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Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a non-IgE cell mediated food allergy triggered by the ingestion of specific food proteins that may manifest in an acute or chronic form. We report a case of an infant with severe chronic FPIES presenting in the neonatal period that failed to respond to amino acid-based formulas. The patient remained on total parenteral nutrition for 4 weeks and after that he could tolerate amino acid formula. Our case suggests that bowel rest for extended periods may be necessary for severe cases of FPIES, while endoscopy may be helpful in the differential diagnosis and the therapeutic management of these cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Current management of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) involves strict avoidance of the offending food for 12–18 months, followed by oral food challenge (OFC) under physician supervision. OFCs are resource-intensive and there is a lack of a universal standardized protocol for FPIES. Prolonged avoidance may increase the risk of IgE-mediated allergy, particularly in atopic patients. Food ladders have shown success in promoting accelerated tolerance in patients with IgE-mediated allergy. Our case series evaluated the safety of use of the Canadian Egg Ladder in patients with mild-to-moderate FPIES to egg. Methods From May 2020 to November 2021, patients with mild-to-moderate FPIES to egg, defined as no history of lethargy or intravenous fluid administration, were started on the Canadian Egg Ladder. Instructions for advancing up the ladder were identical to using the Canadian Egg Ladder in patients with IgE-mediated allergy. Patients were followed every 3–6 months, at which time information was collected regarding progression up the ladder, symptoms while on treatment and interventions required. Treating allergists completed a survey to capture baseline demographic characteristics and prior tolerance to egg. Descriptive statistics were analyzed using MS Excel. Results Twenty-one patients with mild-to-moderate FPIES were started on the Canadian Egg Ladder. Median age at initiation of the ladder was 10 months (IQR, 9–11). Nineteen (90.5%) patients completed the ladder, tolerating a serving size amount of cooked egg, over a median duration of 7 month (IQR, 4–9 months). Four patients (19.0%) had mild symptoms including vomiting (9.5%), pallor (9.5%), belching (4.8%), irritability (4.8%) and small spit up (4.8%). In three of the four patients, symptoms were the result of accidental exposure to a higher step of the ladder. There were no reports of lethargy. No patients required health care presentation or intravenous fluid administration. No patients discontinued the ladder. Conclusions The Canadian Egg Ladder can safely guide the dietary advancement of egg-containing foods in patients with mild-to-moderate FPIES to egg, without the need for prolonged avoidance and resource-intensive OFCs.

Background: Current management of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) involves strict avoidance of the offending food for 12–18 months, followed by oral food challenge (OFC) under physician supervision. OFCs are resource-intensive and there is a lack of a universal standardized protocol for FPIES. Prolonged avoidance may increase the risk of IgE-mediated allergy, particularly in atopic patients. Food ladders have shown success in promoting accelerated tolerance in patients with IgE-mediated allergy. Our case series evaluated the safety of use of the Canadian Egg Ladder in patients with mild-to-moderate FPIES to egg. Methods: From May 2020 to November 2021, patients with mild-to-moderate FPIES to egg, defined as no history of lethargy or intravenous fluid administration, were started on the Canadian Egg Ladder. Instructions for advancing up the ladder were identical to using the Canadian Egg Ladder in patients with IgE-mediated allergy. Patients were followed every 3–6 months, at which time information was collected regarding progression up the ladder, symptoms while on treatment and interventions required. Treating allergists completed a survey to capture baseline demographic characteristics and prior tolerance to egg. Descriptive statistics were analyzed using MS Excel. Results: Twenty-one patients with mild-to-moderate FPIES were started on the Canadian Egg Ladder. Median age at initiation of the ladder was 10 months (IQR, 9–11). Nineteen (90.5%) patients completed the ladder, tolerating a serving size amount of cooked egg, over a median duration of 7 month (IQR, 4–9 months). Four patients (19.0%) had mild symptoms including vomiting (9.5%), pallor (9.5%), belching (4.8%), irritability (4.8%) and small spit up (4.8%). In three of the four patients, symptoms were the result of accidental exposure to a higher step of the ladder. There were no reports of lethargy. No patients required health care presentation or intravenous fluid administration. No patients discontinued the ladder. Conclusions: The Canadian Egg Ladder can safely guide the dietary advancement of egg-containing foods in patients with mild-to-moderate FPIES to egg, without the need for prolonged