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This study investigated the effects of various fertilizers on the leaf chlorophyll content of the Simpatico (FAO300) silage corn variety under field conditions. Different application combinations were tested, including treatments with and without foliar fertilizers. The foliar fertilizers used were seaweed (SW), humic acid (HA), and vermicompost (VC), combined with granular fertilizers DAP, UREA, OMB, and OMT. Granular fertilizers were applied to the soil, while foliar fertilizers were applied at four different stages: the 4-6 leaf period, 11-13 leaf period, 14-16 leaf period, and at corn tassel. Chlorophyll content in plant leaves was measured using a SPAD-502 device during these periods. The highest SPAD chlorophyll ratios were recorded with OMB-OMT (42.583) and DAP-OMT (42.150) treatments, which did not include foliar fertilizers. Conversely, the lowest SPAD chlorophyll ratio, 28.983, was observed in the DAP-UREA treatment. Treatments with foliar fertilizers resulted in an increase in SPAD chlorophyll by 11.3% to 15.7%, with the greatest improvements observed with vermicompost and humic acid, compared to treatments without foliar fertilizers. Additionally, analysis of periodic effects showed that the highest SPAD chlorophyll ratios were found during the third and second measurement periods, while the lowest ratios were observed in the first measurement period. The use of organo-mineral fertilizers and foliar applications of vermicompost and humic acid were found to enhance the leaf chlorophyll content of corn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to obtain the best combination of growing media composition and the concentration of foliar fertilizer (Gandasil B) on the yield quality of eggplant. The research was conducted from December 2022 to February 2023 in Nganjuk Regency, using a completely randomized design of two factors. The first factor was composition of the growing media, which comprised of soil:husk charcoal:cow manure with ratios of (1:1:1), (1:1:2), (1:2:1), and (2:1:1), and the second factor was the concentration of foliar fertilizer (0, 2, 4, 6 g/L). The results exhibited that the combination of (1:2:1) medium growing composition and the 2 g/L concentration of foliar fertilizer produced the best fruit diameter with an increase of 22.35% compared to the combination of growing media (1:1:1) and concentration of foliar fertilizer of 2 g/L. The composition of the soil growing medium 1:2:1 gave the best results on fruit length and diameter, average fruit weight, and total fruit weight per plant. A quadratic regression analysis of the concentration of foliar fertilizer and the number of purple eggplant fruits showed that the highest concentration of foliar fertilizer was 5.78 g/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, which are among the plant growth-promoting bacteria, dissolve insoluble phosphate in the soil by several pathways and promote plant growth. Therefore, it offers an alternative option instead of applying Deficiencies of essential micronutrients in forage crops can result in reduced growth, diminished nutrient content, and reduced in forage quality. This can, in turn, affect the nutritional requirements of livestock and the overall productivity of the agricultural sector. The experiment was initiated during the 2023-24 production season and employed four zinc sulfate doses (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 % w/v) and five varieties of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cv. İlkadım, cv. Master, cv. Baqueno, cv. Caramba, cv. Trinova), with four replications. SPAD measurements were obtained following the foliar application of zinc sulfate, and plant height (cm), flag leaf length (cm), flag leaf width (cm), leaf number per plant, and leaf area (cm²) parameters were collected through the single mowing of annual ryegrass. After the fresh forage yield (t ha-1) measurements, ADF (%), NDF (%), crude protein ratio (%), crude protein yield (kg da-1) and relative feed value were measured and calculated. As a result of the data obtained, it was determined that foliar zinc sulfate applications can make positive changes in yield and quality, while at the same time increasing the amount of fiber. While İlkadım had the highest average value with 1.48 t da-¹ in terms of hay yield, the highest value among zinc sulfate doses was obtained from 0.6 % with 1.47 t da-1. High values were obtained at 0.4 % and 0.6 % doses. Among the varieties, İlkadım and Baqueno had higher yield and quality characteristics. However, it is understood that the responses to foliar zinc sulfate applications occurred in different percentages among the others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of AB mix and POC rabbit nutrition with foliar fertilizer can increase the production of curly lettuce. The aim is to study the interaction of the combination of nutrients and foliar fertilizer, and to obtain the best combination of nutrients and foliar fertilizer. The research was carried out in May-July 2023 at the Greenhouse, Bocek Village, Karangploso, Malang Regency. The research was structured factorial using a Randomized Group Design (RAK). Factor 1: P1 (100% AB mix), P2 (100% rabbit LOF), P3 (85% AB mix + 15% rabbit LOF), P4 (70% AB mix + 30% rabbit LOF), and P5 (55% AB mix + 45% rabbit LOF). Factor 2: W1 (No foliar fertilizer) and W2 (Foliar fertilizer). The research results show the interaction of a combination of nutrients and foliar fertilizer application. Total fresh weight with foliar fertilizer and without foliar fertilizer and 100% AB mix, 85% AB mix + 15% LOF, 70% AB mix + 30% LOF, and 55% AB mix + 45% LOF gave good results. The nutritional combination of 100% AB mix, 85% AB mix + 15% LOF, 70% AB mix + 30% LOF, and 55% AB mix + 45% LOF gave good results on root length and fresh root weight. Application of foliar fertilizer has no real effect. Treatment with foliar fertilizer or without foliar fertilizer with 100% AB mix and 85% AB mix + 15% LOF is more profitable [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing global warming has significant effects on edible grain legumes. Cowpea is a legume plant widely grown especially in the Aegean and Mediterranean regions. The high temperatures observed in summer in these regions cause flower shedding in cowpea. In this study, foliar fertilizer was applied to ensure flower set. Foliar fertilizer was applied in two doses as recommended dose (75 g per 100 lt water) and control (0 g). Three different cowpea cultivars, namely Akkız, Karagöz and Yerli, were used in the study. The experiment was conducted in three replications in 2022-2023 under the conditions of Aydın Köşk district. Yield, yield components, flower drop rate and grain protein ratio were analyzed. As a result of the study, it was observed that the examined traits were significantly affected by sowing time, foliar fertilizer and cultivar factors. However, it was concluded that early sowing could be preferred in terms of grain yield and foliar fertilization was effective in reducing flower drops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane, a globally significant economic crop, depends on potassium (K) for critical processes such as photosynthesis and sugar translocation. This study explored the impacts of various foliar K supplements, including 2.5% w/v KCl, KNO3, K2SO4, and K2SiO3, alongside diluted molasses and vinasse (5 × dilution). The field experiment was conducted on sugarcane grown in soil with sufficient soil K levels, applying foliar solutions at 120 days at 2667 L/ha. The results indicated that combining soil chemical fertilizers with foliar K2SiO3 and KNO3 resulted in the highest yields of 155.19 and 154.81 tons/ha, respectively, significantly outperforming the foliar water combined with soil chemical fertilizers (132.81 tons/ha) and the control (no basal fertilizer with foliar water, at 130.67 tons/ha, P ≤ 0.05). This enhancement is expected to result from the improvement in chlorophyll content and photosynthesis, enabled by timely K and nutrient acquisition, bypassing root transport. However, no significant differences were noted among the foliar K forms. Foliar K application also affected nutrient concentrations and uptake, with molasses showing the highest nutrient absorption in stalks: N (322 kg/ha), K (215 kg/ha), S (80.9 kg/ha), and Si (23.2 kg/ha) (P ≤ 0.05). These findings provide valuable insights and recommendations for utilizing foliar application of K2SiO3 and KNO3 to improve plant sugarcane yield, as well as employing molasses foliar application to enhance nutrient uptake in sugarcane cultivated in soils with adequate K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Ecology & Rural Environment is the property of Journal of Ecology & Rural Environment Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science Journal of University of Zakho is the property of Science Journal of University of Zakho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background & Objectives: The yield and quality of tobacco depend on three important factors: the genetic potential of the variety, the environmental conditions of growth, and the agricultural practice