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Theoretical background: In recent decades, an increase in the consumption of non-dairy fermented products with probiotic potential has been observed. Food choices is a complex process that involves several factors concerning product-related aspects like taste, pro-health values, price or packaging, as well as individual factors (e.g. beliefs) or social issues (e.g. culture, tradition). Purpose of the article: Therefore, the aim of this study was to understand the food choices, food intake and purchasing habits regarding vegetables fermented products (focusing on preserves and juices) in the reality of the Polish market. Research methods: The research was conducted in Poland with the use of an original questionnaire among a group of 205 individuals of both genders, aged between 21 and above 60 years old. Also, descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Tukey’s test were used in the data analyses. Main findings: Research findings indicate that fermented vegetable foods are mainly seen as pro-health products characterized by probiotic properties, higher vitamin C content and associated with the ability to increase human’s immunity. Sauerkraut, pickled cucumbers and beetroots are the most frequently and eagerly consumed products. On the other hand, fermented vegetable juices are less popular among respondents. The most crucial factors determining the choice of this product category include taste, pro-health and probiotic properties, nutritional values and product composition.

Fermented vegetables are produced by the growth of different microorganisms present in raw products. Yeasts are essential in food fermentations, but they are also potential spoilage agents that can cause several alterations to the final product. This review provides an overview of the most relevant spoilage yeasts present in fermented vegetables, such as table olives, fermented pickles, and sauerkraut, and the strategies that can be followed to prevent their presence in the final product by extending their shelf life. Conventional treatments have been applied for years to fermented products to reduce or control microbial contamination. In this group, although the application of thermal treatments and the use of chemical additives are remarkable, these technologies have some drawbacks. Nowadays, the food industry seeks techniques that are lethal to spoilage microorganisms, but have no adverse effects on the nutritional value, organoleptic characteristics, and beneficial product microbiota. Non-thermal technologies, such as high hydrostatic pressure, UV-C light, and electrolyzed oxidizing water treatments, applied alone or combined, are effective alternatives to conventional preservation treatments to achieve secure fermented vegetables with a high quality.

This paper includes the result of the first study of the chemical composition, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antidiabetic activities of the essential oils of Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach and Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr. from Turkey. In the current study, nine and twenty-eight constituents were determined in the essential oils of aerial parts of G. coronaria (GCE) (92.1%) and G. segetum (GSE) (90.0%), respectively. The main components were capillin (65.9%) in GCE, capillene (53.4%) in GSE. The essential oil compositions were evaluated and compared with previous researches. In the current study, the plants are classified as chemotypes of Glebionis species. GCE and GSE showed poor and very poor DPPH radical scavenging activity, respectively. GCE and GSE exhibited significant and strong antiinflammatory activity against the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme, respectively. Also, GCE and GSE displayed moderate and weak antidiabetic activity against the α-glucosidase enzyme, respectively. Polyacetylenes were determined as the main class of compounds in GCE and GSE and had a notable antiinflammatory activity.

Utilization of Turi leaves (Sesbania grandiflora) and cassava tubers (Manihot esculenta) as a protein source to replace some fish meal can be done by silage of the two ingredients. This silage fermentation process requires adding inoculum from the fermented liquid to obtain good quality silage. This study aims to determine the effect of fermented liquid on the quality of silage made from Turi leaves and cassava tubers for fish feed ingredients through parameters of Titration End Point and pH levels. The research treatment was the addition of fermented liquid for four days with a sugar content of 1% (CT4-1%) in the treatment silage (S_CT4-1%), compared to the initial silage (SA) and the negative control silage (SKN). The results showed a significant (P

Consumption of fermented food has long been associated with health benefits, but there is still limited knowledge on the bacterial dynamics in plant‐based food fermentation outside of culture‐based studies. Different fermented plant‐based products were assessed for the presence of Archaea and their microbiota bacterial dynamics during the fermentation. Archaea were consistently detected in the brine of the vegetables, and constant increase in gene copy number throughout the fermentation of kraut indicated that Archaea were not only viable but actively growing. The plant‐associated bacterial microbiota of cabbage and jalapeno were dominated by Proteobacteria, specifically Pseudomonas (51% and 39% respectively), while the okra harbored roughly equal numbers of firmicutes and proteobacteria. In cabbage and jalapeno fermentations, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which were detected in extremely low levels in raw products, became dominant with expected succession of heterofermentative and homofermentative species. These two stages were not detected in the fermentation of okra, and Lactobacillus remained the most abundant genera. The kombucha fermentation was dominated by Gluconacetobacter as reported previously, but also characterized by high abundance of Bacteroides. Intriguingly, the microbiota composition and dynamics were very different between the two kombucha batches tested, suggesting redundancy in microorganisms’ fermentative roles. Finally, a preliminary in vitro fermentation study was indicative of a potential bifidogenic effect of microbial metabolites from kombucha. Collectively, these data indicate that fermented plant products harbor a highly diverse microbiota, bacteria, and archaea, even after the end of the fermentation.

