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Ukraine’s trade in agricultural products plays the key role in determining the well-being of its citizens. The objective of the paper is to reveal the structural transformations in Ukraine’s agricultural production, to analyze the geographical and commodity structure of exports with the focus on agro-food products, to identify the top world importers/exporters of the selected agro-food products, as well as to examine Ukraine’s merchandise trade in 2022 and compare it with that of 2021. The data, taken from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine; the Trade Map, developed by the UNCTAD/WTO International Trade Center; the State Customs Service of Ukraine, as well as agricultural policies of the developed countries served as the information source for research, in which various methods have been used, e.g.: economic-mathematical, statistical, comparison, graphical, tabular, method of expert assessments, etc. The results demonstrate the empirical experience of the importance of agricultural exports for the country’s ability to remain in international trade flows in the conditions of military operations in this country. An empirical example of the impact of the withdrawal of one of the leading suppliers of certain types of agricultural products from world trade is also considered, and the impact of some steps on the return of this country to world trade in the context of ongoing geopolitical shifts is determined.

Since economics is the study of how a society organizes its money, trade, and industry, the social question is at the heart of this science. The objective of the paper is to substantiate the vital necessity of improving the economic and social indicators of Ukraine by implementing social, industrial, foreign trade policies so that the economy is restructured, the domestic production and consumption are developed, the national technological value-added chains are managed, the exports of higher-value-added goods are intensified and diversified to ensure sustainable development of the state where people and their rights are placed at the center of the national economy system functioning. Methodology. The data, taken from the official site of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, served as the information source for using various methods, e.g.: mathematical, statistical, etc., which resulted in the analysis of the social and economic indicators of the economy of Ukraine, as well as its foreign trade: GDP, population, unemployment rate, average monthly nominal wages, merchandise exports by product, dynamics of exports of goods to main trading partners, etc. Results. The indicators examination allows to conclude that some progress has been made during the period of 2016–2021, compared with that of 2010–2015 in terms of socio-economic and foreign trade development of Ukraine which can be explained by entry into force of the DCFTA; nevertheless, the social issue needs to be confronted by the Ukrainian government: the elaboration and implementation of the industrial and trade policies, as well as the social policy in compliance with the EU standards, will contribute to greater efficiency of Ukraine in the globalized world and eventually eliminate the main cause of the problem: deindustrialization of highly open, financially & technologically dependent economy. Practical implications. It’s substantiated that the system of taxes and subsidies, tariff and non-tariff instruments should be aimed at the rebuilding of domestic manufacturing capacity in order to reduce poverty, to create well-paying jobs, to enhance the quality aspects of the labor force. Value/originality. The country is to improve the socio-economic situation by creating conditions for introducing and managing the national technological value-added chains, as well as diversifying and intensifying exports of goods with higher value added.

The discussion of China's rise as a global economic and political power in recent decades has been fueling various theoretical discussions based on the evolution of its foreign trade policy. Hence, empirical research method is proposed in the field of international law involving the study of institutions, norms and procedures based on academic evidence. In this sense, this article analyzes the underlying reasons why this country, despite its late insertion into the Multilateral Trading System, has a relevant influence in the present. In fact, this influence from China has generated a scenario of regionalism both in the Asia-Pacific and with other strategic partners. All this, in addition to also evidencing a progressive "shadow institutionalism". Thus, this whole previous situation means that exist a real primacy achieved by China at world nowadays which also tends, in certain circumstances, to tarnish and even undermine the role of the GATT-WTO paradigm and its logic of multilateralism. Accordingly, this implies a particular scenario that suggest a whole parallel model of authority that affects the dynamics of international relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the areas of application of mechanisms for the formation and implementation of the state foreign trade policy in the conditions of martial law, the article reveals the essence of each of them and defines separate object-subject groups (export and import of raw materials, export and import of goods with high added value, export and import of services, foreign trade agreements and creation of free trade zones). For each of the groups, a set of methods is presented, which are proposed to be applied within the framework of implementing the mechanisms of state management of foreign trade activities. It is appropriate and justified to use in terms of: 1) the economic mechanism: export grants and subsidies, crediting on favorable conditions for exporters, tax holidays, creation of business incubators, export insurance, establishment of phytosanitary standards, licensing procedures for certain types of exports, reduction of customs tariffs for import, etc.; 2) legal mechanism: amendments to the legislation governing phytosanitary regulations, licensing and insurance procedures, creation and development of business incubators, compliance with intellectual property rights, elimination of administrative barriers to the export of services, conclusion of trade agreements with countries of various regions, which are developing and have competitive and comparative advantages compared to Ukraine; 3) organizational mechanism: structuring of relations between state authorities and local self-government in the sphere of distribution of responsibilities and powers; strengthening the participation and role of all levels of state foreign trade policy subjects; 4) information mechanism: implementation of information support for national export-oriented enterprises and importers.

