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This study aimed at evaluating protein or protein-energy supplementation and the replacement of crushed corn by passion fruit peel in protein supplementation for growing heifers, during the dry season, in addition to the study of the economic viability of these supplements. The experimental design used was completely randomized, with 3 treatments and 8 repetitions. 24 heifers were used, divided into three lots: lot 1, protein supplementation based on core protein core and crushed corn (1:1), in the amount of 1 g kg-1 of body weight; lot 2, protein-energy supplementation, based on core protein and crushed corn (1:2), in the amount of 3 g kg-1 of body weight; and lot 3 protein supplementation, based on protein core and passion fruit peel (1:1), in the amount of 1 g kg-1 of body weight. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means compared by the Tukey test, at the level of 5%. The initial and final weights were similar for the supplements. The average daily weight gain was similar between the animals that received protein supplementation with crushed corn and the energy supplementation, and higher than the animals that received protein supplementation with passion fruit peel. Even with differences in weight gain, the daily profit per animal was similar. The weight gain of heifers in the rear is influenced by the type of supplementation, during the dry season, however the profitability can be similar. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la suplementación proteica o proteico-energética y el reemplazo de maíz triturado por cáscara de maracuyá en la suplementación proteica, para novillas en recría, durante la época de sequía, además del estudio de la viabilidad económica de estos suplementos. El diseño experimental utilizado fue completamente al azar, con tres tratamientos y ocho repeticiones. Se utilizaron 24 novillas, divididas en tres lotes: lote 1, suplemento proteico a base de núcleo proteico y maíz triturado (1:1), en la cantidad de 1 g kg-1 del peso corporal; lote 2, suplemento proteico-energético a base de núcleo proteico y maíz triturado (1:2), en la cantidad de 3 g kg-1 del peso corporal; y lote 3, suplemento proteico a base de núcleo proteico y cáscara de maracuyá (1:1), en la cantidad de 1 g kg-1 del peso corporal. Los datos se sometieron a análisis de varianza y las medias se compararon mediante la prueba de Tukey, al nivel del 5%. Los pesos, inicial y final, fueron similares para los suplementos. El aumento de peso diario promedio fue similar entre los animales que recibieron suplementación proteica con maíz triturado y la suplementación proteica energética, y superior al de los animales que recibieron suplementación proteica con cáscara de maracuyá. Mismo con diferencias en el aumento de peso, la ganancia diaria por animal fue similar. La ganancia de peso de las novillas en la recría está influenciada por el tipo de suplementación, durante la estación de sequía, sin embargo, la rentabilidad puede ser similar. Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação proteica ou proteica-energética e a substituição da quirera de milho pela casca de maracujá na suplementação proteica, para novilhas durante a recria, no período de seca, além do estudo da viabilidade econômica dessas suplementações. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e oito repetições. Foram utilizadas 24 novilhas, divididas em três lotes: lote 1, suplementação proteica à base de núcleo proteico e quirera de milho (1:1), fornecida na quantidade de 1 g por kg de peso corporal; lote 2, suplementação proteica-energética, à base de núcleo proteico e quirera de milho (1:2), fornecida na quantidade de 3 g por kg de peso corporal; e lote 3, suplementação proteica à base de núcleo proteico e casca de maracujá (1:1), na quantidade de 1 g por kg de peso corporal. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, ao nível de 5%. Os pesos, inicial e final, foram semelhantes para as suplementações. O ganho de peso médio diário foi semelhante entre os animais que receberam a suplementação proteica com quirera de milho e a suplementação proteica-energética e superior em relação aos animais que receberam a suplementação proteica com casca de maracujá. Mesmo apresentando diferenças no ganho de peso, o lucro diário por animal foi semelhante. O ganho de peso de novilhas na recria é influenciado pelo tipo de suplementação, durante o período de seca, porém a lucratividade pode ser semelhante.

RESUMEN La dieta de las tortugas de agua dulce Acanthochelys spixii y Hydromedusa tectifera es poco conocida en el extremo sur del Brasil. En este contexto se examinó el tracto digestivo de 21 individuos de A. spixii y 20 de H. tectifera provenientes de cuatro municipios del estado de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Los ítems consumidos fueron identificados al nivel taxonómico más bajo posible, cuantificados y conservados en etanol de 70 °GL. Se obtuvieron las variables frecuencia de ocurrencia (F %) y el volumen porcentual (V %) de cada categoría de presa y se calculó el índice de importancia alimentaria (IAi %). Se analizó la amplitud del nicho trófico y la estrategia de alimentación de ambas especies. Las dietas se compararon usando la prueba de Mann-Whitney (P < 0,05). Ambas especies presentaron una estrategia de alimentación generalista, consumiendo principalmente insectos Hemiptera, Odonata, Coleoptera y Diptera. No hubo diferencias significativas en el volumen de ítems consumidos por ambas especies (Mann-Whitney, z = -0,387, P = 0,69). En relación con la amplitud de nicho trófico observamos valores bajos para ambas especies, 0,41 en A. spixii y 0,39 en H. tectifera, lo que sugiere una dieta más restringida con uniformidad en el consumo de alimentos, sin embargo, resaltamos que una dieta más restringida no sugiere una especialización trófica, ya que la disponibilidad de los elementos alimenticios tiene variación en el tiempo y el espacio. El estudio aportó información sobre la dieta de las especies de la región, generando datos que pueden utilizarse en programas de conservación de las especies y sus hábitats. ABSTRACT Data about the diet of the freshwater turtles Acanthochelys spixii and Hydromedusa tectifera from southern Brazil populations remain little known. In this context, the digestive tract of 21 A. spixii and 20 of H. tectifera individuals from four municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were examined. The food items were identified at the lowest possible taxonomic level, quantified, and conserved in ethanol 70°GL. The frequency of occurrence (F %) and volume percentage (V %) were estimated, as well as the food importance index (IAi %). The range of the trophic niche and the feeding strategy of both species were analyzed. The diet of A. spixii and H. tectifera was compared through the Mann-Whitney test (P < 0.05). Both species presented a generalist food strategy, consuming mainly insects, represented by Hemiptera, Odonata, Coleoptera, and Diptera. There was no significant difference in the volume of items consumed by both species (Mann-Whitney test, z =-0.387, P = 0.69). Concerning the trophic niche range, we observed low values for both species, it was of 0.41 for A. spixii and 0.39 for H. tectifera suggesting a more restricted diet with uniformity in food consumption, however, we highlight that a more restricted diet does not suggest a trophic specialization, because the availability of food items have variation in time and space. The study contributed information on the diet of species in the region, generating data that can be used in programs for the conservation of species and their habitats.