One of the Fabaceae family that has potential as medicinal plant is the white Turi plant (Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.).The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites which can be extracted using a various extraction methods.The extraction method used are digestion, percolation, reflux, soxhlet, infusion, and decoction extraction. The Turi plants used come from Mojosari, Mojokerto.The results of the initial phytochemical screening of white Turi leaf extract (Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.) Were extracts in six extraction methods containing alkaloids, saponins and tannins.In extracts using the digestion, soxhlet, and reflux method containing steroids.Meanwhile, the four extracts from the digestion, percolation, soxhlet, and reflux methods contain phenolic.And the infusion and decoction method extracts containing flavonoids and triterpenoids. The similarity of the phytochemical test results for each extract but with different intensity results.

Identifying the molecular mechanisms facilitating adaptation to new environments is a key question in evolutionary biology, especially in the face of current rapid and human-induced changes. Translocations have become an important tool for species conservation, but the attendant small population sizes and new ecological pressures might affect phenotypic and genotypic variation and trajectories dramatically and in unknown ways. In Scotland, the European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) is native to only two lakes and vulnerable to extirpation. Six new refuge populations were established over the last 30 years as a conservation measure. In this study, we examined whether there is a predictable ecological and evolutionary response of these fishes to translocation. We found eco-morphological differences, as functional traits relating to body shape differed between source and refuge populations. Dual isotopic analyses suggested some ecological release, with the diets in refuge populations being more diverse than in source populations. Analyses of up to 9117 genome-mapped SNPs showed that refuge populations had reduced genetic diversity and elevated inbreeding and relatedness relative to source populations, though genomic differentiation was low (FST = 0.002–0.030). We identified 14 genomic SNPs that showed shared signals of a selective response to translocations, including some located near or within genes involved in the immune system, nervous system and hepatic functions. Analysis of up to 120,897 epigenomic loci identified a component of consistent differential methylation between source and refuge populations. We found that epigenomic variation and genomic variation were associated with morphological variation, but we were not able to infer an effect of population age because the patterns were also linked with the methodology of the translocations. These results show that conservation-driven translocations affect evolutionary potential by impacting eco-morphological, genomic and epigenomic components of diversity, shedding light on acclimation and adaptation process in these contexts. published

The results of the study of the Lake Maslozero ecosystem (the White Sea basin) are reported. The lake is small, deep, and poorly lotic. Its hydrochemical and hydrobiological parameters were studied. The quantitative and structural characteristics of the state of zooplankton and macrozoobenthos in the lake are presented for the first time. The lake is an oligo-mesotrophic water body, as indicated by the nutrient content scale. The lake is inhabited by 14 fish species of 11 families. The perch Perca fluviatilis, the whitefish Coregonus lavaretus, the pike Esox lucius, the roach Rutilus rutilus, and the introduced smelt Osmerus eperlanus are the most abundant. The work on the introduction of smelt into Lake Maslozero is evaluated. The smelt in the lake has naturalized, is successfully reproducing, and has become abundant. Its growth rate is identical to that of the smelt from its parental water body, Lake Ladoga. The food ration of predatory fish (pike, burbot, perch, and char) is dominated by smelt as the most abundant and accessible food item available all year round. The lake is used by the local population for economic purposes, recreation, amateur fishing, and fish culture.

INTRODUCTION Fermented foods have been consumed for millennia and commercially-produced variants are now available in the food supply. The present study aimed to investigate the availability, cost, ingredients, nutritional content and on-pack claims of commercially-available fermented foods in the UK. METHODS All products from seven categories of commercially-available fermented foods were systematically identified at eight national supermarket chains in the UK. Data were extracted from manufacturer and retailer websites and were compared between categories using a Kruskal-Wallis test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS In total, 143 fermented foods were identified, with kombucha (41, 28.7%), kefir drinks (32, 22.4%), sauerkraut (22, 15.4%) and kefir yoghurts (21, 14.7%) being most common. The number of products sold at each retailer differed between categories (p = 0.016), and was greatest for kefir drink (median = 7.0, interquartile range [IQR] = 9.0), kombucha (median = 5.5, IQR = 11.5) and kefir yoghurts (median = 5.0, IQR = 8.5). Kombucha (£1.99 per serving) and kefir drinks (£1.26 per serving) were the most expensive fermented foods and sauerkraut (£0.66 per serving) and miso (£0.20 per serving) were the least expensive. Energy, fat, saturated fat, sugar, protein and salt content varied between fermented foods (p

The ultrasound-assisted extraction of Total Phenolic Content from Sesbania grandiflora L. leaves and its optimization with kinetics is dealt with in this study. The effect of extraction of solvents...