avoidance and resource-intensive OFCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Food protein induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) belongs to a group of IgE-independent food allergies. It is the domain of paediatric patients, but it can also occur in adults. In this disease there is a life-threatening risk resulting from the possibility of a severe course of the disease and the development of hypovolemic shock. The disease was first defined in the mid-1970s. Knowledge about this disease is extremely low, we do not know its exact frequency, and the disease itself usually appears between 2 and 7 months of age. FPIES occurs mainly in formula-fed infants, typically 1-4 weeks after formula introduction, very rarely in breastfed infants, but may also develop in adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food protein‐induced enterocolitis syndrome is still a mysterious disease, pathogenically poorly characterized, although the first FPIES case has been described in 1967. Mainly, food protein‐induced enterocolitis syndrome diagnosis is based on clinical history. The oral food challenge remains the gold standard to confirm the diagnosis, especially in particular situations. Although there are no diagnostic laboratory or imaging tests which are specific for diagnosis, they could, however, sometimes be helpful to rule out clinical conditions which are similar to food protein‐induced enterocolitis syndrome reactions. The purpose of this review is to define the clinical features of FPIES and to summarize the current available tools for the diagnosis of FPIES. This review is intended to be a practical guide for the clinician facing a patient with food protein‐induced enterocolitis syndrome avoiding delayed diagnosis with unnecessary laboratory tests and detrimental treatments. Moreover, it highlights the unmet needs in diagnosis that require urgent attention from the scientific community to improve the management of patients with FPIES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: La alergia a las proteínas de leche de vaca no mediada por IgE es una patología frecuente, en cuyo manejo están implicados profesionales de diferentes áreas existiendo a día de hoy una gran variabilidad en la forma de abordar su diagnóstico, tratamiento, seguimiento y prevención. Con el objetivo de unificar pautas de actuación se ha elaborado un documento de consenso entre cuatro de las sociedades científicas implicadas en el abordaje de niños con dicha patología. Abstract: Non-IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy is a frequent disorder in paediatrics. As patients might be seen by professionals from different specialties and levels of expertise, a great variability in diagnostic procedures and disease monitoring is commonly observed. Therefore, four scientific societies involved in its management have developed a consensus document providing specific recommendations related to its prevention, diagnosis, treatment and follow up.

Mast cells are granulocytes derived from CD34+ pluripotent progenitor cells that demonstrate plasticity in their development, leaving the bone marrow and differentiating in the tissue where they ultimately reside. They are best known for their role in the allergic response, but also play a prominent immunoregulatory role in other processes, including immune tolerance, the innate immune response, angiogenesis, wound healing and tissue remodeling. Mast cells are found throughout the gastrointestinal tract; their metabolic products influence and regulate intestinal epithelial and endothelial function, gastrointestinal secretion, intestinal motility and absorption, and contribute to host defense. They also play an important role in the development of visceral hypersensitivity through bidirectional interaction with the enteric nervous system. Mast cells have been found to have an increasingly important role in the pathophysiology of a number of pediatric gastrointestinal diseases. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role that mast cells play in the development of pediatric gastrointestinal disorders, including eosinophilic esophagitis, functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, histologically negative appendicitis, Hirschsprung's disease, intestinal neuronal dysplasia, and food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pediatrie pro Praxi is the property of SOLEN sro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although the need for nutritional and dietary intervention is a common thread in food allergy management, the type of food allergic disorder and the identified food allergen will influence the approach to dietary intervention. A comprehensive nutrition assessment with appropriate intervention is warranted in all children with food allergies to meet nutrient needs and optimize growth. However, dietary elimination in food allergy may also have undesirable consequences. Frequently, an elimination diet is absolutely necessary to prevent potentially life-threatening food allergic reactions. Allergen elimination can also ease chronic symptoms, such as atopic dermatitis, when a food is proven to trigger