The study aimed to describe the aspects of trophic ecology and feeding strategy of the Hassar affinis species in two lakes in the Baixada Maranhense region a wetland of international ecological interest (Site Ramsar). Individuals were collected monthly for one year. 372 stomachs were analyzed, of which 246 were from Lake Cajari and 126 from Lake Viana. The diet composition of the species was analyzed using the Frequency of Occurrence, Volumetric and Food Importance Index method. The result indicated that 49.1% of stomachs had content Lake Cajari. For Lake Viana, the number of stomachs analyzed indicated that 65.8% were full. The most consumed food itens by the species in Cajari were Mollusk of the species Benthonella tenella, Insect larvae of the order Coleoptera, Odonata, Diptera and Ephemeroptera. In Lake Viana, the same items were present. During the dry and rainy season in Lake Cajari there were differences in diet (item/prey) where the species consumed in greater percentage the item Mollusc in the dry period and in the rainy season Insect larvae, however for Viana lake the species did not show significant variation in feeding concerning seasonality. Regarding ontogenetic, H. affinis showed differences in feeding, both in sex and in the maturation stage. Thus, according to the analysis of stomach contents, it was confirmed that the species H. affinis has an omnivorous benthic feeding habit with a generalist strategy, evidencing the importance of the ecosystem for the food chain in both lakes. El estudio tuvo como objetivo describir los aspectos de la ecología trófica y la estrategia de alimentación de la especie Hassar affinis en dos lagos de la Baixada Maranhense, un humedal de interés ecológico internacional (Sítio Ramsar). Se recogieron individuos mensualmente a lo largo de 1 año. Se analizaron un total de 372 estómagos, de los cuales 246 eran de Cajari y 126 de Viana. La composición de la dieta de la especie se analizó mediante el método de Frecuencia de Ocurrencia, Volumétrico e Índice de Importancia Alimentaria. El resultado indicó que 49,1% de los estómagos tenían contenido. el lago Cajari. Para el lago Viana, el número de estómagos analizados indicó que (65,8%) estaban llenos y (34,1%) vacíos. Los alimentos más consumidos por la especie en Cajari fue el molusco de la especie Benthonella tenella, Larvas de insectos del orden Coleoptera, Odonata, Diptera y Ephemeroptera. En el Lago Viana, los mismos ítems estuvieron presentes. Durante la época seca y lluviosa en el lago Cajari hubo diferencias en la dieta (ítem / presa), donde la especie consumió un mayor porcentaje del ítem Molusco en la estación seca y en la temporada de lluvias Larvas de insectos, sin embargo, para el lago Viana la especie no mostró una variación significativa en la alimentación en relación con la estacionalidad. En cuanto a la ontogenética, H. affinis mostró diferencias en la alimentación, tanto en sexo como en etapa de maduración. Así, de acuerdo con el análisis de contenido estomacal, se confirmó que la especie H. affinis tiene un hábito de alimentación bentónico omnívoro con una estrategia generalista, evidenciando la importancia del ecosistema para la cadena trófica en ambos lagos. O estudo objetivou descrever os aspectos da ecologia trófica e estratégia alimentar da espécie Hassar affinis em dois lagos da Baixada Maranhense, uma zona úmida de interesse ecológico internacional (Sítio Ramsar). Os indivíduos foram coletados mensalmente ao longo de 1 ano. Foram analisados 372 estômagos, onde 246 foram provenientes do Lago Cajari e 126 do Lago de Viana. A composição da dieta da espécie foi analisada pelo método de Frequência de Ocorrência, Volumétrico e índice de Importância alimentar. O resultado indicou que 49,1% dos estômagos tinham conteúdo no lago de Cajari. Já para o lago de Viana, o número de estômagos analisados indicou que 65,8% estavam cheios. Os itens alimentares mais consumidos pela espécie no Lago Cajari foi Molusco da espécie Benthonella tenella, Larvas de Insetos da ordem Coleoptera, Odonata, Diptera e Ephemeroptera. No Lago Viana ocorreu a presença dos mesmos itens. Durante a estação seca e chuvosa no lago de Cajari ocorreram diferenças na dieta (item/presa), onde a espécie consumiu em maior porcentagem o item Molusco no período seco e na estação de chuva Larvas de insetos, entretanto para o lago de Viana a espécie não apresentou variação significativa na alimentação em relação a sazonalidade. Em relação a ontogenética, H. affinis apresentou diferenças na alimentação, tanto em sexo quanto em estágio maturacional. Assim, de acordo com as análises dos conteúdos estomacais confirmou-se que a espécie H. affinis possui hábito alimentar onívoro bentônico com estratégia generalista, evidenciando a importância do ecossistema para a cadeia trófica nos dois lagos.

Preservation and transformation seem antonyms but they converge in the territory when considering the relocation of food systems. Through a detailed appraisal of traditional agrarian heritage, we explore opportunities to link the revaluation of this heritage to the recovery of nearby procurement of local food chains. Currently, different international proposals that work around the relocation of the food system can help to achieve this objective. One of the most recent ones, the Milan Urban Food Policy Pact, has been signed by more than 210 cities around the world. Madrid has done it in 2015 and in 2018 approved its Healthy and Sustainable Food Strategy. It establishes five strands of action that define initiatives to be developed through the different steps of the food supply chain. Governance is an additional axis, which aims to build a favourable environment for developing effective action. Our analysis concludes that the public procurement of Madrid city council would have a marginal impact on the regional agricultural sector, but it could be significant if directed towards the agro-ecological sector. However, nowadays local organic production is not able to supply public canteens, for instance for fruits and dried legumes. It is essential to progress simultaneously on agro-ecological supply policies, public procurement and land use planning, through an active protection and management of agricultural landscapes in inter-municipal and multi-agent cooperation frameworks., Preservación y transformación parecen términos opuestos y, sin embargo, convergen en el territorio cuando se abordan desde la relocalización de los sistemas alimentarios. Una lectura profunda del patrimonio agrario tradicional nos lleva a explorar si es posible ligar su revalorización a la recuperación de modelos de abastecimiento de proximidad adaptados a los recursos locales. En el contexto actual, este objetivo se puede ver facilitado por diferentes propuestas internacionales que llevan tiempo trabajando en torno a la relocalización del sistema alimentario. Una de las más recientes, el Pacto de Políticas Alimentarias Urbanas de Milán, ha sido recogido por más de 210 ciudades de todo el mundo. Entre ellas se encuentra Madrid, que suscribió el Pacto en 2015 y en 2018 aprobó su Estrategia de Alimentación Saludable y Sostenible. La estrategia establece cinco ejes de actuación, con medidas en todos los eslabones de la cadena alimentaria, y un sexto eje, de gobernanza, para preparar un contexto favorable para una acción eficaz. La compra pública del ayuntamiento de Madrid podría tener un impacto marginal en el conjunto del territorio productivo de la región, pero puede ser significativo si se dirigiera hacia el sector agroecológico. Sin embargo, actualmente, la producción ecológica local, por ejemplo, de frutales y legumbres, no es suficiente para abastecer a los comedores públicos. Los resultados muestran que es imprescindible trabajar en paralelo las políticas de compra pública con las de impulso de la producción ecológica y la ordenación territorial, protegiendo y gestionando activamente paisajes agrarios en marcos de cooperación intermunicipal y multi agente.