used to grow the product. The experiments showed that each of the factors mentioned has a role in production efficiency, and it is difficult to determine which factor has more impact. This experiment aimed to investigate the effect of nutrition management and planting arrangement on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of two cultivars of Virginia tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum L.). Materials and Methods: The split factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replications in 2018-2019. The main plot includes the use of nitrogen fertilizer (from the source of urea, based on the soil test), and potassium (from the source of potassium sulfate, based on the soil test), planting cultivation in two levels (single row and double row) and two varieties of tobacco Virginia (TC100 and NC100) in subplot were considered. Results: The TC100 cultivar exhibited greater leaf area, plant height, and green yield compared to the NC100 cultivar. The combination of foliar fertilizer and double-row cultivation resulted in higher plant height and SPAD index. Notably, NC100 displayed increased leaf nitrogen in single-row cultivation and higher nicotine percentages in both planting arrangements. In contrast, TC100 had significantly greater leaf potassium and sugar content in the double-row cultivation method. The price of tobacco was influenced solely by the cultivar, with TC100 commanding a higher price per kilogram than NC100. Additionally, TC100 generated greater income than NC100 across all planting and fertilization treatments. Conclusion: Results showed that the TC100 cultivar in two-row cultivation had higher green yield, income, and quality characteristics than the NC100 cultivar. Among studied treatments, fertilization did not significantly affect the quality properties of tobacco leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking 2-year-old Camellia oleifera seedlings from the state-owned Bobai Forest Farm in Guangxi as the research object, different concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements were used to determine the growth indicators and nutrient content of root, stem, and leaf parts during the grafting seedling stage. The characteristics of different leaf fertilizers on the growth and nutrient absorption of Camellia oleifera seedlings were studied. The results showed that different foliar fertilizer treatments had a significant impact on the nutritional growth of Camellia oleifera seedlings, and foliar fertilizer had a significant fertilizer effect on Camellia oleifera seedlings. Treatment ⑦ had the highest increase in net leaf growth compared to the control, reaching 47. 16%. Treatment ⑧ had the highest nitrogen content, which increased by 170. 89% compared to the control. In terms of trace elements, treatment ⑧ showed the highest increase in magnesium content compared to the control, with an increase of 101. 47%. The demand pattern for nutrients during the seedling stage of Camellia oleifera was N>K> P. Research had shown that when the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium was 10 :15 : 6 and the spraying concentration was 2. 5%, it can significantly promote the growth of seedlings compared to the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organic and inorganic composition of pyrolytic liquids derived from biomass pyrolysis and their effects on plant growth with foliar fertilization are insufficiently understood. Particularly, whether there is a link between the composition and effect on plant growth and their property of feedstock and of pyrolysis conditions remains unknown. In this study, three typical pyrolytic liquids derived from pyrolysis of apple branches, maize shoots, and rice husks were selected, the mineral elements and organic molecular composition as well as dissolvable organic carbon content were analyzed using volumetric analysis and GC-MS mass spectroscopy. Subsequently, the liquids were used to formulate liquid fertilizers with consistent amounts of major mineral nutrients (N-P2O5-K2O + DOC, 35% + 10%) . Then, a field demonstration experiment with foliar spraying on capsicum was conducted in a vegetable farm near Nanjing. The field experiment included 5 treatments of no foliar fertilizer (CK, clean water only), commercial foliar fertilizer (WSF), and foliar fertilizer with pyrolytic liquids of rice husk (RF), maize shoots (CF), and apple branches (AF) . When the capsicum was ripe, fruit yield was measured and plant samples were collected for quality assessment. The results showed that the pyrolytic liquids varied not only in organic and inorganic contents but also in organic molecule abundances. The dissolvable organic carbon pool was dominated by organic acids and phenolic compounds with varying amounts of ketones, aldehydes, and esters. In pyrolytic liquids derived from pyrolysis of apple branches and rice husks, organic acids and phenolic compounds were the most abundant, respectively. However, all liquid fertilizers with pyrolytic liquids promoted capsicum growth and improved plant quality. Among them, the AF treatment was the best, followed by CF, RF and WSF treatments. Compared with CK, all the foliar spraying treatments increased the capsicum yield (over 35% on average) and AF treatments increased by 62%. Particularly, the number of fruits, leaf area, and SPAD of a single capsicum plant was significantly increased by 54.73%, 26.99%, and 19.67%, when sprayed with fertilizers containing AF over those containing CK. Similarly, all the foliar spraying treatments increased the size of capsicum fruit (over 25%) and the content of soluble sugar and capsaicin (20% on average) as well as soluble protein (5%) . Moreover, AF treatment exerted the most significant improvement in capsicum growth and quality parameters among the studied foliar fertilizers, the content of soluble sugar, soluble protein, Vitamin C, capsaicin and dry matter were increased by 6%-30%. Overall, the effect of the pyrolytic liquids-based foliar fertilizers on capsicum plant growth and quality was related to the abundance of organic acids of low molecular weight and antioxidant phenols than to that of mineral nutrients [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ‘Okitsu No. 58’ citrus variety is highly prone to fruit cracking, which jeopardizes yield and results in economic losses. In this study, we investigated the impacts of spraying 5 distinct concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 g/L) of chelated calcium (Ca) or silicon (Si) fertilizers at the young fruit stage (60-90 days after flowering, DAF) on fruit cracking and quality in the citrus variety ‘Okitsu No. 58’. The results showed either Ca or Si fertilizer treatments reduced fruit cracking. We found that all Ca and partial Si treatments (0.4 and 0.5 g/L) significantly promoted the accumulation of Ca content in the peel. Notably, Ca or Si treatments significantly reduced polygalacturonase (PG) activity and inhibited the production of water-soluble pectin (WSP) in the peel. Additionally, Ca or Si treatments elevated the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the peels. Changes in these parameters likely contributed to strengthening the durability of peel cell wall constituents, thus enhancing the fruit’s resistance to fruit cracking. Overall, except for the C3 (0.3 g/L of Ca), Ca or Si fertilizers contributed to fruit conventional quality, mainly in terms of higher soluble sugars (SS) and SS/TA (titratable acid). Therefore, our findings will provide a reference for the prevention and control of citrus fruit cracking and the development of new fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foliar zinc (Zn) application can affect the accumulation and bioaccessibility of cadmium (Cd) and Zn in crops. However, the mechanisms by which foliar Zn application influences Cd and Zn bioaccessibility remain elusive. This study examined the effects of spraying ZnSO4 and ZnNa2EDTA on bioaccessibility and chemical forms of Cd and Zn in pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) shoots and evaluated human health risks via pakchoi consumption. Spraying ZnSO4 reduced the concentrations of ethanol-extractable (Fethanol) and deionized water-extractable (Fd-H2O) Cd, as well as the corresponding bioaccessible Cd concentrations (20.3–66.4%) and attendant health risks of Cd, whereas spraying high-dose ZnNa2EDTA significantly increased the concentrations of both Cd forms and bioaccessible Cd. Spraying ZnSO4 and high-dose ZnNa2EDTA significantly increased the concentrations of Zn in Fethanol and Fd-H2O and the corresponding bioaccessible Zn concentrations (0.8–8.3-fold). Fethanol and Fd-H2O were the primary sources of bioaccessible Cd and Zn, contributing more than 59% of the bioaccessible Cd and Zn. These results indicate that foliar Zn application can affect Cd and Zn bioaccessibility in pakchoi mainly by modulating Cd and Zn in Fethanol and Fd-H2O. These findings provide scientific support for the development of more efficient measures to produce safe and high-quality leafy vegetables from Cd-polluted soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foliar treatments are an important tool to enhance productivity of the maize