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Salvage logging operations often occur after large disturbances and usually leave behind a substantial quantity of residues, which is fundamental for maintaining soil fertility and facilitating ecosystem dynamics. This study aims to estimate the amount of logging residues following salvage operations categorized by two wood harvesting systems: Cut-To-Length (CTL) and Full-Tree System (FT). Logging residues in the harvested areas were sampled using linear transects and the data collected were divided into classes based on diameter. The quantity of residues was estimated using the Brown method for Fine Wood Debris (FWD) and the Van Wagner method for Coarse Wood Debris (CWD). Furthermore, the carbon and nutrient content associated with logging residues were also determined, considering their interaction with the soil organic layer. Overall, a higher quantity of FWD was detected in the sites cleared with the FT system and a higher quantity of CWD in the sites logged with the CTL system. Differences could be observed for all three years and systems considered, but only the third year reported statistically significant results (p

The objective of this work was to evaluate farming machines adapted to forestry work and to verify if their characteristics meet the safety, ergonomics and working conditions necessary to maintain the health and safety of the operators. Thus, three farming tractors were selected, with a closed cabin and a minimum power of 73.5 kW, a widely used specification in the forestry sector. The following ergonomic parameters were considered: acess to the cab, cab dimensions, visibility, seat, controls and operation, work posture, cabin air conditioning, noise, lighting and maintenance aspects. The evaluations were based on the guidelines contained in the “Ergonomic Guidelines for Forest Machines” of the Swedish Forestry Research Institute, developed for forestry machines. The results showed that all the evaluated machines presented ergonomic standards below those indicated in all evaluated aspects, particularly related to access to the work station and difficulties during mechanical maintenance, besides the necessity of adopting forced postures during the working day due to operator’s seats. It was concluded that the farming machines adapted for work in forest processes presented significant gaps in relation to the ergonomic aspects, which represents high and imminent risks of development of occupational diseases in their operators, as well as the predisposition to work accidents.

Stump extraction can be carried out in different ways, among which the mechanized removal is the most usual in the forestry sector. Information regarding the operation with cutting implements is important in the context of decision taking, operational and economic optimization of the activity. The objective of this work was to evaluate the operational performance and mechanized costs of different stump extractors implements in an eucalyptus harvested area. The work was carried out in an Eucalyptus urograndis clones harvested area where the treatments adopted for removal were the following: agricultural tractor + shredder head (T1), excavator + shovel bucket (T2); excavator + shredder head (T3), excavator + stump shear (T4) and bulldozer mat + stump pullers (5). The experimental design was the completely randomized, with four replications per treatment, where it was evaluated the operational efficiency (Ef), operational field capacity (Ofc), extraction productivity (Ps), hourly fuel consumption (Fch), hourly cost (HC), operational (OC) and by extracted stump (SC). For the conditions of the work, the T5 was the one with the highest Ef, Ofc, and Ps, lowest OC and SC. Stump extraction can be carried out in different ways, among which the mechanized removal is the most usual in the forestry sector. Information regarding the operation with cutting implements is important in the context of decision taking, operational and economic optimization of the activity. The objective of this work was to evaluate the operational performance and mechanized costs of different stump extractors implements in an eucalyptus harvested area. The work was carried out in an Eucalyptus urograndis clones harvested area where the treatments adopted for removal were the following: agricultural tractor + shredder head (T1), excavator + shovel bucket (T2); excavator + shredder head (T3), excavator + stump shear (T4) and bulldozer mat + stump pullers (5). The experimental design was the completely randomized, with four replications per treatment, where it was evaluated the operational efficiency (Ef), operational field capacity (Ofc), extraction productivity (Ps), hourly fuel consumption (Fch), hourly cost (HC), operational (OC) and by extracted stump (SC). For the conditions of the work, the T5 was the one with the highest Ef, Ofc, and Ps, lowest OC and SC.

Trenutno aktualen Program razvoja podeželja (2014%2020) je Evropska komisija za Slovenijo potrdila februarja 2015. Za izboljšanje učinkovitosti gospodarjenja z zasebnimi gozdovi je v okviru ukrepa M08 ključen podukrep M08.6, ki prek spodbujanja naložb v gozdarske tehnologije, mobilizacijo in predindustrijsko predelavo lesa, krepi gozdno-lesne verige, povečuje dodano vrednost lesa in spodbuja večjo profesionalizacijo ter varnost dela v gozdovih. Za omenjeni podukrep je do 31. decembra 2020, ločeno za dve operaciji, ki potekata v okviru podukrepa, prispelo 1.492 vlog, v katerih so vlagatelji zaprosili za skoraj 57,8 milijona %. Več kot polovica (57 %) vseh prispelih vlog v skupni vrednosti 30,8 milijona % je bilo odobrenih. Več vlog (73 %) je prispelo na razpis za operacijo Naložbe v nakup nove mehanizacije in opreme za sečnjo in spravilo lesa (t.i. operacija A). Vlagatelji zasebni lastniki gozdov, katerim je bila vloga odobrena (403), imajo skupaj v lasti 18,6 tisoč ha gozdov. Največ zasebnih lastnikov (44 %) ima v lasti gozdne posesti velikosti od 10 do 29,99 ha. Izmed mehanizacije in opreme v okviru operacije A je bilo kupljenih največ vitlov in dodatne opreme za vitle, povečal se je nakup gozdarskih prikolic ter kompletov strojev za strojno sečnjo. The European Commission ratified the current Rural Development Programme (2014-2020) in February 2015. To improve the efficiency of private forests management, the key submeasure in the framework of the M08 measure is the M08.6 submeasure that strengthens forest-wood chains, increases the added value of the wood, and encourages professionalization and safety of forest work through the promotion of investments into the forest technologies, mobilization, and pre-industrial wood processing. For the mentioned submeasure, until December 31, 2020, separately for two operations taking place in the framework of the submeasure, 1,492 applications in which the applicants applied for almost 57.8 million %. Over half (57 %) of all received applications in the total value of 30.8 million % were approved. The majority of applications (73 %) arrived at the call for applications for the operation %Investments in the purchase of new mechanization and equipment for felling and harvesting wood% (operation A). The applicants % private forest owners whose applications were approved (403) own a total of 18.6 thousand ha of forests. The majority of private owners (44 %) owns forest estates sized 10 to 29.99 ha. Among the mechanization and equipment in the framework of operation A, the most winches and accessories for winches were purchased, the purchase of forestry trailers and sets of mechanized felling machines increased.

