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Context: Blood flow restriction resistance exercise studies often require caffeine abstinence to avoid cardiovascular effects that could change the blood flow restriction stimulus. However, effects may be attenuated for habituated users. Objective: To compare cardiovascular responses to blood flow restriction resistance exercise when habituated users consume or abstain from caffeine. Design: Thirty participants completed a 3-visit within-subject study beginning with familiarization and caffeine intake questionnaire. Methods: Visits 2 and 3 consisted of blood flow restriction resistance exercise (3 sets bicep curls to failure, 30% 1-repetition max, 40% arterial occlusion pressure [AOP]), following participants' normal caffeine consumption (CAFF) or abstaining (ABS). AOP, systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, and heart rate were measured preexercise and postexercise. Prevalues and preexercise to postexercise change scores for SBP, DBP, AOP (all millimeters of mercury), heart rate (in beats per minute), and repetitions were compared between conditions. Results are represented as mean (SD). Results: Preexercise AOP was similar for CAFF (137.8 [14.4]) and ABS (137.1 [14.9], BF10 = 0.2), although pre-SBP was higher for CAFF (115.4 [9.8]) than ABS (112.3 [9.4], BF10 = 1.9). Pre-DBP was similar between conditions. The exercise-induced change in AOP was greater for CAFF (18.4 [11.2]) than ABS (13.2 [14.9]), though evidence was anecdotal (BF10 = 0.7). Exercise-induced changes in SBP, DBP, and heart rate were similar between conditions (all BF10 ≤ 0.40). More repetitions were completed for CAFF (63 [26]) than ABS (57 [17], BF10 = 2.1). Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that for habituated users, maintaining daily caffeine habits will not have substantial effects on common cardiovascular variables relevant to blood flow restriction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This mixed methods study aimed to investigate weight cutting practices of female taekwon-do athletes internationally and explore their experiences of "making weight." A survey of weight loss practices and eating behaviors was completed by 103 taekwon-do athletes from 12 countries, which illustrated that 72.5% of athletes engage in both acute and chronic weight loss practices prior to competition and that there were higher levels of disordered eating within this athletic population than nonweight cutting athletes. Semistructured interviews were conducted with five international-level competitors; thematic analysis of the interviews identified that the women in general felt weight cutting was "horrible—but worth it" and the women believed that (a) weight cutting is unpleasant, difficult, and challenging; and (b) weight cutting provides a competitive advantage. The implications of this study are that weight cutting is widespread among high-level competitive female taekwon-do athletes and this is unlikely to change given the perceived advantages. Efforts are needed to make sure that the women are knowledgeable of the risks and are provided with safe and effective means of making weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of actual transactions in a grocery store shows that households enrolled in the U.S. government's Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP) purchase more unhealthy hedonic food, compared with households that do not receive SNAP benefits. SNAP households purchased more unhealthy hedonic food regardless of whether they used government funds or cash to pay for their purchases. Three follow-up simulated grocery shopping studies were designed to understand the mechanisms underlying this food consumption pattern by SNAP households. SNAP households, compared with households that do not receive SNAP benefits, reported stronger food craving. Stronger food craving was associated with lower unhealthiness perception of hedonic food. Overall, the results suggest that food cravings can reduce perceptions of unhealthiness and thus increase unhealthy food purchases. Interventions that reduce the effect of food cravings on shopping decisions might reduce unhealthy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To collect and evaluate the available evidence on existing tools used in research and clinical practice to assess and analyse the diet of children and adolescents for its cariogenicity. Materials and Methods: Multiple databases were searched up to October 2022, with no date, publication, or language restrictions, followed by a manual search. Study screening, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were performed in duplicate. Dietary assessment tools and dental clinical parameters tested were retrieved for qualitative assessment and synthesis. Results: Of the 2896 papers identified, 9 cohort and 23 cross-sectional studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. To assess dietary data, 13 studies used a 24-h recall, 11 used a food diary, and 7 used a food frequency questionnaire. For analysis, five studies reported using the Healthy Eating Index, ten used a score based on consumption of sugars, and the remaining analysed cariogenic diet based on the weight and frequency of sugars consumed, or the daily caloric intake from free sugars. Risk of bias assessment suggested that 65.7% of the studies were of moderate and 31.5% of high quality. Conclusion: Inconsistency exists regarding methods used for the assessment and analysis of dietary cariogenicity. Although every dietary assessment tool has different strengths and limitations, the 24-h recall was the most commonly used method for the assessment of dietary cariogenicity and the most consistent in detecting a positive relationship between sugary diet and carious lesions. A standardised method for cariogenic analysis of dietary data needs to be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deciding what, where, when and how much to feed a child occupies much of a mother's time, energy, and financial resources. This study aids our understanding of the effects of legislation promoting healthier eating on mothers from low socioeconomic groups and on their families. We interview mothers and nutrition experts in Santiago, Chile – the site of the most recent and comprehensive effort to change a population's food habits via legislation. We introduce the notions of 'desired diets' – ideal diets promoted by health experts and public policy discourses that moralise food consumption and promote consumer responsibilisation for health-related issues; and 'possible diets' – diets that mothers can adapt to and habituate in the household, considering their life realities. We argue that the notions of possible and desired diets often find themselves at odds, leading to mothers facing moral scrutiny, anxiety, and stress, which affects their sense of self, shaping notions of 'good mothering'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the differences in shame, perception of performance, the need to present a perfect body image, and disordered eating among 223 female athletes from esthetic (n = 114; Mage = 14.30; SDage = 1.65; Myearsofpractice = 6.62) and nonesthetic (n = 109; Mage = 14.75; SDage = 1.87; Myearsofpractice = 4.56) individual sports. Descriptive, t test, and correlational analyses were performed. Moreover, path analyses were conducted to examine the link between the variables. The two groups did not present significant differences in variables, except in perception of performance. The path model analyses explained 47% of disordered eating. Results suggested that individual characteristic of sports practice seems relevant in shame. This study suggests that female athletes from individual sports who experience inferiority tend to adopt perfectionist defensive strategies and engage in disordered eating behaviors. This study highlights the relevance of intervention and educational programs that promote more adaptative emotional regulation strategies in female athletes from individual sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this commentary, we thus call for more research that addresses demand-side GHG emission mitigation strategies related to food - that is, the reduction of meat consumption and food waste - from an international marketing perspective. The global food system (i.e., production, transport, processing, packaging, storage, retail, consumption, loss, and waste of food) is responsible for 34% of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions ([4]). It would therefore be interesting to study how Western consumers may overcome food neophobia, particularly related to the consumption of insects and seaweed, two foods already included in Asian diets and have great potential to serve as an alternative protein source to meat. [Extracted from the article]