ÖZ: Küresel Değer Zincirlerinin (KDZ) ticarete olan etkisi Dünya Ticaret Örgütü gibi uluslararası organizasyonlar ve konunun uzmanı birçok ekonomist tarafından bir “paradigma kayması” olarak nitelenmektedir. Yaşanan köklü değişim dış ticaret politikası hedeflerinin yeniden belirlenmesi ihtiyacını doğurmanın yanı sıra, geleneksel analiz yöntemlerinin de hem ampirik hem de teorik anlamda sorgulanmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, politika hedeflerinin belirlenmesinde KDZ’lerin yapısal özelliklerinin ve farklı ülke rollerinin önemini vurgulayarak, KDZ göstergelerinin doğru yorumlanmasına katkı sağlayacak bütüncül ve genel bir çerçeve sunmaktır. Çalışmada KDZ altında gelişen ithalat bağımlılığının, dışa bağımlılığın temel göstergesi olmaktan çıktığı ve ithalatın ihracat içerisindeki payının azaltılmasına yönelik politikaların ülkelerin bağımsızlık hedefleriyle ters düşebileceği görülmüştür. Bu bağlamda ülkelerin iktisadi bağımsızlıkları zincirdeki pazarlık güçleri ve katma değer paylarını önceleyen bir yaklaşım çerçevesinde yeniden tanımlanmıştır. Son olarak, KDZ literatürü bağlamında kullanımı öne çıkan ve KDZ’lerin yapısal özelliklerini ve ülkelerin katılımlarını ölçmekte kullanılan birçok yeni göstergenin hesaplanma yöntemi ve katma değer ile ilişkisi de sunulmuştur. Ancak literatürdeki Türkiye odaklı diğer çalışmalardan farklı olarak, bu araştırma makalesinde ampirik bir analiz yürütülmemiştir. ABSTRACT: Many trade economists, even the WTO, consider The Global Value Chains (GVCs) as a "paradigm shift" in international trade. The radical change occurring in global trade patterns not only creates a need for new foreign trade policy targets but also makes the traditional methods of analysis questionable both empirically and theoretically. This study aims to furnish a holistic frame of research for the correct interpretation of GVC indicators by emphasizing the structural features of GVCs and the importance of different country roles inside in defining the new trade policy objectives. Our study shows that the import dependency in GVCs is no more the main source of foreign dependency and targeting a decrease in the import share of exports can act in a contradictory way with countries’ objectives for economic independence. Hence, we redefine the concept of trade dependency by the bargaining power and total value-added shares of countries within the global value chains. Finally, we present in a comparative approach the calculation methods of the new GVC indicators that are available in the literature and used for the analysis of the structure of GVCs and the participation of individual countries. However other than previous work focusing on the Turkish case, we do not conduct an empirical analysis in this research paper.

The quality of a country’s governance and public administration is a key factor in its economic performance and the well-being of its citizens. The objective of the paper is two-fold: first, to substantiate the importance of the good and strong state governance for efficient functioning of the national economy; second, to analyze the basic indicators of Ukraine’s economy and its foreign trade, as well as to come up with the possible solutions to the identified problems. Methodology. Careful reading and examination of the conclusions made in theoretical and empirical works on state governance and government regulation by the Ukrainian and foreign scholars served the basis of the research at the initial stage. The data, taken from the official site of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, served as the information source for using various methods, e.g.: mathematical, statistical, etc., which resulted in the analysis of the trends of the basic indicators of the economy of Ukraine and its foreign trade: GDP and gross external debt, exports/imports/turnover of goods/services and goods and services taken together; dynamics of the balance of trade in goods/services, as well as goods and services taken together; exports to imports ratio (goods and services). Results. The share of exports of goods in all exports of goods and services of Ukraine has been increasing and in 2021 it reached 84%. The results show that: first, the trend of the volume of exports of goods for the period of 2016-2021 is y=5.11x+31.177 while that of services for the same period is y=0.5986x+9.9367; second, the balance of trade in goods has been negative since 2005 (except 2015), and continues to be negative throughout the analyzed period; third, the share of the goods with high-added value in exports has been declining. The in-depth analysis allows to conclude that in the conditions of the growing gross external debt of Ukraine (e.g., for the period of 2006 –2021 the trend is y=2811.1x+90308 while that of GDP for the same period is y=823.65x+135155) it is essential: firstly, to follow the trade strategy of the EU which focuses on exports of services as compared to goods; secondly, to improve the commodity composition of exports so that the goods are value-competitive as opposed to price-competitive. Practical implications. It’s substantiated that the trade policy is to be formulated and implemented so that foreign economic activity of Ukraine is more services-oriented and science-and-technology based. Value/originality. The country is to occupy a more decent place in the world division of labor and is to be reintegrated into the world economy in the interests of the Ukrainian people.

The article answers the question: what are the distinctive features of the global legal services market in the context of globalization, as well as what place and role it occupies in international trade and trade policy? The study is divided into 3 parts. The first part structures the main theoretical aspects concerning the legal services world market: the concept and classification of legal services, forms and methods of international trade in legal services. The second part analyzes the market indicators of the global legal services market, characterizes the main problems and trends in its development. The place and role of Russia in the global legal services market are revealed. The third part deals with the foreign trade policy issues, mechanisms for protecting the internal market. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the Services Trade Restrictiveness Index for legal services. The mechanism of countries foreign trade policies influence on the British legal services sector is illustrated in the context of Brexit.