Post-wildfire regenerated Mediterranean pine stands have a high risk of wildfire recurrence. Preventive clearings are frequently applied in a mix of systematic and selective ways, being a potential biomass source using technologies such as the collector-bundler BioBaler WB55. Our research aimed to compare the BioBaler with a chain mulcher performing systematic mulching of 50% vs. 67% of stand surface over 11.4 ha dominated by Pinus pinaster&nbsp, Ait. regenerated after a severe wildfire. Time studies included the machinery GPS follow-up and the weighing of each produced bale. Environmental aspects were also assessed. A regression curve related BioBaler weight productivity (odt·Workh−1) to pine biovolume (cover (%) average tree height, m). Surface productivity (stand ha·Workh−1) was greater for both technologies when a lower percentage of the total surface was cleared, but less than theoretically predicted. The BioBaler’s economic balance, including the cost of further selective clearing and the income from biomass selling, was costlier than that of the mulcher—in the most representative strata, 475 EUR·ha−1 vs. 350 EUR·ha−1. Under the studied conditions, BioBaler was not economically competitive with the conventional treatment, its main constraint being low collection efficiency (31% of the standing biomass in the cleared surface, 5.33 out of 17.1 fresh tonnes·ha−1).

The study describes psychosocial risk factors at work in relation to the general functional state of a body, working capacity and stress among shift workers at a logging enterprise in the Far North. The study involved 153 loggers with a 14-day shift period. Research methods included the psychophysiological instrumental method (variocardiointervalometry) used to assess the general functional state of a body, M. Luscher’s color test to assess working capacity and stress and QNordic to assess psychosocial factors. Statistical analysis was performed using multiple stepwise regression analysis and frequency analysis. It was found that 71.1% of employees have a favorable general functional state of the body, 28.9%—unfavorable; the forest loggers who took part in the survey have a high level of working capacity and a low level of stress. It was substantiated that the general functional state of a body, stress and working capacity, measured by objective and subjective methods, are differentially interconnected with psychosocial factors at work. The general functional state of forest harvesting workers is influenced by factors of labor content, intensity and organization. The relationships with the immediate supervisor are important in order to increase the working capacity and efficiency of employees as well as their involvement in work.

The present review of literature aimed to present the use of forest harvest wastes as source of biomass, since their generation to the possible end uses. Aimed still, list the main forest species grown in Brazil with potential to produce harvest wastes and, also, address the quantification and qualification of such biomass, and the market trends to their harnessing and utilization as high-value added products. Forest harvest wastes are the biomass left in the field after the collection of the wood trunks as logs and they include bark, leaves and treetops. Besides presenting the techniques of forest harvesting, this review shows the techniques to harness the harvest wastes and turn them into marketable products. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo presentar una revisión de la literatura sobre el uso de residuos de cosechas forestales como fuente de biomasa, desde la generación hasta el consumo final. También tuvo como objetivo enumerar las principales especies forestales plantadas en Brasil con potencial para la producción de residuos y, también, abordar la cuantificación, calificación de esta biomasa y las tendencias del mercado para su uso y uso en forma de productos de mayor valor agregado. Los residuos de la cosecha forestal son todo lo que queda en el campo después de que los troncos son removidos por diferentes tipos de maquinaria, incluyendo corteza, hojas, ramas y puntas. Además de presentar las estrategias de aprovechamiento forestal, este trabajo de revisión muestra las técnicas que se pueden utilizar en la conversión de sus residuos en productos comercializables. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar uma revisão da literatura sobre a utilização de resíduos de colheita florestal como fonte de biomassa, desde a geração até a ponta final de consumo. Objetivou também elencar as principais espécies florestais plantadas no Brasil com potencial de produção de resíduos e, ainda, abordar a quantificação, qualificação dessa biomassa e as tendências do mercado para o seu aproveitamento e utilização em forma de produtos de maior valor agregado. Entende-se como resíduos de colheita florestal, tudo aquilo o que é deixado no campo após a retirada dos troncos por diferentes tipos de máquinas, incluindo cascas, folhas, galhos e ponteiras. Além de apresentar as estratégias de colheita florestal, este trabalho de revisão mostra as técnicas passíveis de serem utilizadas na conversão dos resíduos da mesma em produtos comercializáveis.

Submitted by Daniel Pontes Tagliabues (d.tagliabues@unesp.br) on 2021-02-18T00:35:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ANÁLISE DOS DESGASTES DA COROA DO SABRE DE CORTE EM MÁQUINA FLORESTAL.pdf: 11720313 bytes, checksum: aeb0a8767554e5570ec549c88d19bc11 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Lucilene Cordeiro da Silva Messias null (lubiblio@bauru.unesp.br) on 2021-02-18T16:07:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tagliabues_dp_me_bauru.pdf: 11720313 bytes, checksum: aeb0a8767554e5570ec549c88d19bc11 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-02-18T16:07:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tagliabues_dp_me_bauru.pdf: 11720313 bytes, checksum: aeb0a8767554e5570ec549c88d19bc11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-12-15 A mecanização florestal tem apresentado e demonstrado ser uma atividade custosa em diversos fatores a serem controlados e monitorados para continuar sendo uma atividade viável e competitiva no mercado nacional. Tendo em vista uma demanda por reduções de custos, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o comportamento em campo de duas coroas utilizada em um “cabeçote Harvester”, sendo uma original (A) comprada de uma revenda para peças genuínas para reposição de máquinas florestais e outra microfundida (B). O modelo “harvester” é constituído por uma máquina base automotriz, uma lança ou braço mecânico/hidráulico e um implemento mais conhecido como “cabeçote” em sua extremidade. O “cabeçote de Harvester” é uma das ferramentas que executa o trabalho e é composto por braços acumuladores (preensores) e uma serra ou um sabre e uma coroa (pinhão / disco). A coroa microfundida (B) foi fabricada através do processo de microfundição com o material SAE 8630. Após a utilização de ambas as coroas (A e B) em campo durante o período de um ciclo de colheita florestal de madeiras de Eucalipto, as mesmas foram removidas e analisadas através de ensaios dos tipos: não destrutivo (Ultrassom), dureza Rockwell, microdureza vickers e desgaste abrasivo, além de análise química via espectrometria óptica, de modo a se obter o comportamento do desgaste das coroas. Em adição avaliou-se também o comportamento das máquinas em campo. Comparando as análises laboratoriais com o desempenho em campo, foi possível observar que os desgastes na coroa por microfundição (B) foram maiores em relação ao material genuíno (coroa original (A)), entretanto, também apresentou bons desempenhos na colheita. Apesar da vida útil da coroa microfundida (B) ser inferior, tecnicamente ela se apresenta como uma possível fonte de material alternativo. The forest mechanization has been presented and demonstrated itself as an expensive activity in several factors which need to be controlled and monitored to continue being a workable and competitive activity in the nacional market. Aiming at the demand for cost reduction, this study has as its goal to analyze the behavior of a sprocket in a field, which has been used in a “head harvester”. The Harvester template consists of an automotive base machine, a spear or mechanic/hydraulic arm, and an implement well-known as "head" in its end. The “head harvester” is one of the tools which performs the work and it is composed by accumulator arms (squeezers), a saw or a cutting saber, and a sprocket (disc). This sprocket was made of SAE 8630 through investment casting process. By spectrographic, hardness and wear abrasive tests, we can analyze the behavior of the wear in a period of Eucalyptus forestry harvest cycle. Comparing the laboratory analysis of the field performance between a sprocket made of genuine material and the one made through investment casting, it is possible to see that the most worn sprocket was the second one. Yet, it demonstrated good performance during the harvest cycle and, although its lifespan is shorter, this sprocket has technically shown is itself as a possible source of alternative material.