Studies regarding food management applied to the creation of turtles in an intensive system are still few, triggering an information gap that optimizes the feeding strategies in the different phases and breeding system. It aimed to evaluate the productive management of the jurará (Kinosternon scorpioides) breeding, submitted to different rates (0.5% and 0.6% PV) and feeding frequencies (3 and 5 times / week) during drought and rainy season. Morphometric measurements, individual weight (PI), specific growth rate (TBI), apparent feed conversion (CAA) and growth efficiency (EC) were determined. The data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) with comparison of means by the Tukey test (p

International audience; Precision feeding (PF) in growing-finishing pigs appears as a promising technology to decrease environmental impacts of pig production. However, few studies have compared environmental impacts of conventional and PF. Therefore, the aim of this study was to perform life cycle assessment (LCA) of pig production with either conventional or PF applied to growing-finishing pigs. Two approaches were used: using data from two experiments or relying on simulations performed with a fattening-unit model. In the ExpAdLib experiment, two-phase ad libitum (AdLib) feeding was compared to ad libitum PF. In the ExpRat experiment, two-phase restricted (Res) feeding was compared to restricted PF. In the model, four feeding programs − S2PREF (reference two-phase), S2LowProt (two-phase with low protein content), SMPGr (daily multiphase group feeding) and SMPInd (daily multiphase individual feeding) − were simulated according to two levels of supply: AdLib and Res. PF always decreased acidification and eutrophication impacts by reducing nitrogen excretion. Experimental results showed that climate change was reduced in PF AdLib but not in PF Res. Simulated results showed decrease in acidification, eutrophication and land occupation impacts, but not of climate change because of a worse feed conversion ratio. This LCA confirms that PF is a technology for reducing environmental impacts of pig production, particularly acidification and eutrophication. Nevertheless, definition of constraints on amino-acid and crude-protein contents, feed formulation and definition of the level of feed restriction should be made carefully in order to obtain the expected environmental gains with PF.; L’alimentation de précision (AP) des porcs charcutiers pourrait réduire les impacts environnementaux de la production porcine. Pourtant peu de résultats ont été publiés sur ce sujet. Cette étude visait à évaluer par analyse du cycle de vie les impacts de l’AP de porcs charcutiers en comparaison d’une alimentation conventionnelle. Deux approches sont utilisées : l’une reposant sur des données obtenues dans deux expérimentations et l'autre sur des simulations réalisées avec un modèle de l’atelier d’engraissement. Dans l’expérimentation ExpAdLib, une stratégie biphase (2P) ad libitum (AdLib) a été comparée à une AP AdLib. Dans l’expérimentation ExpRat, une stratégie en biphase rationné (2Prat) a été comparée à une alimentation de précision rationnée (Rat). Quatre programmes d’alimentation ont été simulés : S2PREF = biphase deréférence, S2PBasProt = biphase à basse teneur en protéines, SMPGr = multiphase journalier groupe et SMPInd = multiphase journalier individuel, selon deux plans de rationnement : AdLib et Rat. L’AP réduit de façon systématique les impacts acidification et eutrophisation, grâce à la réduction de l’excrétion d’azote. Pour l’impact sur le changement climatique, les résultats expérimentaux suggèrent une amélioration en AP AdLib mais pas en AP Rat. Les résultats simulés font état d’une amélioration claire sur l’acidification, l’eutrophisation et l’occupation des sols, mais pas d’amélioration sur le changement climatique en raison de la légère augmentation de l’indice de consommation. Cette étude confirme que l’AP est un levier de réduction des impacts environnementaux de la production de porcs charcutiers, particulièrement pour l’acidification et l’eutrophisation. L’AP doit faire l’objet d’une approche globale incluant la définition des niveaux d’acides aminés des aliments, la formulation des aliments, et la définition du niveau de rationnement, pour obtenir le meilleur gain environnemental.

Preservation and transformation seem antonyms but they converge in the territory when considering the relocation of food systems. Through a detailed appraisal of traditional agrarian heritage, we explore opportunities to link the revaluation of this heritage to the recovery of nearby procurement of local food chains. Currently, different international proposals that work around the relocation of the food system can help to achieve this objective. One of the most recent ones, the Milan Urban Food Policy Pact, has been signed by more than 210 cities around the world. Madrid has done it in 2015 and in 2018 approved its Healthy and Sustainable Food Strategy. It establishes five strands of action that define initiatives to be developed through the different steps of the food supply chain. Governance is an additional axis, which aims to build a favourable environment for developing effective action. Our analysis concludes that the public procurement of Madrid city council would have a marginal impact on the regional agricultural sector, but it could be significant if directed towards the agro-ecological sector. However, nowadays local organic production is not able to supply public canteens, for instance for fruits and dried legumes. It is essential to progress simultaneously on agro-ecological supply policies, public procurement and land use planning, through an active protection and management of agricultural landscapes in inter-municipal and multi-agent cooperation frameworks. Preservación y transformación parecen términos opuestos y, sin embargo, convergen en el territorio cuando se abordan desde la relocalización de los sistemas alimentarios. Una lectura profunda del patrimonio agrario tradicional nos lleva a explorar si es posible ligar su revalorización a la recuperación de modelos de abastecimiento de proximidad adaptados a los recursos locales. En el contexto actual, este objetivo se puede ver facilitado por diferentes propuestas internacionales que llevan tiempo trabajando en torno a la relocalización del sistema alimentario. Una de las más recientes, el Pacto de Políticas Alimentarias Urbanas de Milán, ha sido recogido por más de 210 ciudades de todo el mundo. Entre ellas se encuentra Madrid, que suscribió el Pacto en 2015 y en 2018 aprobó su Estrategia de Alimentación Saludable y Sostenible. La estrategia establece cinco ejes de actuación, con medidas en todos los eslabones de la cadena alimentaria, y un sexto eje, de gobernanza, para preparar un contexto favorable para una acción eficaz. La compra pública del ayuntamiento de Madrid podría tener un impacto marginal en el conjunto del territorio productivo de la región, pero puede ser significativo si se dirigiera hacia el sector agroecológico. Sin embargo, actualmente, la producción ecológica local, por ejemplo, de frutales y legumbres, no es suficiente para abastecer a los comedores públicos. Los resultados muestran que es imprescindible trabajar en paralelo las políticas de compra pública con las de impulso de la producción ecológica y la ordenación territorial, protegiendo y gestionando activamente paisajes agrarios en marcos de cooperación intermunicipal y multi agente.

Combining a bioclimatic and a growth model to assess the effect of management practices and building ambiance on growing pig performances at the batch level. 9. Workshop on Modelling Nutrient Digestion and Utilization in Farm Animals (Modnut)

A virtual experiment to investigate effects of feeding practices and animal health status on the technical, economic and environmental performances of a pig-fattening unit. 9. Workshop on Modelling Nutrient Digestion and Utilization in Farm Animals (Modnut)