Roof rats (Rattus rattus) are a successful invasive species worldwide because of their ability to exploit their commensal relationship with humans. They are opportunistic feeders that use a wide range of natural and anthropogenic food sources. Because some rodent control methods, such as traps and rodenticides, threaten non-target wildlife species, understanding the diets of roof rats can help develop targeted approaches to better control these pests. Our aim is to use stable isotope analysis and stomach contents analysis to determine the diets of roof rats collected in agricultural, urban, and suburban areas in California. We hypothesized that diets of roof rats trapped in agricultural areas would contain crop plants and food resources associated with the agricultural environ­ment (arthropods, mollusks), whereas those from urban and suburban areas, e.g., schools, residential zones, would consume a broader range of food sources, including anthropogenic foods such as pet food, trash, and produce from gardens and fruit trees. To date, we have obtained roof rat carcasses from control efforts across the state, including our own trapping in southern California. Rats were frozen until they could be dissected in the lab. From each rat, we removed the gastrointestinal tract and took a small sample of ear tissue for stable isotope analysis; all tissues were stored in 95% ethanol. Ear tissue samples were dried, cut into small pieces, and weighed before sending them to the UC Davis Stable Isotope Facility for stable carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) isotope analysis. Stomachs were dissected under a dissecting microscope and food items were identified using reference keys. Preliminary analyses of stomach contents revealed significant amounts of what appears to be plant material, seeds, arthropod parts, and rodenticide bait, as well as many roundworms. Isotopic analysis of ear tissue of 64 rats from four Central Valley counties and urban/suburban rats from three southern California counties (n = 65) and Yolo County (n = 14) showed that δ13C values of rats from urban settings were significantly enriched compared to rural rats (Figure 1; F = 4.52, d.f. = 1, 141, P = 0.053), which is consistent with an urban diet containing more anthropogenic foods. δ13C values of urban roof rats were also much more variable (coefficient-of-variation, CV = 8.7%) than that of rats from agricultural areas (CV = 3.6%), which showed remarkably little variation within a site, indicative of feeding on a concentrated, shared resource. δ15N of rats differed significantly between agricultural counties (F = 195.9, d.f. = 3, 60, P

The world's growing population and evolving food habits have created a need for alternative plant protein sources, with pulses playing a crucial role as healthy staple foods. Dry beans are high-protein pulses rich in essential amino acids like lysine and bioactive peptides. They have gathered attention for their nutritional quality and potential health benefits concerning metabolic syndrome. This review highlights dry bean proteins' nutritional quality, health benefits, and limitations, focusing on recent eco-friendly emerging technologies for their obtaining and functionalization. Antinutritional factors (ANFs) in bean proteins can affect their in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), and lectins have been identified as potential allergens. Recently, eco-friendly emerging technologies such as ultrasound, microwaves, subcritical fluids, high-hydrostatic pressure, enzyme technology, and dry fractionation methods have been explored for extracting and functionalizing dry bean proteins. These technologies have shown promise in reducing ANFs, improving IVPD, and modifying allergen epitopes. Additionally, they enhance the techno-functional properties of bean proteins, making them more soluble, emulsifying, foaming, and gel-forming, with enhanced water and oil-holding capacities. By utilizing emerging innovative technologies, protein recovery from dry beans and the development of protein isolates can meet the demand for alternative protein sources while being eco-friendly, safe, and efficient. HIGHLIGHTS: Dry beans are a source of lysine-rich proteins and high-quality AA for the diet. Physical treatments can reduce the ANFs of beans and increase protein digestibility. Eco-friendly technologies can treat, modify, extract, and separate bean proteins. Conformational changes with protein unfolding improve WHC, EA, and solubility. The combined use of emerging technologies allows for conveying advantages of each one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Intermittent sucrose/fasting protocol led to overeating behavior. • Animals with loss-control eating also showed depressive-like behavior. • Fasting itself did not induce depressive-like or sucrose overeating behavior. • Activity of monoamine oxidases was disrupted in overeating mice. • Sucrose-exposed mice tend to exhibit increased risk behavior after 20 h-fasting. Binge eating disorder is the most prevalent eating disorder, affecting both sexes but more commonly found in women. Given the frequent co-occurrence of psychiatric disorders, this study aimed to establish a standardized experimental intermittent protocol to investigate overeating associated with depression. A 10-day protocol induced uncontrolled eating behavior in C57BL/6J female mice. The first experiment included the following groups: naive group (chow ad libitum), control group (chow and sucrose solution ad libitum), and fasting groups (16 and 20 h) exposed to an intermittent sucrose solution (10 %) and chow regimen. Subsequently, the feeding test, open field test, elevated plus maze test, tail suspension test, and light/dark conflict test were conducted. Furthermore, monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B activities in brain structures and plasma corticosterone levels were assessed. Food overconsumption and depressive-like behavior were observed in both sucrose fasting groups, while risk-taking behaviors were specifically observed in the 20-hour fasting sucrose group. While both fasting sucrose groups caused reduced hippocampal MAO-A activity, only the F20 sucrose group inhibited MAO-B in the cortex and hypothalamus. Moreover, both fasting sucrose groups exhibited elevated corticosterone levels. In a separate design (Experiment 2), groups with 16 and 20 h of fasting alone (without sucrose) did not show the same behavioral results as the intermittent fasting sucrose groups, thus avoiding fasting bias. Based on these results, the 20-hour sucrose fasting group was chosen as the ideal protocol for mimicking overeating behavior associated with depression to investigate future therapeutic approaches for this comorbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Purpose: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a prevalent cardiac rhythm disorder that significantly impacts global health. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary habits play a crucial role in the modulation and management of AF. This review article aims to synthesize current knowledge on the interplay between nutrition and atrial fibrillation, providing insights for healthcare professionals and patients alike in managing this condition through dietary choices. State of Knowledge: Various studies have examined the effects of specific nutrients, food groups, and dietary patterns on the incidence and progression of AF. This review delves into research linking macro- and micronutrients--such as omega-3 fatty acids, fiber, and antioxidants--to AF risk. It also evaluates the influence of dietary patterns, including Mediterranean and plant-based diets, on the electrical and structural remodeling of the heart that predisposes to AF. Additionally, the impact of excessive alcohol and caffeine consumption on AF is scrutinized, highlighting the importance of moderation. Summary: The evidence indicates a significant association between diet and atrial fibrillation, suggesting that specific dietary modifications could potentially reduce AF risk or mitigate its severity. Recommendations for clinical practice involve promoting heart-healthy dietary patterns, focusing on the balance and quality of nutrients, while considering individual dietary restrictions and preferences. Further research is needed to clarify causal relationships and to develop comprehensive dietary guidelines specific to AF management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) require a specialized diet to manage their condition and support healthy growth and development. A proper diet for children with CKD aims to control the intake of certain nutrients, such as protein, lipid, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and vitamin D, while ensuring they receive adequate nutrition for growth and development. Aim of the study: This article discusses the epidemiology, causes and pathomechanism of CKD in children. It also presents existing clinical trials and dietary recommendations from societies such as Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2024, Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) and Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce (PRNT) and identifies potential sources of selected macronutrients and micronutrients in children's diets. Materials and methods: Comprehensive literature searches were performed across the main electronic databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, KDIGO2024, KDQQI and PRNT recommendations for studies published in the English language about dietary recommendations for children with CKD. Results: The approach to nutrition for children with CKD is still evolving, and specific macronutrient and micronutrient ratios should be established based on the clinical condition, the child's age, and body weight. Care should be taken to ensure that the child's diet is varied, and a healthy eating style should be promoted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A history of eating disorders can result in changes in eating behavior even after some of the symptoms have subsided. Aims: To compare the current food cravings of individuals with a self-reported history of anorexia nervosa (AN) or binge eating disorder (BED) in a cross-sectional analysis. Results: Forty-seven participants were studied, with 17 having a past-AN and 30 with a past-BED (56.8%, n = 21, had an average weight, and around 30% were obese n = 11). Current symptoms of eating disorders were present in 41% of those with AN and 53% of those with BED. Comparing the groups based on eating disorder history revealed differences in weight distribution, food cravings, and binge eating. Secondary analyses revealed lower levels of food cravings in all cases of AN, regardless of current symptoms. Even after people with binge eating symptoms were removed, those with a history of AN continued to have lower levels of "lack of control", reflecting possible signs of this eating disorder. Conclusions: Individuals with a past-AN experience lower levels of food cravings, which supports previous research on the effects of eating disorder history on cravings and lasting alterations in eating behaviour. KEY POINTS: What is already known about this topic: Food cravings are sensations and desires for specific foods, often accompanied by an intense urge to consume them in anticipation of reward or relief. A history