plants and their ability to support stress factors, especially in the present when climate change has become the biggest global challenge to agriculture and food production. These treatments can be done with foliar fertilizers, biostimulator products or by using fungicide products with a stay-green effect on maize plants. Starting from these realities, the aim of this paper is to present the effect of different foliar treatments (foliar fertilisers, biostimulator products and the fungicide Retengo with the stay green effect) on maize under the specific growing conditions from South Romania. In this respect, field research was performed in the specific growing conditions of South Romania (44°12'55''N, 26°51'51''E) under rainfed conditions in the years 2022 and 2023. The experimental variants were represented by two foliar fertilizers (Microfert-U and Kingfol Zn), two biostimulator products (Terra Sorb and Atonik), and one fungicide (Rentengo) with a stay-green effect. The obtained results brought attention to the positive effects of fungicide Retengo as a fungicide with AgCelence effect to the maize grain yield. Among the tested biostimulators and foliar fertilizers, the highest grain yield were obtained when there was applied the biostimulator Atonik and the foliar fertilizer Kingfol Zn, Atonik being more effective in the less favourable climatic conditions and Kingfol Zn in the more favourable climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-quality japonica rice, distinguished by its unique flavor and enriched nutritional value, has attracted significant attention across Asia. The over-application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers, however, is a growing concern, threatening both the rice quality and the environmental sustainability of its production. This situation calls for a reevaluation and modification of traditional agricultural practices. Our study investigates the effects of reduced N fertilizer use, complemented by foliar fertilizer application, on the physiological attributes and yield of high-quality japonica rice. The aim is to achieve efficient N use and enhanced crop productivity. The experiment employed 'Sujing 1180', a high-quality japonica rice cultivar, utilizing urea as the N source and a comprehensive macronutrient-rich water-soluble fertilizer for foliar application. Five treatments were established: conventional N application (270 kg ha− 1, N100), 10% N reduction (N90), 10% N reduction with foliar application (N90 + FF), 20% N reduction (N80), and 20% N reduction with foliar application (N80 + FF). These treatments were meticulously examined throughout various growth stages. Photosynthetic parameter analysis indicated that N90 + FF significantly boosted the net photosynthetic rate during the heading stage. N80 + FF maintained higher stomatal conductance at the maturity stage, suggesting that foliar fertilizer is effective in enhancing photosynthetic efficiency and stomatal conductance. In terms of N metabolism, N90 + FF notably increased the accumulation of nitrate N during the jointing stage, surpassing other treatments. While N90 and N80 showed reductions in both nitrate and ammonium N levels compared to N100, N90 + FF was particularly effective in elevating nitrate and ammonium N as well as free amino acid concentrations. Regarding N fertilizer efficiency, N90 + FF surpassed N100 across several critical parameters, specifically total N absorption, N recovery efficiency, N agronomic efficiency, and N physiological efficiency. Significantly, N90 + FF showed marked improvements in both N agronomic efficiency and N partial factor productivity. In examining yield and its components, the N90 + FF treatment achieved a higher yield of 9872.48 kg ha− 1, surpassing the 9383.75 kg ha− 1 of N100. N90 + FF had better results in seed-setting rate and average grain number per panicle, with its 1000-grain weight similar to that of N100. The N90 and N80 treatments, however, were less effective in terms of yield and its components. The integrated study findings demonstrate that a strategy incorporating moderate N reduction and foliar fertilizer application markedly optimizes rice photosynthesis, augments N metabolism, and enhances utilization efficiency, leading to increased yields. These insights are valuable for advancing precision agriculture, enhancing japonica rice production efficiency, and promoting sustainable farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Olive tree, with a thousand years of cultivation history, is one of the most important horticultural crops in Iran and has always played an important economical role for orchardists. In olive orchards traits such as an increased formation of incomplete flowers, low yield of fruits and oil are often found as major problems. It should be noted that these traits are affected by numerous environmental and management factors from which the nutrition status is one of the most important ones. Proper nutrition plays an important role in both olive fruit and oil yield. There is a wide range of fertilizer compounds with different formulas and efficiencies available in the world market, among which nano-products are becoming increasingly popular. However, there is limited information on their efficacy in different plant species. Materials and MethodsIn order to evaluate the impact of fertilizers on olive cultivation, a research was conducted during two successive years from 2019 to 2020 in a commercial orchard on 15 year old olive tree cv. ‘Zard’, in Manjil city of Guilan province. Foliar application included five treatments using two types of fertilizers; nano (nano-chelated nitrogen and potassium: nano-NK) and chemical fertilizers (urea and potassium nitrate; NK). Treatments involved application of two concentrations from each fertilizers sources; 1.02g and 0.81g (nano-N1K1 and N1K1), 1.36 g and 1.08 g (nano-N2K2 and N2K2) of pure nitrogen and potassium, respectively. Foliar application was conducted in four stages bud-swelling, before blooming, pit hardening and shortly after harvest of table olive. Spraying with water was considered as the control. The nano-chelated fertilizers were obtained from Khazra Company, Teheran, Iran (http://en.khazra.ir). Spraying with water was considered as control. The experiment was performed in a randomized block design with three replications. The measurement of leaf nutrient status and its chlorophyll and carbohydrate contents were carried out at two times each growing season; in August (during pit hardening stage) and October (shortly after the harvest of table olive). At the green ripening stage, fruits were collected and weighted to determine fruit yield. At the end of the experiment quantity and quality traits of oil were measured. Results and Discussion The results showed that the trees under N2K2 treatment had the highest yield. In terms of mineral content, both forms of fertilizers increased the concentration of nitrogen and potassium leaf elements compared to the control trees. Chlorophyll content was affected by nano-N1K1 foliar application and carbohydrate content was affected by nano-N1K1 in the pit hardening stage and nano-N2K2 in shortly after the harvest of table olive. Nano-N1K1 treatment with the lower crop load not only increased oil content but also improved quality characteristics of olive oil (free fatty acids, peroxide value, specific ultraviolet absorbance K232, K270 and contents of pigments), total phenol content, antioxidant capacity and fatty acid composition. Generally, the results showed that olive trees responded well to fertilizer feeding. These trees produced better crop and higher quality oil in comparison with control trees. According to the results, fruit yield is better under urea and potassium nitrate treatment, and the quality of olive oil is more stable after nano-chelated nitrogen and potassium foliar application. It seems that the reason for the high amount of fruit yield with N2K2 in comparison to the slow-release property of nano-fertilizers is that using nitrogen and potassium in the form of ordinary chemical fertilizer regulates the biosynthesis, conversion and rapid translocation of assimilates and mineral elements into reproductive structures, which resulted in soaring yield. We assumed that nano-N1K1 foliar spray in the pit hardening stage and shortly after the fruit harvest for table olive might export the assimilation into the fruit to fulfill cell metabolism requirements for oil synthesis. Conclusion The current findings indicated that two of four treatments, i.e. nano-N1K1 and N2K2, could be more effective on olive trees in terms of general fruit and oil attributes. It was remarkable that nano treatment with a lower concentration could provide adequate beneficial effects on quality characteristics of olive oil and is in line with good management strategies regarding the preservation of the environment. To the best of our knowledge, the current work is the first report considering the application of nano-chelated nitrogen and potassium and their is use as a foliar application on olive trees. Additional studies would be necessary to further optimize the concentration and timing of the applications with these new formulations.