Put simply, with pig nutrition management, we aim to maximize output for minimal input, both in terms of litter size and subsequent pig growth rate. Food is the most important resource for pigs, and pigs will use aggression to gain or protect food. Naturally, pigs are designed to have gradual exposure to solid feed and wean late, and eat numerous meals over the course of the day, of variable quality, spending a high proportion of activity in foraging behavior. Under many commercial conditions, pigs have abrupt exposure to solid feed and wean early, eat fewer, high quality meals and spend little time foraging. Feeding system design for pigs housed in groups will impact not only aggression but also other aspects of behavior. Feeding system design incorporates not only the feed delivery system, but also the food composition, which in turn may comprise of physical form, flavor and ingredients, the last of which will be the focus of this presentation. The impact of ingredients on behavior may be intentional and unintentional. For example, increasing tryptophan in the diet can influence serotonin concentrations and intentionally reduce aggression when pigs are mixed. Similar behavioral effects can be seen with increasing resistant starch in the diet. However, adding the beta-agonist ractopamine to the diet for known production benefits, can also unintentionally increase aggressiveness, reactivity to handling and hyperactivity. More recently, we have been examining the proposed gut-brain axis, whereby the gut microbiota communicates with the CNS – possibly through neural, endocrine and immune pathways – and thereby influencing brain function and behavior. There is also a suggested role for the gut microbiota in the regulation of anxiety, mood, cognitionand pain. Recent studies examining alternatives to antimicrobials, such as amino-acids and probiotics, delivered as short- to medium-term supplementation, can affect behavioral and welfare responses to stressors and impact gastrointestinal microbial populations. L-glutamine appeared to confer similar benefits to, and thus could be a viable alternative to dietary antibiotics. A synbiotic supplement of Lactobacillus + fructo-oligosaccharide + Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall may confer memory advantages in 3 cognitive tasks, regardless of the nature of the reward and the memory request. Feeding a probiotic supplement to the sow prior to farrowinghas shown indirect short- and longer-term behavioral effects on piglets, demonstrating the existence of a sow-piglet axis. The existence of a gut-brain axis offers a potential mechanism by which we can develop dietary therapeutic strategies to help pigs cope with stressful events, and potentially alter affective states both ameliorating the negative and enhancing the positive.

To view supplementary material for this article, please visit https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118002422; Puberty attainment in dairy heifers has been widely studied from a hormonal point of view, but few studies have focussed on puberty-blood profile relationships during growth. We led experiments to determine the effects of feeding treatments on growth parameters, age at puberty and plasma biochemical profiles, and the relationships between age at puberty and metabolic profiles at 6, 9, 12 and 15 months (mo) of age. Blood samples were collected from 67 Holstein heifers, born between September 2011 and February 2012, every 10 days from 5.5 mo of age until heifers were considered pubertal (plasma progesterone concentration greater than 1.0 ng/ml) or oestrus synchronisation (November 2012; 11 to 15 mo of age). Heifers born before 30 November were fed either a standard diet (SD, n=27) or an intensive-plane diet (ID1, n=27) from 0 to 6 mo of age. This strategy aimed to reach 190 to 200 kg (SD) or 220 to 230 kg (ID1) BW at 6 mo of age. All heifers born after 1 December received an intensive-plane diet (ID2, n=13) from birth until oestrus synchronisation, in order to reach a similar BW at first insemination as heifers born before 1 December. Only 56 heifers reached puberty before oestrus synchronisation, at an average age of 10.3±2.2 mo (6.2 to 14.4 mo) and a BW of 296±40 kg (224 to 369 kg). There was no difference among the three feeding treatments until 6 mo, but at 9, 12 and 15 mo of age, ID2 (n=11) heifers weighed 37, 52 and 30 kg more than SD (n=22) and ID1 (n=23) heifers (P

Présentation orale invitée; Suppression de la farine et de l'huile de poisson dans l'alimentation des poissons d'élevage : quelles stratégies pour repousser les limites ?. Forum Recherche Entreprise 2019

L’adoption de l’alimentation de précision en production porcine passe par une évaluation précise de ses avantages potentiels. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer en milieu commercial et dans un mode de gestion des truies en groupe l’impact d’une alimentation de précision sur les performances, la productivité et le coût d’alimentation en gestation. Une alimentation conventionnelle (C ; 0,53 % lysine digestible) et une alimentation de précision (AP ; teneur en lysine digestible variant en fonction du jour de gestation et du rang de portée) ont été comparées. Quatre bandes consécutives ont été étudiées dans un élevage commercial sur deux cycles complets, de la saillie jusqu’au sevrage, correspondant à 295 truies et 523 portées. Sur l’ensemble des truies, le gain d'épaisseur de muscle pendant la gestation était significativement supérieur chez les truies AP. Chez les truies multipares, aucun autre impact n’a été observé alors que chez les truies nullipares, le taux de survie des porcelets à la mise bas tendait à être meilleur pour les truies du traitement AP (P = 0,08). Considérant que ce traitement permet une meilleure couverture des besoins en acides aminés des truies nullipares en fin de gestation, ce résultat semble logique. Il reste toutefois à le confirmer sur un nombre plus élevé d'animaux. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que l’AP chez la truie en gestation permet de réduire les apports totaux de protéines et d'acides aminés sans affecter négativement les performances permettant ainsi de réduire de près de 2 € le coût d’alimentation par truie et par année., Adoption of precision feeding in pork production requires precise assessment of its potential benefits. The objective of this study was to evaluate, in a commercial setting and under group sow management, impacts of precision feeding on growth performance, productivity and feeding costs in gestating sows. Conventional feeding (C; 0.53% digestible lysine) and precision feeding (PF; digestible lysine content varied by gestation day and litter rank) were compared. Four consecutive batches in a commercial farm were studied over two complete cycles, from breeding to weaning, corresponding to 295 sows and 523 litters. For all sows, gestational muscle gain was significantly greater for PF sows. For multiparous sows, no other impact was observed, while for gilts the survival rate of piglets at birth tended to be higher for PF treatment sows (P = 0.08). Since PF covers amino acid requirements of gilts at the end of gestation better, this result seems logical. However, future studies on more animals will be needed to confirm its benefits. The results show that PF of gestating sows can reduce protein and amino acid supplies without negatively affecting the performance of sows, thus reducing the feeding cost per sow per year by €2.