The article is aimed at analyzing changes in the geographical structure of Ukrainian exports in the context of increasing risks of uncertainty in the development of the global economy. The current global economy is a system where uncertainty has become one of its most important characteristics, requiring each country to find the optimal structure of foreign trade. The geographical structure of Ukraine’s exports is determined by its economic, geographical and transport-geographical position, specialization of the economy, which constitutes the basis of its export potential, established historically formed cooperation relations, position in the established markets of products sales, etc. The need to find the optimal geographical structure of Ukrainian foreign trade is caused by a negative balance of Ukraine’s trade balance; continuation of Russia’s military and trade aggression; lack of positive changes in the commodity structure of Ukrainian exports to the EU countries; increasing risks of uncertainty in the global economy as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic; decrease in revenues from export operations due to changes in the global market conditions. Currently, the markets of Asia and the Middle East are considered to be promising vectors of expansion of the geography of Ukrainian exports. The combination of economic and political aspects of foreign economic policy in expanding or reorienting the geographical structure of exports requires the search not only for the most profitable, but also, at the same time, long-term development prospects. Rising risks of global development uncertainty require an ongoing update of the sales expansion strategy. The condition for potential economic efficiency growth is not a simple increase in the number of trading partners, but a clearly defined direction of changes in the export policy of the State. Precisely these issues will be concern of the further research.

INTRODUCTION. The Eurasian economic union (EAEU) institutions have a huge competence delegated by the EAEU Member-States. Effective implementation of such competence, especially in foreign trade, entails relevant international activity of the EAEU institutions. In this connection the article analyses international capability of the EAEU, relevant experience of the European Union as well as actual status and perspectives of the EAEU international activity in foreign trade.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research is based on the analysis of the EAEU legislation, recent works of relevant researchers, experience of the European Union in respect of international cooperation. Methodological instruments are analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction and analogy.RESEARCH RESULTS. Successful development of foreign trade activity of the EAEU Member-States depends on effectiveness of the EAEU international activity. The research shows that EAEU international activity in foreign trade is not as effective as it could be. This has a negative impact on foreign market accessibility for the EAEU Member-States goods. In view of the above a thorough research of appropriate EU legal base was conducted. It shows, that effectiveness of the EU in promotion of its interests on the international stage, including in the foreign trade, is based on relevant legal mechanisms, which allows to take into account both positions of the EU and its Member-States. Such experience with combination of the specific characters of Eurasian integration will help to make necessary amendments to the EAEU legal base to increase its effectiveness.DISCUSSION AND CONLUSIONS. The author makes conclusion on the necessity of amendments to the EAEU international activity legal base, with use of the researched European Union experience. In particular, the EAEU institutions need additional competence for more independence and flexibility at international level. This will improve the EAEU international activity, including conclusion of free trade agreements (regardless of concluded agreements of the EAEU, the scale of international activity of the EAEU is not comparable with the European Union’s one), create conditions for export promotion, and help to strengthen the EAEU image as independent participant of international relations.

Many trade economists, even the WTO, consider The Global Value Chains (GVCs) as a "paradigm shift" in international trade. The radical change occurring in global trade patterns not only creates a need for new foreign trade policy targets but also makes the traditional methods of analysis questionable both empirically and theoretically. This study aims to furnish a holistic frame of research for the correct interpretation of GVC indicators by emphasizing the structural features of GVCs and the importance of different country roles inside in defining the new trade policy objectives. Our study shows that the import dependency in GVCs is no more the main source of foreign dependency and targeting a decrease in the import share of exports can act in a contradictory way with countries' objectives for economic independence. Hence, we redefine the concept of trade dependency by the bargaining power and total value-added shares of countries within the global value chains. Finally, we present in a comparative approach the calculation methods of the new GVC indicators that are available in the literature and used for the analysis of the structure of GVCs and the participation of individual countries. However other than previous work focusing on the Turkish case, we do not conduct an empirical analysis in this research paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the current trends in global trade flows. The aim of the study is to determine the directions of transformation of Ukraine's foreign trade policy in the context of the free trade agreement with the EU. The place of the European Union in world trade is determined, it is noted that the basis of the EU foreign trade policy is openness to the markets of developing countries. The paper analyzes the transformation of Ukraine 's foreign trade flows in the context of the Association Agreement with the European Union. The progress of Ukraine in fulfilling the terms of the Agreement on the Free Trade Area was analyzed. The commodity and geographical structure of foreign trade is determined, the degree of diversification and concentration of Ukrainian exports and imports is analyzed. The current problems of Ukraine's foreign trade at the present stage are identified. As a result of the study, the structural deformation of Ukraine's foreign trade and its imbalance are substantiated. This necessitates the stimulation of Ukraine's foreign trade activities, changes in the exports' raw material orientation and the Ukrainian producers' integration into global value chains. Also, it was determined that it is expedient to use the experience of EU countries to determine further directions of Ukraine's foreign trade policy transformation. Conclusions that were made: Ukraine need urgent steps to stimulate foreign economic activity to overcome the accumulated socio-economic problems. On the other hand, any further prospects could not be made because of Russian invasion of Ukraine and this influence industrial facilities, agricultural fields and human factor due to the huge number of refugees. This situation affects not only Ukrainian economy and foreign trade policy, but also this affects global supply chains and food security around the world. The following methods were used: historical-logical method - to determine the objective prerequisites transformation of Ukraine's foreign trade policy; method of comparative analysis - to conduct a comparative analysis of Ukraine's international trade dynamic and structure; analysis and synthesis method - to systematize the directions of Ukraine's foreign trade policy transformation; method of system generalization - to generalize the results of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mongolia has been pursuing a free trade policy since the transition to a market economy, and today, with a sharp increase in imports and a boom in raw materials exports, domestic production has fallen, and the country became overly dependent on mining products. Therefore, there is an urgent need to review the methods for implementing foreign trade policy, to study their optimal use and update them effectively. This study examines how Mongolia’s import tariff regulations have been reforming since the transition to a market economy, and discusses some potential impacts of the import tariff reform on the Mongolian economy. Монгол Улсын импортын гаалийн тарифын шинэчлэл Хураангуй: Монгол Улс зах зээлийн эдийн засгийн харилцаанд шилжсэн үеэс чөлөөт худалдааны бодлого баримталсаар ирсэн бөгөөд өнөөдөр импортын урсгал эрс нэмэгдэж, түүхий эдийн экспорт хөгжсөнөөр дотоодын үйлдвэрлэл уналтад орсон, уул уурхайн бүтээгдэхүүнээс хэт хамааралтай улс болжээ. Иймд гадаад худалдааны бодлогыг хэрэгжүүлэх арга хэрэгслүүдийг эргэн харах, тэдгээрийг хэрхэн оновчтой хэрэглэх, шинэчлэх зэрэг асуудлыг судлах зайлшгүй шаардлага бий болоод байна. Энэхүү ажлын хүрээнд Монгол Улс зах зээлийн эдийн засгийн харилцаанд шилжсэн үеэс өнөөг хүртэл импортын гаалийн тарифын бодлого зохицуулалтын шинэчлэл хэрхэн хийгдсэн талаар судалж, импортын гаалийн тарифыг шинэчилснээр Монгол Улсын эдийн засагт үзүүлэх зарим үр нөлөөг авч үзсэн. Түлхүүр үгс: гадаад худалдааны бодлого; импортын гаалийн тарифын бодлого, зохицуулалт; нэн тааламжтай тариф; ДХБ-тай тохирсон тарифын дээд хэмжээ; тарифын шинжилгээ.