of anorexia nervosa can have lasting effects on weight and eating behavior. The desire for food is a predictor of food consumption. What this topic adds: Comparing the groups based on eating disorder history (anorexia nervosa vs. binge eating disorder) revealed differences in weight distribution, food cravings, and binge eating behavior. A history of anorexia nervosa can have lasting effects on weight and eating behavior. Anorexia nervosa causes changes in the way food cravings are experienced, with less emotional involvement and a reduced sense of loss of control over cravings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article analyzes the educommunicative dimension of the mobile apps developed by the main franchise companies in the fast food sector from the perspective of CSR. The study follows an exploratory and descriptive research design that combines quantitative and qualitative methods, namely a descriptive analysis of a sample of apps belonging to eight leading fast-food companies and focus groups, respectively. For the focus groups, 25 students agreed to participate (n = 25). They were selected based on structural criteria established to guarantee internal homogeneity and heterogeneity. The results reveal an underutilization of the educommunicative potential of mobile applications and confirm millennials' interest in the acquisition and practice of healthy habits and the use of mobile applications for this purpose. The study concludes that fast food companies must encourage and educate their publics about good eating habits and physical activity. Organizations, especially those that operate in sectors of social interest, must undertake mCSR actions to prevent and counteract social ills and meet the expectations of stakeholders. Mobile applications are excellent tools to support this endeavor. To overcome the main limitation of the study, it is necessary to complement it with quantitative research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context The impact of unhealthy foods and beverages, namely those high in sugar, salt, and saturated or trans fats, has been studied extensively in relation to weight, body composition, and noncommunicable diseases, but less so in relation to the risk of dental caries. Few previous reviews have examined the evidence from all countries globally. Objective A systematic review was conducted to assess the impact of unhealthy food and beverage consumption on the risk of dental caries in children aged ≤10 years, commissioned by the World Health Organization to inform updated complementary feeding recommendations. Data Sources Systematic searches were conducted in the PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases for articles meeting the inclusion criteria dating from January 1971 to March 2022; supplementary searches were undertaken for articles from that period to June 2022. Data Extraction Unhealthy foods and beverages were identified using nutrient- and food-based approaches. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I). Data Analysis A total of 30 023 unique citations were screened, yielding 37 studies for inclusion. Studies were conducted in high-income (n = 23 [62.2%]) or middle-income countries (n = 14 [37.8%]). Evidence synthesis was performed narratively, stratified by age (0 years to <2 years, 2 years to <5 years, and 5 years to ≤10 years) and exposure (unhealthy foods and unhealthy beverages). The heterogeneity of the exposures and comparators across studies was high. Almost all studies (n = 34) reported positive associations between the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages or foods high in free sugars and dental caries. However, 67.6% of studies were assessed as having serious risk of bias. Conclusion The evidence indicates that the consumption of unhealthy food and beverages in children ≤10 years appears to increase the risk of dental caries. Further longitudinal studies with high-quality dietary assessments, including studies in low-income countries and children aged >5 years at baseline, are recommended in order to build a more robust evidence base for use in the development of policy recommendations. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020218109. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptin is a homeostatic regulatory element that signals the presence of adipocyte energy stores, reduces food intake, and increases energy expenditure. Similarly, serotonin (5-HT), a signaling molecule found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, also controls food intake. Using neuronal tract tracing, pharmacologic and optogenetic approaches, and in vivo microdialysis, combined with behavioral end points, we tested the hypothesis that leptin controls food intake not only by activating hypothalamic leptin receptors (LepRs) but also through activation of LepRs expressed by serotonergic raphe neurons that send projections to the arcuate (ARC). We showed that microinjection of leptin directly into the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) reduced food intake in rats. This effect was mediated by LepR-expressing neurons in the DRN, because selective optogenetic activation of these neurons at either their DRN cell bodies or their ARC terminals reduced food intake. Anatomically, we identified a unique population of serotonergic raphe neurons expressing LepRs that send projections to the ARC. Finally, by using in vivo microdialysis, we showed that leptin administration to the DRN increased 5-HT efflux into the ARC, and specific antagonism of the 5-HT2C receptors in the ARC diminished the leptin anorectic effect. Overall, this study identified a novel circuit for leptin-mediated control of food intake through a DRN-ARC pathway, identifying a new level of interaction between leptin and serotonin to control food intake. Characterization of this new pathway creates opportunities for understanding how the brain controls eating behavior and opens alternative routes for the treatment of eating disorders. Article Highlights: Half of the serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus express leptin receptor mRNA. Activation of these raphe neurons expressing leptin receptors has an anorectic effect. Optogenetic activation of the arcuate terminals of these raphe neurons decreases food intake. Leptin administration directly to the dorsal raphe nucleus increases serotonin efflux in the arcuate. Blockade of the serotonergic receptors in the arcuate attenuates the anorectic effect of leptin injected into the raphe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monozygotic (MZ) twins cannot be distinguished using conventional forensic STR typing because they present identical STR genotypings. However, MZ twins do not always live in the same environment and often have different dietary and other lifestyle habits. Metabolic profiles are deyermined by individual characteristics and are also influenced by the environment in which they live. Therefore, they are potential markers capable of identifying MZ twins. Moreover, the production of proteins varies from organism to organism and is influenced by both the physiological state of the body and the external environment. Hence, we used metabolomics and proteomics to identify metabolites and proteins in peripheral blood to discriminate MZ twins. We identified 1749 known metabolites and 622 proteins in proteomic analysis. The metabolic profiles of four pairs of MZ twins revealed minor differences in intra-MZ twins and major differences in inter-MZ twins. Each pair of MZ twins exhibited distinct characteristics, and four metabolites—methyl picolinate, acesulfame, paraxanthine, and phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid—were observed in all four MZ twin pairs. These four differential exogenous metabolites conincidently show that the different external environments and life styles can be well distinguished by metabolites, considering that twins do not all have the same eating habits and living environments. Moreover, MZ twins showed different protein profiles in serum but not in whole blood. Thus, our results indicate that differential metabolites provide potential biomarkers for the personal identification of MZ twins in forensic medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: The precise mechanisms underlying the health benefits of time‐restricted eating (TRE) are unclear, particularly in adolescents. Objectives: This secondary analysis examines the impact of 8‐h TRE on energy intake, dietary composition and quality in adolescents with obesity, using data from a 12‐week randomized, controlled pilot trial. Methods: Participants (14–18 years with BMI >95th percentile) were assigned to either 8‐h TRE with real‐time or blinded continuous glucose monitoring or a control group with a 12+ h eating window. Dietary intake was analysed using the Nutrient Data System Recall 24‐h Dietary Recall and the Healthy Eating Index (HEI‐2020) for assessing diet quality. Results: The study included 44 participants (32 TRE, 12 control), predominantly female and Hispanic/Latino. The TRE group showed a significant reduction in mean energy intake (−441 kcal/day), carbohydrates (−65 g/day), added sugar (−19 g/day) and fat (−19 g/day), while the control group had a similar reduction in energy intake (−437 kcal/day) and carbohydrates (−63 g/day), but no significant changes in added sugar or fat. The percent energy intake from protein increased more in the TRE group compared to the control. The TRE group experienced a significant improvement in diet quality, with a 6.3‐point increase in HEI‐2020 score; however, between‐group comparisons were not statistically significant. Conclusion: There were no significant differences between the TRE and control groups in energy intake, dietary composition or quality. Future research with larger sample sizes is needed to further evaluate the potential impact of TRE on dietary behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: People with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) face an increased risk of eating disorders/disordered eating (ED/DE), with adolescents