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Esse trabalho tem como objetivo analisar como o Programa Transcidadania, que promove a inclusão de travestis e transgêneros na cidade de São Paulo-SP. A partir da revisão da literatura, entrevistas e análise de iniciativas nacionais e internacionais voltadas para esta população, este estudo apresenta sugestões para o fortalecimento do Transcidadania por meio de uma maior participação do setor privado, dentre outras, a fim de contribuir com a inclusão das pessoas trans no mercado formal de trabalho. This work aims to analyze how Transcidadania Program promotes the inclusion of transvestites and transgender people in the city of São Paulo. Based on a literature review, interviews and analysis of national and international initiatives focused on this population, this study proposes suggestions for the strengthening of Transcidadania through greater participation of the private sector, among others, in order to contribute to the inclusion of trans people in the formal labor market.

This paper investigates the decrease in wage inequality among working age men in the Brazilian formal labor market by decomposing it into its permanent and transitory components. The permanent component refers to workers’ productivity characteristics such as education and abilities, whereas the transitory component relates to noise caused by economic instability. We use data from the Annual Reports of Social Information (RAIS) from 1994 to 2016, covering periods of both economic instability and stability. Our proposed model includes year and cohort specific effects in both components and we use minimum distance methods to estimate our parameters of interest. Overall we observe a downward trend in wage inequality levels for most cohorts during the entire period. However, different sources are associated with this decrease in different sub-periods. This decline can be attributed to reductions in the transitory component from 1994 to 2005 (related to the economic stabilization process) and in the permanent component from 2010 to 2016. Moreover, our results suggest that the permanent component has an important role in explaining the wage inequality level in Brazil, especially considering older cohorts, even though its share in terms of total variance has decreased over the 2010s. Finally, we show that age and education are accountable for a great share of permanent inequality, with this percentage being even greater for younger cohorts, although their relative importance also decreased over the years. JEL classification: J3, J6, O5, Keywords: Wage inequality, Variance decomposition, Formal labor market

O presente estudo apresenta resultados do projeto de pesquisa intitulado: Inserção de Egressos do Sistema Prisional no Mercado Formal de Trabalho: oportunidades reais de inclusão social ou manutenção de uma classe excluída? Tem, ainda, o intuito de avaliar os resultados do Projeto Regresso, executado pelo Programa de Inclusão Social de Egressos do Sistema Prisional (PrEsp) e Minas Pela Paz (MPP), o qual visa à integração do egresso do sistema prisional no mercado formal de trabalho, por meio de parcerias estabelecidas pelo governo estadual e a iniciativa privada. Para isso, este estudo faz uma abordagem exploratória, com análise documental sobre o Projeto, realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com representantes das empresas parceiras, do PrEsp, MPP eegressos contratados.Palavras-chave: Egresso do sistema prisional, inclusão social, mercado formal de trabalho, Projeto Regresso.

O Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) é o maior programa habitacional brasileiro e um dos maiores do mundo. Desde 2009, quando foi criado, construiu mais de 5 milhões de unidades habitacionais (UH), mais do que o Banco Nacional de Habitação (BNH) em 20 anos de história. A literatura internacional aponta que programas habitacionais tem pouco ou nenhum impacto sobre o mercado de trabalho para os indivíduos adultos beneficiados. Os impactos de programas nessa área se dariam sobre resultados subjetivos, como percepção sobre a qualidade de vida, ou em resultados para crianças que mudaram quando jovens para as novas moradias. Estudos sobre o PMCMV em todo Brasil apontam que a inserção urbana do programa foi ruim, repetindo o padrão de construir grandes conjuntos habitacionais na periferia das cidades, como políticas anteriores ao PMCMV, notadamente o BNH. Na área econômica, há evidências de que o PMCMV reduz a probabilidade de estar empregado no mercado de trabalho formal para os adultos. Aproveitando a seleção aleatória dos indivíduos para a participação no PMCMV no município do Rio de Janeiro, esse trabalho explora a variação temporal do efeito sobre o mercado de trabalho formal, para entender se há diferenças entre resultados de curto, médio e longo prazo. Para isso, são utilizados dados do mercado de trabalho formal entre 2007 e 2017. Um segundo ponto é entender se o programa de fato impacta a localização daqueles que são selecionados para participar. Para isso, o sistema de transporte público coletivo da capital fluminense é recriado para todos os anos entre 2014 e 2017, analisando como a acessibilidade do local de moradia dos indivíduos que receberam uma oferta para o programa e dos indivíduos que não receberam variou no período. Os resultados indicam que a localização dos empreendimentos é pior do que o local de moradia anterior daqueles que foram sorteados e também do grupo de controle. Além disso, por conta da reestruturação no sistema de transporte público na capital fluminense, os locais onde foram construídos os empreendimentos perderam acessibilidade ao mercado de trabalho formal entre os anos de 2014 e 2017. Os dados mais recentes do mercado de trabalho formal mostram que o efeito negativo sobre a probabilidade de emprego parece estar se dissipando com o tempo (a maior diferença entre o grupo que recebe uma oferta para participar do programa e o grupo que não recebe se dá cerca de 3 anos e meio depois), a despeito da piora na acessibilidade dos empreendimentos durante todo o período. Essa recuperação na empregabilidade não é condizente com a explicação de que a má localização é o mecanismo que gera degradação no mercado de trabalho formal, conforme apontado pelos estudo anteriores. Futuros estudos podem explorar o fato levantado por Da Mata e Mation (2018) de que houve aumento na probabilidade de compra de motocicleta para a população que recebeu uma oferta para participar do PMCMV. Isso pode indicar uma adaptação dos indivíduos a uma situação adversa, que podem ter trocado de modo de transporte para ter maior acessibilidade ao mercado de trabalho formal. The My Home My Life Program (PMCMV) is the largest Brazilian housing program and one of the largest in the world. Since its beginning in 2009, it has built more than 5 million housing units (UH), more than the National Housing Bank (BNH) in its 20-year history. The international literature points out that housing programs have little or no impact on the labor market for adult beneficiaries. The impacts of programs in this area would be on subjective outcomes, such as perceptions about quality of life, or outcomes for children who have changed to new housing when young. Studies on the PMCMV in many Brazilian cities indicate that the urban insertion of the program was poor, repeating the pattern of building large housing complexes on the outskirts of cities, such as policies prior to PMCMV, notably BNH. In the economic area, there is evidence that PMCMV reduces the probability of being employed in the formal job market for adults. Taking advantage of the random selection of individuals for participation in PMCMV in the city of Rio de Janeiro, this paper explores the temporal variation of the effect on the formal labor market, to understand if there are differences between short, medium and long term results. For this, formal labor market data are used between 2007 and 2017. A second point is to understand whether the program actually impacts the location of those who are selected to participate. To this end, the collective public transport system of Rio de Janeiro city is recreated for each year between 2014 and 2017, analyzing how the accessibility of the dwelling place of the individuals who received an offer for the program and of the individuals who did not receive varied during the period. The results indicate that the location of the program housing units is worse than the previous dwelling place of those who were drawn and also of the control group. In addition, due to the restructuring of the public transportation system in the city of Rio de Janeiro, the places where the housing units were built have lost accessibility to the formal labor market between 2014 and 2017. The latest data from the formal labor market show that the negative effect on the probability of employment seems to be dissipating over time (the biggest difference between the group that receives an offer to participate in the program and the group that does not take place about 3 and a half years later), despite the worsening in the accessibility of ventures throughout the period. This recovery in employability is not consistent with the explanation that poor localization is the mechanism that generates degradation in the formal labor market, as pointed out in previous studies. Future studies may explore the fact raised by Da Mata e Mation (2018) that there was an increase in the probability of buying a motorcycle for the population that received an offer to participate in the PMCMV. This may indicate an adaptation of individuals to an adverse situation, which may have switched commuting mode to improve accessibility to the formal labor market.