The article examines the process of concluding, implementing and updating the Free Trade Agreement between the USA and South Korea, highlights the main problematic aspects of the functioning of the free trade area and the consequences for the bilateral trade of countries. The study found that South Korea benefited significantly from the negotiated liberal trade regime with the USA. The trade balance surplus of South Korea with the USA sharply increased - to a historic maximum of 25 billion dollars (in 2015), also South Korean exports of high-tech goods and high value-added goods increased significantly. For the USA, participation in the agreement led to an increase in the trade balance deficit and in the export of resources, agricultural goods and low value-added products. The observed consequences led to the use of a tough discriminatory policy by the USA, to the revision of the provisions of the Free trade agreement and to the military and political concessions from South Korea. As a result, the deficit of the US trade balance with South Korea decreased by 17.3% over the year, changes in the commodity structure of the countries' mutual trade are expected. The analysis proves the formation of a unified approach in US foreign trade policy towards partner countries within the framework of Free trade agreements, which lies in the mainstream of new protectionism and aimed at ensuring American geopolitical and economic interests.

National economic interests are changing in terms of high competition in the world economy, and its global players foreign trade policy direction is correlated with the protectionist sentiments of the United States. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the evolution, correlation and new trends in the mechanisms of US trade policy. As a result of the analysis of four mechanisms (international organizations, the official financing system, international integration, tariff and non-tariff regulation, as well as their variations in the form of trade wars and sanctions within the framework of a trade war instrument), authors describe the theoretical, evolutionary and practical aspects of protecting national interests and their impact on the world economy. The authors opinion on the place and role of sanctions in the system of trade policy mechanisms is presented, the sanctions economic aspect in the framework of trade wars is highlighted.

The relevance of the research topic is related to the growth of publishing activity in the field of foreign trade policy and is based on the analysis of such publications in the world's largest abstract database Scopus. The aim is to characterize the areas of research in the field of public administration of foreign trade, which is implemented on the basis of the method of bibliometric analysis of research in the international scientometric database Scopus. The analysis allowed to outline the subject-object sphere of foreign trade policy in different periods during 1974–2020. The positive trend of increasing the number of publications in the Scopus database on the subject is confirmed by the fact that research in public administration intensified in the 80s of the twentieth century. In general, during the study period, most articles were published in such fields as economics, econometrics, finance, social sciences, which accounts for almost half of research in the field of foreign trade policy. Research in 1974–1979 is devoted to the disclosure of the problems of foreign trade and the formation of foreign policy of the world in the field of environmental sciences and earth and planetary sciences. Instead, modern scientific research (2016–2020) deals with such issues as: supply chain management, participation of countries in global value chains, digitalization of trade, trade wars, accompanied by risks of foreign trade. The connections between the main key terms encountered in the research topic are analyzed and 6 clusters are formed (world trade policy; foreign trade of the EU and the USA; consequences of foreign trade on the socio-ecological and economic world system; strategic directions of foreign trade development; WTO principles and the policy of the participating countries; the policy of protectionism (tariff and non-tariff methods). It is determined that the task of the public sector is to form effective mechanisms of state management of foreign trade activities on the basis of identifying problematic issues in the field of foreign trade and applying the results of foreign policy.