To meet global challenges in food provision and to counteract environmental issues derivingfrom the food system, improved governance is necessary. Resilience is presented as a tool formanaging ecosystem services and for understanding what is required to achieve food security.In Sweden there is a national food strategy describing the continued development needed formeeting challenges in the food system. Several regional food strategies have been producedand an additional food strategy for Stockholm County is in the process of being developed byStockholm County Administrative Board. This food strategy could be of especial interest toevaluate due to Stockholm County being highly populated while having a low degree ofprimary food production. Assessing the governance system for the food strategy was ofinterests due to the large groups of stakeholders to consider in the process. The aim of thestudy was to add further knowledge on how resilience can be applied in practice by exploringthe extent of which the governance system for developing the food strategy promotesresilience. The research questions were formulated to investigate the governance system bymapping what stakeholders were involved in the process, what their responsibilities were andwhat relations existed between them. An additional research question was to test how thegovernance system promoted resilience by applying a set of principles for doing so. For collecting data, several stakeholders involved in developing the food strategy at the timeof the data collection were interviewed. Complementary data was also collected from journalarticles, books, documents provided by Stockholm County Administrative Board, websites,governmental publications and different kinds of reports. Quotes were selected to explain thefindings from the interviews, and a social network analysis was constructed to illustrate thestructure of the governance system. Another tool in the data analysis, which was also thepoint of the departure for constructing the research questions, was the resilience frameworkconsisting of a set of principles. Among these principles, five where applied for evaluating thegovernance system of the food strategy. The results were divided in two parts. The first section presents the results from performinginterviews by describing the governance system; identified stakeholders, their functions aswell as their relations. Two other themes identified from the interviews that were concludedto be important for the resulting governance system and also for the resilience evaluation were“collaboration” and “context”. Several stakeholders were identified, a few were concluded tobe more key than others as they belong to either the management group or the draftingcommittee. The stakeholders had national, regional and local responsibilities and were bothgovernmental and non-governmental organizations. The functions of the stakeholders werefor example to represent a certain part of the food system or contributing with national,regional or local knowledge about the food system. The relations among stakeholders in thegovernance system occurred between stakeholders working within the same geographicalscales and also between national, regional and local scales. In the center of the governancestructure were the management group that are to jointly decide on goals for the final strategydocument. The second part of the results constitutes the resilience evaluation, which was accomplishedby testing the results regarding the governance system (from part I) against the framework forresilience using the selected principles. These principles included maintain diversity andredundancy, manage connectivity, encourage learning, broaden participation and promotepolycentric governance. It was concluded that the governance system did follow all of theseprinciples in several aspects, but critical points were also identified. Among the positive aspect were the positive attitude for learning among stakeholders in the governance system,the involvement of heterogenous groups interacting with one another and also themanagement group as a strong centre for decision-making. One of the main critical pointsidentified from performing the resilience evaluation suggests a few stakeholders to be lackingin the present governance system. The governance system for the food strategy had a large group of stakeholders, representingdifferent parts of the food system, including national/regional/local and governmental/nongovernmentalorganizations, interacting both within and across geographical scales. Theseaspects are important for promoting resilience according to the principles selected in thisstudy. By adding the suggested stakeholders, for example a few representatives from differentparts of the food system that was not involved in the process at the time of data collection, thegovernance system could promote resilience even more. För att bemöta de globala problemen inom matförsörjning och miljöförstörelse som vi idagstår inför behövs styrningssystem som lämpar sig för detta. Resiliens är ett koncept som ärnära besläktat med hantering av ekosystemtjänster och som även kan bidra till ökad förståelseför vad som krävs för att uppnå en säker matförsörjning. I Sverige finns en nationelllivsmedelsstrategi som pekar ut en generell riktning för att hantera problemen inomlivsmedelssystemet. Det har även tagits fram flera regionala strategier i Sverige, ytterligare enstrategi tas nu fram av Länsstyrelsen i Stockholm. Denna strategi kommer att omfattaStockholms län och kan vara av särskild betydelse att granska då detta tätbefolkade län har enlåg försörjningsgrad av livsmedel. Styrningssystemet för strategin är relevant att granska i ochmed den stora gruppen aktörer som berörs av livsmedelsstrategin. Syftet med studien var attbidra med ytterligare kunskap om hur resiliensbegreppet kan användas i praktiken genom atttillämpa detta i livsmedelsstrategin för Stockholms län för att undersöka hur välstyrningssystemet bidrar till resiliens. Frågeställningen formulerades således för att undersökastrukturen av styrningssystemet genom att besvara vilka aktörer som ingick i styrningen, vilkaderas ansvarsområden var och vilka relationer som fanns emellan dem. Den sista delfrågan ifrågeställning handlade om att testa livsmedelsstrategins styrningssystem mot olika principersom föreslås gynna resiliens. För att samla in data genomfördes flera intervjuer med aktörer som var inblandade iframtagandet av livsmedelsstrategin under den tid då datainsamlingen ägde rum. Denna datahar även kompletterats med annat material så som vetenskapliga artiklar, böcker, dokumentsom Länsstyrelsen Stockholm bistått med, hemsidor, publiceringar från myndigheter ocholika slags rapporter. Citat användes för att understödja resultaten och en nätverksanalysgjordes för att illustrera styrningssystemets struktur. En ytterligare metod som användes föratt analysera data var ett ramverk för resiliens bestående av flera principer som bistår iutformningen av styrningssystem som gynnar resiliens. Resultaten i denna rapport har delats upp i två avsnitt. Det första avsnittet presenterarresultaten från intervjuerna och visar uppbyggnaden av styrningssystemet förlivsmedelsstrategin: vilka aktörer som var inblandade, vilka ansvarsområden de hade ochvilka relationer som fanns emellan dem. Ytterligare två teman framkom från intervjuerna,dessa ansågs relevanta för att beskriva styrningssystemet och även för resiliensanalysen.Dessa teman kategoriserades som ”samarbetet” och ”kontexten”. Flera aktörer ingick istyrningssystemet, av dessa ansågs några ha mer påverkan på styrningen genom sinmedverkan antingen i styrningsgruppen eller beredningsgruppen. I styrningssystemet fannsbåde nationella, regionala och lokala aktörer, från myndigheter såväl som från andraorganisationstyper. Aktörernas ansvarområdens grundade sig huvudsakligen i vilken del avlivsmedelssystemet de representerade och om de bistod med nationella, regionala eller lokalakompetenser. Relationerna mellan de olika aktörerna skedde både mellan aktörer som verkadeinom samma geografiska skala, men även mellan nationella, regionala och lokala aktörer. Icentrum av styrningssystemet fanns styrningsgruppen som tillsammans ska besluta om måleni strategidokumentet. Den andra delen av resultaten består av en resiliensutvärdering som testar det resulterandestyrningssystemet (del I) mot ett ramverk för resiliens genom att tillämpa några utvaldaprinciper. Dessa principer var ”bibehåll diversitet och överskott”, ”hanterasammankopplingar”, ”uppmuntra lärande”, ”bredda deltagande” och ”uppmuntrapolycentriska styrningssystem”. Styrningssystemet följde dessa principer i flera avseenden, men det fanns också utrymme för förbättring. Bland aktörerna som ingick i styrningssystemetfanns en inställning som uppmuntrade lärande i enlighet med principerna. Gruppen aktörerbestod av olika slags organisationer som interagerade med varandra, vilket också uppmuntrasav resiliensprinciperna. Utöver detta var också kärnan av styrningssystemet, bestående avstyrningsgruppen med beslutanderätt, en annan egenskap hos styrningssystemet som gynnarresiliens. Det framgick också av resiliens-utvärderingen att ytterligare inblandning av ett antalaktörer kan vara önskvärt. Detta är en av de viktigare slutsatserna om vad som kan ändras föratt förbättra resiliensen i den nuvarande styrningen. Styrningssystemet av livsmedelsstrategin består av en stor grupp aktörer som representerarolika delar av livsmedelssystemet. Dessa är nationella, regionala och lokala aktörer, bådemyndigheter och andra slags organisationer. Relationer finns också mellan aktörer som verkarbåde inom samma geografiska område likväl som över sådana gränser. Dessa egenskaper ärviktiga för ett styrningssystem som gynnar resiliens enligt de principer som har använts i denhär studien. Genom att involvera ytterligare några aktörer, exempelvis från några delar avlivsmedelssystemet som inte fanns representerade i strategin vid datainsamlingen, kanstyrningssystemet till en ännu högre grad bidra till att stödja resiliens.

In summary, heat stress compromises a variety of production parameters in the swine industry including growth, carcass composition, and reproduction. Evidence suggests that maternal exposure to heat stress has long-lasting effects on postnatal offspring performance. The combination of climate change forecasts increased pork production in tropical and subtropical regions of the globe and improved genetic capacity for lean tissue accretion and fecundity, all point to increasingly negative impacts of heat stress on pork production efficiency and quality in the future. Physically modifying the environment is currently the primary abatement strategy that should be utilized to mitigate the negative effects of heat stress, but other approaches include dietary modifications and genetic improvement.

