with negligible effects of impurities. Analysis of tensiometric titrations shows that, at bioethanol contents higher than 20–30% bioethanol mass percent, rhamnolipid aggregation is impaired, whereas surface adsorption at the water–air interface remains poorly affected. Overall, bio-derived components can be proposed as a promising alternative to oil-derived chemicals in eco-sustainable formulations.

The Kalimantan galam plant (Melaleuca cajuputi subsp cajuputi) has been used for generations but its use is very limited, only as wooden piles which form the basis of buildings in swamps (cerucuk), pillars for building construction, stakes (supports for newly planted seedlings) and siring. Street. The use of galam essential oil as an active ingredient in peel-off mask preparations can be efficacious in reducing inflammation and infection of acne or other skin problems. Facial masks in the form of peel-off itself have many advantages, namely their practical use and are easy to remove or lift like elastic membranes compared to conventional masks which leave residue. This study aims to design a peel-off mask formulation by utilizing the active ingredient in the essential oil of the galam plant. The preparations were then tested for physical quality requirements including organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, pH tests, drying time tests, spreadability and adhesion tests. The results of the tests that have been carried out include the extraction of essential oils as the active substance. The yield of essential oil obtained was 0.12%. Organoleptic quality tests showed changes in color, smell and shape in the three formulations. The homogeneity test for formulas I and II remained homogeneous, while for formula III the consistency changed to 2 layers. The pH test showed that all formulations met the pH requirements for topical preparations, namely 4-8. The drying time test for formula I was more difficult to remove, formula II was not too stiff while formula III was stiffer. Spreadability test on formulas I, II and III 5-7 cm. The gel viscosity test decreased and the adhesion test on formulation I was easily released, formulas II and III were not easily released while the irritation test of 30 people did not experience redness in 3 formulas.

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as a prominent delivery system for nucleic acid drugs, attracting significant attention, especially through the successful development of several commercial products. As a key component in LNPs, cationic lipids have long served as a key technical barrier to block competitors by building up a complex patent thicket. However, there have been few studies as yet that have comprehensively analyzed the patented compounds in LNP formulations, despite a large number of technical reviews and original articles. In this context, this study focuses on analyzing the macroscopic landscapes and microscopic molecular characteristics of LNP patents, aiming to provide a valuable reference for researchers and developers in making informed technological and commercial decisions. By mining 2,994 patents, 265 formulas, 7,674 compounds, and 28,789 fragments, this work sketches the empirical golden ratio of lipid materials in LNP formulation, discloses the advanced technology in the formulation, characterizes high-frequency fragments of heads, linkers and tails in both novel cationic lipids as well as targeting lipids, and establishes a virtual focus library of LNP materials.

Objective: The novel concept of Family-Integrated Care (FICare) requires nurses to be parents' partners in neonatal care. We combined analyses of real-life parent-nurse conversations and interviews to elucidate nurses' role in providing psychosocial support to parents. Findings inform the development of communication training on topicalizing parents' feelings. Methods: Conversation analysis of 15 audio-recorded parent-nurse conversations, and thematic analysis of interviews with 2 nurses. Results: In parent-nurse conversations, nurses showed a “balancing act” in formulating parents' feelings, revealing the complexities of addressing parents' feelings. Overall, parents confirmed nurses' formulations, but also expanded or modified them, or indicated restricted conversational space. In the interviews, nurses discussed four purposes of conversations with parents, emphasizing elaborating on parents' feelings, while discussing associated challenges. Conclusion: Our conversation analysis revealed a continuum of nurses' formulations of parents' feelings, and nurses' reflections illuminated how and when the formulations were used to invite parents' “feelings talk”. Innovation: This study is the first to use conversation analysis to analyze parent-nurse conversations. Additionally, it pioneers combining these analyses with interviews, inviting nurses to reflect on how to incorporate the findings into FICare. This combination strongly informs the development of tailored communication training, drawing from real-life conversations and nurses' articulated needs.