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a new cash crop grown in north central and northwestern North Dakota (ND). Soils and climate in these new soybean areas differ from current fertilizer guidelines. A three-year study to evaluate soybean fertility best management practices was initiated in the spring of 2016 and concluded in 2018. Each year had two sites and twelve treatments. One site was acidic (pH < 6.2) and the other was alkaline (pH > 7.2). Both site treatments were: untreated check, inoculated with rhizobia (Bradyrhizobium japonicum L.), broadcast urea (55 kg ha−1), broadcast MAP (110 kg ha−1), In-furrow 10-34-0 (28 L ha−1), in-furrow 6-24-6 (28 L ha−1), foliar 3-18-18 (28 L ha−1) at V5 and R2, and foliar 3-18-18 (28 L ha−1) with sulfate (1.1 kg ha−1) at V5 and R2. The acidic site had two treatments of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) waste lime (4411 kg ha−1 and 8821 kg ha−1). The alkaline site received treatments of iron ortho-ortho-EDDHA (7.1 L ha−1), and naked ortho-ortho-EDDHA (7.1 L ha−1). An in-furrow treatment of cobalt (2.9 kg cobalt-sulfate ha−1) was added in 2018. Fertilizer treatments did not impact soybean yield, protein content and oil content at the 0.05 significance level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been much interest in the incorporation of organic molecules or biostimulants into foliar fertilizers with the rationalization that these compounds will enhance the uptake, or subsequent mobility of the applied nutrient. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of an inositol-based plant stimulant on the mobility and accumulation of foliar-applied zinc (Zn) in wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.). High-resolution elemental imaging with micro-X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) was utilized to examine Zn distribution within the vascular bundle of the leaf and whole grains. The inclusion of myo-inositol with Zinc sulfate, significantly increased Zn concentration in shoots in contrast to untreated controls and Zn sulfate applied alone. Foliar Zn treated plants increased Zn in grains by 5-25% with myo-inositol plus Zn treated plants significantly increasing grain Zn concentration compared to both Zn treated and non-treated controls. XRF imaging revealed Zn enrichment in the bran layer and germ, with a very low Zn concentration present in the endosperm. Plants treated with Zn plus myo-inositol showed an enhanced and uniform distribution of Zn throughout the bran layer and germ with an increased concentration in the endosperm. While our data suggest that foliar application of myo-inositol in combination with Zn may be a promising strategy to increase the absorption and mobility of Zn in the plant tissue and subsequently to enhance Zn accumulation in grains, further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms by which myo-inositol affects plant metabolism and nutrient mobility.

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a significant cash crop in Iran. It serves as a source of income for smallholder farmers and commercial fields. In order to investigate the growth indices and yield of two Virginia tobacco cultivars an experiment was conducted in a split factorial based on RCBD design with eight treatments and three replicates during the 2020 cropping seasons. The treatments consisted of two application methods of N and K fertilizer (soil and foliar application), planting arrangement (double- and single-row) in the main plot and two Virginia tobacco cultivars (TC100 and NC100) in the sub-plot. Results showed that the highest value of tobacco leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), and total dry matter (TDM) were recorded where TC100 cultivar planted in double-row spacing and sprayed with N and K nutrients. Conversely, the lowest values of LAI, CGR, RGR and TDM were recorded where the NTC100 cultivar was planted in single-row spacing and received soil application of N and K. The overall results indicated that double-row and foliar application of N and K fertilizers could improve tobacco growth indices and ultimately its yield.

Over the past decade, nanomaterials have emerged as powerful tools in enhancing plant growth and immunity. Manganese-based nanomaterials, in particular, have garnered attention due to their unique elemental properties. This review article discusses the importance of these nanomaterials in agricultural practices, emphasizing their role in improving plant health and growth through foliar application. It also touches upon the various synthesis methods and mechanisms of foliar uptake by plants. The abstract underscores the growing interest among researchers in developing innovative manganese-based nanomaterial composites for a wide range of agricultural applications, highlighting the promising future of these materials in sustainable farming practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the paper is to highlight the impact of foliar fertilization during the various growth stages of winter wheat and its role in achieving high-quality and superior production. Foliar fertilizers play a crucial role in calibrating and forming active growth intervals correlated with productivity factors. The research was conducted over a two-year period using the Andrada winter wheat variety. It involved the application of four different foliar fertilizers: basic mineral fertilization, FoliMAX Orange (two treatments and three treatments), FoliMAX CerealsMIX (two treatments and three treatments), and Microfert U (three treatments). Depending on the treatment, two or three applications of foliar with foliar fertilizers were carried out at various stages of winter wheat development, including pre-flowering and grain formation. The research method used to record physiological parameters was non-destructive (the leaves were not detached from the plant) and was based on the use of the CIRAS-3 foliar gas analyzer, which simultaneously determines several physiological and environmental indicators. As an indicator read by the device, photosynthesis was chosen for leaf temperature and leaf transpiration, correlated with production and quality indices. By applying the foliar fertilizer treatments to the wheat culture, we managed to increase production and improve the quality. After using different foliar fertilizers, the assimilation and physiological parameters had higher values of over 30 μmolm−2·s−1. Foliar fertilization applied to the winter wheat variety resulted in an average production increase between 450 and 765 kg·ha−1 and quality indices with a protein percentage between 11.5 and 12.6%, gluten content between 21.5 to 24.0% and the Zeleny index between 29.0 and 39.0%, and the mass of one thousand grains was between 48.0 and 50.5 g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The foliar application of zinc (Zn) has been regarded as a practical and economical way to reduce grain cadmium (Cd) accumulation and enhance grain quality in crops. Herein, a two-year field experiment was carried out to examine the efficacy of different application rates of the foliar Zn fertilizer in Cd reduction and microelement biofortification in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains. The results show that the T4 and T5 treatments, 500 and 250-fold dilution of the foliar Zn fertilizer, respectively, increased the grain yield to varying degrees in the two years. When compared with controls and based on the average of the two years' results, spraying with the foliar Zn fertilizer remarkably decreased grain Cd concentrations (44.5%), Cd translocation from stem to grain (TFStem/Grain) (4.92%), the H R I values of Cd (45.5%), PA/Ca (27.8%), PA/Fe (21.4%) and PA/Mn (5.81%) under the T2 treatment (1000-fold dilution). Furthermore, the T2 treatment significantly increased the Zn (37.8%), Ca (48.9%), Fe (37.6%), Mn (14.8%) and total protein (7.92%) contents and the estimated Zn bioavailability (28.9%) in wheat grains after two years. All these findings suggest that the foliar Zn fertilizer holds considerable promise as a safe crop production technique and a means of mitigating "hidden hunger" in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent calyx affects the fruit quality of the Korla fragrant pear including increasing fruit hardness. In order to reduce fruit hardness and improve fruit quality, in this study, we used the Korla fragrant pear which has persistent calyx. Korla fragrant pear fruit at different development stages were treated with foliar fertilizers of 101 and calcium–magnesium (Ca–Mg) solutions, and the hardness and pectase, cellulose, lipoxygenase, and amylase activities of persistent calyx fruit were determined and analyzed. We found that the fruit hardness of two foliar fertilizers increased compared with the control after treatment. The fruit hardness of calcium–magnesium foliar fertilizer and 101 foliar fertilizer treatments were increased by 11.7% and 6.8% compared with the control, respectively. Furthermore, the activities of cellulase, pectinase, and lipoxygenase were increased by 30%, 12.7%, and 42% after treatment with calcium–magnesium foliar fertilizer, respectively. The 101 foliar fertilizer inhibited the contents of cellulose and starch. In summary, the internal quality of Korla fragrant pear fruit treated with calcium–magnesium foliar fertilizer was better than 101 foliar fertilizer. It was confirmed that calcium and magnesium foliar fertilizer had a good control effect on the hardness of Korla fragrant pear persistent calyx fruit, and its fruit quality was also improved. This study has great application value in production practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panzao (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. 