Abstract: The article examines changing dynamics and structure of US foreign trade with the EU countries, caused by the changes in US foreign trade policy after D. Trump came to power. The United States sets the general mood in the system of international economic relations, and in particular, in international trade. The strengthening of protectionism, the growth of disintegration processes (revision of the conditions of NAFTA / USMCA, US with­drawal from the TPP, stopping negotiations on the TTIP) is the response of Trump adminis­tration to the challenges faced by the United States. Globalization and liberalization have ceased to meet the interests of the American economy, which has led to a revision of the ideological foundations and practice of foreign economic activity.Statistics show that the United States' economic interest in the EU comes from the competi­tive advantages of individual EU countries. There is a possibility of continuing disintegration in the European Union, since after Brexit the Netherlands and other countries expressed the idea of leaving the Union. This will play into the hands of the United States, which is interested not in a strong united Europe, but in increasing the effectiveness of bilateral ties with individual countries of the European Union. The main conclusion of the study is the following: the globalization process and the interdependence of economies have weakened, and regardless of the results of the presidential elections, regardless of whether the United States will continue to pursue a policy of protectionism and conduct "trade wars", whether the crisis of 2020-2021 predicted by UNCTAD and IMF will come true, the EU and the US willbe forced to seek compromises and revise the conditions for reformatting the failed TTIP.

International trade, which has an important role in the economic policies of almost all countries, has been one of the most interesting subject since the beginning of economics. The opinions on foreign trade have been shaped around two axes: free trade and protectionism. Along with the effects of growth and welfare, concerns about whether it will be achieved similar results for each country have led to the increasing prevalence of protectionist views. For this reason, it is important to determine which foreign trade policy has a positive effect on countries. In particular, to choose the foreign trade policy will directly affect the development path of emerging countries. In this study, the relationship between economic growth and foreign trade policies is analysed for 20 countries in the MSCI Emerging Market Index. In the analysis covering the period of 2009-2019, the Global Trade Alert data on the number of policies of trade liberalising and harmful was used as the proxies of foreign trade policies. It was concluded that the harmful trade policies affect negatively economic growth in the analysis using system GMM method. It was found no significant relationship in terms of trade liberalising policies. The findings show that protectionism, in line with mainstream views, reduces welfare in emerging countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Political Science Review / Przegląd Politologiczny is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present article was written to contribute to the scientific discussion on the problems of food independence and food security which was opened on the pages of this journal at the invitation of the editorial board. For several decades, increasing self-sufficiency in food has been a goal of the Russian Federation's policy. The article discusses aspects of benefits and costs of attaining this goal from an economic, social and political point of view. Based on the results of the study, it is proposed to review the concept of food self-sufficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Espirales Revista Multidisciplinaria de Investigación is the property of Grupo Compas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Espirales Revista Multidisciplinaria de Investigación is the property of Grupo Compas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper analyzes transformations of foreign trade in goods of Ukraine in 2000-2017. The choice of the study period is due to the fact that the "recovery" and the gradual growth of the Ukrainian economy after the long crisis of the 1990s has began since 2000. Ukraine had a mostly negative foreign commercial balance (except for 2000-2004 and 2015); generally balanced foreign trade; dangerous import dependency ratio; extremely economy openness index; the high exports ratio in 2000-2017. The volumes of export, imports and foreign commercial turnover had unstable dynamics with negative trends in 2008-2009 and 2013-2015. Base metals and their ware; plant products; animal or plant fats and oils were prevailed in the export component of the foreign commerce; mineral products; machines, equipment and mechanisms, electric and technical equipment; products of chemical and derivative industries were dominant in the structure of import in 2017. The export was characterized by increase in the share of products of the primary sector (due to crop production) and decrease in the secondary sector (due to metallurgy, machine building, chemical and textile industry) during 2001-2017. The import was characterized by decrease in the share of raw materials and increase in the share of all other goods during the mentioned period. Commodity structure of foreign trade became more proportional, without a highly dominant product. The Russian Federation, Poland, Turkey, Italy, India were the key partners in the export of goods, while those ones in the im-port were the Russian Federation, China, Germany, Poland, Belarus. The key partners remained during 2001-2017 (the Russian Federation, Poland, Turkey, Italy, China, Germany were key partner in export; In the import - the Russian Federation, Germany, Poland, Belarus, the USA, Italy were key partner in import. Despite the drastic decrease in trade relations with the Russian Federation, it remains the largest partner in the Ukrainian foreign commerce. Among the regions of the world, the largest trading partner of Ukraine in recent years is Europe with relevant reduction of CIS countries in the common share. It is necessary to provide a set of measures aimed at increasing the efficiency of export activity and import substitution in the certain sectors of the economy to balance foreign commerce of Ukraine.