Preprint recommended by the Peer Community In Animal Science (https://animsci.peercommunityin.org/).It can be cited as followed: Le Cozler Y., Jurquet J., and Bedere N. (2019). Effects of feeding treatment on growth rate and performance of primiparous Holstein dairy heifers. bioRxiv, 760082 ver. 3 peer-reviewed and recommended by PCI Animal Science. DOI: 10.1101/760082; International audience; The objective of this study was to investigate effects of feeding-rearing programs that aim for first calving at 20-27 months (mo) of age on growth, reproduction and production performance of Holstein cows at nulliparous and primiparous stages. We hypothesised that, in a seasonal autumn-calving strategy, heifers born late in the season could catch up to the growth of heifers born earlier and be inseminated during the same period, at a body weight (BW) of at least 370 kg. This approach would result in first calving age at 21-22 mo of age without impairing their later performance. To test this hypothesis, we studied 217 heifers over 3 years. They were split into three treatment groups: control feeding (SD), an intensive-plane diet (ID1) from birth to 6 mo of age or an intensive-plane diet from birth to one year of age. Heifers in groups SD and ID1 were born from September until the end of November, while those in ID2 were born later. The present study showed that late- born heifers (ID2) could catch up with the growth of the others due to the feeding treatment, although they were still 42 kg lighter than the SD and ID1 heifers at first calving. No difference in reproductive performance was observed among groups. Once primiparous, the cows reared with the ID2 treatment tended to produce less milk than SD and ID1 cows (ca. 400 kg less on a 305 d basis throughout lactation), and no differences in milk composition, feed intake, body condition score or BW were observed among groups.Age at first service (AFS) was classified a posteriori into three classes: 12.5 (AFS12.5), 14.0 (AFS14.0) and 15.5 mo (AFS15.5) of age. Heifers in AFS12.5 grew faster than those in AFS14.0 and AFS15.5. Once primiparous, the AFS12.5 cows tended to produce less milk at peak than AFS14.0 and AFS15.5 cows (ca. 1.5 kg/d less) although no difference in total milk yield during lactation was observed. No differences in milk composition, feed intake, body condition score or BW were observed among groups. These results support the conclusion that the feeding treatment can enable late-born heifers to catch upto the growth of heifers born earlier in the season. This strategy results in an earlier first calving that does not impair their reproductive performance but does decrease milk yield slightly during first lactation. Future studies should investigate long-term effects of this strategy.

International audience; This work aimed to merge the results of long-term experiment and quantify dairy cows and replacement heifer's enteric methane (CH4) emission and integrate this information at the dairy system. From 2006 to 2015, at INRA dairy research farm, an experiment was conducted to measure, over successive lactations, the effect of breed (Holstein, Ho; Normande, No) and first calving age (two or three years old) on the performance of distinct types of cows in two feeding strategies (FS; High or Low FS). The proportion and composition of feedstuffs used on each FS were measured and it was possible to estimate the heifers and dairy cows total dry matter (DM) intake and enteric CH4. The enteric CH4 was quantified by feeding level (DM intake per% BW), proportion of total intake concentrate and digestible organic matter (OM) in the total tract. All results obtained were integrated and represent eight dairy systems combining two breeds, two first calving age, two feeding strategies. Each dairy system sold the same amount of milk volume (400 t). Daily enteric CH4 was related to DM intake. Dairy cows CH4/head per year varied from 123 to 158 kg. On average, the relationship between enteric CH4 and DM intake was 21.5 g/kg DM intake. The enteric CH4 intensity (CH4 per kg of milk yield) decreased as dairy cow's productivity improved. The number of cows and heifers required for the same milk sold in different systems varied considerably. The heifers replacement rate and first calving age had a strong effect on the number of dairy cows and replacements heifers, and consequently on enteric CH4 emission. On average, the Holstein herd emitted 2.5 t/year of enteric CH4 less than the Normande herd. Reducing first calving age on average decreased dairy systems enteric CH4 by 2.2 t per year. Dairy system annual enteric CH4 emission increased from 13.1 t to 17.3 t in moving from the High to Low FS. Our results at the dairy system level represent an opportunity to develop mitigation strategies. Feeding strategy, breed, first calving age and replacement rate showed potential to reduce enteric CH4 emissions mainly by modifying the number of dairy cows and replacements heifers in the herd.

Aim The diet of Plagioscion squamosissimus present in the Santa Cruz Reservoir, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, was investigated, evaluating the influences of spatial and temporal variations and abiotic factors in the utilization of food resources. Methods The samplings were performed quarterly between February 2011 and November 2014. Of the 525 specimens captured, 375 presented food items in the stomachs. The diet was determined using: (i) Feeding Index (IAi); (ii) and the graphical interpretation of the food strategy through non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analyzes, the differences in diet being tested from Permutational Multivariate Analyzes of Variance (PERMANOVA). To verify if environmental variables influence the Canonical Correspondence Analyzes (CCA) were used, using the data from the IAi the environmental data, being the significance of the axes tested through Monte Carlo simulations. Results The species feed mainly on items of animal origin, vegetable being a resource ingested accidentally. The diet was composed of shrimp, fish, insect, mollusk and vegetable, the latter rarely found. The shrimp was the main item (92.57%) and the insects (7.24%) accessory items. Spatial and temporal ordering demonstrated that the species didn’t present variation in diet composition, as well as a low association between diet and environmental variables. Conclusion P. squamosissimus is characterized as carcinophagous, due to the predominance of shrimp in its diet, evidencing that the species is adapted to the conditions offered by the Brazilian semi-arid environment. Resumo Objetivo Investigou-se a dieta de Plagioscion squamosissimus presente no reservatório de Santa Cruz, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, avaliando as influências das variações espacial e temporal e de fatores abióticos na utilização dos recursos alimentares. Métodos As coletas foram realizadas trimestralmente, entre fevereiro de 2011 e novembro de 2014. Dos 525 exemplares capturados, 375 apresentaram itens alimentares nos estômagos. A dieta foi determinada utilizando: (i) Índice Alimentar (IAi); (ii) e a interpretação gráfica da estratégia alimentar, através de análise de Escalonamento Multidimensional Não Métrico (NMDS), sendo as diferenças na dieta testadas a partir de Análises de Variância Multivariada Permutacional (PERMANOVA). Para verificar se as variáveis ambientais influenciam na dieta foram realizadas Análise de Correspondência Canônica (CCA), usando os dados do IAi e os dados ambientais, sendo a significância dos eixos testada através de simulações de Monte Carlo. Resultados A espécie se alimentou principalmente de itens de origem animal, sendo vegetal um recurso ingerido de forma acidental. A dieta foi composta por camarão, peixe, inseto, molusco e vegetal, este último raramente encontrado. O camarão foi o item principal (92,57%) e os insetos (7,24%) itens acessórios. A ordenação espacial e temporal demonstrou que a espécie não apresentou variação na composição da dieta, assim como apresentou uma baixa associação entre a alimentação e as variáveis ambientais. Conclusão P. squamosissimus caracteriza-se como carcinófaga, em função do predomínio de camarão em sua dieta, evidenciando que a espécie está adaptada às condições oferecidas pelo ambiente do semiárido brasileiro.