Cadmium (Cd) exposure can impair the traits of aquatic animals associated with reproduction. In natural lakes Cd is typically detected at concentrations below 0.001 mg l-1 . The authors investigated the impact of ultra-acute Cd exposure on sperm motility in European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus). They activated sperm with water containing various nominal concentrations of Cd and recorded sperm motility parameters. Only the highest Cd concentration (500 mg l-1 ) was associated with decreased sperm swimming velocity and increases in both the percentage of static cells and curvature of the sperm swimming trajectory. The results indicate that environmentally realistic concentrations of Cd during the sperm motility activation are not critically harmful to male C. lavaretus fertilization potential.

The chemical characterization of the leaves of Sesbania grandiflora were carried out in a quest to evaluate its bioactive potential to cure diseases and its potential as a source of alternate medicine. Fresh leaves of S. grandiflora were collected and powdered for analysis. The proximate analysis of the leaves showed that the proportion of moisture content, volatile matter, ash content and fixed carbon were 5.16%, 67.4%, 17.64%, 9.8% respectively. The results of FTIR revealed the strong bonds between C-H, C-O, C=O, C=C, S=O and N-H in the plant material. Moreover the result of TGA depicts that the highest weight loss occurred at temperature of 486.64° C with a degradation rate of 10.00 K/min in combustion conditions.

Sex-specific niche differentiation is common in marine vertebrates, but how this varies long-term is poorly understood. Here we investigated interannual variation in sexual segregation among breeding northern gannets Morus bassanus, wide-ranging central-place foragers with slight sexual dimorphism. Over 11 breeding seasons, we used GPS tracking and/or stable isotopes to test for sex differences in foraging trip characteristics (range, duration and timing); spatial distribution; habitat selection; and carbon and nitrogen isotopes in blood. When combining data from all years, females foraged further and for longer than males, yet despite this, the foraging areas of the sexes almost completely overlapped. Males and females selected foraging habitats that differed in terms of oceanography but not fishing vessel density. We also detected temporal segregation: females were more likely to be at sea during the day than at night, while males were more likely to be at sea during the night. However, foraging behaviour quantified by all GPS analyses varied interannually, with sex differences detected in some years but not others. Finally, males had consistently higher red blood cell δ13C and δ15N than females across all years, which was not driven by size dimorphism, instead likely by prey choice or very fine-scale habitat selection. We conclude that environmental variation influenced short-term sex differences in movement, but sex differences in stable isotopes that integrate behaviour over longer periods reveal more consistent differences. Our results suggest that inferences drawn from single-year studies may not relate to general patterns, highlighting the importance of long-term studies and combining methods.

We have studied the dynamics of the singing of garden bunting (Emberiza hortulana) and the dispersal of a flock of starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) for the night rest. The results were compared with the body temperature fluctuations measured in parallel in a group of laboratory mice. The validity of such comparisons was determined by the presence of a stable correlation between the indicators of minutely changes in body temperature in mice and greenfinches (Chloris chloris). The increase in the frequency of chanting of garden buntings was observed simultaneously with the increase in body temperature in mice. Moreover, the exact moments of the flights into the birdhouse for the night in starlings coincided with the maximums in the dynamics of minutely changes in body temperature of mice. These facts suggest an external synchronizer of “spontaneous” fluctuations of the activity and associated changes in body temperature, which are probably determined by the tone of the sympathetic nervous system.

World demand for paper is increasing. Short rotation pulpwood is needed. Sesbania grandiflora also known as Turi, is a fast growing and straight log species. The scholarly information of Turi as pulpwood are still limited. This paper aims to provide information of sodium hydroxide effect on the paper made from pulp derived from Turi. Sodium hydroxide is a common chemical using as part of full stage chemical bleaching in pulp industrial. Kraft pulp that produced using Turi, was bleached with sodium hydroxide at 3%, 6% and 9% based on pulp weight, respectively. Unbleached pulp was served as blank test. The optical and mechanical properties of handsheet paper made from bleached kraft pulp were evaluated according to TAPPI standard. The brightness and opacity of handsheet made from bleached pulp were improved with increasing the concentration of sodium hydroxide. The mechanical properties of handsheet were improved with using 3% sodium hydroxide and gradually decreased after 3% sodium hydroxide. In conclusion, sodium hydroxide is potential to improve optical properties of Turi pulp and improve the mechanical properties of paper made from Turi pulp at certain level. Excessive usage of sodium hydroxide brings adverse effect to mechanical properties of paper made from Turi pulp.

Sesbania grandiflora is a slender tree. It is a common garden plant in Sri Lanka, which grows well in mid and low country. In Sri Lanka, Sesbania grandiflora is used as a home remedy, in treatment of worm infections in humans. Toxocara canis is a helminth parasite infecting dogs and other canids. It also causes toxocariasis in humans. Haemonchus contortus is a nematode that infects goats and causes anaemia, marked reduction in growth and reproduction, and even death. Using this information, in vitro larvae migratory inhibition assay was carried out on Toxocara canis and Haemonchus contortus larve. This study revealed 98.1% and 94.3% larvae migration inhibition with larvae of Toxocara canis and Haemonchus contortus respectively. Least number of migrated larvae was observed in the positive control Levamisole and all the larvae were dead after migration. In decoction of S.grandiflora, all the migrated Toxocara larvae were dead and Haemonchus larvae were dead or in Grade1 (inactive but occasional movement can be observed) condition. Inhibition of Toxocara larval migration and Haemonchus larval migration with decoction of Sesbania grandiflora and Levamisole are statically significant (p < 0.05). Since mean of LMI (larval migration inhibition) of Levamisole is greater than mean of LMI of Sesbania grandiflora with both larvae, Levamisole is more effective than Sesbania grandiflora. Based on these findings, the aqueous extract of leaves of Sesbania grandiflora is shows a statistically significant anthelmintic activity in in-vitro model.