In the last decades the model of participation of China in international trade significantly changed that in many respects turned out to be consequence of competent foreign trade policy of the country. A research subject in this article is dynamics of commodity and geographical structure of foreign trade of China in recent years. The purpose of article consists in assessment of nature of trade policy of China and its influence on foreign trade. The main results of a research in article are the revealed aspects of the foreign trade cooperation of China, indicators of diversification and concentration of its foreign trade. These results can be applicable for formation of model of participation of a large developing state in international trade

The present article was written to contribute to the scientific discussion on food independence and food security problems which was opened on the pages of this journal at the invitation of the editorial board. For the second decade, Russia has been implementing the conceptually contradictory Food Security Doctrine. This article discusses determinants of the increase in food self-sufficiency in Russia over the past decade and its impact on the access to food products for every citizen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reveals the content of the "new globalization" concept and characterizes the readiness of the Republic of Korea (RK) for a new technological order. Based on the analysis of the values of different indicators (KOF Index of Globalization, Digital Evolution Index, Digital Adoption Index and a number of others), the conclusion about the high dynamics of Korean society integration into the new global economy is made. South Korea is among the leading countries in terms of digital implementation in business and public administration. The country has a well-established system of e-government, which, among other things, allows it to export the system to other countries of the world. The procedure of customs clearance of goods has been optimized, the "single window" technology has been introduced, public procurement is carried out only through electronic bidding. The traditional close relationship between the state and the chaebols makes it possible to successfully transfer the policy of digitalization into business practices. As a result, digitalization has a positive impact on the development of Korean foreign trade: on the one hand, it allows to increase exports due to the growth of goods and services of the IT sector and related industries, and on the other hand - to reduce the time and money spent on logistics, customs clearance and on the interaction between government agencies.

The aim of the article is to analyze the background and manifestations of modern US trade protectionism and, as a result, problems regarding the prospects for the functioning of the integration association of NAFTA. The article analyzes the background and manifestations of modern US trade protectionism. It is substantiated that it is not so much the issue of protectionism, which is put in the basis of the foreign economic policy of the current US administration, as the achievement of national interests at the expense of state regulation on a predominantly bilateral basis. At the same time, it is important for the US foreign economic policy to build vectors of economic interaction within the framework of North and South America as one of the most important priorities of the administration. The article concludes that the US in its foreign trade policy will reshape the system of relations on the American continent on the basis of interstate agreements, including in the form of free trade agreements (FTAs) or regional trade agreements (RTAs), actually implementing the transition to multipolarity in international economic relations. The prospects for further research on this problematics are a comprehensive analysis of modern US trade protectionism with consideration for other countries and integration associations of the world.

The current situation in the global coal market, based on data for the last few years and the place of Russia in this market is described. The main provisions of the state policy of the Russian Federation, the volume and direction of foreign trade in coal, the prospects and forecasts of the world coal market are considered. The relevance of the topic is determined by the severity of the problems of world energy supply and changes in the position of the Russian Federation in international coal trade as a result of the active formation of new world coal centers.

The aim of the article is to define attributes of transparency in interstate trade and economic cooperation as a set of its necessary and sufficient features, based on the study of approaches to the interpretation of the relevant term. The necessity of considering transparency as a fundamental principle in interstate trade and economic cooperation is substantiated. The approaches to interpreting transparency in the field of public administration and interstate cooperation are investigated. The functioning of the principle of transparency within the framework of activities of international organizations and the interpretation of the concept of transparency by domestic and foreign scientists are analyzed. The matrix of synonymy and secondariness of attributes of transparency and the hierarchy of the formation of attributive characteristics of transparency are developed. The attributes of transparency of trade and economic cooperation are defined as a set of its necessary and sufficient features. It is justified that transparency should be considered as a fundamental principle of interstate trade and economic cooperation, the main attributive characteristics of which are transparency, informative value, openness, publicity, and accountability. It is proved that the compliance of Ukraine’s foreign trade policy with certain attributes of transparency will contribute to predictability of foreign trade, openness of activities of participants in trade procedures, as well as economic growth, increase in competitiveness and financial stability of the state both at the national and international levels. There generalized an idea about the need to study theoretical and practical aspects of transparency in foreign trade policy of the state. Prospects for further research in this area are the assessment of possibilities for ensuring the compliance of Ukraine’s foreign trade policy with the attributes of transparency.

The relevance of the topic is determined by the need to define the potential of multilateral regulation of trade relations and the possibilities for transforming multilateral regulation of the trading system in the global economy. Subject of study – multilateral regulation of trade relations. The research purpose – the identification of theoretical principles and practical recommendations related to the analysis of multilateral regulation of trade relations in the global economy and the justification for the possibility of their transformation taking into account the interests of world economic entities. Methodological basis of research – system approach, methods of analysis and synthesis, subject-object, quantitative and qualitative, historical and logical analysis. Results of research – on the basis of identifying the potential and trends in the development of international trade relations, the possibilities and prospects for transforming multilateral regulation of trade relations are identified, to promote the development of national economies and ensure foreign trade interests within the framework of international trade policies with a view to enhancing its effectiveness. Scope of results: development of strategic instruments that can be achieved within the framework of the transformation of multilateral systems for regulating trade relations. Conclusions: 1. Obviously, with the advent of mega-regional trade agreements, the notion of forms of international trade cooperation and a new configuration of collective economic regulation of the international trade system is beginning to change. The above suggests that in the new circumstances, the system of multilateral regulation of trade relations should become multi-vector. Along with the key mechanisms for multilateral regulation of the WTO, preferential and mega-regional agreements (TPP, CETA, RCEP, etc.) play an important role, as well as multilateral investment agreements. 2. To form a multilateral system for regulating trade relations, it is necessary to institutionalize the reform of the existing WTO system. First, the continuing and even increased protectionism (non-tariff character) from the industrialized countries demonstrates to developing countries that achieving greater access to the markets of developed countries can hardly be realized in the WTO framework. Secondly, the diversity of trade interests, the existence of negotiating alliances and the increased influence on the trade policies of countries such as China, India, and Brazil, led to the absence of progress in the Doha Round negotiations (particularly in the period 2002-2012). The above confirms the need for institutional reform of the WTO. 3. There is a need for a consistent harmonization of instruments and regulations between mega-regional agreements and the multilateral regulatory system within the WTO. Mega-regional trade agreements and an updated multilateral system for regulating trade relations may in the future create a new system for global management / regulation of international trade. In case of successful implementation, the well-known megaregional agreements are likely to bring with them notable changes and intensify international trade. Having solved the problem of harmonization of multilateral and regional (plurilateral) regulatory regimes in the sphere of trade and finding a balance between global and regional institutions, the international trading system will receive effective trade instruments and rules, including within the framework of the multilateral WTO regulation system.