The aim of National Program of Food, enacted by the law of the future for Agriculture, Food and Forest on October 13th, 2014, is to encourage and promote the development of actions which answer to local food challenges. The Regional Natural Park of the Northern Vosges wish reply to this Program by developing a Territorial Food Project in collaboration with: Pays de Saverne Plaine et Plateau, Pays d’Alsace du Nord et Pays de l’arrondissement de Sarreguemines. A first step of diagnosis is necessary in order to determine the lines of actions of this project. The aim of this step is to understand the food situation in the territory: the state of supply, demand and chains but also to know the actions already engaged in a process of agricultural and food transition. This essay reports this diagnosis on the agricultural and food transition. The changeover from a simple census of actions to the push of food strategy is particularly developed. An analysis is also presented about the challenges of sustainable food in the Northern Vosges.; Promulgué par la loi d’Avenir pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et la Forêt le 13 octobre 2014, le Programme National pour l’Alimentation (PNA) souhaite encourager et valoriser l’apparition d’actions de terrain qui répondent aux enjeux locaux de l’alimentation. Dans le souhait de répondre à ce PNA, le Parc naturel régional des Vosges du Nord souhaite élaborer un Projet Alimentaire Territorial (PAT) en collaboration avec les 3 pays suivants : Pays de Saverne Plaine et Plateau, Pays d’Alsace du Nord et Pays de l’arrondissement de Sarreguemines. Afin de déterminer les axes d’actions à définir pour déployer ce PAT dans les Vosges du Nord, une première phase de diagnostic est primordiale pour appréhender la situation alimentaire sur le territoire : l’état de l’offre, de la demande et des filières mais également les initiatives déjà engagées dans un processus de transition agricole et alimentaire. Ce mémoire rend compte de ce diagnostic sur la transition agricole et alimentaire en développant le propos sur le passage d’un simple recensement à celui d’impulsion d’une stratégie alimentaire. Une analyse approfondie est également exposée sur les enjeux de l’alimentation durable dans les Vosges du Nord.

Supplementing with grass silage or restricting pasture: strategies to overcoming short term feed deficits in the diet of early lactation dairy cows in early spring. 10. International Symposium on the Nutrition of Herbivores (ISNH)

Even though animals are from the same genetic line, farmers have to cope with variability both in sows and piglets. In sows, variability is observed in traits such as parity, prolificacy, appetite, body weight (BW) and back fat thickness (BF). For instance, at the beginning of gestation, variability in body condition among sows can be high due to parity and age. In addition, at a given age, variability in litter size, milk potential, and appetite results in different nutrient requirements and consequently in variability of changes in maternal body reserves. Variability in BF can be a problem as several studies have indicated that too high or too low BF values are to be avoided at farrowing as well as at weaning. In both cases, the longevity of the sow is impaired, and farmers are advised to manage the sows toward a target BF depending on the physiological stage, associated with an age-dependant BW, increasing with age up to mature BW. In addition, variation in sow’s body condition at farrowing and in prolificacy influences the new born and weaning piglet traits. Compared to less prolific sows, high-prolific sows farrow more piglets, which are both lighter on average and more heterogeneous. Compared to normal birthweight piglets, the survival rate of low birthweight piglets is lower. Providing additional care around birth helps these piglets to survive, but subsequent housing and feeding management have to be adapted to deal with the variability in their growth potential. Nutritional strategies (based on modelling approaches that take into account criteria that influence requirements) are suggested to optimise the expression of the animals’ potential, but most often without an intention to reduce inter-individual variability in growth performance. In order to control or reduce variability, other solutions have been evaluated in experimental studies that focus on the level and the dynamic of the feeding plan and the quality of the diet. The challenge is now to validate these solutions in production units, which will be more or less easy depending on the existing housing and feeding systems, and the economic, welfare and environmental context.

This study aimed to explore adaptive trajectories of dairy and dual purpose breeds in contrasting grazing-based feeding systems (FS). About 500 lactations were recorded at the INRA farm of Le Pinau- Haras, equally distributed among breeds (Holstein: HO or Normande: NO) and FS (High or Low). It was possible to study the different steps of the reproductive process by combining milk progesterone information (three times a week) with intensive oestrous behaviour recording and pregnancy diagnosis (ultrasonography). Holstein produced more milk (+2294 kg in the High FS, +1280 kg in the Low FS) and lost more body condition than NO. Cows in the Low FS produced less and lost more body condition than in the High FS. NO resumed ovarian activity earlier (-5 d) and showed a higher proportion of normal cyclicity patterns (+22%) than HO. There was no difference in ovulation detection rates between breeds or FS. The NO had a higher re-calving rate than HO (+19%). Feeding system was not associated with cyclicity and re-calving rate. By limiting their milk yield, NO did not experience a severe negative energy balance, unlike HO. This resulted in better reproductive performance for NO, suggestive of greater suitability to a compact calving system.

A milk urea model to better assess nitrogen excretion and feeding practice in dairy systems. 20. Nitrogen Workshop

As the population is aging rapidly, there is a strong increase in the number of individuals with chronic disease and physical limitations. The decrease in skeletal muscle mass and function (sarcopenia) and the increase in fat mass (obesity) are important contributors to the development of physical limitations, which aggravates the chronic diseases prognosis. The combination of the two conditions, which is referred to as sarcopenic obesity, amplifies the risk for these negative health outcomes, which demonstrates the importance of preventing or counteracting sarcopenic obesity. One of the main challenges is the preservation of the skeletal muscle mass and function, while simultaneously reducing the fat mass in this population. Exercise and nutrition are two key components in the development, as well as the prevention and treatment of sarcopenic obesity. The main aim of this narrative review is to summarize the different, both separate and combined, exercise and nutrition strategies so as to prevent and/or counteract sarcopenic obesity. This review therefore provides a current update of the various exercise and nutritional strategies to improve the contrasting body composition changes and physical functioning in sarcopenic obese individuals.

In the elderly, masticatory function often presents failure in certain oral tasks due to impairment such as decline in muscular force, jaw or tongue motility, neuro-muscular coordination, tooth damage, malocclusion and saliva production. Great disparity is observed in the various and potentially cumulative oral declines that occur with ageing. Such difficulties may have an impact on food consumption and nutritional status. To obtain better understanding of the consequences of several oral deficiencies, a series of swallowable boluses were prepared in vitro with the AM2 masticator apparatus with normal and deficient programming. Physiological normal mastication (NM) was simulated using in vivo data from healthy subjects. Chewing deficiencies were reproduced by alteration of NM programming to perform different levels and combinations of force loss, lack of saliva and decrease in the motility of oral elements. Poultry meatballs were used as test-food. Particle size distribution in the food bolus was measured by sieving and rheological features (hardness, cohesiveness and elasticity) were assessed with a TPA test. Compared to the NM outcome, significant and gradual deterioration of the food bolus was observed and associated with alteration in force, saliva and motility. Combinations of several failures led to greater or cumulative deficiencies in swallowable bolus properties. For the elderly presenting a high prevalence of various oral injuries, tailoring textured food cannot be ignored as a solution for remedying deficiencies and favoring the formation of a safe-swallowable bolus, which is an essential vector of nutrients. Knowing the impacts of oral injuries on the food bolus is obviously a requisite for developing diet strategies, including nutritional items for specific populations.

