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We describe a binary expression aleatory mosaic (BEAM) system, which relies on DNA delivery by transfection or viral transduction along with nested recombinase activity to generate two genetically distinct, non-overlapping populations of cells for comparative analysis. Control cells labeled with red fluorescent protein (RFP) can be directly compared with experimental cells manipulated by genetic gain or loss of function and labeled with GFP. Importantly, BEAM incorporates recombinase-dependent signal amplification and delayed reporter expression to enable sharper delineation of control and experimental cells and to improve reliability relative to existing methods. We applied BEAM to a variety of known phenotypes to illustrate its advantages for identifying temporally or spatially aberrant phenotypes, for revealing changes in cell proliferation or death, and for controlling for procedural variability. In addition, we used BEAM to test the cortical protomap hypothesis at the individual radial unit level, revealing that area identity is cell autonomously specified in adjacent radial units.

Aiming at intramolecular frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) based on soft Lewis acidic bismuth centers, a phosphine function was combined with a dichloridobismuthane unit on a phenylene backbone utilizing a scrambling approach. The reaction between two equivalents of BiCl3 and (o‐(Ph2P)C6H4)3Bi yielded (o‐(Ph2P)C6H4)BiCl2(THF), the structure of which indicated Bi...P interactions and thus a pronounced Lewis acidity at the bismuth center that was confirmed by the Gutmann‐Beckett method. However, the system turned out to be insufficient to be utilized for FLP reactivity. Hence, the chloride ligands were exchanged by iodide and C2F5 substituents, respectively. Despite a lower electronegativity the iodide compound exhibits a shorter Bi...P contact, while the C2F5 substituents led to a further decrease of the Lewis acidity, despite their high group electronegativity. DFT calculations rationalized this by a quenching of the Lewis acidity inherent to the σ*(Bi−C) orbital by negative hyperconjugation from occupied p‐orbitals at the F atoms. Furthermore, it turned out that the strength of the covalent Bi−X σ‐bond is a more important factor than the charge at Bi in determining the energetic accessibility and thus Lewis acidity of the antibonding σ*(Bi−C) orbital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strong potential of platinum single atom (PtSA) in gas sensor technology is primarily attributed to its high atomic economy. Nevertheless, it is imperative to conduct further exploration to understand the impact of PtSA on the active sites. In this study, the evolution of PtSA on (100)CeO2 and (111)CeO2 is examined, revealing notable disparities in the position and activity of surface PtSA on different crystal planes. The PtSA in (100)CeO2 surface can enhance the stability of Ce3+ and construct a frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) to form a double active site by combining the steric hindrance effect of oxygen vacancies, which increases the response value from 1.8 to 27 and reduce the response‐recovery time from 140–192 s to 25–26 s toward five ppm NO2 at room temperature. Conversely, PtSA tends to bind to terminal oxygen on the surface of (111)CeO2 and become an independent reaction site. The response value of PtSA‐(111)CeO2 surface only increased from 1.6 to 3.8. This research underscores the correlation between single atoms and crystal plane effects, laying the groundwork for designing and synthesizing ultra‐stable and efficient gas sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: In silico study investigates the activation of sulfur dioxide by newly designed frustrated Lewis pairs, i.e., [P(tBu)3...B(C2NBSHF2)3], where the Lewis acid part is a super Lewis acid. The activation process involves the making of P–S and B–O bonds, leading to the formation of an FLP-SO2 adduct. The calculated results demonstrate that the activation of SO2 by the FLP is almost barrierless and exothermic. Exploration of the impact of the solvent environment on the feasibility and energetics of the reaction has been investigated. The exothermicity is increasing in nonpolar solvents. Methods: This study focuses on understanding the electronic activity of SO2 activation by FLP with the help of the Minnesota 06 functional, M06-2X (global hybrid functional with 54% HF exchange) along with Pople's basis set, 6-311G (d, p). Principal interacting orbital and extended transition state–natural orbitals for chemical valence studies, giving impactful insight into the favorable orbital interaction and electron transfer in this reaction. Furthermore, useful CDFT descriptors such as reaction force constant and reaction electronic flux profiles along the intrinsic reaction coordinate give insights into the synchronicity and total electronic activity of the reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the serious ecological problems caused by the high CO2 content in the atmosphere, reducing atmospheric CO2 has attracted widespread attention from academia and governments. Among the many ways to mitigate CO2 concentration, the capture and comprehensive utilization of CO2 through chemical methods have obvious advantages, whose key is to develop suitable adsorbents and catalysts. Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) are known to bind CO2 through the interaction between unquenched Lewis acid sites/Lewis base sites with the O/C of CO2, simultaneously achieving CO2 capture and activation, which render FLP better potential for CO2 utilization. However, how to construct efficient FLP targeted for CO2 utilization and the mechanism of CO2 activation have not been systematically reported. This review firstly provides a comprehensive summary of the recent advances in the field of CO2 capture, activation, and transformation with the help of FLP, including the construction of homogeneous and heterogeneous FLPs, their interaction with CO2, reaction activity, and mechanism study. We also illustrated the challenges and opportunities faced in this field to shed light on the prospective research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the serious ecological problems caused by the high CO2 content in the atmosphere, reducing atmospheric CO2 has attracted widespread attention from academia and governments. Among the many ways to mitigate CO2 concentration, the capture and comprehensive utilization of CO2 through chemical methods have obvious advantages, whose key is to develop suitable adsorbents and catalysts. Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) are known to bind CO2 through the interaction between unquenched Lewis acid sites/Lewis base sites with the O/C of CO2, simultaneously achieving CO2 capture and activation, which render FLP better potential for CO2 utilization. However, how to construct efficient FLP targeted for CO2 utilization and the mechanism of CO2 activation have not been systematically reported. This review firstly provides a comprehensive summary of the recent advances in the field of CO2 capture, activation, and transformation with the help of FLP, including the construction of homogeneous and heterogeneous FLPs, their interaction with CO2, reaction activity, and mechanism study. We also illustrated the challenges and opportunities faced in this field to shed light on the prospective research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern neural network technologies are actively used for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), are mostly used for object detection, classification, and tracking tasks, for example, for such objects as fires, deforestations, buildings, cars, or people. However, to improve effectiveness of CNNs it is necessary to perform their fine-tuning on new flight data periodically. Such training data should be labeled, which increases total CNN finetuning time. Nowadays, the common approach to decrease labeling time is to apply auto-labeling and labeled objects tracking. These approaches are not effective enough for labeling of 8 hours’ huge aerial sensed datasets that are common for long-endurance USVs. Thus, reducing data labeling time is an actual task nowadays. In this research, we propose a fast aerial data labeling pipeline especially for videos gathered by long-endurance UAVs cameras. The standard labeling pipeline was supplemented with several steps such as overlapped frames pruning, final labeling spreading over video frames. The other additional step is to calculate a Potential Information Value (PIV) for each frame as a cumulative estimation of frame anomality, frame quality, and auto-detected objects. Calculated PIVs are used than to sort out frames. As a result, an operator who labels video gets informative frames at the very beginning of the labeling process. The effectiveness of proposed approach was estimated on collected datasets of aerial sensed videos obtained by longendurance UAVs. It was shown that it is possible to decrease labeling time by 50 % in average in comparison with other modern labeling tools. The percentage of average number of labeled objects was 80 %, with them being labeled for 40 % of total pre-ranged frames. Proposed approach allows us to decrease labeling time for a new long-endurance flight video data significantly. This makes it possible to speed up neural network fine-tuning process. As a result, it became possible to label new data during the inter-flight time that usually takes about two or three hours and is too short for other labeling instruments. Proposed approach is recommended to decrease UAVs operators working time and labeled dataset creating time that could positively influence on the time necessary for the fine-tuning a new effective CNN models.