'Jingcang1') have a short shelf-life, which hampers their marketability. To investigate effects of combined pre- and postharvest treatments on quality and softening during storage, preharvest Guomantian foliar fertilizer (FF) spray and postharvest salicylic acid (SA) dip were applied to panzao. By day 63 of storage, fruit firmness responded to treatment in the order of FF+SA treatment > FF or SA treatments > Control. All treatments inhibited fruit reddening during storage and, compared with those of the control, alleviated the decline in total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, and phenol contents and decreased the oxidative aging process, which was consistent with the change in firmness. The FF+SA treatment reduced the activities of amylase, cellulase, polygalacturonase, and β-glucosidase, which decreased the degradation of macromolecules including starch, cellulose, and pectin. Principal component analysis showed that FF+SA exhibited a synergistic effect and was the most effective treatment for maintaining fruit quality during storage. FF increased accumulation of nutrients during growth and improved quality, while SA delayed the decline in fruit quality and reduced softening. These results provide the theoretical basis and technical knowledge for improving the shelf-life of panzao during storage and long-distance transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foliar zinc (Zn) application can affect the accumulation and bioaccessibility of cadmium (Cd) and Zn in crops. However, the mechanisms by which foliar Zn application influences Cd and Zn bioaccessibility remain elusive. This study examined the effects of spraying ZnSO4 and ZnNa2EDTA on bioaccessibility and chemical forms of Cd and Zn in pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) shoots and evaluated human health risks via pakchoi consumption. Spraying ZnSO4 reduced the concentrations of ethanol-extractable (Fethanol) and deionized water-extractable (Fd-H2O) Cd, as well as the corresponding bioaccessible Cd concentrations (20.3–66.4%) and attendant health risks of Cd, whereas spraying high-dose ZnNa2EDTA significantly increased the concentrations of both Cd forms and bioaccessible Cd. Spraying ZnSO4 and high-dose ZnNa2EDTA significantly increased the concentrations of Zn in Fethanol and Fd-H2O and the corresponding bioaccessible Zn concentrations (0.8–8.3-fold). Fethanol and Fd-H2O were the primary sources of bioaccessible Cd and Zn, contributing more than 59% of the bioaccessible Cd and Zn. These results indicate that foliar Zn application can affect Cd and Zn bioaccessibility in pakchoi mainly by modulating Cd and Zn in Fethanol and Fd-H2O. These findings provide scientific support for the development of more efficient measures to produce safe and high-quality leafy vegetables from Cd-polluted soils.

With glucose, urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate as the basic formula of foliar fertilizer, on the basis of adding fulvic acid potassium, sodium nitrate of phenol, amine ester, salicylic acid, sodium bisulfite, the eight different formulations of foliar fertilizer were made. With water as contrast, spraying on the leaf in cucumber seedling stage, cucumber seedling morphological index, fresh weight and dry weight of different treatments were investigated, the effects of foliar fertilizer on cucumber seedling growth were studied. The results showed as follows: on the basis of urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and glucose formula, the addition of potassium fulvic acid, potassium fulvic acid and sodium nitrophenol could significantly promote the growth of stem diameter, increase the leaf area of cucumber seedlings, increase the fresh weight of shoot of cucumber seedlings, and significantly increase the chlorophyll content of cucumber seedlings. The addition of fresh amine ester, salicylic acid and potassium fulvic acid could significantly promote the increase of root volume and root fresh and dry weight. Compared with the control, stem diameter, leaf area of cucumber seedlings treated with T3 (glucose 0. 5%+ urea 0. 5%+ potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0. 3%+ potassium xanthate 30 mg/ L+ sodium nitrophenol 5 mg/ L) increased by 12. 24%, 101. 30%, and it could significantly increase the aboveground and underground dry and fresh weight, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of cucumber seedlings. It is concluded that the foliar fertilizer has a good effect on the cultivation of cucumber seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) are among the micronutrients humans need. However, the main food sources in developing countries such as Malaysia have low micronutrients, making it insufficient to supply the minimum daily requirement. Foliar fertilization is one of the most effective and safe ways to enrich important micronutrients in plants. This study investigated variations in Zn and Fe sources to evaluate the effects of individual Zn and Fe foliar applications on growth, dry matter, and nutrient uptake by lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Based on the result, the application of Zn and Fe in the form of sulfate salt showed a lower toxicity effect in terms of growth and dry matter of plants than Fe and Zn in the form of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). In terms of Zn uptake, it was found that there was a significant difference observed compared to the control, especially when 3 kg/ha Zn was applied, regardless of whether it was in the form of sulfate or EDTA. Furthermore, there was an increase in Fe uptake observed with increased Zn application. In contrast, the Fe application showed no difference in Fe intake compared to the control. It was found that there is a decrease in Zn uptake observed with increasing application of Fe rate. Sufficient Fe content is already available in the soil, and plants only take up what is needed for growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Agronomic biofortification of wheat grain with zinc can improve the condition of about one billion people suffering from zinc (Zn) deficiency. However, with the challenge of cultivating high-yielding wheat varieties in Zn-deficient soils and the global need to produce higher-quality food that nourishes the growing population, innovation in the strategies to deliver Zn directly to plants will come into play. Consequently, existing foliar formulations will need further refinement to maintain the high agronomic productivity required in competitive global grain markets while meeting the dietary Zn intake levels recommended for humans. A new generation of foliar fertilisers that increase the amount of Zn assimilated in wheat plants and the translocation efficiency of Zn from leaves to grains can be a promising solution. Research on the efficacy of adjuvants and emerging nano-transporters relative to conventional Zn forms applied as foliar fertilisers to wheat has expanded rapidly in recent years. This review scopes the range of evidence available in the literature regarding the biofortification of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) resulting from foliar applications of conventional Zn forms, Zn nanoparticles and novel Zn-foliar formulations. We examine the foliar application strategies and the attained final concentration of grain Zn. We propose a conceptual model for the response of grain Zn biofortification of wheat to foliar Zn application rates. This review discusses some physiological aspects of transportation of foliarly applied Zn that need further investigation. Finally, we explore the prospects of engineering foliar nano-formulations that could effectively overcome the physicochemical barrier to delivering Zn to wheat grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a significant cash crop in Iran. It serves as a source of income for smallholder farmers and commercial fields. In order to investigate the growth indices and yield of two Virginia tobacco cultivars an experiment was conducted in a split factorial based on RCBD design with eight treatments and three replicates during the 2020 cropping seasons. The treatments consisted of two application methods of N and K fertilizer (soil and foliar application), planting arrangement (double- and single-row) in the main plot and two Virginia tobacco cultivars (TC100 and NC100) in the sub-plot. Results showed that the highest value of tobacco leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), and total dry matter (TDM) were recorded where TC100 cultivar planted in doublerow spacing and sprayed with N and K nutrients. Conversely, the lowest values of LAI, CGR, RGR and TDM were recorded where the NTC100 cultivar was planted in single-row spacing and received soil application of N and K. The overall results indicated that double-row and foliar application of N and K fertilizers could improve tobacco growth indices and ultimately its yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barley can be cultivated and gives better yields in a large number of environments under various fertilization practices. This experiment was conducted in two growing seasons 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 under rainfall condition. Four new introduced cultivars of barley (Arta, Tadmor, Clipper and Furat2) along with two commonly grown cultivars (Local-1 and Local-2) were represented in the current study; Soil (DAP) and foliar fertilization treatments were also involved; the treatments were arranged through Split Plot Design in RCBD with four replications where the seasons considered the main plots, barley genotypes sub plots and fertilization sub-sub plots.The results of the present study demonstrated that each of Arta and Furat2 cultivars performed better in respect to growth and final grain yield under the multi environment conditions of the study. Additionally, the soil application of DAP and foliar fertilization treatment influenced significantly on the yield and growth parameters in various proportions. Application of both DAP and foliar treatments on barley that were grown under the rainfed condition resulted in the highest grain yield, better yield components and most of the growth traits during both growing seasons compared to control treatment. The GGE biplot analysis also showed the alignment of the introduced barley cultivars to the side of DAP and foliar fertilizers for final grain yield and most of yield component parameters demonstrating the importance of both fertilizers and mainly soil (DAP) for enhancing the yield of barley under rainfed environments.