BACKGROUND Edible flowers have been used in cooking as foods as well as medicine alternatives. The objectives were to identify a major class of organic compounds in edible flowers by applying proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H-NMR) metabolite fingerprinting and to evaluate bioactivity including antioxidant and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. RESULTS A total of 32 metabolites including five organic acids, eight sugars, 11 amino acids and eight phenolic compounds were identified by using 1 H-NMR at 600 MHz. The aromatic proton of phenolic compounds was observed at the low-field region ranged between δ 5.5 ppm and 10.0 ppm. Total phenolic content (TPC) of the extracts of edible flowers ranged from 6.0 mg GAE g-1 dry weight (DW) to 47.97 mg GAE g-1 DW. Antioxidant activity varied from 140.5 mmol L-1 TE g-1 DW to 985.2 mmol L-1 TE g-1 DW. The extracts from edible flowers showed dose-dependent inhibition against enzyme. The extract of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) had the highest half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) against α-amylase at 0.13 mg mL-1 while the extract of flower of Sesban agasta (Sesbania grandiflora Desv.) had the lowest IC50 against α-amylase at 0.63 mg mL-1 . Moderate correlation was found between IC50 values against α-glucosidase and antioxidant activity values (R2 = 0.66) (P

This study evaluated the effect of EDTA, IAA and GA3 alone and in combination in improving plant growth, Pb accumulation, and management of effective mechanisms associated with alleviation of Pb-in...

Background: Exopolysaccharides (EPS) from Lactobacillus spp. have been found to have biological activities. Our previous work demonstrated the antibiofilm activity of EPS from Lactobacillus casei N...

This study aims to determine the types of natural dye plants, organs or plant parts used in the process of coloring woven cloth, and the processing of plants to produce colors as dyes of woven cloth, colors produced from plants dyed woven cloth dyes in Harona Kalla Village, West Laboya sub-district, West Sumba Regency. The method used is a qualitative method with semi-structural observation and interview techniques that refer to the list of questions that have been prepared. Based on the results of research in Harona Kalla Village, west Laboya sub-district, West Sumba Regency, three types of natural coloring plants were found, namely turi leaves (Sesbania grandiflora), turmeric rhizome (Curcuma domestica L), mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni L). In addition to coloring plants there are plants that are used as additives in coloring namely fence kedondong (Lannae nigritana), baiduri (Calotropis gigantea), betel lime and iron rust / vinegar. The organs in the coloring process are bark, rhizome and leaves. And the processing of plant organs is done pounding and boiling. The purpose of adding lime is to lock the color so that it does not fade easily. Based on the results of the study, the colors produced from plants in the village of Harona Kalla are turi leaves (Sesbania grandiflora) which are pounded and produce a green color. Turmeric (Curcuma domestica L) which is pounded and boiled produces yellow, mahogany bark (Swietenia mahagoni L) which is boiled produces a black color. The conclusion of this research is that it is necessary to design efforts to cultivate color-producing plants which are non-wood forest products to support the sustainable industry in Harona Kalla Village, for the cultivation of species of color-producing plants.

Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers. (Dhaincha) is a member of family Fabaceae spread over several countries in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Sesbania aculeata, Sesbania drummondii, Sesbania grandiflora, Sesbania rostrata, Sesbania sesban, and Sesbania speciosa are other members of this family. The agricultural, nutritional and pharmaceutical applications of Sesbania species are known to farmers, villagers, and the tribes since ages and are well studied by researchers. However, the significance of Sesbania as an industrial crop has not been recognized till now. The objective of this study was extraction and characterization of Sesbania cannabina seed oil (SCSO) for potential engineering applications. The seed oil was extracted with hexane in a Soxhlet extractor. Yield was only 2.32% w/w due to long storage at high temperature in seed house. Sesbania cannabina seed oil methyl ester (SCSOME) was prepared via esterification and transesterification for analysis of fatty acid composition of extracted oil. SCSO has high iodine value (118 g I2/100 g) and high saponification value (185.79 mg KOH/g) making the oil suitable for use as candle stocks or in soap making. However, these applications were ruled out on account of being insignificant for oil available in limited quantity. The oil has high viscosity index (174.19), high onset (382°C) and offset (450°C) decomposition temperatures, endothermic nature, and shear rate thickening behaviour. These properties make SCSO a good candidate for application as specialty lubricant required under severe operating conditions of high temperature and high shear rate or as insulating and cooling transformer oil.