CO2 reduction is appealing for the long‐term production of high‐value fuels and chemicals. Herein, using density functional theory (DFT) based calculations, we study the CO2 reduction pathway to formic acid using aluminum hydride and phosphine derivatives. Our primary focus is on aluminum hydride derivatives, aimed at improving the efficiency of the CO2 reduction process. Substituents with σ‐donating properties at the aluminum center are discovered to lower the activation barriers. We demonstrate how di‐tert‐butylphosphine oxide (LB‐O)/di‐tert‐butylphosphine sulfide (LB‐S)/di‐tert‐butylphosphanimine (LB‐N) work together with aluminum hydride to facilitate CO2 reduction process and generate in‐situ frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs), such as FLP‐O, FLP‐S, and FLP‐N. The activation strain model (ASM) analysis reveals the significance of strain energy in determining activation barriers. EDA‐NOCV and PIO analyses elucidate the orbital interactions at the corresponding transition states. Furthermore, the study delves into the activation of various small molecules, such as dihydrogen, acetylene, ethylene, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and acetonitrile, using those in‐situ generated FLPs. The study highlights the low activation barriers and emphasizes the potential for small molecule activation in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider three Relaxation Adaptive Memory Programming (RAMP) approaches for solving the Uncapacitated Facility Location Problem (UFLP), whose objective is to locate a set of facilities and allocate these facilities to all clients at minimum cost. Different levels of sophistication were implemented to measure the performance of the RAMP approach. In the simpler level, (Dual-) RAMP explores more intensively the dual side of the problem, incorporating a Lagrangean Relaxation and Subgradient Optimization with a simple Improvement Method on the primal side. In the most sophisticated level, RAMP combines a Dual-Ascent procedure on the dual side with a Scatter Search (SS) procedure on primal side, forming the Primal–Dual RAMP (PD-RAMP). The Dual-RAMP algorithm starts with (dual side) the dualization of the initial problem, and then a projection method projects the dual solutions into the primal solutions space. Next, (primal side) the projected solutions are improved through an improvement method. In the PD-RAMP algorithm, the SS procedure is incorporated in the primal side to carry out a more intensive exploration. The algorithm alternates between the dual and the primal side until a fixed number of iterations is achieved. Computational experiments on a standard testbed for the UFLP were conducted to assess the performance of all the RAMP algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The strong potential of platinum single atom (PtSA) in gas sensor technology is primarily attributed to its high atomic economy. Nevertheless, it is imperative to conduct further exploration to understand the impact of PtSA on the active sites. In this study, the evolution of PtSA on (100)CeO2 and (111)CeO2 is examined, revealing notable disparities in the position and activity of surface PtSA on different crystal planes. The PtSA in (100)CeO2 surface can enhance the stability of Ce3+ and construct a frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) to form a double active site by combining the steric hindrance effect of oxygen vacancies, which increases the response value from 1.8 to 27 and reduce the response‐recovery time from 140–192 s to 25–26 s toward five ppm NO2 at room temperature. Conversely, PtSA tends to bind to terminal oxygen on the surface of (111)CeO2 and become an independent reaction site. The response value of PtSA‐(111)CeO2 surface only increased from 1.6 to 3.8. This research underscores the correlation between single atoms and crystal plane effects, laying the groundwork for designing and synthesizing ultra‐stable and efficient gas sensors.

Recent reports of radical formation within frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) suggested that single‐electron transfer (SET) could play an important role in their chemistry especially for C−C coupling. In sharp contrast, our extensive dispersion‐corrected DFT calculations show that although reactive benzhydryl radical along with phosphine radical cation species can be kinetically generated from bulky phosphines and benzhydryl cation, direct P−C hetero‐coupling may lead to bulky phosphonium cation as reactive carbocation transfer reagents to styrene substrates, which is kinetically much more favorable than the recently proposed radical C−C coupling between benzhydryl radical and styrene. Similarly, meta‐stable radical cation Mes3P+⋅ salt is also kinetically accessible via SET reactions of Mes3P and B(C6F5)3 with 0.5 equivalent of p‐O2C6Cl4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Diimino−carbene‐supported germylone dimNHCGe does not react with BPh3 and does not activate dihydrogen in the FLP mode in the combination with this borane. However, it