Heilongjiang Province is a big potato producer in China, but the level of production management is relatively low. Therefore, efficient cultivation techniques for excellent new varieties are urgently needed to improve the yield and quality of potato in the development of potato industry. Potatoes are different in their absorption periods and absorption rates of different types of fertilizers. In this experiment, the suitable topdressing scheme was to be determined for two new potato varieties, 'Dongnong 312' and 'Dongnong 321', recently developed in China, aiming at providing basic data and planting guidance for the promotion and application of the new varieties. Five topdressing fertilization treatments (CK = regular topdressing, C1 = nitrogen reduction topdressing, C2 = humic acid, C3 = organic matter, and C4 = trace elements, Zn and Mn) were set up in a randomized complete block design, and plant growth, yield and quality of each variety under different topdressing treatments were compared. The plant height, SPAD value and starch content of 'Dongnong 312' were increased, and total tuber yield was 54 748 kg/ha under the treatment C3 (organic matter), which was increased by 3.43%, when compared with CK. The total tuber yield, marketable tuber yield and vitamin C content of 'Dongnong 321' were increased under the treatment C1 (nitrogen reduction topdressing), but the reducing sugar content was significantly reduced. In addition, the plant height, stem diameter and canopy coverage of 'Dongnong 321' were significantly increased compared with CK under the treatment C1 (nitrogen reducing topdressing) at the early flowering stage, and total tuber yield was 51 973 kg/ha, increasing by 8.50% compared with CK. In summary, organic matter-containing foliar fertilizer and nitrogen-reducing topdressing should be recommended to be applied for 'Dongnong 312' and 'Dongnong 321', respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agronomic biofortification of wheat grain with zinc can improve the condition of about one billion people suffering from zinc (Zn) deficiency. However, with the challenge of cultivating high-yielding wheat varieties in Zn-deficient soils and the global need to produce higher-quality food that nourishes the growing population, innovation in the strategies to deliver Zn directly to plants will come into play. Consequently, existing foliar formulations will need further refinement to maintain the high agronomic productivity required in competitive global grain markets while meeting the dietary Zn intake levels recommended for humans. A new generation of foliar fertilisers that increase the amount of Zn assimilated in wheat plants and the translocation efficiency of Zn from leaves to grains can be a promising solution. Research on the efficacy of adjuvants and emerging nano-transporters relative to conventional Zn forms applied as foliar fertilisers to wheat has expanded rapidly in recent years. This review scopes the range of evidence available in the literature regarding the biofortification of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) resulting from foliar applications of conventional Zn forms, Zn nanoparticles and novel Zn-foliar formulations. We examine the foliar application strategies and the attained final concentration of grain Zn. We propose a conceptual model for the response of grain Zn biofortification of wheat to foliar Zn application rates. This review discusses some physiological aspects of transportation of foliarly applied Zn that need further investigation. Finally, we explore the prospects of engineering foliar nano-formulations that could effectively overcome the physicochemical barrier to delivering Zn to wheat grains.

Increasing the yield stability in crop production is very important. Foliar fertilizers can be suitable for this purpose. In our study the effects of different foliar fertilizers were investigated for maize production. The experiment was set up in three replications, using random block design on the area of Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences in Szeged. The soil deeply salt meadow chernozem. The examined maize hybrid was DKC 4555. We applied three foliar fertilizers individually and combined with each other. 2021 was unfavourable year for maize. The amount of precipitation was lower by 113.58 mm than the average in the vegetative period of maize. We processed the obtained data by single factor variant analysis. The yield of the untreated control plot was 2.44 t ha-1. By using of foliar fertilizer treatments, we got higher yields (2.48-3.14 t ha-1). Although the foliar fertilizer treatments resulted in maximum 29% higher yield in this experiment, but statistically it was not significant. Based on our results we can establish, that using foliar fertilizers can improve the yield stability of maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is a valuable vegetable that has a high amount of functional nutrients and bioactive compounds. The use of zinc (Zn) fertilizer to improve green bean productivity and nutrient value is limited. A study was performed to evaluate plant growth, productivity and harvest quality of different pole and bush green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) varieties as affected by zinc sulphate and Lys-Zn. Results showed that green bean shoot fresh and dry weights increased by the two sources of Zn fertilizer in pole varieties compared with controls. The bush types, 'Burpees' and 'Black valentine' showed higher yield with Lys-Zn application compared with the control. Antioxidant activity was enhanced by Lys-Zn in 'Blv". The 'Burpees', 'Dragon' and 'Black valentine' indicated highest antioxidant activity. Results indicated that regardless of the source of Zn fertilizer, all the green bean varieties were rich in calcium, magnesium, and potassium. 'Dragon' under ZnSO4 had the highest Zn content. Also, foliar application with Lys-Zn enhanced protein, starch, calcium, auxin, and folate mostly in 'Burpees', 'Dragon', and 'Black valentine'. Moreover, total essential and non-essential amino acids were improved by Lys-Zn in 'Sunray' and 'Burpees'. A real-time PCR indicated that Lys-Zn increased Bowman–Birk inhibitor (BBI) gene expression in'Sunray', 'Burpees' and 'Cherokee' compared with the others. Moreover, the interaction effect of variety and zinc gave the highest yield, antioxidant capacity, nutrient elements, and folate contents in 'Burpees' under the Lys-Zn treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato quality degradation can happen under solar greenhouse production in winter, due to the low temperature and weak light. Taking the "184" tomato as the research object, an experiment was conducted to clarify the effects of the five types of foliar fertilizers on the composition and content of soluble sugar, organic acid components, and volatile substances. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Headspace Solid-Phase Micro Extraction (HS-SPME), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques were also used to characterize the tomato samples. The results showed that three soluble sugars and seven organic acids were detected in the tomato fruit by HPLC. Three soluble sugars included sucrose, glucose, and fructose, the latter two of which were the two main soluble sugar of tomato fruit. Spraying selenium liquid fertilizer significantly increased the sucrose and glucose contents of tomato fruits at the white ripening, mature, and full-ripe stage (P < 0.05). The silicon and amino acid liquid fertilizer significantly increased the sucrose and glucose contents of tomato fruits at the white ripening, color turning, and mature stage, respectively (P < 0.05). Seven organic acids contained the oxalic acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, citric acid, quinic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, and fumaric acid. Among them, citric acid, malic acid, and succinic acid were the three main organic acids of tomato fruit. The contents of α-ketoglutaric acid, citric acid and malic acid at the mature stage significantly decreased by the selenium and fish protein aqueous fertilizer (P < 0.05). The selenium liquid fertilizer significantly increased the sugar-acid ratio of tomato at the white ripening stage and turning color stage by 15.32% and 12.15% compared with CK, respectively (P < 0.05). The GC-MS showed that 71 volatile substances were detected in the tomato fruits during the mature period, including 20 aldehydes, 9 ketones, 17 alcohols, 