It is shown that increasing fish biomass due to planktivorous whitefish Coregonus lavaretus L. in Lake Sevan leads to a reduction in the number of species, abundance, and biomass of spring ZP. In addition, quantitative characteristics of large species of Cladocera, Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) magna Straus, and a decrease in the Shannon index value are changing as well. A decrease in the number of filter-feeding cladocerans contributes to a decrease in water transparency and an increase in the proportion of Rotifera in the total abundance and biomass of the community.

Sunscreens are cosmetic preparations that protect the skin from exposure to UV radiation resulting in erythema , skin burning , aging and skin cancer. Leaf of Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. contain phenolic compounds such as tannins and flavonoids which act as photoprotective . This research method is experimental with quantitative descriptive analysis. The purpose of research is to know the value of SPF, transmission erythema (% Te) and pigmentation (% Tp) of acetone extracts of Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. using Spectrophotometry UV -Vis at a wavelength of 280-400 nm with intervals of 5 nm. This study variations in extract concentration were made 100, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 ppm. The results showed the SPF value of extracts of all concentrations in a row was 1.9 ( minimum ); 3.6 ( minimum ); 15.9 ( moderate ); 56.3 ( high ); 133.9 ( high ); and 136.6 ( high ). The %Te value is 400 ppm ( fast tanning ), 600 ppm ( regular suntan ) and 1000 ppm ( extra protection ). The value of %Tp at all extract concentrations is included in the category total block .

The aim of this study was to monitor the degradation of three insecticides licensed for the control of cabbage moths during the 14-day fermentation period of sauerkraut samples. The hypothesis of this study is that the different sauerkraut fermentation processes could affect the degradation of applied insecticides. For this purpose, the fresh cabbage leaves contaminated with (λ-cyhalothrin, malathion, and chlorpyrifos-methyl) were left for fermentation with and without (natural) starter addition (Lactobacillus plantarum 112), and vacuum-packed as a control under laboratory conditions. The pH values and microbial growth were periodically monitored in sauerkraut samples during the fermentation period. During this time, the insecticide residues were determined in control and treatment samples using LC-MS-MS. In control samples, the degradation of chlorpyrifos-methyl and malathion was higher with rates of 69 and 98%, respectively, compared with the sauerkraut samples (12 and 59%; 31 and 34%, respectively) 14 days after the insecticide application. At the end of fermentation (14 d), no significant reduction in λ-cyhalothrin was detected in both treatments and control (13-19% reduction). The current study demonstrated that the presence of the lactic acid bacteria in the sauerkraut fermentation accelerated pH decline (below 4.0), and these fermentation conditions probably decelerated the degradation of malathion and chlorpyrifos-methyl. The results showed that the stability of different insecticides varied during the same fermentation process.

The European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) species complex is a classic example of recent adaptive radiation. Here we examine a whitefish population introduced to northern Finnish Lake Tsahkal in late 1960’s, where three divergent morphs (viz. littoral, pelagic and profundal feeders) were found ten generations after. Using demographic modelling based on genomic data we show that whitefish morphs evolved during a phase of strict isolation, refuting a rapid symmetric speciation scenario. The lake is now an artificial hybrid zone between morphs originated in allopatry. Despite their current syntopy, clear genetic differentiation remains between two of the three morphs. Using admixture mapping three quantitative trait loci associated with gonad weight variation, a proxy for sexual maturity and spawning time, were identified. We suggest that ecological adaptations in spawning time evolved in allopatry are currently maintaining partial reproductive isolation in the absence of other barriers to gene flow.

Fermentation is one of the safest and most economical means of producing foods acceptable to human beings. It improves the nutritional quality of foods by increasing the bioavailability and thus, renders the food safe palatable and easily acceptable to mankind. The present study showed the effects of fermentation on the nutritional quality and safety of fermented foods with respect to nutrient composition and digestibility measures. Sauerkraut and fermented mixed vegetable were selected for study and the effects of fermentation on nutrient were observed. Digestibility, shelf-life and biochemical aspects were also studied. Level of all principle nutrients was significantly increased. In course of fermentation, total sugar and reducing sugar in the brine increased slowly to 3% and 2%, respectively up to 8th day and then decreased in sauerkraut fermentation. The maximum total acidity (1.98-2.22%) was observed on 15th day in fermented mixed vegetables. The pH of the shredded cabbage was 6.9 and decreased to around 4 after 15 days and then remained constant.

The variability of craniological characters has been studied for anadromous and lacustrine forms of whitefish Coregonus lavaretus (Linnaeus, 1758) from waterbodies of the Karelian coast of the White Sea. The significant phenotypic plasticity of craniological characters of the whitefish depends on the environmental conditions. Moreover, there is a correlation between indexes of the craniological traits (except for the index of the snout length) and the body and/or head length (allometric effect). These results suggest that it is unreasonable to separate anadromous and lacustrine forms of C. lavaretus as distinct taxonomical units and argues for the invalidity of C. pidschian and C. oxyrinchus species.