The knowledge of the productive capacity and of the variables that interfere in the machines' performance is fundamental for the planning and optimization of mechanized forest establishment operations.To evaluate operating performance and efficiency of agricultural tractors in mechanized activities of forest deployment depending on rainfall, this research was conducted in areas of afforestation deployment of eucalyptus a forest company in the municipality of Açailândia, in the South of the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Based on rainfall data, the months with rainfall less than 100 mm were considered as a dry period (April to October) and the others as a rainy period (November to March). Considering the activities of irrigation, fertilization and application and pesticides, from the number of scheduled and effective hours of work of the machines and reasons for stoppages, obtained from historical files from 2016/April to 2017/March of the company, the operational yield was calculated (ha.h-¹), effective hours of work (h) and operational efficiency (%) for all months in the period. The results, submitted to the T Test with 99% probability, demonstrated that there are significant differences between scheduled hours and hours actually worked when considering the rainy and dry periods throughout the year for all evaluated variables, being the worked hours, the yield and lower operational efficiency during the rainy season. It’s concluded that the pluviometric significantly affects the operational performance and efficiency of agricultural tractors in mechanized forest establishment activities; and that the planning of mechanized forest establishment activities in a linear way throughout all of the year has not been effective, resulting in the lack of punctuality of operations.

No trabalho florestal mecanizado, as características ergonômicas do posto de trabalho influenciam a saúde, o desempenho e a produtividade dos trabalhadores. A comparação entre diferentes máquinas florestais se torna complexa quando se deseja analisar diversos fatores ergonômicos simultaneamente. O Índice de Conformidade Ergonômica (ICE) proposto neste trabalho considera diversos fatores ergonômicos e permite uma comparação simples e objetiva entre máquinas florestais. Desenvolver metodologia para determinação do ICE e estabelecer uma comparação entre Harvesters e Forwarders de diferentes marcas com o uso do ICE. O ICE foi determinado a partir da media de ICE parciais para ruído, vibração, ambiente térmico e qualidade do ar. Foi realizada avaliação desses fatores em quatro Harvesters e dois Forwarders. Todas as máquinas analisadas apresentaram ruído contínuo entre 75,0 e 82,6 dB(A) e vibração de corpo inteiro entre 0,27 e 0,70 m s-2. Dois Harvesters apresentaram ambiente térmico em conformidade com os critérios estabelecidos, as demais máquinas apresentaram deficiências neste aspecto. Os ICE dos Harvsters HV1, HV2, HV3 e HV4 foram, respectivamente: 0,83; 0,88; 0,71 e 0,63. Os ICE dos Forwarders FW1 e FW2 foram 0,58 e 0,79. A metodologia proposta se mostrou viável para a comparação de máquinas florestais. A única não conformidade da máquina de maior ICE foi em relação ao ruído. A máquina que obteve menor ICE apresentou não conformidades para todos os fatores analisados. A comparação entre diferentes máquinas florestais se torna complexa quando se deseja analisar diversos fatores ergonômicos simultaneamente. O Índice de Conformidade Ergonômica (ICE) proposto neste trabalho considera diversos fatores ergonômicos e permite uma comparação simples e objetiva entre máquinas florestais. Desenvolver metodologia para determinação do ICE e estabelecer uma comparação entre Harvesters e Forwarders de diferentes marcas com o uso do ICE. O ICE foi determinado a partir da media de ICE parciais para ruído, vibração, ambiente térmico e qualidade do ar. Foi realizada avaliação desses fatores em quatro Harvesters e dois Forwarders. Todas as máquinas analisadas apresentaram ruído contínuo entre 75,0 e 82,6 dB(A) e vibração de corpo inteiro entre 0,27 e 0,70 m s-2. Dois Harvesters apresentaram ambiente térmico em conformidade com os critérios estabelecidos, as demais máquinas apresentaram deficiências neste aspecto. Os ICE dos Harvsters HV1, HV2, HV3 e HV4 foram, respectivamente: 0,83; 0,88; 0,71 e 0,63. Os ICE dos Forwarders FW1 e FW2 foram 0,58 e 0,79. A metodologia proposta se mostrou viável para a comparação de máquinas florestais. A única não conformidade da máquina de maior ICE foi em relação ao ruído. A máquina que obteve menor ICE apresentou não conformidades para todos os fatores analisados. In mechanized forestry work, the ergonomic conditions of the workplace affects operator's health, performance and productivity. Originality: A comparison of different forest machines becomes complex in case where it is required analysis of several ergonomic factors simultaneously. There are several methods of ergonomic analysis however, a more complete methodology that considers several ergonomic factors and produces an index that represent the ergonomic condition of the machine is needed. Propose a methodology to determining an Ergonomic Conformity Index to evaluate Harvesters and Forwarders of different brands. The ECI was determined initially basing in four relevant ergonomic factors: noise, vibration, thermal environment and air quality. These factors were evaluated utilizing four Harvesters and two Forwarders in eucalyptus timber harvesting operations. For each factor, a score was given according to its compliance with the established parameters. The ECI was obtained from an average of the scores given to each factor. The index ranges from zero to one, so that lower values indicate worse ergonomic conditions. All the analyzed machines had continuous noise between 75.0 and 82.6 dB (A) and whole-body vibration between 0.27 and 0.70 m s-2. HV1 and HV2 presented thermal environment in accordance with the established criteria, other machines showed deficiencies in this regard. All the machines presented non-conformities in the air quality, except HV2. The ECI of Harvesters HV1, HV2, HV3 and HV4, were 0.83; 0.88; 0.71; 0.63. The ECI of Forwarders FW1 and FW2 were 0.58 and 0.79. The determination of the ECI allowed an evaluation and comparison between analyzed forest machines. The machine with the higher ECI had only one non-conformity, and it was related to noise inside the cab. The machine that got the lower ECI presented non-conformities for all the factors.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico This study aimed to assess different types of machines adapted for mechanized forest harvesting activities in order to quantify the degree of compliance with ergonomic principles applicable to forest machines, as well as the ergonomic risks to which workers are exposed. The following machines were evaluated: a feller buncher adapted into a wheel loader; a mini skidder coupled to an agricultural tractor; and a forest loader adapted to an agricultural tractor; operating in the states of Paraná and Minas Gerais. Biomechanical working conditions were assessed by applying a checklist for simplified assessment of the workplace biomechanical conditions. The forced postures assessment was performed using the REBA - "Rapid Entire Body Assessment" method. In turn, ergonomic classification was through guidelines contained in the ergonomic classification manual "Ergonomic Guidelines for Forest Machines". Moreover, the environmental factors noise, temperature and vibration to which the operators of these machines were exposed were assessed. The results showed all assessed machines had ergonomic standards below those indicated in all assessed aspects, mainly related to access and dimensions of the workplace, need to adopt forced postures during working hours, and exposure to environmental factors assessed above tolerance limits. It is concluded that machines adapted for use in forest harvesting processes have shown significant gaps in relation to ergonomic aspects, presenting high and imminent risk of development of occupational diseases in their operators. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar diferentes tipos de máquinas adaptadas para as atividades de colheita florestal mecanizada, de forma a quantificar o grau de atendimento aos princípios ergonômicos aplicáveis às máquinas florestais, bem como os riscos ergonômicos aos quais os trabalhadores estão expostos. Foram avaliadas as seguintes máquinas: um feller buncher adaptado em uma pá carregadeira de rodas; um mini skidder acoplado a um trator agrícola; e um carregador florestal adaptado a um trator agrícola; operando nos estados do Paraná e Minas Gerais. As condições biomecânicas do trabalho foram avaliadas através da aplicação de um check-list para avaliação simplificada das condições biomecânicas do posto de trabalho. A avaliação das posturas forçadas foi realizada utilizando o método REBA - "Rapid Entire Body Assessment". Por sua vez, a classificação ergonômica foi através das diretrizes contidas no manual de classificação ergonômica "Ergonomic Guidelines for Forest Machines". Ainda, foram avaliados os fatores ambientais ruído, temperatura e vibração aos quais os operadores destas máquinas estavam expostos. Os resultados apontaram que todas as máquinas avaliadas apresentaram padrões ergonômicos abaixo dos indicados em todos os aspectos avaliados, principalmente relacionados ao acesso e dimensões do posto de trabalho, necessidade de adoção de posturas forçadas durante a jornada de trabalho, e exposição aos fatores ambientais avaliados acima dos limites de tolerância. Conclui-se que as máquinas adaptadas para utilização em processos de colheita florestal tem apresentado importantes lacunas em relação aos aspectos ergonômicos, apresentando elevado e iminente risco de desenvolvimento de doenças ocupacionais em seus operadores.