Inhaled ciprofloxacin (CFX) has been investigated as a treatment for lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) associated with cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bronchiectasis. The challenges in CFX effectiveness for LRTI treatment include poor aqueous solubility and therapy resistance. CFX dry powder for inhalation (DPI) formulations were well-tolerated, showing a remarkable decline in overall bacterial burden compared to a placebo in bronchiectasis patients. Recent research using an inhalable powder combining Pseudomonas phage PEV20 with CFX exhibited a substantial reduction in bacterial density in mouse lungs infected with clinical P. aeruginosa strains and reduced inflammation. Currently, studies suggest that elevated biosynthesis of fatty acids could serve as a potential biomarker for detecting CFX resistance in LRTIs. Furthermore, inhaled CFX has successfully addressed various challenges associated with traditional CFX, including the incapacity to eliminate the pathogen, the recurrence of colonization, and the development of resistance. However, further exploration is needed to address three key unresolved issues: identifying the right patient group, determining the optimal treatment duration, and accurately assessing the risk of antibiotic resistance, with additional multicenter randomized controlled trials suggested to tackle these challenges. Importantly, future investigations will focus on the effectiveness of CFX DPI in bronchiectasis and COPD, aiming to differentiate prognoses between these two conditions. This review underscores the importance of CFX inhalable formulations against LRTIs in preclinical and clinical sectors, their challenges, recent advancements, and future perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferrite nanoparticles are interesting materials given their unique physical and chemical properties and wide applications. A novel electrochemical sensor based on a series of chromium-nano-ferrites {Fe3+[Fe2+Fe3+(1- x)Cr3+ x ]O4; x (0.0–1.0} was fabricated for determination of Asenapine maleate (ASE.M). X-ray diffraction revealed the formation of crystallite nano-particles of lattice constant of (8.299–8.345 Å) with a single phase of cubic inverse spinel structures. Particle size and specific surface area were (9.10–27.60 nm) and (60–175 m2g−1) using Transmission electron microscopy and Brunnauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, respectively. Among this Cr x Fe(3− x)O4 series, (CrFe2O4; x = 1) was appeared to get the smallest particles size and highest BET surface area. The charge transfer resistance (RCT) of (2220, 1680, 765, and 490 Ω) were achieved for Cr x Fe(3− x)O4 NPs/CPE (x = 0.0, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.0), respectively. CrFe2O4 performance was then improved via incorporation of 2D-graphene atomic crystals in a new ferrite-graphene nanocomposite of [0.25%(w/w) CrFe2O4 NPs: 7%(w/w) graphene nanosheets]. The feasibility of this sensor is achieved for determination of ASE.M in brand Saphris® and local Asenapine pharmaceutical products. In addition, a wide linear concentration range of (6.5 × 10−9–1.0 × 10−6 M) with LOD value of 8.88 × 10−10 M were achieved in human plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomedicine is constantly evolving to ensure a significant and positive impact on healthcare, which has resulted in innovative and distinct requisites such as hydrogels. Chitosan-based formulations stand out for their versatile utilization in drug encapsulation, transport, and controlled release, which is complemented by their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-immunogenic nature. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels, also known as smart hydrogels, have strictly regulated release patterns since they respond and adapt based on various external stimuli. Moreover, they can imitate the intrinsic tissues' mechanical, biological, and physicochemical properties. These characteristics allow stimuli-responsive hydrogels to provide cutting-edge, effective, and safe treatment. Constant progress in the field necessitates an up-to-date summary of current trends and breakthroughs in the biomedical application of stimuli-responsive chitosan-based hydrogels, which was the aim of this review. General data about hydrogels sensitive to ions, pH, redox potential, light, electric field, temperature, and magnetic field are recapitulated. Additionally, formulations responsive to multiple stimuli are mentioned. Focusing on chitosan-based smart hydrogels, their multifaceted utilization was thoroughly described. The vast application spectrum encompasses neurological disorders, tumors, wound healing, and dermal infections. Available data on smart chitosan hydrogels strongly support the idea that current approaches and developing novel solutions are worth improving. The present paper constitutes a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in the currently evolving field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumin is a natural compound with a great pharmaceutical potential that involves anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective activity. Unfortunately, its low bioavailability, instability, and poor water solubility significantly deteriorate its clinical use. Many attempts have