Turi ( Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.) is a type of plant belonging to the Fabaceae family that is widespread in Indonesian territory and has the potential as a natural free radical scavenger. The study aims to compare the antioxidant activity from white Turi ( Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.) leaf extracts in various extraction solvents. The determination of antioxidant activity was carried out using the DPPH method with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The turi plants used were originated from Mojosari, Mojokerto, East Java, Indonesia. Simplicia turi leaves were macerated in various extraction solvents: ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane for 24 hours. The extraction results are then subjected to phytochemical and antioxidant activity tests. The obtained result shows that the white turi extract has antioxidant activity with strong activity against DPPH radicals; with n-hexane > ethyl acetate extract > ethanol extract. The IC 50 values of ethanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate extracts of white turi leaves were 33.09 ppm; 26.99 ppm; and 25.33 ppm. Based on these results, the white turi plant (leaves) can be one of the natural sources of antioxidants to prevent diseases caused by free radicals.

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L) is a type of vegetable that is widely grown in high altitude areas, and has good benefits for health and can ward off disease. Cabbage is easily wilted, damaged and rotten. Fermentation is a food preservation process, which plays a role in improving the nutritional content, extending the shelf life of food. Fermentation of cabbage with the addition of salt is called sauerkraut. Fresh cabbage fermented into sauerkraut uses salt with a certain concentration, so no need to add other microorganisms as a starter (inoculum) or yeast, because lactic acid bacteria already exist in cabbage. This research is an experimental study carried out in December 2019 until January 2020, at the Biology Research Laboratory, FMIPA UNP. The design used in this study was a complete random design (CRD) with four treatments and five repetitions. In the treatment, 2.5% salt content and 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% sugar variation were used. The main observational parameters included fermentation time. Data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test and further tested with DNMRT at the 0.05 level. Based on research results found that the addition of sugar in the fermentation process of sauerkraut affects the fermentation time.

Background: Spontaneous fermentations have several disadvantages, and additions of lactic acid bacteria can improve sauerkraut fermentations and quality. Salt and sugar concentrations are important factors in sauerkraut fermentations, and the growth and activity of lactic acid bacteria can affect antioxidant activity of sauerkrauts. Objective: This study developed sauerkrauts with the addition of Lactobacillus casei and investigated how salt and sugar concentrations affected their fermentation and antioxidant activity. Methods: A fresh cabbage was washed and cut, before salt (1.0%; 1.5% and 2.0%) and sugar (0% and 2.0%) were added, prior to inoculation with a L.casei culture at 10% (v/w). The cabbage was then incubated at 28oC for 5 days. The controlled lactic fermentation of the cabbage without culture and sugar, but with salt at 2.5% was performed. The sauerkrauts were evaluated for total lactic acid bacteria, pH, total acidity, phenolic content and DPPH scavenging activity. Results: The fermentation increased the total lactic acid bacteria counts in the sauerkrauts from 1.38 x 109to 3.86 x 109 cfu/mL, and this demonstrated significant (p Conclusion: With added sugar and salt, L. casei improved the sauerkraut fermentation and antioxidant activity, and both sugar and salt can each be added at a low (2%) concentration for maximum effects.

Kola nuclear power plant, which discharges warm water into one of the bays of sub-arctic Lake Imandra, significantly changes the fish habitat, creating temperature gradient from 2 to 8°C compared to water temperature in the other part of the lake. The permeation, metabolism and bioaccumulation of elements in the stenothermal cold-water species (Coregonus lavaretus L.) in warm water impact zone are characterized. One of the main adaptation mechanisms of ionic regulation is the intense metabolism of Na due to the high respiratory activity of whitefish in warmer water. This feature is associated with elevated accumulation of Rb and loss of Se, Mo, and Si. At elevated temperatures, the main metabolic need is caused by Se deficiency. An extensive metabolism of selenoproteins involves risks of toxic effects and bioaccumulation of Hg, As and Cu with an increase of existing stressor or appearance of new ones.

AIM: The United States Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) has considerable offshore wind energy potential. Capturing that resource is part of a broader effort to reduce CO₂ emissions. While few turbines have been constructed in U.S. waters, over a dozen currently planned offshore wind projects have the potential to displace marine birds, potentially leading to effective habitat loss. We focused on three diving birds identified in Europe to be vulnerable to displacement. Our research aimed to determine their potential exposure to areas designated or proposed for offshore wind development along the Atlantic OCS. METHODS: Satellite tracking technology was used to determine the spatial and temporal use and movement patterns of Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata), Red‐throated Loons (Gavia stellata) and Northern Gannets (Morus bassanus), and calculate their exposure to each offshore wind area. We tagged 236 adults in 2012–2015 on the Atlantic OCS from New Jersey to North Carolina; an additional 147 birds tagged in previous tracking studies were integrated into our analyses. Tracking data were analysed in two‐week intervals using dynamic Brownian bridge movement models to develop composite spatial utilization distributions. For each species, these distributions were then used to calculate the spatio‐temporal exposure to each offshore wind area. RESULTS: Surf Scoters and Red‐throated Loons were exposed to offshore wind areas almost exclusively during migration because these species were distributed among coastal and inshore waters during winter months. In contrast, Northern Gannets ranged over a much larger area, reaching farther offshore and south in winter, thus exhibited the greatest exposure to extant offshore wind areas. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study provide better understanding of how diving birds use current and potential future offshore wind areas on the Atlantic OCS, and can inform permitting, risk assessment and pre‐ and post‐construction impact assessments of offshore energy infrastructure.