Optimization of feeding strategies (S) is an effective option to reduce the environmental impacts of livestock. Itcan be performed, by using multi-objective feed formulation (MOF) to select feedstuffs according to their priceand environmental impacts, and by adapting dietary composition to animal requirements during the rearing period. This study investigates the combination of those feeding strategies on the environmental impacts of pig (P) and broiler (B) productions. Different S for conventional farms were specified in B and for fattening period in P. In P, the S were: 2-phases feeding (S1); multiphase feeding with two (S2) or four (S3) pre-diets, mixed together in different proportions during time; and 2-phases feeding with a reduction of energy (S4) or amino acid (S5) content. In B, the S were: 3-phases feeding (S6) and 3-phases feeding with lysine and energy contents respectively increased and decreased (S7). For each S, feeds were formulated using least-cost optimization (LC) and MOF. The environmental impacts of the kg of BW at farm gate were assessed by Life Cycle Assessment and compared to the reference scenarios: LC-S1 and LC-S6 for P and B, respectively. S with LC formulation showed impacts between -19% and +13% compared to the reference impacts. MOF reduced impacts per kg of feed by up to 30%, and final impacts per kg of BW by 1 to 20%, except for Acidification and Climate Change (S4), and for Land Occupation (S7). Three criteria explain these contrasted results among S and LCA impacts at the kg of BW scale. The first one is the contribution of feed to impacts per kg of BW (34% to 98%). The second one is feed conversion ratio as it reflects the overall efficiency of the system, and thus impacts nutrient excretion and manure gas emission. The last one is nutritional balance of feed (protein, amino acids composition), explaining nitrogen excretion (S2, S3). This study underlines the need for optimizing S while considering simultaneously the consequences on economics and environmental performances at animal scale.

International audience; Calcium concentration (CaC) in bovine milk has often been described as independent of feeding strategy and mainly dependent on cow genetics and lactation stage. However, isolated experiments showed that variations in milk CaC could be linked to the diet of cows. Our objective was to identify and quantify non-genetic factors of variation in CaC in milk samples collected from about a thousand French dairy farms with contrasting feeding strategies and cow breeds. This study was based on the PhénoFinlait program that consisted of a survey performed between 2009 and 2010 in 924 dairy farms located in the major French milk production areas. The breeds used in the investigated farms were Holstein, Normande and Montbeliarde. Each farm was visited on average 4 to 6 times during the year. Each time, information about cow diets and production were gathered and individual milk samples were collected to extract their mid-infrared (MIR) spectra. More than 200,000 MIR spectra were measured. Nearly 10,000 milk samples were also frozen and stored in a bank for further analyses. We estimated CaC in milk samples from their MIR spectra using a predictive equation. This equation was established from 300 milk samples extracted from the bank and chosen to represent the diversity of investigated dairy systems. From the composition of the cow diets collected at each survey, we characterized 7 feeding strategies using multiple factorial analyses across 3 periods: winter, early and late summer. For each breed, the variations in milk CaC were quantified by ANOVA with a model including the effects of feeding strategies, stage of lactation, parity, and calendar month as fixed effects and the cow as random effect. The feeding strategy affected milk CaC with the constant fact that the diets based on fresh or conserved grass induced lower milk CaC whatever the month of the year (P < 0.05). The difference in CaC can be up to 100 mg/kg between 2 extreme diets at a given month, which is as important as the drop in CaC observed at the beginning of lactation. This study reinforces the idea that the diet of cows has an influence on milk CaC.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-07-17T18:14:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LucasSilva.pdf: 598087 bytes, checksum: 7c5f43a60960f7c95e65f8d4fba7408a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-17T18:14:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucasSilva.pdf: 598087 bytes, checksum: 7c5f43a60960f7c95e65f8d4fba7408a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-14 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) The objective of this study was to characterize the feeding system and to evaluate the nutritional status and financial efficiency of dairy cows belonging to dairy herds of the Maranhão east mesoregion, according to two periods of the year (water and dry) and two production strata L / day and Greater, ≥150 L / day). They were selected 19 Units with Milk Production (UPL) that received a visit during the period of the waters and a visit during the dry period. Data were collected by conference and samples of the ingredients supplied (quantities and prices), milk (total production, price, and milk samples). It was possible to identify that the UPL presented pasture feeding and concentrated food use in both periods of the year. There were no differences between water and dry matter for the daily availability of DM per animal (P = 0.85), total forage DM intake per day (P = 0.66) and neither with respect to live weight (P = 0, (P = 0.90) and CP consumption (P = 0.16), which allowed the absence of a difference in NDF consumption from forage (P = 0.90). Between the periods there was a difference between the price of milk traded between the UPLs, leaving the dry period with the highest value (P

Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been used in many studies to evaluate the effect of feeding strategy on the environmental impact of pig production. However, because most studies have been conducted in European conditions, the question of possible interactions with the context of production is still under debate. The objective of this study was to evaluate these effects in two contrasted geographic contexts of production, Brazil and France. The LCA considered the process of pig fattening at the farm gate, including production of feed, rearing of animals, and manure management. The functional unit considered was one kg of body weight gain. Performance of pigs was simulated for each scenario using the InraPorc® population model (1000 castrated males and 1000 females per scenario). The scenarios combined in each country 4 feeding programs (2-phase, 4-phase, multiphase and precision feeding), 12 formulation strategies (2 protein sources x 2 origins of soybean x 3 levels of amino acid (AA) addition). The results indicate that for some impacts there are clear interactions between effects of feeding program, origin of soybean and location of production. For climate change, the interest of phase feeding and incorporation of AA is limited and even counterproductive in Brazil when using soybean from South (without deforestation), whereas it is a more interesting strategy in Europe, and in all situations with soybean from Center West (with deforestation). Rather similar effects, as for climate change, were observed for cumulative energy demand. Conversely, potential eutrophication and acidification impacts were reduced by phase feeding and AA addition in a similar way in all situations. For all impacts, precision feeding was the most effective approach for reducing the LCA impacts of pig fattening.; Différentes études récentes ont évalué par analyse de cycle de vie (ACV) les effets de l'alimentation sur les impacts environnementaux de la production porcine. Cependant, la plupart de ces études ont été conduites en Europe et la question des interactions avec le contexte de production reste posée. L'objectif de ce travail était d'évaluer ces effets dans deux situations contrastées, le Brésil et la France. L'ACV considérait la phase d'engraissement des porcs jusqu’à la porte de l'élevage : production des aliments, élevage des animaux, gestion des effluents, l'unité fonctionnelle étant un kg de gain de poids vif. Les performances des animaux étaient simulées à l'aide du modèle population d’InraPorc® (1000 mâles castrés et 1000 femelles par scénario). Les scénarios testés combinaient, dans chaque pays, quatre programmes d'alimentation (2 phases, 4 phases, multiphase, alimentation de précision), 12 modalités de formulation (2 sources de protéines x 2 origines du soja x 3 niveaux d'addition d'acides aminés(AA)). Les résultats montrent des interactions significatives entre programme alimentaire, origine du soja et localisation de la production. Pour l'impact changement climatique, l'intérêt de l'alimentation par phases et de l'addition d'AA est limité et même contreproductif au Brésil lorsque le soja provient du sud (sans déforestation), alors que c'est une stratégie intéressante en Europe et, dans tous les cas, lorsque le soja provient du centre-ouest, avec déforestation. Des effets similaires sont observés pour la demande en énergie. A l'inverse, l'alimentation par phases et l'addition d'AA réduisent significativement les impacts eutrophisation et acidification, de la même manière dans les deux pays. Pour tous les impacts, l'alimentation de précision est toujours la stratégie la plus efficace pour réduire les impacts environnementaux.