The article is concerned with the interdependence between dynamics of the international trade and economic relations development and the existing level of foreign trade policy transparency in accordance with the provisions of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement. The effect of observance of transparency principle in foreign trade policy on forming the transaction costs in foreign trade is analyzed. A comparative analysis of the influence of import duties and transaction costs on the formation of Ukraine’s foreign trade barriers is carried out. Prospects of the national export-import activity development under increasing transparency of foreign trade policy of Ukraine and other world countries are determined.

The article is aimed at analyzing the types of rules of origin of goods, existing in the international practice, and approaches to assess their impact on the foreign trade flows. The article considers two types of rules for determining the country of origin of goods used in the international practice: non-preferential and preferential. The main characteristics of the non-preferential rules of origin and peculiarities of their application in Ukraine are defined and systematized. The article defines the priority functions of the customs tariff, subject to the use of non-preferential rules of origin of goods, to which are classified: protective, fiscal, and regulatory. The criteria used in the non-preferential rules of origin of goods have been considered. It has been substantiated that the priority functions of the customs tariff subject to the use of preferential rules of origin of goods are the integration and progressive functions. The criteria used in the preferential rules of origin of goods have been considered. Based on the results of the analysis of the rules of origin of goods, it has been substantiated that their use can be considered as a restrictive or an incentive tool of the State foreign trade policy. It has been shown that of special importance, in the context of Ukraine’s integration into the global value chains, is the goods’ acquisition of the status of preferential origin in accordance with the criterion of diagonal cumulation within the framework of the Regional Pan-Euro-Med Convention, which requires Ukraine to conclude a number of bilateral agreements with the identical preferential rules of origin of goods.

In the world, it is seen that foreign trade is the most important factor together with free capital flow in open economic order. Along with the development of foreign trade, many parameters in the domestic economic order of nations have interacted. The measurement of the open economic order, the indices for determining the level and the changes in the parameters which are used, is gaining importance in terms of being able to produce macro level policies on a national basis. In the study, the indices used for foreign trade were determined, and an econometric analysis was carried out to show the changes in the related indices in terms of income distribution. The analyzes revealed that the Kuznets curriculum was not correct after the 2001 crisis. Foreign trade volume is also supported by this data.

In this research work, Author focus on the current analysis trends in foreign trade theory and policy. Accordance with the foreign trade policy theory further trade liberalisation and improved framework policies would increase trade and promote growth. It must be emphasized that openness to trade is associated with higher incomes and growth and there is the need for new approaches to trade cooperation in light of the forces that are currently re-shaping international business. What indicates the importance and innovativeness of the research is the presentation of the new models of the foreign trade policy and trade interests. First of all, it must underline that in the new theoretical terms in demand for trade policy very important is factor specificity. The low specificity of factors means that factor returns are equalized throughout a region’s economy. On the other hand, some factors are stuck in their present uses; therefore, factor returns are not equalized throughout a region’s economy but are industry specific. The main objective of the research task is to give a comprehensive analysis of current trends in foreign trade theory and policy and in particular models of foreign trade policy, trade interests indicated by export orientation and import sensitivity, foreign trade policy in different types of authoritarian regimes, protectionist pressures in different political system, the level of protectionist pressures, the tendencies to bilateralism in the foreign trade policy. It should be stressed that free trade in itself is not responsible for economic growth, but more significant are the determining macroeconomic stability and increasing investment.