The Feller-buncher is a machine used in for forest harvesting, whose main function is to cut and gather trees. In this study, we performed a technical and economical analysis of felling whole trees with the Feller-buncher in two different areas of eucalyptus stands (position 1 = cut to 45th and position 2 = cut to 90th). The technical analysis included a study of times and movements and of productivity. The economical analysis evaluated the parameters of operational cost, production cost, and energy income. Positions 1 and 2 did not differ with regard to tipping, as to the time to complete the registration of the trees and was cutting the partial element that consumed most of the operational cycle time, with approximately 66% of this, the two positions dropped. The productivity per effective hour of work of the Feller-buncher was approximately 347 trees (48.8 m3/he), the operating cost of R$195.26, giving a production cost of the machine from R$3.95 per m3 and an efficiency of 3.8 g /W m3 for both positions of felled trees. Despite the similarity in terms of productivity and cost of the two positions evaluated, we recommend cutting trees down to 45 th, due to ease of overturning these and to facilitate subsequent operations (extraction).

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar técnica e economicamente as etapas da colheita mecanizada de madeira de eucalipto correspondentes ao corte, extração, processamento e transporte. Na análise técnica, comparou-se diferentes modos de produção em termos de produtividade por hora efetiva e observou-se os tempos dos elementos do ciclo operacional de cada máquina estudada. Economicamente, determinou-se os custos de produção de cada máquina que atuam nestas etapas. Concluiu-se que o maior custo de produção foi o da máquina Feller-Buncher, que atua na etapa de corte. Os diferentes modos de produção não se diferenciaram estatisticamente dos modos para o Feller-Buncher e para o Traçador florestal. Entretanto, para o Carregador florestal obteve diferença estatítica entre o tempo de preenchimento dos dois diferentes tamanhos de carga.The objective of this paper was to technically and economically analyze the stages of the automated harvest of eucalyptus wood relating to its cutting, extraction, processing and transport. In the technical analysis, different production modes were compared in productivity terms per effective hour and the time for the elements of the operational cycle of each studied machine was observed. Economically, the costs of production of each machine that act in these stages were determined. It was observed that the highest production cost was for the Feller-Buncher machine used in the cut stage. The different production modes did not differ statistically from the modes for Feller-Buncher and for the Tracer forest. However, for the forest Loader there was a statistical difference for the time of filling of the two different load sizes.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar técnica e economicamente as etapas da colheita mecanizada de madeira de eucalipto correspondentes ao corte, extração, processamento e transporte. Na análise técnica, comparou-se diferentes modos de produção em termos de produtividade por hora efetiva e observou-se os tempos dos elementos do ciclo operacional de cada máquina estudada. Economicamente, determinou-se os custos de produção de cada máquina que atuam nestas etapas. Concluiu-se que o maior custo de produção foi o da máquina Feller-Buncher, que atua na etapa de corte. Os diferentes modos de produção não se diferenciaram estatisticamente dos modos para o Feller-Buncher e para o Traçador florestal. Entretanto, para o Carregador florestal obteve diferença estatítica entre o tempo de preenchimento dos dois diferentes tamanhos de carga. The objective of this paper was to technically and economically analyze the stages of the automated harvest of eucalyptus wood relating to its cutting, extraction, processing and transport. In the technical analysis, different production modes were compared in productivity terms per effective hour and the time for the elements of the operational cycle of each studied machine was observed. Economically, the costs of production of each machine that act in these stages were determined. It was observed that the highest production cost was for the Feller-Buncher machine used in the cut stage. The different production modes did not differ statistically from the modes for Feller-Buncher and for the Tracer forest. However, for the forest Loader there was a statistical difference for the time of filling of the two different load sizes.

Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar a influência da umidade na compactação de um Neossolo Regolítico submetido ao tráfego de máquinas de colheita florestal e desenvolver modelos para estimativa da compactação. O trabalho foi conduzido em áreas de uma empresa florestal localizada no Estado de Santa Catarina. A amostragem foi realizada em diversas condições de umidade do solo, contemplando três classes: Ug1 (Ug < 0,30 kg kg-1); Ug2 (0,30 ≤ Ug < 0,40 kg kg-1) e Ug3 (Ug ≥ 0,40 kg kg-1). Determinou-se a densidade do solo (Ds), a porosidade total (Pt) e de aeração (PA) e a resistência à penetração (RP), nas condições sem tráfego (ST) e após tráfego (AT) de um Feller buncher (CAT 522) e um Skidder (CAT 545) utilizados na colheita da madeira de povoamentos de Pinus taeda. Foram ajustadas equações de regressão múltipla para estimar a RP, por meio de modelos aritméticos e logarítmicos com variáveis puras e mistas. Os resultados indicaram que em condição de umidade superior a 0,40 kg kg-1 (Ug3), o tráfego promoveu aumento da Ds e RP da ordem de 10 e 24% e redução da Pt e da PA, da ordem de 12 e 43%, respectivamente. Em baixa umidade (Ug < 0,30 kg kg-1), o aumento da Ds e RP foi da ordem de 3 e 13%, respectivamente, e redução da PA da ordem de 8% e sem efeito na Pt. O modelo por stepwise logarítmico com variáveis mistas (MSLM) (Ln RP = -1,11 + 0,64Ds-2 + 0,14Ug-1) apresenta os melhores resultados para estimativa da resistência do solo à penetração, mas deve haver cautela no seu emprego, devido à possibilidade de influência de outros fatores na estimativa e determinação da RP. This research evaluated the influence of water content on soil compaction of an Entisol under traffic of forest harvesting machines and developed models to estimate soil compaction. The study was conducted in areas of a forest company, located in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The sampling was performed under various conditions of soil moisture, contemplating three classes: Ug1 (Ug < 0,30 kg kg-1); Ug2 (0,30 ≤ Ug < 0,40 kg kg-1); Ug3 (Ug ≥ 0,40 kg kg-1). The soil bulk density was determined (Ds), total (Pt) and air-filled porosity (PA) and penetration resistance (RP), under the conditions without traffic (WT) and after traffic (AT) of a Feller-buncher (CAT 522) and a Skidder (CAT 545) employed in wood harvesting of Pinus taeda stands. Multiple regression equations were adjusted to estimate the soil penetration resistance, through arithmetic and logarithmic models with pure and mixed variables. The results indicate that in moisture condition above than 0,40 kg kg-1 (Ug3), the traffic promoted increase in Bd and PR of 10 and 24%, respectively, and decrease in αt and αair, in order of 12 and 43%. In low moisture content (Ug < 0,30 kg kg-1), the increase of Bd and PR was 3 and 13%, respectively, and the decrease of αair of 8% and without effect in αt. The stepwise logarithmic model with mixed variables (SLMM) showed the best results for the estimation of soil penetration resistance, but caution must be raised in their employment due to the possible influence of other factors in the estimation and determination of PR.

Com este trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar, técnica e economicamente, o 'slingshot' em diferentes subsistemas de colheita em florestas de eucalipto. A análise técnica englobou um estudo de tempos e movimentos e produtividade, e a análise econômica envolveu os parâmetros custo operacional, custo de produção e rendimento energético. O elemento processamento nos subsistemas 1 e 2 consumiu mais da metade do tempo do ciclo operacional; já no subsistema 3 os elementos busca e corte, e processamento representaram, juntos, cerca de 75% do tempo do ciclo total. Chegou-se ao custo operacional de US$ 68,45 ha-1 nos subsistemas 1 e 2 e de US$70,78 ha-1 no subsistema 3. Nos subsistemas 1, 2 e 3 os custos de produção do 'slingshot' foram de US$ 1,67; 2,02 e 5,47 m-3 (com casca), respectivamente. O rendimento energético foi de 3,60; 4,37 e 11,42 g kW-1 m-3 com casca, respectivamente.This work had the objective to evaluate technically and economically a slingshot machine in different timber harvesting subsystems in eucalyptus forests. The analysis technique included productivity and a motion and time study. The economic analysis included the parameters- operational cost, production cost, and energy consumption rate. The element processing in subsystems 1 and 2 consumed more than half of the operational cycle time. In the subsystem 3, the elements searching and cutting trees and processing represented together about 75% of the total cycle time. The operational cost was US$68.45 ha-1 in the subsystems 1 and 2 and US$70.78 ha-1 in the subsystems 3. The slingshot production costs were US$ 1.67; 2.02 and 5.47 m-3, in the subsystems 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The energy consumption rate were 3.60; 4.37 and 11.42 g kW-1 m-3, in the subsystems 1. 2 and 3, respectively.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar técnica e economicamente o feller-buncher em dois subsistemas de colheita em florestas de eucalipto. A análise técnica englobou um estudo de tempos e movimentos e de produtividade. A análise econômica englobou os parâmetros custo operacional, custo de produção e rendimento energético. O elemento parcial que consumiu a maior parte do tempo do ciclo operacional foi o busca e corte, com aproximadamente 50% do tempo total do ciclo nos dois subsistemas. Os elementos deslocamento vazio e descarregamento consumiram cerca de 39% do tempo total do ciclo do feller-buncher. O custo operacional do feller-buncher foi de US$55,27/he; os custos de produção foram de 1,69 e 1,55 US$/m3cc, nos subsistemas 1 e 2, respectivamente; e o rendimento energético foi de 4,45 e 4,09 g/kW*m3cc, nos subsistemas 1 e 2, respectivamente. This work aimed to evaluate a feller-buncher operationally and economically, under two eucalyptus forest harvest subsystems. The operational analysis included a productivity and motion and time study. The economic analysis included the parameters operational cost, production cost and energy consumption. Searching and cutting consumed most of the operational time, approximately 50% of the total cycle time in both subsystems. Empty displacement and unloading consumed together about 39% of the total feller-buncher cycle time. The feller-buncher operational cost was US$55.27/he. The production costs were US$1.69 and 1.55/m3cc in subsystems 1 and 2, respectively. The energy consumption rates were 4.45 and 4.09 g/kW*m3cc in subsystems 1 and 2, respectively.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar técnica e economicamente o forwarder em três subsistemas de colheita em florestas de eucalipto. A análise técnica englobou um estudo de tempos e movimentos e de produtividade. A análise econômica englobou os parâmetros custo operacional, custo de produção e rendimento energético. O elemento carregamento abrangeu mais de 80% do tempo total, em todos os subsistemas. Os tempos dos elementos viagem vazio e viagem carregado foram influenciados principalmente pela distância média a ser percorrida. Chegouse ao custo operacional de US$60,70/he. Os custos de produção do forwarder foram de 1,74, 1,53 e 2,51 US$/m³cc, nos subsistemas 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente; e o rendimento energético foi de 2,76, 2,42 e 3,98 g/kW*m³cc, nos subsistemas 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente.This work aimed to evaluate a forwarder, technically and economically, under three eucalyptus forest harvest subsystems. The technical analysis included a productivity and motion and time study. The economic analysis included the parameters operational cost, production cost and energy consumption. Loading consumed more than 80% of the total cycle time in the subsystems studied. The average travel distance influenced unloaded and loaded travel times. The forwarder's operational cost was US $ 60.70/ha. The forwarder production costs were US$ 1.74 , 1.53 and 2.51 /m³cc, in subsystems 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The energy consumption rates were 2.76; 2.42 and 3.98 g/kW*m³ cc, (FORMATAR )in subsystems 1, 2 and 3, respectively.