This thesis is composed of three essays in applied microeconomics. In all essays, we investigate different aspects related to the Brazilian formal labor market using data from the Relação Anual de Informações Sociais - RAIS. In the first two chapters, we examine the impacts of two educational policies on labor market outcomes of those involved. In the third chapter, we study wage inequality in the formal labor market. We aim to contribute to the debate on inequality reduction policies by providing additional empirical evidence for Brazil. In the first chapter, we investigate the impacts of the provision of free child care for children aged 0-3 on mothers and fathers’ labor market outcomes in the formal sector of the economy. We exploit an exogenous variation introduced by the fact that, for the 2008 school year, access to public day care centers was randomly assigned in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Our results suggest that the provision of this service had no impacts on parents’ probabilities of being employed in the formal sector and related labor market outcomes (e.g. hours worked, wages) in the short or medium terms. We argue that high labor market participation, relatively low flexibility of the formal labor market and the fact that the majority of children eventually enroll in a public day care center or school in the years following the intervention may be possible explanations for these results. In the second chapter, we investigate if the introduction of quotas in public universities affects employers’ perception of its students and graduates, regardless of their actual quota status. We explore the different timing of introduction of quota systems in two public universities in the State of Rio de Janeiro to estimate impacts of this policy on its students and graduates’ probabilities of being employed in the formal sector and hourly wages for those employed. Our results suggest that the introduction of quotas does not seem to have effects on the probability of being employed in the formal sector but there seems to be some negative effects on hourly wages for those who are employed in the formal sector for some of the cases considered. In the third chapter, we study the decrease in wage inequality among working age men in the Brazilian formal labor market from 1994 to 2016. We decompose inequality into its permanent and transitory components and find that the downward trend in wage inequality can be attributed to reductions in the transitory component from 1994 to 2005 (related to the economic stabilization process), and in the permanent component from 2010 to 2016. Our results also suggest that the permanent component has an important role in explaining wage inequality in Brazil, with age and education being accountable for a great share of permanent inequality. Esta tese é composta por três artigos na área de microeconomia aplicada. Em todos os artigos, são investigados aspectos relacionados ao mercado de trabalho formal brasileiro, utilizando dados da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais - RAIS. Nos dois primeiros capítulos, investigam-se os impactos de duas políticas educacionais em resultados no mercado de trabalho dos indivíduos envolvidos. No terceiro capítulo, estuda-se a desigualdade de salários no mercado de trabalho formal. Com os artigos, pretende-se contribuir para o debate sobre políticas de redução da desigualdade, fornecendo evidências empíricas adicionais para o Brasil. No primeiro capítulo, são investigados os impactos do oferecimento de creches gratuitas para crianças de 0 a 3 anos sobre os resultados de suas mães e pais no mercado de trabalho formal. Para isso, utiliza-se a variação exógena introduzida pelo fato de que, para o ano letivo de 2008, o acesso a vagas em creches públicas no município do Rio de Janeiro foi definido a partir de um processo de aleatorização. Os resultados sugerem que este serviço não teve impactos sobre as probabilidades das mães e pais de estarem empregados no setor formal e sobre outros resultados relacionados (por exemplo, horas trabalhadas e salários) tanto no curto quanto no médio prazos. Argumenta-se que a alta participação no mercado de trabalho, a reduzida flexibilidade do mercado de trabalho formal e o fato de que a maioria das crianças eventualmente foi matriculada em uma creche ou escola pública nos anos seguintes à intervenção são possíveis explicações para esses resultados. No segundo capítulo, é analisado se a introdução de cotas em universidades públicas afeta a percepção dos empregadores sobre seus alunos e ex-alunos, independentemente de eles terem ingressado no ensino superior via cotas. Para isso, utiliza-se o fato de que a adoção de sistemas de cotas em duas universidades públicas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro ocorreu em momentos distintos. Dessa forma, é possível estimar os impactos dessa política na probabilidade de seus alunos e ex-alunos de estarem empregados no setor formal e nos salários por hora para aqueles que estão empregados. Os resultados sugerem que a introdução de cotas não parece ter tido efeitos sobre a probabilidade de estar empregado no setor formal, mas são encontrados alguns efeitos negativos sobre os salários para aqueles que estão empregados nesse setor em alguns dos casos considerados. No terceiro capítulo, analisa-se a redução da desigualdade de salários entre homens em idade ativa no mercado de trabalho formal brasileiro de 1994 a 2016. A desigualdade é decomposta em seus componentes permanente e transitório e verifica-se que a tendência de queda da desigualdade salarial pode ser atribuída a reduções no componente transitório de 1994 a 2005 (relacionadas ao processo de estabilização econômica), e no componente permanente de 2010 a 2016. Os resultados também sugerem que o componente permanente tem um papel importante na desigualdade salarial no Brasil, sendo idade e educação responsáveis por uma parcela expressiva da desigualdade permanente.

In order to understand recent migration, it is crucial to analyze the migratory modalities such as skilled international migration to Brazil, especially considering the ongoing transnational economic processes and their effects on the corresponding societies. Therefore, this article seeks to understand how the migratory dynamics of highly skilled Spanish professionals to the country are established taking into account the theoretical contribution of the circulation of brains and the category of knowledge workers. For this purpose, information from Brazilian?s Ministry of Labor is used on labor authorizations, financial contributions and insertion in the formal market in Spain; as well as data on Spanish emigration from Spain?s National Statistical Institute. This study pointed to the increase and heterogeneity in the work records of skilled Spaniards in Brazil and the concentration of these in the state of São Paulo, although with a greater dispersion in recent years.