being particularly vulnerable. Empirical knowledge on the mechanisms underlying development of ED/DE in T1D is crucial for evolving prevention strategies. Research Design and Methods: Fourteen semi‐structured interviews with adolescent females with T1D and ED/DE between 14 and 18 years were conducted and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Analyses identified four main themes; 'Interconnected afflictions', 'Judgment', 'Feeling Different', and 'Chaos & Control', These themes explore the interconnectedness of T1D and ED/DE, with shame and guilt emerging as common underlying mechanism. The development of a biopsychosocial model was based on the integration of these data with existing models. Conclusions: The study extends previous developmental pathways of ED/DE in adolescents with T1D. We propose a biopsychosocial model that incorporates various factors: predisposing factors such as parental management of T1D and weight gain during adolescence; precipitating factors including comments on weight, frequency of weighing, perceptions of surveillance; the perpetuating bilateral influence of ED/DE and T1D and finally highlighting the protective mechanisms of disease acceptance encompassing parental handling of diagnosis and the contribution of healthcare professionals (HCP's) role in psychoeducation. The present study highlight the vulnerability of adolescence in the presence of T1D, particularly concerning issues related to eating, weight, and body. It offers clinically relevant insights, with the aim to improve communication and management strategies for this very specific group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify subgroups of parents' food choice value systems and evaluate associations with restaurant eating behaviors of children. Cross-sectional survey. Parents with low income and children aged 2–11 years who were frequent restaurant visitors before the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic (n = 1,146). Past week restaurant meals and the healthfulness of child meal orders. We used latent class analysis to identify patterns of stated food choice values (convenience, taste, cost, cooking, nutrition, locality, socialization, and food safety reputation) among parents. Logistic and linear regression models evaluated differences in child restaurant eating behaviors across classes. Three classes of parents' stated food choice values were identified: hassle-free, indulgent, and multifaceted consumers (7.94%, 54.97%, and 37.09% of parents, respectively). The children of the hassle-free consumers class were 91% less likely to select a healthy entree than an unhealthy entree and were even less likely to select a healthy entree than those of the indulgent and multifaceted consumer classes (P < 0.02). The multifaceted consumers class ate from restaurants the most in the last week (2.4 vs 2.1 and 1.9 times; P < 0.02). This subgroup approach could inform future restaurant interventions by tailoring to differences in parents' food choice values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Dietary management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves more than defining a therapeutic diet. The profusion of 'expert advice' is not necessarily built on evidence. Aims: To provide evidence‐based guidance on all clinically relevant aspects of nutritional and dietary management of patients with IBD. Methods: A comprehensive review of the published literature was made. Results: Four pillars of management should be considered in all patients. First, nutritional status should be optimised, since myopenia and visceral obesity are associated with poorer outcomes, which can be improved with attention to their correction. Accurate point‐of‐care measurement of body composition is advocated to identify problems, guide interventions and monitor outcomes. Second, exclusive enteral nutrition and the Crohn's Disease Exclusion Diet with partial enteral nutrition in reducing intestinal inflammation in patients with Crohn's disease have sufficient evidence to be advocated. Multiple other dietary approaches, while promising, have insufficient evidence to be recommended. Third, dietary approaches are important in symptomatic control in many non‐inflammatory scenarios. Finally, guidance on following a healthy diet is fundamental to the general health of patients. Multiple approaches are advocated, but the optimal strategy is unclear. The precarious nutritional status of patients with IBD together with the risks of nutritional inadequacy and maladaptive eating behaviours associated with restrictive diets dictate involvement of expert dietitians in assessment and personalised delivery of dietary interventions. Conclusions: Four pillars of nutritional management require specific assessment and interventional strategies that should be chosen by evidence. Optimal delivery requires the skills of a specialised dietitian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eating patterns, financial and time constraints, and food availability play a key role in the wide variety of diets followed by young adults. As a result, many young consumers turn to quick and sometimes less healthy low nutrition options from convenience stores. In order to offer healthy and nutritious food, 3D printing can be used to make individualized diet plans and produce meals depending on factors such as age, occupation, and personal choice. In the field of food technology, 3D printing is a well-established additive manufacturing (AM) technology used to produce highly individualized food items. The types of foods that have been manufactured via 3D printing are evolving continuously. Customization of food and environmental sustainability are now possible because of this rapid and risk-free manufacturing approach. Future foods will include alternative proteins, plant-based products, insect protein etc. Current and future generations need healthy alternatives since most ready-to-eat or customized foods lack significant amounts of required nutrients. Due to eating disorders, allergies, or unpredictable eating habits, many young adults, especially those between 18 and 30 years of age, tend to suffer increasingly from malnutrition, obesity, and linked conditions like diabetes. 3D food printing is suitable for meeting this demand for nutritionally packed meals for the youth, which can be used to customize meal plans and meals for people with special diets. This paper summarizes recent studies on 3D printing formulations for future foods especially suited for young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To analyse the concept of eating experiences in people living with dementia. Design: Rodgers' evolutionary method of concept analysis was used as a framework for the paper. Data Sources: The literature was searched using electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar, CINHAL, PsycInfo, Web of Science, Embase and Elsevier databases. These databases cover a variety of disciplines, including but not limited to nursing, medicine and occupational therapy. The relevant literature published from 1989 to April 2023 was thoroughly examined. Any quantitative or qualitative studies published in English focused on eating or dining experiences in people with dementia were included. Review Methods: Rodgers' evolutionary method for concept analysis was used. The attributes, antecedents, consequences and case examples of the concept were identified. Results: Twenty‐two articles met the inclusion criteria, identifying key attributes of self‐connection, the special journey of life and self‐interpretation. Antecedents, as framed by the socio‐ecological model, were categorized to represent intrapersonal (personal preferences, individual culture, mealtime routines), interpersonal (social interaction) and environmental (dining room environment, policies) factors. Consequences were divided into external (nutritional health, physical health and quality of life) and internal (personhood, autonomy and independence, dignity and feeling valued and mental well‐being) domains. Conclusion: A theoretical definition and conceptual model of eating experiences in people living with dementia was developed. The identified attributes, antecedents and consequences can be utilized in nursing education, research and intervention approaches. Impact: This article allows nurses and other healthcare professionals to better understand people living with dementia through the relationship between eating and interpersonal, intrapersonal and environmental aspects to develop personalized interventions and care strategies to achieve an optimal quality of life. Patient or Public Contribution: Not applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have reported high overweight and obesity incidence among schoolchildren and adolescents, who mostly consume packaged snacks with critical nutrients exceeding the criteria of international profiling systems during school breaks. Then, the objectives of this work were to reformulate a snack consumed by Argentinian schoolchildren and adolescents (aged 6–13 years) to decrease its critical nutrient contents and to determine if this product would still be accepted. Chocolate chip vanilla cookies were selected for reformulation considering each recommended cut-off point for critical nutrients, since a prohibition of products with warning octagons being offered at schools would come into effect in Argentina. These cookies received good acceptability scores (above 3 of 5 points) and would be consumed by 8 of 10 schoolchildren in a sample of 200 participants. These findings underscore the importance of legislation promoting awareness of healthier eating habits and increasing the availability of healthier food options in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the temporal dynamics of multiple health behaviours (physical activity, alcohol consumption, healthy eating, cigarette consumption, recreational drug use, vaping), and pandemic‐related health behaviours (e.g., hand washing, physical distancing) using network psychometrics. Design: The International COVID‐19 Awareness and Responses