Glebionis coronaria, formerly Chrysanthemum coronarium, is one of the medicinal herbs that belong to the Asteraceae family. This review paper aims to provide information regarding the botanical description, distribution, and phytochemical properties which contribute to the medicinal properties of Glebionis coronaria. Various studies have reported the presence of tannins, vitamins, macro- and microelements, beta-carotene, carbohydrates, protein, and other bioactive compounds in the plant’s essential oil, extract, or plant parts. Researchers have uncovered the potential pharmaceutical activities of the plant, including antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholesterol, to the potential anticancer properties. Based on the scientific evidence collected, G. coronaria has the potential to be used in many clinical areas for medicinal purposes. However, appropriate clinical testing should be pursued to evaluate the medicinal effects of this plant.

Two new 2-arylbenzofurans, sesbagrandiflorain D (1) and E (2) along with two known 2-arylbenzofurans, spinosan A (3) and spinosan B (4) were isolated from the stem bark of Sesbania grandiflora L. The structure of two new compounds established by HRESIMS, 1 D NMR (1H, 13C) and 2 D NMR (HMQC, HMBC) spectra. Compounds (1-4) assayed for their cytotoxicity towards three human cancer cells (MCF-7, HeLa, and WiDr). Compound 1 showed very high activity against MCF-7 and WiDr with an IC50 value of 0.06 and 0.60 μg/mL, respectively.

The growth-survival paradigm predicts that year-class strength is determined by growth-dependent mortality during the larval stage. In Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus, the possibility that strong growth-dependent mortality extends into the early juvenile stage has not previously been tested because of the difficulty in sampling young-of-the-year (YOY) juveniles. The present study determined the timing of the ‘endpoint’ during the early ontogeny, when growth-selective mortality decreases and recruitment is set. We relied on regurgitations from one of the main predators of mackerel, the northern gannet Morus bassanus, as a source of YOY juveniles. Early growth trajectories of YOY mackerel were reconstructed from the otolith microstructure and were compared to those of 1-yr-old (OYO) juveniles from the same cohort for the year classes of 2015 and 2017. In both cohorts, the early growth trajectory of OYO fish was faster than that of YOY juveniles, indicating that growth-selective mortality extended beyond the larval stage. For the 2017 cohort, the comparison of larval growth trajectories between 2-mo-old YOY, 3mo-old YOY and OYO juveniles indicated that strong selection for fast growth persisted until the pre-wintering period, but that winter mortality likely did not play an important role in shaping year-class strength. These findings suggest that in Atlantic mackerel, the endpoint when the relative strength of cohorts is fixed occurs at the age of 3 mo. These results highlight the importance of considering growth-dependent mortality processes occurring beyond the larval stage to obtain a better understanding of causes of recruitment variability.

This study investigated the combined impact of sauerkraut and Leuconostoc mesenteroides culture on immunomodulatory activity in experimental animal. The in vivo immunomodulatory activity of Escherichia coli-infected Balb-C mice was ascertained in fermented sauerkrauts [test vs. control]. Both sauerkrauts enhanced the adaptive immune response [evidenced by an increase in CD4+ CD8+ IFN-γ, TNFα] and innate immune response [represented by a decrease of CD68-IL-6]. Nevertheless, the in vivo immunomodulatory activity of sauerkraut combined with L. mesenteroides was higher than that shown in sauerkraut control solely.

Micro X-ray fluorescence (mu-XRF) analysis of otoliths was evaluated as a method to estimate the proportion of stocked one-summer-old whitefish Coregonus lavaretus L. in catches of adult fish (n = 20) ascending the River Kemijoki to spawn. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis was applied as control. Polished otoliths were scanned with mu-XRF to obtain strontium maps that were used to infer visually the provenance of the whitefish. Thirteen of the fish showed signs of being stocked as one-summer-old fingerlings. LA-ICP-MS was applied to determine the elemental composition in a spot outside the core of the otolith. The results were largely consistent with the visual inspection of the mu-XRF mapped otoliths. In conclusion, mu-XRF mapping successfully identified whitefish stocked as one-summer-old fingerlings. The vast majority of whitefish returning to the River Kemijoki to spawn were stocked fish.