The objective of this policy note is to develop a set of actionable recommendations for tackling poverty and social exclusion in Poland based on evidence. In recent years, the World Bank has deepened its engagement in Poland around issues of social inclusion, through work on effective labor market and activation policies, social assistance benefits, and investment financing for local social inclusion initiatives. This note purports to integrate the outputs of these activities and complement them with insights from the new analytical work to develop recommendations for the government of Poland for program choices to enhance the impact of inclusion programs and employment services. This policy note is structured as follows: (i) introduction; (ii) section two provides a definition of social inclusion and describes the country context by key trends and key groups at risk of social exclusion; (iii) section three provides an overview of the institutional set-up to deliver policies for social inclusion at the national and local level and presents an assessment of the achievements and challenges of key policy instruments (employment services, social benefits, social services, and the work of civil society); (iv) section four focuses on two recent operational experiences of relevance to a future operation: an assessment of the execution of the European Social Fund in Poland against the social and labor agendas and a presentation of the learning generated through the social inclusion component of the World Bank Post Accession Rural Support Project; and (v) section five illustrates areas for potential intervention at the policy and operational level in Poland. Recognizing that social inclusion outcomes are the result of a complex set of factors on the demand and supply side,recommendations include macro-level institutional reforms and changes to local service delivery for inclusion of vulnerable groups, mobilization and capacity support, strategies for local employment generation, and monitoring and accountability support.

Despite increases in availability of center based child care and preschool services in Turkey over the last decade, both the supply of services and utilization remain low. There are regional disparities in availability and the majority of children and households remain unserved in terms of child care and preschool services. This report has collected and assessed information on the supply and demand for child care services in Turkey with the objective of identifying key constraints and opportunities to expand quality and affordable access. The analysis in this report shows that current utilization of child care services cannot be construed as lack of demand for services, but rather as a lack of demand for services at existing cost and price-quality structures. Existing services that respond to the needs of working mothers are mainly private services and tend to be more expensively priced than the willingness and ability to pay of the average household. For most women the difference between earnings and the cost of care is too low to justify joining the labor force and their willingness to pay for care does not cover the current median prices for child care and kindergarten services.

Civil war in Syria has resulted in more than four million refugees fleeing the country, of which 1.8 million have found refuge in Turkey, making it the largest refugee-hosting country worldwide. This paper combines newly available data on the 2014 distribution of Syrian refugees across subregions of Turkey with the Turkish Labour Force Survey, to assess the impact on Turkish labor market conditions. Using a novel instrument, the analysis finds that the refugees, who overwhelmingly do not have work permits, result in the large-scale displacement of informal, low-educated, female Turkish workers, especially in agriculture. While there is net displacement, the inflow of refugees also creates higher-wage formal jobs, allowing for occupational upgrading of Turkish workers. Average Turkish wages have increased primarily as the composition of the employed has changed because of the inflow of refugees.

Na década de 1990, a alta taxa de desemprego era parte da realidade do mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Neste cenário, a mão de obra juvenil foi a mais penalizada ao ter as taxas mais baixas de emprego, com a maioria de ocupados no setor informal e a obtenção de rendimentos baixos. No entanto, durante a primeira década deste século, a dinâmica do mercado de trabalho nacional foi diferente da observada na última década, sobretudo desde 2004, com o aumento na criação de postos de trabalho formais. Portanto, o presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar o mercado de trabalho de menores e jovens (em idades entre 14 e 24 anos). O marco de tempo desta análise cobre nos anos 1992, 2002 e 2012; os dados correspondem à Informação Social Anual (RAIS), do Ministério de Trabalho e Emprego (MTE). Metodologicamente realizou-se uma revisão da literatura relacionada à inserção dos jovens nas atividades de trabalho, e calculou-se um indicador para a estimativa da participação dos jovens ocupados formalmente no Brasil. Os principais resultados mostram que entre 1990 e 2000 piorou a entrada dos jovens no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Além do mais, encontrou-se que a formalização promovida durante a década do 2000, não atingiu à mão de obra formal de jovens. En la década de 1990, la alta tasa de desempleo era parte de la realidad del mercado laboral brasileño. En este escenario, la mano de obra juvenil fue la más penalizada al tener las tasas más bajas de empleo, con la mayoría de ocupados en el sector informal y la obtención de ingresos bajos. Sin embargo, durante la primera década de este siglo, la dinámica del mercado laboral nacional fue distinta de la observada en la última década, sobre todo desde 2004, con el aumento en la creación de puestos de trabajo formales. Por lo tanto, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el mercado de trabajo de menores y jóvenes (en edades entre 14 y 24 años). El marco de tiempo de este análisis cubre los años 1992, 2002 y 2012; los datos corresponden a la Información Social Anual (RAIS), del Ministerio de Trabajo y Empleo (MTE). Metodológicamente se realizó una revisión de la literatura relativa a la inserción de los jóvenes en las actividades de trabajo, y se calculó un indicador para la estimación de la participación de los jóvenes ocupados formalmente en Brasil. Los principales resultados muestran que entre 1990 y 2000 se dio un empeoramiento de la entrada de los jóvenes en el mercado de trabajo brasileño. Además, se encontró que la formalización promovida durante la década del 2000, no alcanzó a la mano de obra formal de jóvenes. In the 1990s, the high rate of unemployment was part of the reality of the Brazilian labor market. In this scenario, the youth labor was the most penalized by having the lowest employment rates, with most employed in the informal sector and obtaining low income. However, during the first decade of this century, the dynamics of the domestic labor market was different from that observed in the last decade, especially since 2004, with the increase in the creation of formal jobs. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the labor market of children and young people (aged between 14 and 24 years). The time frame of this analysis covers the years 1992, 2002 and 2012; Data refer to the Annual Social Information (RAIS) of the Ministry of Labor and Employment (MTE). Methodologically a review of the relative literature on the integration of young people in work activities was performed, and an indicator for the estimation of the participation of young people formally employed in Brazil was calculated. The main results show that between 1990 and 2000 a worsening of the entry of young people in the Brazilian labor market began. In addition, it was found that the formalization promoted during the 2000s, did not reach the youth formal labor.