Evaluation (iCARE) study is an international multi‐wave observational cohort study of public awareness, attitudes, and responses to public health policies implemented to reduce the spread of COVID‐19 on people around the world. A sub‐sample of longitudinal data from Canadians (n = 254) was analysed across four waves (February–July 2020). Methods: We used temporal network models to fit temporal networks, contemporaneous networks, and between‐subject networks from items within the iCARE survey. Results: Positive temporal associations were observed between physical activity and healthy eating, and a bidirectional relationship was evident between outdoor mask use and vaping. A contemporaneous network revealed positive associations between consumption behaviours (vaping, cigarette use, alcohol use, and recreational drug use), and negative associations between physical activity and drug use, and healthy eating and cigarette use. Conclusions: Health behaviours are interconnected and can be modelled as networks or behavioural systems. The application of temporal network analysis to the study of multiple health behaviours is well suited to address key research questions in the field such as 'how do multiple health behaviours co‐vary with one another over time'. Future research using time series data and measuring affective and cognitive mediators of behaviour, in addition to health behaviours, has the potential to contribute valuable hypothesis‐generating insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood adversity (CA) has a substantial correlation with mental health problems. Keeping a healthy lifestyle is essential for mental health interventions; it is unclear, however, how healthy lifestyle affect the relationship between CA and persistent mental health problems. This longitudinal study (n = 1112, 54.5 % male) collected the data on CA (measured through three dimensions: threat, deprivation and unpredictability), mental health problems, and lifestyle factors. Group-based multi-trajectory modeling (GBMTM) was utilized to estimate trajectories for three mental health problems (i.e., depression, ADHD and overanxiety). Close friendships, regular physical activity, appropriate sleep duration, shorter screen time, and healthy eating were combined to establish a healthy lifestyle score (which ranges from 0 to 5). Higher scores indicated a healthier lifestyle. Three trajectories of mental health problems were identified: persistently low risk (24.9 %), persistently medium-high risk (50.0 %), and persistently high risk (25.1 %). Multinomial logistic regression showed that high adversity (high-threat: β = 2.01, P < 0.001; high-deprivation: β = 1.03, P < 0.001; high-unpredictability: β = 0.83, P = 0.001; high-overall adversity: β = 1.64, P < 0.001) resulted in a persistently high risk of mental health problems; these outcomes were maintained after robust control for covariates. Further lifestyle stratification, null associations were observed among children with a healthy lifestyle, irrespective of their gender; however, after controlling for covariates, the above associations remained relatively stable only among boys. The generalizability of our findings is restricted by 1) limited racial diversity and 2) missing data. This finding underscores the benefits of promoting a healthy lifestyle in children to prevent persistent mental health problems caused by CA. • We identified three trajectories of multiple mental health problems in children. • Children exposed to high adversity are more likely to be at persistently high risk for mental problems. • A healthy lifestyle can help buffer the risk of a persistently high risk of mental health problems caused by adversity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of digital devises among children and the excessive screen time are precondition for the rise in myopia at an alarming rate. The awareness of the risk factors for the onset and progression of nearsightedness is highly important. The study seeks to explore parents’ knowledge of the behavioral determining factors for the onset of the refractive myopic anomaly in schoolchildren. Conclusions: A significant part of adolescents does not observe healthy hygienic and eating habits that foster the normal visual analyzer development. Almost half of the parents are not informed of the risk factors that cause damage to the vision and of the nutrients that can help keep eyes healthy. Increasing parents’ awareness of this topic would help to narrow down the rate of prevalence of myopia among schoolchildren. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the perceptions and practices of fundamental movement skills (FMS), healthy eating habits and physical activity (PA) in early years professionals (EYP). An online mixed-method survey comprising questions relating to practices of FMS, healthy eating habits and PA was completed by 137 EYPs (128 females). Frequency analysis assessed and reported responses to fixed-response questions, and thematic analysis was used for open-ended questions. Results indicated that EYPs understood FMS and were compliant with national guidelines in relation to PA and healthy eating. However, EYPs identified considerable barriers to developing FMS, PA and healthy eating in preschoolers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anxiety symptoms are factors that directly affect eating habits, but this interference can be heterogeneous depending on the nutritional status of the individuals. Objectives: To analyze whether the presence of anxiety symptoms at the beginning of the pandemic influenced the change in food consumption according to its purpose and extent of processing during a one-year follow-up and whether this association occurs equally with excess weight and without excess weight university students. Methods: This longitudinal study was carried out with 583 university students from a public Higher Education Institution (HEI) in Brazil. The Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) was used to verify whether anxiety symptoms were associated with changes in food consumption over time. Results: The results showed that previous moderate/severe anxiety symptoms were associated with an increased frequency of consumption of both fresh or minimally processed foods (β: 0.2 95%CI: 0.1; 0.7 p = 0.013) and ultra-processed foods (β: 5.6 95%CI: 1.8; 17.7 p = 0.003), but with different magnitudes. In university students who were not excess weight, previous moderate/severe anxiety symptoms were associated with a reduction in the frequency of consumption of fresh or minimally processed foods (β: −2.0 95%CI: −3.5; −0.5 p = 0.008), while in those who were excess weight, there was an increase in consumption of ultra-processed foods (β: 4.5 95%CI: 2.2; 6.8 p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study confirms the influence of anxiety symptoms on food consumption according to the extent and purpose of processing. In addition, these results emphasize the role of psychological distress in the university population, and that this factor can affect excess weight and without excess weight individuals differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces the refined sugar industry's post-World War II efforts to promote sugar as a necessary dietary component through an examination of its selective use of science and engagement with innovative documentary film making. It begins with the sugar industry's efforts to promote sugar consumption in the early twentieth century, the period when nutrition science emerged and was popularized. It then moves on to analyze the evolving interplay of scientific knowledge and discursive practice in the sugar industry. The Sugar Research Foundation, Inc. (SRF), a group founded in 1943 by sugarcane and beet sugar business interests, provides the empirical case. The analysis focuses on the period from the SRF's founding through World War II and its immediate aftermath. Evidence for the analysis was gathered from three archival collections. The article documents how the SRF developed "sponsored films" for mass audiences that employed scientists and scientific concepts to discursively construct refined sugar as a natural and necessary part of the American diet. The SRF combined state-of-the-art documentary film making and distribution with selectively chosen scientific findings to successfully defend its product against public health efforts to reduce consumption. The article makes the case that investigating the history of the refined sugar industry's efforts to shape consumers' food habits is an indispensable step toward understanding today's challenge to address metabolic syndrome in public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversity of edible species originating in Africa is considerable, but the history of their use and domestication remains largely neglected, despite existing historical records. This essay aims to explore attitudes towards safu (Pachylobus edulis), a Central African fruit that defies Western categories. Based on more than one hundred archival documents, this study examines the history of the safu and the tree that produces it as seen by Europeans (German, English, Belgian, Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Swedish, etc.) present in Central Africa. The documentation collected on safus and safu trees reflects not only local views of the species but also the broader European projects pursued on the continent and the vision of African foodways. Indeed, their valuation is symptomatic of food encounters and hierarchies during colonial settlement. More broadly, it reveals how subsistence and agriculture were viewed in the region: the ubiquity of this fruit tree around villages, as often reported, contrasts sharply with the historical narrative of the absence of African agriculture in the tropics. Finally, it shows how colonial enterprises, despite hindered dispersal and missed opportunities, circulated the species in different parts of the planet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, educational institutions had to swiftly adapt and transition to remote teaching in order to maintain academic activities. However, these changes presented a number of challenges for professors, which could have negative effects on their health. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between changes in dietary and sleep habits, physical activity level, and sedentary behavior with the development of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among Brazilian higher education professors during the pandemic period. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional and retrospective study conducted using an online form. Generalized linear models, adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index, were used to verify the difference between pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. Logistic regression models were used to predict the odds ratio (OR) for the development of NCDs according to physical activity time, sedentary behavior time, dietary and sleep patterns. RESULTS: A total of 936 professors residing across Brazil participated in the survey. The duration of sedentary behavior increased, sleep duration slightly decreased, and meal times shifted to earlier during the pandemic. A total of 22.9%of the participants reported the diagnosis of some NCDs during this period. Physical activity practice was associated with a lower risk of diseases during the pandemic, regardless of the intensity performed. On the other hand, late eating habits and excessive food consumption during the pandemic were associated with a higher risk. CONCLUSION: The results provide data that can help in the development of public policies that promote health actions to minimize the consequences associated with the pandemic period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Retail workers comprise millions of people, but little is known about their eating behaviors and food consumption patterns. OBJECTIVE: To examine the healthy eating behaviors and food consumption frequencies of retail workers in shopping malls. METHODS: The sample of this descriptive study consisted of 385 retail employees working in ready-made garment stores of shopping malls in Istanbul (42% of those eligible). A descriptive information form, the nutrition subscale of the Health-promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP), and the Food Consumption Frequency Survey were used as data collection tools. RESULTS: It was determined that more than half of the participants skipped breakfast and other meals and consumed fast food and packaged and acidic drinks five to six days a week. The mean score of the participants on the HPLP-nutrition subscale was determined to be 11.79±3.29. CONCLUSIONS: The retail workers in shopping malls were found to have insufficient healthy eating behaviors, a low frequency of healthy food consumption, and a high level of fast-food consumption. Maintaining healthy eating habits is crucial for the health of employees. It is necessary for workplaces to take steps to help their employees become aware of and practice healthy eating. Workplaces should also be encouraged to provide healthy food options for their employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: ADHD is highly comorbid with Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS). Both are associated with obesity and diabetes, which can be caused by long-term dysregulations of appetite and glucose metabolism. This study explores hormones involved in these processes and the effects of chronotherapeutic interventions in a small sample of adults with ADHD and DSPS. Methods: Exploratory, secondary analysis of data from the PhASE study, a three-armed randomized clinical trial, are presented, including 37 adults (18–53 years) with ADHD and DSPS receiving three weeks of 0.5 mg/day (1) placebo, (2) melatonin, or (3) melatonin plus 30 minutes of bright light therapy (BLT). Leptin (appetite-suppressing), ghrelin (appetite-stimulating), insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and glucose were measured from blood collected at 08:00 hours. Salivary cortisol was collected during the first 30 minutes after awakening and self-reported appetite was assessed. Results: Baseline leptin and IGF-1 levels were higher than reference ranges, and ghrelin and cortisol levels were lower, while insulin and glucose were normal. Melatonin treatment decreased leptin and insulin. Other outcomes remained unchanged and melatonin + BLT had no effects. Conclusion: Due to the small sample size and exploratory nature of the study, results should be interpreted with caution. Overall, these results show no strong indications for dysregulation of appetite and glucose metabolism to suggest high risk of obesity and diabetes in this small sample of adults with ADHD and DSPS. However, baseline appetite was suppressed, likely because measurements took place in the early morning which could be considered the biological night for this study population. Melatonin treatment seemed to cause subtle changes in appetite-regulating hormones suggesting increased appetite. Chronotherapeutic treatment may affect appetite-regulating hormones by advancing the biological rhythm and/or altering eating behaviors, but this remains to be investigated in larger samples using detailed food diaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dietary and oral hygiene habits among integrated migrant cultural minorities can vary and could impact susceptibility to caries. Aim: This study aimed to assess and compare the oral health status of Tibetan schoolchildren living in the Tibetan settlement of Bylakuppe, India, stratified by type of residence. Design: A descriptive cross‐sectional study was conducted among Tibetan schoolchildren attending nine schools in the Bylakuppe region. Results: The study population consisted of 916 children aged 5–17: 702 (76.6%) living in secular houses (LSH) and 214 (23.4%) living in monasteries (LM). The prevalence of dental caries was 70.9%, and the mean value of decayed, missing, filled teeth for mixed and primary dentition (DMFT*; dmft) of LSH children (1.56 ± 2.34/1.74 ± 2.66) was higher than of LM ones (1.14 ± 2.34/0.83 ± 2.80; p <.001). DMFT for LM children (1.46 ± 2.04) was slightly higher than for LSH children (1.38 ± 1.96; p >.05). Among the sample, 99.1% had a good simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) and LM children showed higher rates of good values (99.5% vs. 98.2% in LSH children). Most children needed preventive/routine dental treatment, whereas 16.6% needed urgent dental treatment. In 4.5% of children, oral mucosal lesions were present. Conclusion: This study confirms the high need for dental treatment in the children of the Tibetan settlement investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The role of diet has a key role in dental caries. Attention to food cues can be an indicator for food choices. Aim: This study investigates children's visual attention to images with healthy and unhealthy food cues and correlates it with that of their parents and with their dental caries status using eye‐tracking technology. Design: A total of 30 children with and without dental caries and their 30 parents were calibrated to the eye‐tracking device (Tobii Nano Pro) to ensure standardisation. Participants viewed matching images of healthy and unhealthy food cues, whereas an eye‐tracking device tracked their eye movements. Children had a dental examination and were classified as children with dental caries (n = 15) and their parents (n = 15), and children without dental caries (n = 15) and their parents (n = 15). Results: In children with dental caries, visual attention duration was longer to healthy foods than to unhealthy foods. Likewise, parents of children with dental caries spent longer time looking at healthy foods than unhealthy foods. Conclusion: Our preliminary findings indicate a significant association between children's visual attention to healthy and unhealthy food cues and their dental caries status. This underscores the need for further investigation into the correlation between children's and their parents' visual attention to food, particularly in the context of children with dental caries. Such exploration holds promise for informing targeted interventions in food choice education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The dramatic increase in fast food consumption among students, particularly adolescents and children, over the past two decades reflects a significant shift in lifestyle, with nearly one-third of these young individuals consuming ready-made foods on a daily basis. Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the effect of an intervention based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in reducing fast food consumption among high-school students. Methods: One hundred and sixty Iranian high-school students were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group in a pretest-posttest-follow-up field trial. The intervention comprised four, 45-min teaching sessions over 3 weeks. Fast food consumption beliefs and self-report practices were assessed at pretest, posttest, and follow-up using a validated scale. Data analysis included descriptive statistics analyses-tests and ANOVA tests. Results: Findings revealed a statistically significant difference in the posttest between experiment and control groups in the major components of fast food consumption including behavioral beliefs (t = 5.1, p < 0001), evaluation of behavioral outcomes (t = 5.3, p < 0001), normative beliefs (t = 2.3, p < 05), motivation to comply (t = 5.5, p < 0001), control beliefs (t = 4.4, p < 0001), perceived power (t = 3.3, p < 0001), and behavioral intention (t =.68, p < 0001). Similar results were obtained in the follow-up stage. Discussion: Results suggest a parent-teacher participation intervention effectively reduced fast food consumption among high-school students, impacting both cognitive and behavioral factors. This model offers potential for customization to promote healthy food intake in wider student populations and beyond the school setting. Translation to Health Education Practice: According to our findings, several suggestions