Purpose: Biotic resources are considered a key element of bio-economy. In the present study we focus on the forest supply industry, assessing environmental sustainability through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. We explored and evaluated forestry operations in order to support decision-makers in choosing the best operational modes for site-specific conditions. Main aims of the study are: 1) a LCA-based systematic comparative analysis of different operational modes and technological options associated with wood extraction considering site-specific conditions; 2) the quantification of impacts associated with transport of wood material. Methods: A case study on the alpine region of Italy (Intelvi Valley) is presented and discussed. Different forestry activities were investigated, comparing the traditional operational method with a more mechanized one (advanced mechanization). All operations were included within the system boundaries, from felling to transport to sawmill. Regarding the traditional operational method, different options were evaluated, considering that: 1) the extraction could be performed by cable-yard or winch; and 2) the delimbing phase could be performed before or after extraction phase. Each activity was modeled using primary data, assuring that real forest conditions are taken into account and assessed. Results: In spite of the expectations associated with advanced mechanization, the hypothesis to choose traditional mechanization was preferable for Intelvi Valley conditions. Fuel consumption and related emissions proved to be the main source of impacts. Sensitivity analyses highlighted that advanced mechanization could be the best method to perform forestry operations, if used in proper conditions (i.e. at the top productivity rate) and that the choice of a short supply chain drastically reduces the impacts induced by long distance transportation. Conclusions: The choice of the best technological options should be based on a site-specific and context- related assessment. It is very important to give priority to the operational mode which minimizes the hours necessary to perform each operation. It was also found that the technological option should be chosen according to the geomorphology and topography and the site-specific characteristics of the area investigated, and no one option can be considered as the most suitable for all conditions.Furthermore, current impact assessment methods are still lacking in the evaluation of potential impact to biodiversity in the specific context were the extraction takes place. Further investigations related to the environmental profile of a product will be object of a second study that will concern the design of green furniture pieces, starting from certified wood as raw material. © 2014 Springer-Verlag.