In the 1990s, the high rate of unemployment was part of the reality of the Brazilian labor market. In this scenario, the youth labor was the most penalized by having the lowest employment rates, with most employed in the informal sector and obtaining low income. However, during the first decade of this century, the dynamics of the domestic labor market was different from that observed in the last decade, especially since 2004, with the increase in the creation of formal jobs. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the labor market of children and young people (aged between 14 and 24 years). The time frame of this analysis covers the years 1992, 2002 and 2012; Data refer to the Annual Social Information (RAIS) of the Ministry of Labor and Employment (MTE). Methodologically a review of the relative literature on the integration of young people in work activities was performed, and an indicator for the estimation of the participation of young people formally employed in Brazil was calculated. The main results show that between 1990 and 2000 a worsening of the entry of young people in the Brazilian labor market began. In addition, it was found that the formalization promoted during the 2000s, did not reach the youth formal labor. En la década de 1990, la alta tasa de desempleo era parte de la realidad del mercado laboral brasileño. En este escenario, la mano de obra juvenil fue la más penalizada al tener las tasas más bajas de empleo, con la mayoría de ocupados en el sector informal y la obtención de ingresos bajos. Sin embargo, durante la primera década de este siglo, la dinámica del mercado laboral nacional fue distinta de la observada en la última década, sobre todo desde 2004, con el aumento en la creación de puestos de trabajo formales. Por lo tanto, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el mercado de trabajo de menores y jóvenes (en edades entre 14 y 24 años). El marco de tiempo de este análisis cubre los años 1992, 2002 y 2012; los datos corresponden a la Información Social Anual (RAIS), del Ministerio de Trabajo y Empleo (MTE). Metodológicamente se realizó una revisión de la literatura relativa a la inserción de los jóvenes en las actividades de trabajo, y se calculó un indicador para la estimación de la participación de los jóvenes ocupados formalmente en Brasil. Los principales resultados muestran que entre 1990 y 2000 se dio un empeoramiento de la entrada de los jóvenes en el mercado de trabajo brasileño. Además, se encontró que la formalización promovida durante la década del 2000, no alcanzó a la mano de obra formal de jóvenes. Na década de 1990, a alta taxa de desemprego era parte da realidade do mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Neste cenário, a mão de obra juvenil foi a mais penalizada ao ter as taxas mais baixas de emprego, com a maioria de ocupados no setor informal e a obtenção de rendimentos baixos. No entanto, durante a primeira década deste século, a dinâmica do mercado de trabalho nacional foi diferente da observada na última década, sobretudo desde 2004, com o aumento na criação de postos de trabalho formais. Portanto, o presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar o mercado de trabalho de menores e jovens (em idades entre 14 e 24 anos). O marco de tempo desta análise cobre nos anos 1992, 2002 e 2012; os dados correspondem à Informação Social Anual (RAIS), do Ministério de Trabalho e Emprego (MTE). Metodologicamente realizou-se uma revisão da literatura relacionada à inserção dos jovens nas atividades de trabalho, e calculou-se um indicador para a estimativa da participação dos jovens ocupados formalmente no Brasil. Os principais resultados mostram que entre 1990 e 2000 piorou a entrada dos jovens no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Além do mais, encontrou-se que a formalização promovida durante a década do 2000, não atingiu à mão de obra formal de jovens.

This paper analyzes both the levels and evolution of wage inequality in the Brazilian formal labor market using administrative data from the Brazilian Ministry of Labor (RAIS) from 1994 to 2009. After the covariance structure of the log of real weekly wages is estimated and the variance of the log of real weekly wages is decomposed into its permanent and transitory components, we verify that nearly 60% of the inequality within age and education groups is explained by the permanent component, i.e., by time-invariant individual productive characteristics. During this period, wage inequality decreased by 29%. In the rst years immediately after the macroeconomic stabilization (1994􀀀1997), this decrease is explained entirely by reductions in the transitory component, suggesting that the end of the macroeconomic instability was a relevant factor in reducing inequality. In the second sub-period (1998􀀀2009), the decrease is mostly explained by reductions in the permanent component. Finally, we show that education and age account for a sizable share of the permanent component (54% on average).