can be addressed. First, considering the crucial role of parents and teachers in shaping healthy food habits, future studies should always consider them as a key component of the training intervention. Second, parents and teachers should be trained on how to best transfer and express their knowledge to children and adolescents with regard to their disapproval of fast food consumption. As our findings show, students can perceive this disapproval and change their own attitudes accordingly. Third, future studies are recommended to use multilevel interventions to prevent students from consuming fast food. For both students and parents, we suggest adding more professionally designed visual and graphical messages (e.g. Infographics) or short video clips into interventions that could effectively demonstrate the differences between beliefs related to the consumption of fast food and healthy foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Eating habits are important determinants of health. Young adults who have recently transitioned to university life experience stress and lack of time, which are major risk factors for poor eating habits. This study's objectives were to identify and compare eating habits between students at health and non-health colleges at Northern Border University (NBU), Saudi Arabia and to determine the relationship between students' eating habits and their sociodemographic, lifestyle, and psychological factors. Methods: This comparative cross-section study was conducted on 480 students equally from health and non-health colleges at NBU from March to April 2023. A pre-designed electronic questionnaire was used to collect data on students' sociodemographic characteristics, eating habits, and diet-related psychological factors. Statistical analyses were carried out using STATA/SE version 11.2 for Windows. Results: Unhealthy eating habits were reported by 44.6% and 41.3% of students at health and non-health colleges, respectively. Most students had irregular meals, skipped breakfast, ate fast food frequently, and consumed insufficient amounts of vegetables, fruits, and water. Parental separation, living away from family predisposed to unhealthy eating habits. Being 21–23 years old, playing sports, and high body mass index were linked to healthy eating habits. Psychological factors such as overeating until the stomach hurts and eating to feel happy were associated with unhealthy eating habits. Conclusion: Unhealthy eating habits were prevalent among students at NBU irrespective of the type of study. Thus, implementing initiatives to promote nutrition and healthy eating habits within the university environment is crucial for health promotion and well-being among students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrition education is essential for the development of healthy eating behaviours among children. Over the past few years, multiple nutrition education programmes have been implemented in primary schools. In the current study, the long-term effects of the experiential nutrition education programme ‘Learning Street’ are assessed. This 3-week programme comprises a classroom-based introduction lesson, a visit to a fruit or vegetable (FV) farmer, a cooking workshop, and a joint eating moment. The programme is designed for children aged 8–12 years. Questionnaire outcomes of 11-to-12-year-old children (n = 87) who participated in a Learning Street programme two years before were compared to those of a control group (n = 102) with similar demographics. The questionnaire included questions on children’s FV knowledge, liking, intake, and attitude, as well as their general health attitude, cooking self-efficacy, and cooking attitude. There was a significant difference in FV attitude (Cohen’s d = 0.55; 95% CI: −0.69 to −0.21) and general health attitude (Cohen’s d = 0.37; 95% CI: −0.56 to −0.07) between the intervention and the control groups. For general health attitude, the difference was only significant for a subgroup of children (n = 25) who had participated in two Learning Street programmes. The findings suggest that regularly exposing children to experiential nutrition education may have long-term benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Methods Results Conclusion Eating disorders represent an aspect of mental illness involving failure to control eating behaviors. Food valence plays a regulatory role in eating behaviors and changes with eating experiences. Failure to control food valence may be associated with eating disorders. This study presents a newly developed behavior task—food reservation task, which assesses changes in food valence.Over three consecutive days, mice were fed a regular diet for 30 min and subsequently were offered either palatable or low‐palatable foods for 30 min.Mice decreased regular diet consumption on the days that it was followed by a palatable food—sweet chocolate (SC) or cheese (CH) and increased it when it was followed by a low‐palatable food—bitter (dark) chocolate (BC). Our findings indicate that mice can change regular diet consumption by learning whether it will be followed by a palatable or low‐palatable food. This suggests that palatable food devaluated the food valence of regular diet, whereas low‐palatable food evaluated it.We developed a new food reservation task, which allows to assess experience‐dependent change in the food valence of a regular diet. This task will contribute to a better understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying those changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Genetic variability significantly impacts metabolism, weight gain, and feeding behaviors, predisposing individuals to obesity. This study explored how variations in key genes related to obesity—FOXO3A (forkhead box O3), AMPK (protein kinase AMP‐activated), and POMC (proopiomelanocortin)—are associated with extreme obesity (EOB). Methods: We conducted a case–control study with 251 EOB patients and 212 healthy controls with a body mass index (BMI) of less than 25 kg/m2. We genotyped 10 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) using TaqMan‐based assays. Results: Four SNVs—rs1536057 in FOXO3A, rs103685 in AMPK, rs934778, and rs6545975 in POMC—were associated with an increased risk of EOB. The strongest association was observed with rs934778 (POMC), which had a maximum odds ratio (OR) of 5.26 (95% CI: 2.86–9.09). While these genetic variations are closely linked to EOB, they do not affect serum glucose, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, BMI, or waist circumference. Conclusions: These findings indicate that factors beyond traditional metabolic pathways, potentially related to feeding behavior or hormonal regulation, may also link these genetic variations to obesity. Further research in a larger sample is essential to validate these findings and explore their potential to guide clinical interventions and public health strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bangladesh suffered a severe COVID-19 wave from June to August 2021, which forced the government to impose emergency nationwide lockdown measures for three months with discontinuities. The sudden lockdown strongly affected the dietary preferences, financial circumstances, and social interactions of citizens. Methods: In this comprehensive study, we collected sociodemographic information as well as data on food purchase and consumption behaviors from 1,350 adults in Bangladesh during the weeks of enforced confinement. The association between the sociodemographic factors (viz., gender, age, education status, income, occupation, and household size) and food purchase and consumption behaviors were determined by conducting bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models reporting as odds ratios. Results: The descriptive result reveals that 49.63% of the participants experienced wage reductions, with many people enduring reductions of up to 75%; 12.22% lost their jobs. Besides, a decline in the frequency of shopping was observed by 35.04%; and 24.52% avoided outdoor shopping during the pandemic period. Additionally, 28.74% of participants purchased less overall, while 19.48% purchased significantly fewer items per trip compared to the pre-pandemic period. The multivariate analysis shows a prominent increase in online grocery shopping (OR: 4.03, 95% CI: 2.38–6.83, p < 0.001) and meal delivery services (OR = 5.19, 95% CI = 3.21–7.17, p < 0.001) among higher educated individuals compared to the individuals having no institutional education. The personnel having formal jobs purchased 2.34 times more from online grocery sites (95% CI = 0.34–4.08, p = 0.003) compared to the unemployed one. In contrast, a notable increase in panic buying and stockpiling was observed, driven by scarcity and escalating prices of essential food items. The frequency of meals with families, active engagement in meal preparation, and the exploration of novel recipes also increased notably. Conclusions: The consumption of takeaway food and inter-meal snacks increased significantly with the education level of individuals. These findings highlighted that a prolonged pandemic could magnify economic vulnerability in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the UK, about 14% of community-dwelling adults aged 65 and over are estimated to be at risk of malnutrition. Screening older adults in primary care and treating those identified as 'at risk' may help reduce malnutrition risk and associated healthcare use, and improve quality of life. The aim of this study is to explore how primary care practitioners (PCPs) and older adults perceive, use and respond to an intervention to support those identified as 'at risk'. Methods: We developed and optimised an intervention (screen and treat protocol, online tools and printed materials) to support primary care practitioners to identify malnutrition risk among older adults, and intervene where necessary. We recruited older adults (described as 'patients' here) taking part in a feasibility study, and carried out semi-structured interviews to assess PCPs' and patients' engagement with the