RESUMO Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a etapa de derrubada e processamento de madeira de eucalipto para polpa em uma empresa de celulose e papel. A avaliação abrangeu os seguinte itens: (1) caracterização do aproveitamento do tempo; (2) quantificação das capacidades de produção teórica e efetiva; e (3) determinação dos custos de produção. A metodologia baseou-se no estudo de tempos operacionais e capacidades de produção. Verificou-se que as paradas de ordem técnica são as maiores causas de interrupções do trabalho juntamente com os deslocamentos. Pela natureza, essas interrupções são passíveis de redução, o que resultaria em aumento da capacidade de produção pelo incremento da eficiência operacional. A eficiência operacional alcançou 71,80%. Os custos com mão-de-obra operacional representaram entre 64,30 e 66,47% dos custos diretos da operação. ABSTRACT This paper aims to evaluate a cutting and processing of wood for pulp in a pulp and paper manufacturing company. The analysis comprised the following items: (1) characterization of time’s utilization; (2) quantifying of the theoretical and effective production capacities; and (3) determination of production costs. The methodology was based in the study of the operational times and capacities of production. The pauses due to technical problems are the gre atest causes of interruptions along with deslocation. According to their nature, these interruptions are supposed to be reduced, and it would reduce the increasing of the production capacity by improvement of operational effectiveness. The operational efficiency was 71,80%. The costs in personal to operate the system represented from 64,30 to 66,47% of the direct costs of operation.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico This study aimed to model a system of cut-to-length mechanized timber harvesting, presented in two chapters. The first objective was to make the technical modeling of productivity and second evaluate economically the return of harvester John Deere tractor, model 1270D for overthrows and trees processing and tractor forwarder John Deere, model 1710D, for logs extraction. The work was executed in the state of Minas Gerais, conducted from January 2010 to May 2011. The areas of planted forests were of hybrid clones of eucalyptus, with 6.0 to 9.5 years. Each experimental unit consisted of four rows with 25 trees each. Experimental units related to factors such as the slope of the terrain and the production of wood from the forest were demarcated, determined by 190 units sampling, ranging from 0.132 to 0.423 m³ per tree without bark and slope up to 36 °, with bucking into logs of 6 m length. Time and motion study were used to evaluate the production process and determine productivity modeling. Costs were divided into fixed and variable. The sensitivity analysis consisted of the variation (± 20%) of the six most important variables and plotted on the diagram spiderplot. Modeling of production costs were performed and obtained internal return rates and machines equilibrium points. Results showed an operating cost for the harvester US $ 145.36 h-1 and for the forwarder US $ 125.24 h-1, 80% of the costs represented by items of maintenance and repairs, cost of fuel and depreciation. A sensitivity analysis showed that with a real economy of 10% in each of the items with the highest expression, it is obtained a reduction of 16% in operating cost of the harvesting system. The harvester, working towards ascent, showed higher productivity in overthrows and trees processing, being on average 6.25% higher than operating on a slope. The forwarder, operating in the displacement loaded downhill has proportioned a greater capacity to extract timber, being on average 20% higher than uphill. The use of modeling allowed determining the performance and operating costs in the activities of harvesting and logging of cut-to-length timber in slope up to 36º. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo efetuar a avaliação do sistema de colheita mecanizada de toras curtas, apresentado em dois capítulos. O primeiro objetivou-se efetuar a modelagem técnica da produtividade e o segundo avaliar economicamente o trator colhedor harvester John Deere, modelo 1270D para derrubada e processamento das árvores e o trator forwarder John Deere, modelo 1710D, para extração das toras. O trabalho foi executado no estado de Minas Gerais, realizado no período de janeiro de 2010 a maio de 2011. As áreas de florestas plantadas foram de clones híbridos de eucalipto, com 6,0 a 9,5 anos de idade. Cada unidade experimental foi composta por quatro linhas, com 25 árvores em cada. Foram demarcadas unidades experimentais relacionadas aos fatores de declividade do terreno e da produção de madeira da floresta, determinadas por 190 unidades amostrais, variando de 0,132 a 0,423 m³ por árvore sem casca e declividade de até 36°, com traçamento em toras de 6 m de comprimento. Foi utilizado o estudo dos tempos e movimentos para avaliar o processo produtivo e determinar as modelagens da produtividade. Os custos foram divididos em fixos e variáveis. A análise de sensibilidade consistiu a variação (± 20%) das seis variáveis mais relevantes e plotadas no diagrama de spiderplot. Foi realizada a modelagem dos custos de produção e obtidas as taxas internas de retorno e dos pontos de equilíbrio das máquinas Os resultados demonstraram um custo operacional para o harvester de US$ 145,36 h-1 e para o forwarder de US$ 125,24 h-1, sendo 80% dos custos representados pelos itens de manutenção e reparos, o custo de combustível e a depreciação. A análise de sensibilidade mostrou que uma economia real de 10% em cada um dos itens de maior expressão, obtém-se uma redução no custo operacional de 16% no sistema de colheita. O harvester, operando no sentido de aclive, apresentou maior produtividade na derrubada e no processamento de árvores, sendo, em média, 6,25% maior que operando em declive. O forwarder, operando no deslocamento carregado em declive, proporcionou maior capacidade de extração de madeira, sendo, em média, 20% maior que em aclive. O uso da modelagem permitiu determinar os desempenhos e os custos operacionais nas atividades de colheita e extração de madeira de toras curtas em declividades do terreno de até 36º.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior The Repetitive Strain Injury / Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (LER / DORT) can arise in any field of activity; just there is a causal factor, ie, functions and jobs that expose workers to risk factors. These risk factors are present in the operator of the harvesting machinery activities. Throughout the workday upper limbs are highly required, necessitating the execution of repetitive movements at high speed and asymmetric postures, which leads to muscle overload. The work organization, psychosocial factors and the inadequacies of the jobs are pointed out as responsible for cases of LER/DORT. Despite the evidence that LER/DORT can affect the harvesting machine operators, in the country there is a lack of researches results of research conducting it can be inferred, consistently, about the relationship between LER / DORT and the activities of operators of harvesting machinery. Thus, became the interest in develop this research, which used as assessment parameters Normative INSS / DC N0 98 of December 05, 2003 - DOU of 10/12/2003 that deals specifically with the LER / DORT. The study consisted in the cut-to-length system. The harvesting module used was harvester and forwarder. Initially we tried to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms, using the standard Nordic questionnaire and the census of ergonomics. These tools are validated methodologies that aim to evaluate the musculoskeletal symptoms. Given the importance of organizational and psychosocial aspects of work in the genesis of LER / DORT, we tried to describe the risk factors linked to these aspects, through systematic observations, in situ, of the typical working day and through a questionnaire designed and developed for this study. Considering the demands of the wrist joint in the activity of harvesting machine operators, muscle electromyographic and kinesiology analysis of this joint was performed. A Miotool electromyograph, model 400, has been used for the electromyographic analysis. The kinesiology analysis was done from on-site observations, photographic and film records. The Latko scale and the Silverstein criterion (1985) were also used. The results showed that the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms was high, reaching 62.9% of machine operators. In addition, work can have different impacts on workers exposed to the same working conditions, which can be explained by psychosocial and organizational factors. It was possible to observe differences in electromyographic patterns of flexor and extensor muscles, this factor may be indicative of muscle damage caused by the working time. The movements made by operators during working hours are related to some disorders recognized as LER / DORT. Considering the risk factors present and properly investigated in the activity of the forest machines operator, it can be concluded that this study is an indication that the tasks performed are exposing workers to a considerable risk of acquiring LER / DORT. As Lesões por Esforços Repetitivos/Distúrbios Osteomusculares Relacionados ao Trabalho (LER/DORT) podem surgir em qualquer ramo de atividade, basta existir o fator causal, ou seja, funções e postos de trabalho que exponham os trabalhadores aos fatores de risco. Estes fatores de risco estão presentes na atividade do operador de máquinas de colheita. Durante toda a jornada de trabalho os membros superiores são altamente exigidos, sendo necessária a execução de movimentos repetitivos em grande velocidade e adoção de posturas assimétricas, o que resulta em sobrecarga muscular. A organização do trabalho, os fatores psicossociais e as inadequações dos postos de trabalho são apontados como responsáveis pelos casos de LER/DORT. Apesar da evidência de que as LER/DORT podem acometer os operadores de máquina de colheita, há no país, uma escassez de resultados de pesquisas conduzidas que permitam inferir, de modo consistente, sobre a relação das LER/DORT com as atividades dos operadores de máquinas de colheita. Diante disso, surgiu o interesse em desenvolver esta pesquisa que utilizou como parâmetro de avaliação a Instrução Normativa INSS/DC N0 98 de 05 de Dezembro de 2003 DOU de 10/12/2003 que trata especificamente das LER/DORT. O estudo então, compreendeu o sistema de colheita florestal de toras curtas (cut-to-length). O módulo de colheita empregado foi harvester e forwarder. Inicialmente procurou-se determinar a prevalência dos sintomas osteomusculares, por meio do questionário nórdico padrão e do censo de ergonomia. Estes instrumentos são metodologias validadas que objetivam avaliar os sintomas osteomusculares. Diante da importância dos aspectos organizacionais e psicossociais do trabalho na gênese das LER/DORT, buscou-se descrever os fatores de risco ligados a estes aspectos. Por meio de observações in loco, sistemáticas, do dia típico de trabalho e de um questionário idealizado e desenvolvido para o estudo em questão. Tendo em vista, as exigências da articulação do punho na atividade dos operadores de máquinas de colheita, foi realizada análise eletromiografica muscular e inesiológica dessa articulação. Para análise eletromiografica foi utilizado um eletromiógrafo da marca Miotool, modelo 400. E a análise cinesiólogica foi realizada a partir de observações in loco, registros fotográficos e filmagens. Foi utilizado ainda a Escala de Latko e o critério Silverstein (1985). Os resultados evidenciaram que a prevalência de sintomas osteomusculares era elevada, atingindo 62,9% dos operadores de máquinas. Além disso, o trabalho pode ter impactos diferentes em trabalhadores expostos às mesmas condições de trabalho, o que pode ser explicado pelos fatores organizacionais e psicossociais. Foi possível observar diferenças nos padrões eletromiográficos dos músculos flexores e extensores, podendo ser este fator um indicativo de desgaste muscular ocasionado pelo tempo de trabalho. Os movimentos realizados pelos operadores durante a jornada de trabalho estão relacionados com alguns distúrbios devidamente reconhecidos como LER/DORT. Considerando os fatores de risco presentes e devidamente investigados na atividade do operador de máquinas florestais, pode-se concluir que o presente estudo é um indicativo de que as tarefas executadas estão expondo os trabalhadores a um risco considerável de adquirir LER/DORT.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:49:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-67622011000300013.pdf: 657132 bytes, checksum: abcc770f2a5e97e10488e072b3579844 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:49:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-67622011000300013.pdf: 657132 bytes, checksum: abcc770f2a5e97e10488e072b3579844 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:40:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-67622011000300013.pdf: 657132 bytes, checksum: abcc770f2a5e97e10488e072b3579844 (MD5) S0100-67622011000300013.pdf.txt: 30402 bytes, checksum: 882117c5bce29b426bb8cb141053d93b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:19:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-67622011000300013.pdf: 657132 bytes, checksum: abcc770f2a5e97e10488e072b3579844 (MD5) S0100-67622011000300013.pdf.txt: 30402 bytes, checksum: 882117c5bce29b426bb8cb141053d93b (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:19:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-67622011000300013.pdf: 657132 bytes, checksum: abcc770f2a5e97e10488e072b3579844 (MD5) S0100-67622011000300013.pdf.txt: 30402 bytes, checksum: 882117c5bce29b426bb8cb141053d93b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-01 O processo constante de avaliação técnica e econômica dos sistemas de colheita de madeira é intrínseco às empresas florestais, devido ao fato de corresponder a uma fase de suma importância que despende elevado investimento financeiro. No experimento deste trabalho, estudaram-se o rendimento operacional e custos operacionais e de produção do processador florestal Hypro. A análise técnica englobou estudos de tempos e movimentos pelo método de tempo contínuo. O rendimento operacional foi determinado através do volume, em metros cúbicos de madeira processada. A análise econômica incorporou os parâmetros do custo operacional, custo de processamento da madeira e rendimento energético. A análise dos dados evidenciou que o rendimento operacional por hora efetiva de trabalho foi de 38 árvores e, em metros cúbicos sem casca por hora efetiva de trabalho, de 11,68 m³ h-1, com custo de processamento de madeira sem casca de US$ 6.85 por metro cúbico. The constant process of technical and economical evaluation of the systems of timber harvesting is intrinsic to the timber industry because of being a very important phase which spends large financial investment. In this experiment, it was studied the operational yield and operational and production costs of Hypro forest processor. The technical analysis included a study of time and movements by the method of continuous time. The operational yield was determined by volume in cubic meters of processed wood. The economic analysis included the parameters of operational cost, cost of wood processing and energy consumption. Data analysis evidenced that the operational yield per effective work hour was 38 trees and, in debark cubic meters per effective hour of work was 11.68 m³ h-1, with a cost of debark wood processing of US$ 6.85 per cubic meter. Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Instituto Federal do Acre Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho

A operação de baldeio florestal está relacionada ao uso de máquinas, as quais trafegam numa mesma linha várias vezes ou aleatoriamente, o que pode causar compactação do solo, alterando o meio onde o sistema radicular se desenvolve e reduzindo a produtividade. Além do número de passadas, a carga de madeira transportada pode afetar a compactação do solo quando as pressões aplicadas pelas máquinas excederem a capacidade de suporte de carga desse solo. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: a) propor modelo de capacidade de suporte de carga para Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo no Município de Santa Maria de Itabira, MG, em razão da pressão de pré-consolidação e da umidade; e b) determinar, com o uso deste modelo, o efeito da intensidade de tráfego e da carga de Forwarder sobre a estrutura do solo. Para a obtenção dos modelos de capacidade de suporte de carga, 20 amostras indeformadas de solo foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0-3 e 10-13 cm no local onde não houve tráfego. Foram também coletadas 10 amostras indeformadas em cada profundidade, onde o Forwarder trafegou duas, quatro e oito vezes e no local onde o Forwarder trafegou quatro vezes com 1/3 (3 m³), 2/3 (6 m³) e 3/3 (9 m³) de sua carga. As amostras indeformadas foram utilizadas nos ensaios de compressão uniaxial. Determinaram-se também a textura, o teor de matéria orgânica e a densidade de partículas e densidade dos solos. O modelo de capacidade de suporte de carga do LVA é expresso pela equação s p = 10(2,71 - 1,36 U). Todas as intensidades de tráfego causaram compactação no solo nas duas profundidades estudadas, sendo quatro passadas as que causaram maior compactação do solo, e, à medida que a carga do Forwarder aumentou, a compactação do solo também aumentou nas duas profundidades. The operation of forest traffic is related to use of machines that pass through the same line repeatedly or randomly, which may cause soil compaction, changing the environment of root growth system development and reducing the productivity. Besides the number of passes, the wood load carried may also affect soil compaction, when the applied pressures by machines exceed soil load support capacity. The objectives of this study were: a) to propose a load support capacity model for a Oxisol (Red-Yellow Latosol, LVA) as a function of preconsolidation pressure and moisture content; b) to determine, through the model, the effect of traveling and load intensity of a forwarder on the soil structure. To obtain the load support capacity models, 20 undisturbed soil samples were collected in the depth of 0-3 and 10-13 cm, at a site where there was no traffic. Also 10 undisturbed soil samples were collected for each depth where the Forwarder passed though 2, 4 and 8 times, and where the Forwarder passed in the same line 4 times with 1/3 (3 m³), 2/3 (6 m³) e 3/3 (9 m³) of its load. The undisturbed soil samples were used in the uniaxial compression tests. The particle size distribution, organic matter content, particle density and soil density were also determined. The load support capacity model for the Oxisol is expressed by the equation s p = 10 (2,71 - 1,36 U). All the traffic intensities caused soil compaction in the two depths, where four passes caused highest soil compaction, and as the Forwarder load increased, the soil compaction also increased in the two depths.