This paper empirically studies the dynamics of labor market adjustment following the Brazilian trade reform of the 1990s. The paper uses variation in industry-specific tariff cuts interacted with initial regional industry mix to measure trade-induced local labor demand shocks and examines regional and individual labor market responses to those one-time shocks over two decades. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the analysis does not find that the impact of local shocks is dissipated over time through wage-equalizing migration. Instead, it finds steadily growing effects of local shocks on regional formal sector wages and employment for 20 years. This finding can be rationalized in a simple equilibrium model with two complementary factors of production, labor and industry-specific factors such as capital, that adjust slowly and imperfectly to shocks. Next, the paper documents rich margins of adjustment induced by the trade reform at the regional and individual levels. Workers initially employed in harder hit regions face continuously deteriorating formal labor market outcomes relative to workers employed in less affected regions, and this gap persists even 20 years after the beginning of trade liberalization. Negative local trade shocks induce workers to shift out of the formal tradable sector and into the formal nontradable sector. Non-employment strongly increases in harder hit regions in the medium run, but in the longer run, non-employed workers eventually find re-employment in the informal sector. Working age population does not react to these local shocks, but formal sector net migration does, consistent with the relative decline of the formal sector and growth of the informal sector in adversely affected regions.

The article assesses the impact of Argentina's main social policy response to the severe economic crisis of 2002. The program was intended to provide direct income support for families with dependent sand whose head had become unemployed because of the crisis. Counter factual comparisons are based on a matched subset of applicants not yet receiving program assistance. Panel data spanning the crisis are also used. The program reduced aggregate unemployment, though it attracted as many people into the workforce from inactivity as it did people who otherwise would have been unemployed. Although there was substantial leakage to formally ineligible families and incomplete coverage of those who were eligible, the program did partially compensate many losers from the crisis and reduced extreme poverty.

This article examines rationales for public intervention in health insurance markets from the perspective of public economics. It draws on the literature of organizational design to examine alternative public intervention strategies, including issues of contracting, purchaser provider splits, and regulation of competition. Health insurance reforms in four Latin American countries are then considered in light of the insights provided by the theoretical literature. Health care expenses and lost labor earnings due to illness—not to mention the direct effects of feeling lousy and dying young—represent a major source of risk for individuals and families. Exposure to such risks is costly in itself (if individuals are risk averse), but can also have long-term effects, especially on the poor. Selling assets, withdrawing children from school to care for ill parents, and exiting the labor market can leave low-income families trapped in poverty. This article addresses the role of government in spreading and reducing health risks with particular emphasis on the design and organization of the relevant institutions in Latin America. Faced with wide disparities in both health needs and access to medical care across regions and income groups, and with continuing pressures on public finances arising from the macroeconomic crises of the 1980s and 1990s, a number of countries in the region have adopted wide-ranging health sector reforms that continue today (Greene, Zevallos, and Suarez 1999). Generally, among the higher-income countries, there has been a move toward extending explicit insurance coverage to those outside the formal labor market. At the same time, these countries have examined the ways in which insurance and health care have been delivered and have instituted reforms that are meant to improve allocative and production efficiency in the sector. Lower-income countries in the region have not proceeded as far in terms of explicit health insurance reform, which requires a certain administrative capacity, and have tended to concentrate on running public hospitals and clinics better.

A recomposição da base produtiva brasileira, após a década 1990, ocorreu em um contexto de economia aberta e exposta à maior concorrência internacional, muitas vezes estabelecida em condições desfavoráveis, mas caracterizada por maior inserção externa da indústria brasileira. Este ensaio analisa os efeitos desse contexto econômico para a geração de empregos no setor industrial, segundo a condição de inserção das empresas no mercado internacional. Busca elucidar se a inserção externa das empresas está associada a perfis ocupacionais mais favoráveis em termos de qualificação e estabilidade do emprego. Os resultados confirmam que a continuidade da trajetória de crescimento com inserção externa representa um vetor relevante para maior qualificação da força de trabalho. The rearrangement of Brazil's production base took place after the 1990s, in a period of an open economy and greater international insertion of the Brazilian industry, on the one hand, and of greater exposure to international competition, often under unfavourable conditions, on the other. This study examines to which extent economic determinants affected job creation in manufacturing industries according to the degree of international insertion of the firms. It aims to determine whether the internationalization of Brazilian firms is associated to more favourable occupational profiles in terms of qualification and job stability. Results confirm that the continued growth trend associated with external insertion is a relevant propeller to a greater qualification of the workforce.