5 esters, 10 hydrocarbons, and 10 other substances. The aldehydes content was the highest in all treatments, and the esters content was the least. The five volatile substances with a high content were 2-hexenal, methyl heptenone, n-hexal, 2-isobutylthiazole, and guaiacol. Sixteen kinds of aldehydes were detected under the treatment of selenium liquid fertilizer, fish protein aqueous and fertilizer amino acid liquid fertilizer, which were two more kinds than those in the CK. All five foliar fertilizers increased the aldehyde content, indicating an increase of 21.89% under the treatment of silicon liquid fertilizer than that under the CK (P < 0.05). The 2-hexenal was the highest in the silicon liquid fertilizer treatment, which increased by 33.54%, compared with the CK. All the detected volatile substances contained nine characteristic aroma components, which were mainly divided into three types: Floral, fruity, and fragrant. Furthermore, the selenium, silicon, and seaweed essence water-soluble fertilizer treatments significantly increased the total content of characteristic aroma components of tomato by 7.93%, 17.68%, and 8.33%, respectively (P < 0.05), compared with the CK. In conclusion, the spraying of selenium and silicon liquid fertilizer can be popularized and applied in the production of tomatoes cultivated in the overwintering facility substrate, in order to improve the sugar component, the volatile aldehydes, and characteristic aroma components of tomato fruits, particularly for the flavor quality of tomato. The finding can provide the data support and practical reference for the high-quality cultivation of facility tomatoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presented research was carried out in 2021 and 2022 on the Felix soybean variety at the Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda, located in the Transylvanian Plain, Romania. In this experiment, complex fertilizer NPK 20:20:0 was applied as a basic fertilizer in a dose of 200 kg ha−1 at the sowing stage, to which foliar fertilizer Agro Argentum Forte treatment was added in different doses and at different application stages. The main purpose of the study was to identify the suitable stages of foliar application in soybean cultivation for effective vegetative development, yield, and quality purposes. The impacts of the fertilization system and the climatic conditions on the physiological parameters, assimilation, yield, and quality were evaluated. Technology showed that the physiological parameters were positively influenced, following the foliar fertilization with Agro Argentum Forte, with average assimilation values recorded above 23.0 μmol CO2 m−2s−1 in the year 2021 and 22.4 μmol CO2 m−2s−1 in the year 2022. Soybean crop was influenced by climatic conditions and the application of foliar fertilizers in different phases of growth and development, obtaining higher yields, as well as higher protein and oil content. The soybean yield and quality indices (protein, oil, and mass of a thousand seeds) were higher in 2021 than in 2022 for the variants treated with foliar fertilizers compared to the control, resulting in an improvement in seed quality in 2021 with a yield of 3560 kg ha−1, while 2022 saw a lower yield of 1805 kg ha−1. The application of basic mineral fertilizers in combination with foliar fertilization had a significantly positive impact on the quality indicators of soybean seeds. The highest yields were achieved when the foliar treatment was applied in the early pod formation stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific application of base fertilizer and proper spraying of foliar fertilizer could not only improve the utilization rate of fertilizer, but also be beneficial to the growth and development of potato plants in the later stage. To understand the effect of reducing phosphorus and potassium base fertilizer application rate combined with topdressing additional foliar fertilizer on potato growth and yield, five treatments were set up in the experiment: one-time application of basic fertilizer (CK), 80% P-K base fertilizer + foliar fertilizer spraying twice (T1), 80% P-K base fertilizer + equal amount of water (T2), 60% P- K base fertilizer + foliar fertilizer spraying twice (T3), 60% P- K base fertilizer + equal amount of water (T4). The effects of different fertilization treatments on potato plant height, stem diameter, LAI, SPAD value and tuber yield were studied. Compared with CK, all indexes of T1 treatment performed well. Plant height, LAI, SPAD value, marketable tuber percentage and yield of T1 treatment were the best, while stem diameter, tuber yield per plant and number of tuber per plant of CK were the best, followed by T1, but there was no significant difference between them. In terms of economic benefits, although the cost of T1 treatment increased, the net output value also increased, which was 8.06% higher than that of CK. In theory, the income could be increased by 262 Yuan/667m², which was of great significance to producers. Therefore, this fertilization method (T1 treatment) could be used as a reference for potato production to reduce chemical fertilizer usage and increase efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, nanotechnology has offered the practice of a new generation of foliar fertilizers containing nanoparticles. One of the most promising zinc-containing foliar fertilizers is zinc hydroxy nitrate. Along with this, important aspects of its application in practice, such as the number and timing of sprays and the agronomic response of different maize hybrids, remain understudied. The objective of this study was to investigate the agronomic responses of maize hybrids to foliar fertilization by zinc in the form of zinc hydroxy nitrate suspension. Grain yield and its components were used as evaluation criteria. A total of ten hybrids from three maturity groups (FAO 400, 500 and 600/700) were tested. Considerable differences were found between the groups for the grain yield parameters. Furthermore, a significant effect of Zn application was observed for grain yield, which increases up to 12.2% for P0216 FAO 480. The best effect is obtained by double spraying at 4-5 fully emerged leaf and 8-9 fully developed leaf. The most sensitive to foliar zinc fertilization are the hybrids from the early maturity group FAO 400. No direct correlation was found between foliar zinc fertilization and protein, fat and starch content in the maize grains. The preparation of the zinc hydroxide nitrate with composition Zn5 (OH)8(NO3)2·2H2O was performed by pouring a NaOH solution into Zn (NO3)2·6H2O under vigorous stirring. All samples were characterised in detail by thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mass spectrometry to determine their physicochemical properties, morphology and content. The field experiment was conducted in four variants, three repetitions for each hybrid. It was concluded that the synthesised zinc hydroxy nitrate has potential as a successful long-term foliar fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent calyx affects the fruit quality of the Korla fragrant pear including increasing fruit hardness. In order to reduce fruit hardness and improve fruit quality, in this study, we used the Korla fragrant pear which has persistent calyx. Korla fragrant pear fruit at different development stages were treated with foliar fertilizers of 101 and calcium–magnesium (Ca–Mg) solutions, and the hardness and pectase, cellulose, lipoxygenase, and amylase activities of persistent calyx fruit were determined and analyzed. We found that the fruit hardness of two foliar fertilizers increased compared with the control after treatment. The fruit hardness of calcium–magnesium foliar fertilizer and 101 foliar fertilizer treatments were increased by 11.7% and 6.8% compared with the control, respectively. Furthermore, the activities of cellulase, pectinase, and lipoxygenase were increased by 30%, 12.7%, and 42% after treatment with calcium–magnesium foliar fertilizer, respectively. The 101 foliar fertilizer inhibited the contents of cellulose and starch. In summary, the internal quality of Korla fragrant pear fruit treated with calcium–magnesium foliar fertilizer was better than 101 foliar fertilizer. It was confirmed that calcium and magnesium foliar fertilizer had a good control effect on the hardness of Korla fragrant pear persistent calyx fruit, and its fruit quality was also improved. This study has great application value in production practice.