Sesbania grandiflora L. Poir is an edible medicinal plant widely distributed in Asian countries. One of its folk medicinal uses is the alleviation or treatment of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A number of animal studies confirmed its use in treating T2DM; however, none of them explored the chemistry or the possible mechanism. This study aims to unveil the chemical profile of S. grandiflora through LC-HRMS dereplication analysis, followed by isolation, identification and quantification of the major secondary metabolites with potential α-amylase and α glucosidase inhibitory effect as the potential anti-diabetic mechanism. LC-HRMS chemical profiling of its leaves and twigs identified 32 metabolites. Bio-guided fractionation and HPLC purification led to the isolation of 14 major metabolites that were screened for their α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. For the first time, two terpenoids; vomifoliol (11) and loliolide (14) showed inhibitory effect against α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 64.5 and 388.48 µM, respectively. Quercetin (10) exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 value of 17.45 µM. Further, predicated molecular modelling studies demonstrated strong binding interactions between active compounds and enzyme-substrate binding pockets supporting the observed enzyme inhibitory activity. Interestingly, the quantitative analysis of the most potent inhibitors indicated their existence at a high percentage within S. grandiflora extract. Our findings suggested S. grandiflora is a useful dietary supplement to control postprandial blood glucose.

Endemic fish species of Armenian ichthyofauna – the Sevan trout (Salmo ischchan, Kessler, 1877) is registered in the Red Book of Animals of the Republic of Armenia as critically endangered (corresponds to IUCN category: CR A2cd). Its natural reproduction hardly occurs as a result of numerous problems related to the use and management of water and bio-resources in the drainage basin of Lake Sevan. The Lichq River is formerly known as a spawning river for two ecological races of Sevan trout, but because of different factors there are no more wild populations of Sevan trout spawning. The aim of the study was checking the efficiency of two methods of egg incubation in the Lichq River for restoration of Gegarkuni population. The experiments were carried out with newly fertilized and eyed eggs of Gegarkuni in the same periods and in the same areas to avoid the unforeseen effects of environmental factors on assessment. The results showed that the mortality rate of green eggs in the natural conditions is quite high before reaching eyed egg stage (65-68%), while the mortality rate of eyed eggs planted in the natural conditions is only 9-17%. This means that the effectiveness of planting eyed eggs is higher for the artificial restoration of Gegarkuni stocks in the nature.

A new 2-arylbenzofuran, sesbagrandiflorain C (1), together with four known compounds, 2-(3,4-dihydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl)-4-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzofuran-3-carbaldehyde (2), 2-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl)-5,6-dimethoxybenzofuran-3-carboxaldehyde (3), sesbagrandiflorain A (4) and sesbagrandiflorain B (5), have been isolated from the stem bark of an Indonesian plant, Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. The chemical structure of compound 1 was elucidated by UV, IR, MS, and NMR spectroscopic techniques. The proton and carbon NMR resonances of 1 were also compared with the predicted chemical shifts obtained from DFT quantum mechanical calculations with Gaussian. None of the compounds showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus in an agar diffusion assay. However, sesbagrandiflorains A (4) and B (5) exhibited moderate activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. In addition, compounds 1 - 5 have moderate cytotoxicity against HeLa, HepG2, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines.

The modern biological characteristics of numerous fish species from the Imandra Lake reaches – white-fish, european vendace and european smelt was investigated. It was shown that under the conditions of the ongoing negative change in the hydrological and hydrochemical regimes of the lake over the past 20 years, there have been multidirectional changes in the population’s structures of these species. If in short-cycle species (smelt, vendace) there is a positive dynamics of a number of indicators, then in whitefish these changes are negative. Euryphagia of smelt from the Imandra Lake, including the transition to preda-tion when reaching a length of 150 mm, combined with an effective breeding strategy and the virtual ab-sence of a predator press, provide him high numbers and successful competition with other species.

Agricultural intensification and land-use changes are major factors impacting farmland biodiversity. The Ortolan Bunting Emberiza hortulana is the long-distance trans-Saharan migratory passerine that has undergone the most dramatic decline among all European farmland birds. The factors responsible for this decline may originate from the breeding grounds, migration stopovers and/or overwintering quarters. Very little is known about conditions on the species' wintering grounds, but a recent study has highlighted the utmost importance of the traditionally managed agroecosystems in the Ethiopian Highlands as a key wintering area, apparently harbouring as much as 90% of the world's Ortolan Bunting population. Using radiotracking and line transect surveys, this study aimed to provide fine-grained information about species–habitat relationships in the Ortolan Bunting overwintering quarters. Our results showed the importance, at the landscape scale, of small-scale agriculture, notably of traditionally managed, cereal-dominated fields interspersed with semi-natural structures. At a foraging-site scale, on the other hand, patches of bare ground in combination with large areas of post-harvesting stubble represented key habitat features. Stubbles provide an essential food resource and bare ground promotes ground foraging by enhancing food accessibility. The maintenance of a traditional agricultural economy will be essential to maintain the habitat potential for the Ortolan Buntings overwintering in the Ethiopian Highlands and will be instrumental in preserving its world population from further decline.