The World Bank Report 2012 starts with this statement: “Gender equality matters in itself andit matters for development because, in today’s globalized worlds, countries that use the skillsand talents of their women would have an advantage over those which do not use it.” With theframe that suggest that gender equality matters, this paper describes some policy alternativesoriented to overcome gender disadvantages in the formal labor market incorporation of theurban middle class women in Colombia. On balance, the final recommendation suggest that itis desirable to adopt policy alternatives as Community Centers, which are programs orientedto a social redistribution of the domestic work as a way to encourage women participationin the formal labor market with the social support of the members of their own community.The problem that the social policy needs to address is the segregation of women in the formallabor market in Colombia. Although the evidence shows that the women overcome theeducational gap by showing better performance in education that their male peers, womenare still segregated of the labor market. The persistence of high rates of unemployment on thefemale population, the prevalence of the informal labor market as a women labor market, andthe presence of the payment difference between men and women with similar professionaltrainings are circumstances that sustain the segregation statement. These circumstances areinefficient for the society because an economic analysis shows that the cost of maintain the statuquo is externalized in the social security system that includes health, pension and maternityleave regimens. Therefore, the women segregation involves a market failure.This paper evaluates five policy alternatives each directed to the progress of a different causaldimension of the problem: (i) Quotas in the private market, (ii) Flexible working hours,(iii) replace the maternity leave with a family leave, (iv) Increase the Community Centers forredistributing the care work, and (v) Equal payment enforcement. The first alternative looksto increase women’s participation in the formal labor market. The second, third, and fourthalternatives constitute a package addressed at redistributing care work by reducing women’sresponsibility for reproductive work in the household with the help of husbands and the localgovernment. The fifth alternative intervenes to resolve the equal payment problem.After a four criteria evaluation that measure effectiveness, robustness and improbability inimplementation, efficiency and political acceptability or social opposition, the strongest alternativeis the fostering of Community Centers that promote a redistribution of care work. Thispolicy performs well in the assessment process because it combines gender focus with importantindirect effects: child support and human capabilities. The policy also shows a bottomup implementation process that overcomes the main adoption difficulties in the gender focusprograms and is supported by strong evidence of success in the Colombian context; this evidenceis produced by both transnational actors as a World Bank and also in local accountabilityreporters executed by local institutions like Colombian Institute of Family Welfare (ICBF).

This joint study, by the World Bank and the Turkish Ministry of Development, explores the status and effects of good jobs in Turkey s current economy. After a brief account of economic events, it examines the relationship between growth and employment in Turkey, with a particular regard to the participation of different social groups in the labor market, such as women and youth. It then analyzes where jobs are being created and which activities are the most productive for the Turkish economy, and assesses if jobs have moved to more productive activities in recent years. Finally, the report proceeds to measure the impact of different types of jobs on the welfare of an entire household and on the household s relative position in the overall income distribution.

It is often argued that informal labour markets in developing countries are the engine of growth because their existence allows firms to operate in an environment where wage and regulatory costs are lower. On the other hand informality means that the amount of social protection offered to workers is lower. In this paper we extend the wage-posting framework of Burdett and Mortensen (1998) to allow for two sectors of employment. Firms are heterogeneous and decide endogenously in which sector to locate. Workers engage in both off the job and on the job search and decide which offers to accept. Direct transitions across sectors are permitted, which matches the evidence in the data about job mobility. Our empirical analysis uses Brazilian labour force surveys. We use the model to discuss the relative merits of alternative policies towards informality. In particular, we evaluate the impact of a tighter regulatory framework on employment in the formal and the informal sector on the distribution of wages.