been made to overcome this issue, and encapsulating curcumin in a hydrogel matrix may improve those properties. Hydrogel formulation is used in many drug delivery forms, including classic types and novel forms such as self-assembly systems or responsive to external factors. Reviewed studies confirmed better properties of hydrogel-stabilized curcumin in comparison to pure compound. The main enhanced characteristics were chemical stability, bioavailability, and water solubility, which enabled these systems to be tested for various diseases. These formulations were evaluated for wound healing properties, effectiveness in treating skin diseases, and anticancer and regenerative activity. Hydrogel formulation significantly improved biopharmaceutical properties, opening the opportunity to finally see curcumin as a clinically approved substance and unravel its therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbicide effectiveness is affected by herbicide formulation, rainfall, and weed type. Differences in glyphosate salt formulations and 2,4 D amine mixtures may result in variations in the herbicide's ability to wash off the herbicide due to rain. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of different glyphosate herbicide formulations under varying rainfall in controlling various weeds. The experiment took place in a controlled greenhouse environment, utilizing a split-plot experimental design with four replications. The main plot was assigned to six different rainfall timings: 0 hours after application (HAA), 1 HAA, 2 HAA, 3 HAA, 4 HAA, and no rainfall. The subplots involved different herbicide formulations, namely isopropylamine glyphosate (h1), potassium glyphosate (h2), sodium glyphosate (h3) and glyphosate herbicide, IPA herbicide glyphosate + 2,4 D Amine (h4) and without any herbicide application (h0). Various parameters were observed, including weed dry weight and percentage of mortality growth. The results showed that the effectiveness of each herbicide formulation was different among weed species under simulated rainfall conditions. Ageratum conyzoides could be controlled using isopropylamine glyphosate and potassium glyphosate with rainfall at 1 HAA. Axonopus compressus could be controlled by isopropylamine glyphosate and sodium glyphosate with rainfall at 1 HAA, while Borreria alata and Cyperus rotundus were effectively controlled by isopropylamine glyphosate with rainfall at 1 HAA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to study and characterize a product based on vegetable extract of quinoa (WVEQ) fermented with water kefir grains. The effect of sucrose concentration (SC), inulin concentration (IC), and xanthan gum (XG) concentration were evaluated using a central composite design (CCD) 23. They were subsequently characterized regarding cellular growth of the grains, beverage yield, pH, soluble solids, carbon dioxide (CO2) production, lactic acid, and ethanol production. Therefore, for the final stage, two formulations (F1 and F8) of the CCD were chosen to be characterized in terms of proximate composition, microbiological composition of the kefir culture, analysis of organic compounds, sensory analysis, and enzymatic and microbiological characterization before and after simulation of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. In the two chosen products, one can see that fermentation optimized the bioavailability of proteins due to the high proteolytic activity of the microorganisms in kefir and the increase in lipid content. In identifying microorganisms, there was a prevalence of Saccharomyces sp. yeasts. In the sensory analysis, the F8 formulation showed better results than the F1 formulation. In vitro, gastrointestinal digestion showed reduced lactic acid bacteria and yeast and increased acetic acid bacteria in the liquid phase for both formulations. In the enzymatic profile, there was a reduction in all enzymes analyzed for both formulations, except for amylase in F1, which went from 14.05 U/mL to 39.41 U/mL. Therefore, it is concluded that using WVEQ as a substrate for the product appears to be a viable alternative with nutritional and technological advantages for serving a specific market niche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing upon the transformative power of questions, the paper investigates questioning sequences from authentic coaching data to examine the systematic use of a particular succession of formulation and question and its impact on inviting self-reflection processes in the client and eliciting change. The object of investigation in this paper are therefore questioning sequences in which a coach asks a question immediately after a rephrasing or relocating action, prompting the client to respond in an explicit or implicit way. The coach hereby shifts the focus to a hypothetical scenario, prompting the client to change her perspective on the matter and reflect on her own statements, ideas and attitudes from an outside perspective. The paper aims to contribute to closing the research gap of the change potential of reflection-stimulating action techniques used by coaches, by investigating one of many ways of how questions can be powerful tools to invite a change of perspective for the client. The study focuses on one coaching process consisting of three sessions between a female