symptoms. However, removing a food with proven sensitivity to treat chronic symptoms may increase the risk of an acute reaction upon reintroduction or accidental ingestion after long-term avoidance, so it is not without risk. Additionally, it is not recommended to avoid foods in an attempt to control chronic symptoms such as AD and Eo E when allergy to the specific food has not been demonstrated. Ultimately, allergen elimination goals are to prevent acute and chronic food allergic reactions in the least restrictive, but also the safest environment to supply a balanced diet that promotes health and growth and development in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Few studies on the age of resolution of Food Protein Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES) induced by solid foods are available. In particular, for FPIES induced by egg, the mean age of tolerance acquisition reported in the literature ranges from 42 to 63 months., Objective: We have assessed whether the age of tolerance acquisition in acute egg FPIES varies depending on whether the egg is cooked or raw., Methods: We conducted a retrospective and multicentric study of children with diagnosis of acute egg FPIES seen in 10 Italian allergy units between July 2003 and October 2017. The collected data regarded sex, presence of other allergic diseases, age of onset of symptoms, kind and severity of symptoms, cooking technique of the ingested egg, outcome of the allergy test, age of tolerance acquisition., Results: Sixty-one children with acute egg FPIES were enrolled, 34 (56%) males and 27 (44%) females. Tolerance to cooked egg has been demonstrated by 47/61 (77%) children at a mean age of 30.2 months. For 32 of them, tolerance to raw egg has been demonstrated at a mean age of 43.9 months. No episodes of severe adverse reaction after baked egg ingestion have been recorded., Conclusions: It is possible to perform an OFC with baked egg, to verify the possible acquisition of tolerance, at about 30 months of life in children with acute egg FPIES., (Copyright © 2018 SEICAP. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Non-IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy is a frequent disorder in paediatrics. As patients might be seen by professionals from different specialties and levels of expertise, a great variability in diagnostic procedures and disease monitoring is commonly observed. Therefore, four scientific societies involved in its management have developed a consensus document providing specific recommendations related to its prevention, diagnosis, treatment and follow up., (Copyright © 2019 Asociación Española de Pediatría. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a non IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergic disorder. Some diagnostic criteria have been published for acute FPIES. Of course, they are not all the same, so the clinician must choose which ones to adopt for his/her clinical practice. We present here a brief review of these criteria and, through two clinical cases, show how the choice of one or the other can change the diagnostic destiny of a child with suspect FPIES., (Copyright © 2018 SEICAP. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Food protein induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is classified as non-IgE-mediated or cell-mediated food allergy, although there is an atypical phenotype so defined for the presence of specific IgEs. All diagnostic criteria for FPIES include the absence of skin or respiratory symptoms of IgE-mediated type. We present four cases that suggest that specific IgEs may have a pathogenic role, resulting in the existence of different FPIES phenotypes. This could be important from a diagnostic and therapeutic point of view., (Copyright © 2018 SEICAP. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

We describe two case reports presenting some novel information on fish FPIES. Fish FPIES to one fish does not always start at the same time to other fish. Additionally, development of tolerance to the index fish do not necessarily imply tolerance to other reactive fish. This reflects on the best management of children with FPIES fish., (Copyright © 2017 SEICAP. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Food protein induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a food-related gastrointestinal hypersensitivity disorder, probably non-IgE-mediated. Over the years, various diagnostic criteria have been proposed to identify FPIES. In the last few years, there was an increased interest from researchers about FPIES's syndrome, that frequently brought to discover new aspects of this disease. We describe an unusual case of FPIES to egg in a 21-months-old child, because of its clinical characteristics that reflect some aspects of IgE-mediated allergy and other of non IgE-mediated allergy. Although we believe that the most correct diagnosis for our case is FPIES, we think also that this is undoubtedly an atypical form. This is in fact, the first description of a patient who simultaneously has both clinical expressions of IgE-mediated FA that of FPIES. Our case highlights the need to review criteria for FPIES diagnosis.