Changes in plant metabolism due to water deficit combined with other stresses, such as high irradiance and high temperatures, cause damage to the physiology and development of crops, which can lead to significant yield losses. The aim of this study was to determine the potential of potassium phosphite (PP) to induce tolerance to water deficit combined with high irradiance in soybean plants. The experiment was carried out in an acclimatized growth chamber. Soybean plants, upon reaching the R1 developmental stage, received the following treatments: PP application (0 L ha−1–control; 0.6 L ha−1 PP; and 1.2 L ha−1 PP), two levels of PAR irradiance (650 µmol m−2 s−1–control; and 1500 µmol m−2 s−1–high irradiance (HI)), and three water availability levels (90% of field capacity (FC), and water deficit at 40% FC and 50% FC). The treatments were maintained for 12 days. The PP increased the photosynthetic rate of plants submitted to a dosage of 1.2 L ha−1 and stresses of 50% FC + HI. PP also decreased the intensity of lipid peroxidation, and rate of electrolyte leakage, which suggests stability of cell membranes. These responses may have occurred due to the activation of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and peroxidase. Furthermore, the application of PP increased the proline concentrations, suggesting osmotic adjustment in response to stress. These results provide the first record of PP-induced tolerance in plants under combined water and HI stresses. PP proves to be a potential alternative method to reduce the harmful effects caused by the combined stresses of water deficit and high irradiance in soybean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the economic benefits of Camellia oleifera is a major problem for C. oleifera growers, and girdling and foliar fertilizer have significant effects on improving the economic benefits of plants. This study explains the effects of girdling, girdling + foliar fertilizer on nutrient distribution, and the economic benefits of C. oleifera at different times. It also explains the N, P, and K contents of roots, leaves, fruits, and flower buds (sampled in March, May, August, and October 2021) and their economic benefits. The results showed girdling promoted the accumulation of N and K in leaves in March 2021 (before spring shoot emergence) but inhibited the accumulation of P, which led to the accumulation of P in roots and that of N in fruits in August 2021 (fruit expansion period). Foliar fertilizer application after girdling replenished the P content of leaves in March 2021, and P continued to accumulate in large quantities at the subsequent sampling time points. The N and P contents of the root system decreased in March. In October (fruit ripening stage), girdled shrubs showed higher contents of N and K in fruits and flower buds, and consequently lower relative contents of N and K in roots and leaves but higher content of P in leaves. Foliar fertilizer application slowed down the effects of girdling on nutrient accumulation in fruits and flower buds. Spraying foliar fertilizer decreased the N:P ratio in the flower buds and fruits of girdled plants. Thus, foliar fertilizer spray weakened the effects of girdling on the nutrient content and economic benefits of C. oleifera. In conclusion, girdling changed the nutrient accumulation pattern in various organs of C. oleifera at different stages, increased leaf N:K ratio before shoot emergence, reduced root K content at the fruit expansion stage and the N:K ratio of mature fruit, and promoted economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several factors influence the quality of melon fruits and foliar fertilizer application is one method for improving their quality. The objectives of this study were: (1) to investigate the response of commercial melon varieties to a soilless culture system in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand, and (2) to evaluate the quality of melon fruit under various foliar fertilizer treatments. The experiment was arranged as a completely randomized block design with four replications. Eight commercial melon varieties, including four orange pulp melons (Sandee, Baramee, Sanwan, and Melon cat 697) and four green pulp melons (Kissme, Snowgreen, Melon Princess, and Kimoji), were used in this study. At 1–5 weeks after planting, the growth of the melons was measured using agronomic traits. Four foliar fertilizers (distilled water, micronutrients, secondary nutrients + micronutrients, and amino acid + micronutrients) were sprayed on the melon leaves at 1–5 weeks after pollination, and the growth of the melons, using fruit traits, was recorded. After harvesting, the melons were assessed for the quality of the fruit. This study was conducted at the School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry’s greenhouse and the Food Chemistry Laboratory of the Center for Scientific and Technological Equipment, Walailak University. In nearly all of the observed growth weeks, the data demonstrate that most agronomic and fruit traits were significantly different between the melon varieties. Sandee, Baramee, Melon cat 697, and Melon Princess are recommended for planting under Nakhon Si Thammarat’s climate, based on fruit size and quality. Foliar fertilizer application impacted the shape, skin color, and quality of the melon. Melons treated with micronutrients, secondary nutrients and micronutrients, and amino acids and micronutrients exhibited better measures of fruit quality than those treated with non-foliar treatments. There was also an interaction observed between melon variety and foliar fertilizer application. Based on measures of fruit quality, Baramee, Melon cat 697, Kissme, and Melon Princess were more responsive to foliar fertilizer application than other melon varieties tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of different foliar fertilizers on the yield and grain protein, oil and starch content of maize. The experiment was set up in 2021 at the Öthalom research station of the Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences in Szeged. The soil was deeply salt meadow chernozem. Its nitrogen content was medium, phosphorus and potassium content was good. The experiment was carried out in three replications, using random blocks design. The size of plots were 14 m2. The produced maize hybrid was DKC 4555 (FAO 350). We sprayed three foliar fertilizers individually and combined with each other. We processed the obtained data by single factor variant analysis. 2021 was unfavourable year for maize. The amount of precipitation was lower by 113.58 mm than the average in the vegetative period of maize, therefore we got relatively low yields. The yield amount of control plot was 2.44 t ha-1. As a result of lack of precipitation the foliar fertilizers resulted low yield increasing (0.04-0.7 t/ha) which was not significant. The highest yield (3.14 t ha-1) we got in Amalgerol+Fitohorm Zn treatment. The foliar fertilizers resulted minimal and not significant changes in maize grain protein, starch and oil contents. We can conclude, that in unfavourable relatively dry year caused low effectiveness of foliar fertilizers in maize production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental contamination, weather anomalies, nutrient imbalance, drought as well as long-term cultivation of multiannual crops are factors that condition intensive soil depletion. Considerable losses in plant productivity and loss of product quality can be observed. The article presents the results of research on the influence of the foliar fertilizer BM 86 of the French company "Arysta Life Science SAS" on the quantity and quality of grapes. Foliar fertilizer BM 86 tested in the conditions of the Republic of Moldova demonstrated its effectiveness in the growth and development of vines manifested by increased yield and quality of berries compared to the standard (Cosir, 2.0 l/ha). Based on the testing results it was recommended to include BM 86 fertilizer in the dosage of 3.0 l/ha in three foliar treatments of vines in the "State Register of Products for Phytosanitary Use and Fertilizers of the Republic of Moldova." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]