coach and a female client, utilizing a single case study approach. The data collection was part of the interdisciplinary project “Questioning Sequences in Coaching”, comprising 14 authentic coaching processes. The analysis follows Peräkylä’s Transformative Sequences model, examining the first position including the formulation and the subsequent question, the client’s response, and the coach’s reaction to the response. On a practical level, the main purpose of this paper is not to contribute to the many ways practical literature recommends coaches how to do their work and how to ask questions, but rather to show in what ways the elicitation of self-reflection processes in clients has been achieved by other coaches in authentic coaching sessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semiochemicals such as pheromones play a major role in communication between insects, influencing their spatial orientation, aggregation, defense, and mating. The rational chemical design of precision pheromone‐releasing materials are increased the efficiency of pheromone‐based plant protection agents. Decades of research is begun to unravel the complex communication structures regulated by semiochemicals, from the neuronal perception of specific chemical substances to the behavioral responses in hundreds of species, including many devastating pest insects. This article summarizes the most effective uses of semiochemicals in agriculture, the behavioral responses of selected target species, and controlled‐release strategies based on formulations such as novel fibrous polymer carriers. This study helps scientists, decision‐makers, farmers, and the public understand the importance of appropriate mating disruption techniques that reduce the need for broad‐spectrum insecticides and limit their impact on non‐target and beneficial insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This microanalysis study extends our understanding of how questioning works in a face-to-face dialogue. It does so, first, by testing the central proposition of McGee's (1999) co-constructive model of questions on a body of experimental data. It does so, secondly, by demonstrating how the questions and formulations (paraphrases and summaries) of an interviewer are skillfully interwoven in co-constructive sequences designed to invite the interviewee to construct ever more detailed understandings around a topic introduced by the interviewer in an opening and overarching question to the sequence. The implications for social constructionism and doing therapy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spray drying is a process that involves instantaneous conversion of a liquid or slurry into a free‐flowing powder in the presence of hot air or nitrogen gas current in a drying chamber. The technique is usually used to encapsulate active molecules like essential oils, plant extracts, fragrances, flavours and enzymes within a wall material. The encapsulation provides chemical and physical stability to the actives by converting them into free‐flowing powders which prevents their susceptibility to external atmospheric conditions like temperature, humidity, UV exposure and chemical oxidation. Spray drying encapsulation has an edge over other encapsulation techniques because it is fast, simple, efficient and economically feasible. The article focuses on encapsulating various essential oils within natural polymers and emulsifiers by spray drying methods to form stable microcapsules. The review also provides information on different types of spray drying equipment and process parameters like the type of atomiszer and nozzles, inlet–outlet temperature and type of cyclones. All the process parameters and materials are found to influence the physicochemical properties of the microencapsulates of essential oils. The review also discusses the effects of process parameters and materials on the encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, bulk and tapped density, agglomeration properties and thermal stability of the microencapsulates. Thus, the consolidated review will provide an overview of various optimization parameters and governing factors for obtaining microencapsulates of essential oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we define a new routing problem that arises in the last‐mile delivery of parcels, in which customers can be served either directly at home by a capacitated truck, or possibly with a drone carried on the truck, or in a self‐service mode using one of the available lockers. We investigate four different formulations, and for one of them, we propose a branch‐and‐cut approach. We also discuss some possible variants of the original problem. In the computational experiments, we analyze and compare the performance of the four formulations for the problem and its variants, and we provide some useful managerial insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. The role of probiotics in promoting oral health has gained attention in recent times Current literature aims to provide an outline of the application of probiotics in dentistry, focusing on their various formulations and potential benefits in oral health. The rationale for using probiotics in dental care, their different applications, and the future prospects of probiotics in dentistry will be discussed.