intervention, and identify any contextual issues that supported or undermined their engagement. Results: Four themes were developed, encompassing patients' and PCPs' perceptions of undernutrition, study measures and appointments, constraints on PCPs' enthusiasm to make a difference, and patients' expectations of nutritional appointments. Key findings included patients commonly not accepting advice for undernutrition/malnutrition but welcoming support for their nutritional needs; checklists potentially distracting patients from recalling discussions about their nutritional needs; a tension between PCPs' desire to recruit less-well patients and logistical difficulties in doing so; and patients compromising their nutritional needs to suit others. Conclusions: Diverse factors influence whether an intervention succeeds in primary care. PCPs learn about an intervention/study in different ways, vary in how they understand and accept its aims, and desire to make a difference to their patients. Patients bring perceptions and expectations about the study's aims, coloured by their habits and preferences, prior experience of research and healthcare, and pressure from social expectations. Each aspect must be considered when developing a successful primary care intervention that is viewed as relevant and meaningful, and presented using language that aligns with participants' values and goals. Our findings suggest that references to 'malnutrition risk' should be avoided in any patient-facing materials/interactions as participants do not accept or identify with this label. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have suggested a significant association between diet quality and mental health. However, a limited number of studies have utilized the Prime Diet Quality Score (PDQS) to examine this association. Additionally, no study has yet compared the PDQS and Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) in terms of their association with depression and anxiety. Aim: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between diet quality, measured by the PDQS and HEI-2015, and the odds of depression and anxiety in adults. Methods: This study utilized data from the LIPOKAP study, which was conducted between February 2018 and July 2019 in five cities in Iran. We included 1994 adults aged 18 and above who were selected through a multistage cluster sampling method. Participants completed a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to evaluate their dietary intake. The FFQ was used to calculate the PDQS and HEI-2015. Depression and anxiety levels were determined using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results: The participants had a mean age of 39.79 ± 13.87 years, with females accounting for 1,041 (52.2%) of the total population. PDQS showed a significant inverse association with the odds of depression (OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.28–0.71) and anxiety (OR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.25–0.62) in the fully adjusted model. Similarly, the highest quartile of HEI-2015 showed a significantly lower odds of depression (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.40–0.90) and anxiety (OR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.42–0.92) compared to the lowest quartile. Conclusion: Both PDQS and HEI-2015 were associated with a reduced risk of depression and anxiety. However, the PDQS demonstrated a stronger inverse association with these risks compared to the HEI-2015. This suggests that the PDQS could be a more beneficial dietary pattern for preventing depression and anxiety compared to HEI-2015. Further large-scale studies are required to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) individuals report more experiences of healthcare discrimination and disordered eating behaviors (DEBs), and less trust in physicians than their cisgender and heterosexual counterparts. Although research supports a link between discrimination and DEBs among LGBTQ+ populations, few studies have specifically investigated healthcare discrimination and DEBs in this population. This study examined whether LGBTQ+ status moderated the relation between negative healthcare experiences and DEBs in undergraduates. Undergraduates (n = 322) from a Southeastern (United States) university completed measures of healthcare discrimination, trust in physicians, and DEBs. Analyses investigated whether LGBTQ+ status moderated the relation between healthcare discrimination and DEBs; trust in physicians and DEBs. LGBTQ+ individuals (35% of sample), reported less trust in physicians (p < .001), and more body dissatisfaction (p = .007) and shape/weight overvaluation (p = .008). Among all undergraduates, experiences of healthcare discrimination were associated with higher body dissatisfaction (p = .003) and shape/weight overvaluation (p = .008). Less trust in physicians was associated with greater shape/weight overvaluation (p = .005). LGBTQ+ status did not moderate either relation. It is important to reduce healthcare discrimination and foster patient–provider trust for all young adults. Future research should examine factors influencing patient–provider trust among LGBTQ+ individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Implications for School Health Policy, Practice, and Equity Conclusions The weight‐normative approach to nutrition education dominates health education programming across the United States, despite evidence that this paradigm contributes to negative outcomes including weight cycling, bias and stigma, the development of disordered eating behaviors, and weight‐based bullying.This study investigates perspectives of 10 potential partners with interest in and potential to influence nutrition education. Through qualitative interviews and document analysis, researchers explored support for a weight‐inclusive curriculum and factors that influence high school nutrition curricular content and implementation.Findings indicate that partners hold both weight‐inclusive and weight‐normative values, guidance around nutrition curricular content is lacking, and state‐level policy is crucial to the valuing and implementation of consistent curricula.Lack of guidance or mandated curricular content contributes to inequities across the state. Weight‐inclusive curricular materials are needed. Administration must take an active role in providing access to professional development and state policy support for curricular implementation is essential.Weight‐inclusive curriculum could serve to improve health outcomes for adolescents. However, successful implementation of, or changes to, health and nutrition curricula will require support and engagement from partners at all ecological levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective health promotion may benefit from understanding how persuasion emerges. While earlier research has identified brain regions implicated in persuasion, these studies often relied on event-related analyses and frequently simplified persuasive communications. The present study investigates the neural basis of valuation change induced by a persuasive healthy eating call, employing naturalistic stimuli. Fifty healthy participants performed two blocks of a bidding task, in which they had to bid on sugar-containing, sugar-free, and nonedible products during functional MRI. In between the two blocks, they listened to a persuasive healthy eating call that influenced their bidding behavior. Intriguingly, participants who resisted persuasion exhibited increased synchronization of brain activity during listening in several regions, including default mode network structures. Additionally, intersubject functional connectivity among these brain regions was found to be weaker in persuaded individuals. These results emphasize the individualized nature of processing persuasive messages, challenging conventional interpretations of synchronized neural activity. Our findings support the emerging practice of tailoring persuasive messages in health promotion campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emotional eating (EE) is particularly prevalent in overweight or obese women, who may turn to food as a way to cope with stress, sadness, or anxiety. Limited research has been conducted on the association between EE and nutritional intake. Therefore, present study was designed to explore this association in adult women with overweight and obesity. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the relationship between EE and nutritional intake in 303 overweight and obese women (aged 18–50 years) was examined. The researchers used the validated semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to assess participants' nutritional intake and the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) to evaluate their eating behavior. To determine the association between EE and nutritional intake, we employed the multiple linear regression analysis. Results: The frequency of high intensity EE was 64.4% among the study participants and the mean total score of EE subscale of DBEQ was 2.32 ± 0.81. The total score of EE was positively associated with the energy intake (β = 0.396, P = 0.007), even after adjusting for age and BMI. In addition, a significant inverse association was found between the score of EE and the daily intake of calcium (β= -0.219, P = 0.026), riboflavin (β= -0.166, P = 0.043), and vitamin B12 (β= -0.271, P = 0.035), independent from energy and age. Also the results showed a significant positive association between the score of EE and the frequency of daily intake of cracker, muffin, cake, cream cake, pastry, candy, ice cream, pickles, melon, hydrogenated vegetable oil, peanut, salted and roasted seeds, and corn-cheese puff snack. Conclusion: This study found that overweight or obese women with higher intensity of EE might have a higher intake of energy and a lower intake of dietary calcium, riboflavin and vitamin B12. Integrating a balanced diet with psychotherapy is suggested to help individuals with EE reducing the urge to eat in response to emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]