This note assesses the main micro?determinants of informal employment in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region from a human development stand point. It's main purpose is to quantify the patterns of labor informality (defined as the share of all employment with no access to social security) according to age, gender, education level, employment sector, profession, marital status, employment status, and geographic area in a selected group of countries in the region. Results indicate that the size of the public sector and the size of the agriculture sector are perhaps the main correlates of informality in the region. Countries where agricultural employment still constitutes a large share of overall employment (such as Morocco and Yemen) are associated with higher levels of overall informality. On the contrary, countries with larger public sectors and more urbanized such as Egypt, Syria, and Lebanon, display lower levels of overall informality. The existence of a large public sector, still associated with generous benefits and better employment quality, creates an important segmentation between public and private employment in many MENA countries. Informality rates are very high among youth between ages fifteen and twenty-four. After age twenty-four, informality decreases rapidly until individuals reach prime working age (forty to forty?five years). This rapid decrease in informality rates goes hand in hand with a rapid increase in public sector employment, suggesting that informal workers enter into public sector jobs as they move from youth into adulthood. Results also indicate that the average worker in the informal sector is disadvantaged versus the average worker in the formal sector, as they are uncovered against social risks and are generally employed in low-productivity/low pay jobs.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-11T20:37:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GERALDO FRANCISCO DA SILVA JUNIOR - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGERR 2003..pdf: 36949181 bytes, checksum: 42c0bcee10577ee8e6257c1c721823b9 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T20:37:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GERALDO FRANCISCO DA SILVA JUNIOR - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGERR 2003..pdf: 36949181 bytes, checksum: 42c0bcee10577ee8e6257c1c721823b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 Procurou-se, neste trabalho, a partir do banco de dados do Ministério do Trabalho do Brasil, compreender a dinâmica do emprego formal em Campina Grande ao longo dos anos 90, na perspectiva de visualizar que alterações ocorreram no mercado de trabalho nesse município. Durante os anos 90, o emprego formal no município esteve muito mais ligado à dinâmica do Estado da Paraíba do que à do Nordeste e à do próprio Brasil no que se refere a sua temporalidade, pelo fato de que a crise maior no município e no Estado ocorreu em 1994, enquanto que na região e no país ocorreu em 1992. Porém, em termos percentuais, o município teve uma maior proximidade com a dinâmica do Nordeste do que com a da Paraíba e do Brasil. Em termos da dinâmica dos setores, a partir de uma comparação com a realidade nacional, foi possível detectar que o município detém características próprias em sua estrutura econômica que não permitem seguir pari passo as mesmas alterações na realidade nacional. Ademais, foi possível diagnosticar também uma extrema disparidade nos níveis de rendimento médio do município com a realidade existente em nível nacional, mesmo tendo ocorrido em ambas as esferas melhoras significativas nos graus de instrução das pessoas, confirmando que realmente Campina Grande é um espaço de baixo rendimento monetário. Sob o aspecto da composição do mercado de trabalho formal por sexo, observou-se que Campina Grande, num primeiro momento, teve uma estabilização da participação feminina, mas, posteriormente, entrou numa rota de pequeno declínio, diferentemente do Brasil que ao longo do período manteve sempre uma tendência de intenso crescimento da participação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho formal. Quando se trata da dinâmica por faixa etária viu-se que o traço comum entre a realidade nacional e a do município refere-se à diminuição da participação no mercado de trabalho dos mais jovens (10 a 17 anos) e, à ampliação da participação dos mais "idosos" (acima de 40 anos). A análise da faixa intermediária (18 a 39 anos) mostrou que enquanto o Brasil manteve um patamar de participação dessa categoria, o município apresentou uma tendência de diminuição, chegando ao final da década no mesmo patamar da realidade brasileira. We soughí, in this work, starting from the database of Braziiian Department of Labor, to understand the dynamics of the formai employment in the municipal disírict of Campina Grande-PB along the nineties, in the perspective of looking for to visualize that alterations happened in thejob market in the municipal disírict. During the nineties the formal employment in íhe municipal disírict was much more linked to the dynamics of the State of Paraíba than the Northeast one and the own Brazil one, by the fact that íhe largesí crisis in íhe municipal disírict and in the State it happened in 1994 whiie in the area and in the country it happened in 1992. Ilowever, in percentile terms, the municipal district had a íarged proximity with the dynamics of the Northeast than vvith the one of Paraíba and of Brazil. In terms of the dynamics of the sections, starting from a comparative accomplishment with the national realiíy, it was possible to detect that the municipal district detains own characteristics of your economical structure that don't allow to follow "pari passo" the same alterations of the national reality. Furthermore, was possible to also diagnose an extreme disparity in the leveis of médium revenue of the municipal disírict with the existent reality in levei national, same having happened in boíh spheres significam improvemenís in the degrees of lhe people's insíruction, confirming íhaí are really a space of low monetary revenue. Under the aspect of the composition of the formal job market for sex was observed íhaí Campina Grande, in a ílrí moment, has a síabilizaíion of the feminine participation, but, later enters in a rout of small decline, differently of Brazil íhat along of the period it always mainíained your tendency of intense growth of íhe womens paríicipaíion in the formal job market. When it is trealed of lhe dynamics by age group we savv lhat the cominou line between the national reality and the municipal district refers to the decrease of the participation in the job market of the more youths (10 to 17 year old) and by other, an amplification of the more "sénior" (above 40 years old). The analysis in íhe intermediate strip (18 to 39 years) showed that while Brazil maintained a landing of participation of that category the municipal district had a decrease tendency arriving aí íhe end of the decade in íhe same landing of íhe Braziiian realiíy.