Pesticides have health consequences for humans, living organisms, and ecosystems. Research on biological management, with a primary focus on entomopathogens, has been accelerated by the rise in issues such as pesticide residue, soil degradation, and pest resistance. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are among the most frequently used and commercialised biopesticides. However, they are restricted in their infectivity, persistence, storage, and cost of production. The nematodes, along with their endosymbiotic bacteria, combine to form a nemato-bacterial complex. This complex is responsible for causing mortality in insect pests due to the production of insecticidal compounds. The adaptation of EPNs is an eco-friendly method, economical, and safer for the environment as well as non-target organisms. Moreover, it's a better alternative to synthetic chemical pesticides, as it can be helpful in overcoming pest resistance and resurgence issues. Application of nematode juveniles is a cost-effective method, but the necessity of refrigeration and transportation may enhance their cost. This review emphasised the diversity of entomopathogenic nematodes and their endosymbiotic bacteria, the exploration of the biocontrol potential of insect pests by under-utilisation of nematodes, the development of nematode-based formulations, and the discussion of critical issues and required research in the future.

While the pesticide formulations are widely used for pest control, the combined effects of these formulations with adjuvants on droplet behavior, spraying characteristics, and pest control still need to be studied. To clarify their impact on droplet behavior, spraying characteristics, and control efficacy, six formulations of acetamiprid and six adjuvants were examined. A series of laboratory and field experiments were conducted to analyze the physicochemical properties, toxicity against cotton aphids, droplet deposition characteristics, and droplet drift. The results indicated that 5% acetamiprid micro-emulsion (ME) enhanced the physicochemical features and effectiveness in pest control compared to other formulations. The nongjianfei considerably enhanced the efficiency of all acetamiprid formulations when added. The addition of selected adjuvants to pesticide formulations improved the performance of certain physicochemical properties such as viscosity and surface tension and led to higher aphid mortality rates, demonstrating enhanced pest control effectiveness during the present study. In the field experiments, the combination effect of acetamiprid formulations and adjuvants exhibited a higher droplet size, coverage, and density within the cotton canopy. However, 5% acetamiprid ME was found to be most effective followed by nongjianfei. Furthermore, 5% acetamiprid ME with adjuvant reduced the droplet drift and provided better deposition when compared with other formulations. Overall, the combination of specific formulations and adjuvants led to improved physicochemical properties, enhanced droplet deposition characteristics, reduced spray drift, and increased pesticide deposition. These findings highlighted the significance of selecting appropriate pesticide formulations and adjuvants and provided a solid foundation for efficient pesticide spraying through UAVs.

New advancements in nanocarrier technologies are revolutionizing the delivery of drugs through the skin, allowing for precise treatment with better absorption, stability, and bioavailability. This review investigates lipid and inorganic nanocarriers like liposomes, ethosomes, and inorganic nanoparticles and assesses their potential for delivering drugs through the skin. It emphasizes the mechanisms that enable controlled release and deeper skin penetration, which are crucial for ensuring effectiveness in clinical applications. The review synthesizes existing research, acknowledging that only few nanocarriers are successfully deployed in clinical settings. By offering a comprehensive overview, it sheds light on the progress and future obstacles to using nanocarriers for drug delivery through the skin.

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. The role of probiotics in promoting oral health has gained attention in recent times Current literature aims to provide an outline of the application of probiotics in dentistry, focusing on their various formulations and potential benefits in oral health. The rationale for using probiotics in dental care, their different applications, and the future prospects of probiotics in dentistry will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]