The main objective of the proposed study is to identify the specifics of India’s participation in the regional trade agreements (RTAs), a comparative analysis of the main provisions of the RTAs and the impact of membership in the integration agreements on the country’s foreign trade relations. In the world economic literature there is no unity of opinions on the economic effect of the participation of states in RTAs. The author’s thesis is that the final effect of membership in the RTAs depends on the amount of customs duties on the date of signing the agreement (the higher they are, the greater the effect of trade creation), and also on the place of the partner country in the trade of another participating state (the greater is mutual turnover, the greater effect of trade creation). Of course, other factors affect, such as geographical proximity, transportation and other transaction costs. India’s participation in the regional trade agreements (RTA) was one of the tasks of implementing the policy “Look East”, which was approved in 1991. The countries of Southeast Asia have been identified as a regional priority, which was caused by the geo-strategic and economic reasons. Later, regional coverage has been extended to the countries of Northeast and South Asia because of increasing the role of China in the world economy and politics, which has become a strategic challenge and economic opportunities for the Indian economy. India is a participant of 13 RTAs, the majority of which are bilateral. In India’s integration practice, one of four types of RTAs is applied: (1) agreement on comprehensive economic partnership, which differ in the widest scope of mutual economic relations; (2) agreement on comprehensive economic cooperation; (3) free trade agreement; (4) preferential trade agreement. Most often, there is used classical integration model (of preferential or free trade area).Initially, the Indian policy of RTA dominated the political factor (taking into account the geographical proximity of the States), subsequently economic factor became the prevalent one. Most of the regional trade agreements, especially with developed countries (Japan, Republic of Korea and Singapore) entail trade diversion effect for India, which is particularly reflected in the reduction of the share of the RTA’s member countries in the Indian exports from 45.1% to 41.3% in 2005-2015. The growth rates of India’s exports to the partner states less than that for imports from RTAs members. At the same time, the effect of trade creation provide agreements with less developed countries as Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, and Nepal. Lessons from the Indian practice of the RTA’s membership include: (1) the need for a more careful approach to choosing a potential partner; (2) the importance of a broad scope of issues of liberalization of mutual economic relations in order to obtain larger economic benefits for the Indian economy. The results of this study will contribute not only to acquaintance with the history and tendencies of India’s participation in RTAs, but also to a further deeper understanding of this form of cooperation of not only in India but also in the other states.

In the last decades the model of participation of China in international trade significantly changed that in many respects turned out to be consequence of competent foreign trade policy of the country. A research subject in this article is dynamics of commodity and geographical structure of foreign trade of China in recent years. The purpose of article consists in assessment of nature of trade policy of China and its influence on foreign trade. The main results of a research in article are the revealed aspects of the foreign trade cooperation of China, indicators of diversification and concentration of its foreign trade. These results can be applicable for formation of model of participation of a large developing state in international trade

The relevance of the topic is to elucidate the role of trade diplomacy in efficiency of realization the foreign policy of the state. Special importance this issue has taken in light of the prospects of economic development of the Republic of Belarus in the modern international economy. Object of research – trade diplomacy in modern international economy. The research purpose – identification of theoretical bases of use of trade diplomacy in international economic relations as a form of effective implementation of foreign trade policy and the advantages in the international market, to search for mutually acceptable solutions, expand and deepen international cooperation. Methodological basis of research - system approach, methods of the analysis and synthesis, the subject and object, quantitative and qualitative, historical and logical analysis. Results of research – basis of identification of tendencies of development of international economy, the possibilities and prospects of use of trade diplomacy as a form of foreign policy at the bilateral, regional and multilateral basis, to promote the development of the national economy and ensure the foreign trade interests in the framework of the general foreign policy of the state in order to improve international competitiveness. Scope of results: development of strategic tools for the effective implementation of foreign trade policy and the advantages in the international market that can be achieved by means of trade diplomacy. Conclusion: 1. It is obvious that trade diplomacy is at the intersection of foreign policy, foreign policy and foreign economic activities of the state and is a form of realization of foreign policy of the state, providing favorable conditions for national actors by forming a rational trade regimes in relations with trading blocks, individual states and corporations. 2. Currently, trade diplomacy, given the processes of internationalization and interdependence in the global economic system, can realize the effect in two dimensions of globalization and regional integration in three forms – bilateral, regional and multilateral solving assistance, assistance, protection and lobbying of the national foreign trade interests is complex and systemic nature, working closely with government agencies, organizations, economic and trade structures. 3. Liberalization of national economies and their interaction through trade and international investment, a growing number of actors in the international economy – transnational corporations, banks, investment and integration groups, large and increasing dependence of the economies of independent states from the international markets of goods and services, investment, technology, forcing them to adjust their foreign trade policy. Foreign trade policy has at its disposal in addition to non-tariff barriers, competition rules, monetary parity, tax harmonization, convergence of economic systems, new tools, practical activities and methods of active influence, such as information and communication technology, marketing, advertising, negotiation skills etc. All of the above is the basis for the trade diplomacy of a strategic nature that allows us to develop conceptually and well-supported export program and increases the level of coordination between the institutions involved in the implementation of export-import operations.

An integral part of globalisation is the emergence of a multipolar world. Strategic partnership at the regional, interregional and trans-regional levels is becoming a new institution and an instrument of modern international relations. The research discusses the international legal cooperation framework of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) as a trans-regional association. The importance of rapprochement of the positions of the BRICS countries in the global political and economic system is emphasised. Particular attention is paid to assessing the BRICS countries economic potential and condition of their national economies, as well as analysing the foreign trade partners of Russia with the BRICS countries, development opportunities and prospects. The following results were obtained: positive factors contributing to the BRICS countries’ trade and economic cooperation strengthening are common interests in trade, export activity and export complementarity of some economic sectors, and the absence of direct competition. The measures to increase and expand mutually beneficial trade and economic partnership within BRICS will enable the countries to most effectively use their resource, technological and trade and economic potential to ensure sustainable growth of the national economy and competitiveness in world development. The results obtained can help formulate a trade and economic cooperation strategy within the BRICS framework.