reacts with B(C6F5)3 to give the zwitterionic borate dimNHCGe−(C6F4)BF(C6F5)2. This compound can be converted into the hydroborate dimNHCGe−(C6F4)BH(C6F5)2 (8) and further into [dimNHCGe−(C6F4)B(C6F5)2]+ (4). Compound 4 is a Ge/B analogue of Stephan's FLP parent P/B compound (C6H2Me3)2P−C6F4−B(C6F5)2 but unlike the latter cannot split dihydrogen. Moreover, attempts to prepare a Ge/B analogue of the zwitterion (C6H2Me3)2HP−C6F4−BH(C6F5)2 by protonation of borate 8 resulted in immediate elimination of H2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corticotropin-releasing hormone expressing (CRH+) neurons are distributed throughout the brain and play a crucial role in shaping the stress responses. Mouse models expressing site-specific recombinases (SSRs) or reporter genes are important tools providing genetic access to defined cell types and have been widely used to address CRH+ neurons and connected brain circuits. Here, we investigated a recently generated CRH-FlpO driver line expanding the CRH system-related tool box. We directly compared it to a previously established and widely used CRH-Cre line with respect to the FlpO expression pattern and recombination efficiency. In the brain, FlpO mRNA distribution fully recapitulates the expression pattern of endogenous Crh. Combining both Crh locus driven SSRs driver lines with appropriate reporters revealed an overall coherence of respective spatial patterns of reporter gene activation validating CRH-FlpO mice as a valuable tool complementing existing CRH-Cre and reporter lines. However, a substantially lower number of reporter-expressing neurons was discerned in CRH-FlpO mice. Using an additional CRH reporter mouse line (CRH-Venus) and a mouse line allowing for conversion of Cre into FlpO activity (CAG-LSL-FlpO) in combination with intersectional and subtractive mouse genetic approaches, we were able to demonstrate that the reduced number of tdTomato reporter expressing CRH+ neurons can be ascribed to the lower recombination efficiency of FlpO compared to Cre recombinase. This discrepancy particularly manifests under conditions of low CRH expression and can be overcome by utilizing homozygous CRH-FlpO mice. These findings have direct experimental implications which have to be carefully considered when targeting CRH+ neurons using CRH-FlpO mice. However, the lower FlpO-dependent recombination efficiency also entails advantages as it provides a broader dynamic range of expression allowing for the visualization of cells showing stress-induced CRH expression which is not detectable in highly sensitive CRH-Cre mice as Cre-mediated recombination has largely been completed in all cells generally possessing the capacity to express CRH. These findings underscore the importance of a comprehensive evaluation of novel SSR driver lines prior to their application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family Limited Partnerships ("FLPs"), which were once a great estate planning technique, have now become victim to Section 2036 assertions made by the IRS. Over the years, the IRS has struggled to find a means to combat abusive FLPs until the courts began to embrace Section 2036 as a weapon for them to use. Different courts, however, have maintained different rules and have now subjected both abusive and non‐abusive FLPs to inclusion of their assets into their gross estates. This has shed light onto the main issue, that is, that Section 2036 is not the appropriate tool to combat abusive FLPs. Key Points for the Family Court Community: FLPs have been a popular way for families to pool their assets in order to effectively manage and transfer the assets from one generation to the next.Families can use FLPs to reduce estate and gift taxes by 20% or more if the entity is respected.Different courts have interpreted other courts' decisions differently, leading to the expansion of Section 2036 at the expense of the taxpayer.Case law has created problematic law which has affected non‐abusive FLP's malevolently.FLPs can be used to obtain tax benefits, but must be used for non‐tax purposes as well. Some include centralization of management, facilitating intra‐family transfers, and avoiding probate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesizing azoles from ortho‐substituted anilines, CO2 and H2 has proved difficult due to the low nucleophilicity of anilines, which hinders their N‐formylation, i. e., the first step of the reaction. This study demonstrates that R3SnX Lewis acids (LA), N‐methylmorpholine (NMM) or DBU and polyethyleneimine (PEI) or N‐formylmorpholine efficiently catalyse the synthesis of benzimidazole and other azoles from ortho‐substituted anilines, CO2 and H2 by reductive coupling of CO2 to nucleophilic amine‐based solvents, PEI or morpholine, followed by in‐situ transfer of the formyl group to the appropriate ortho‐substituted aniline. Under these reaction conditions, spontaneous cyclization of the N‐formylated intermediate yields the corresponding azole in up to 98 % yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesizing azoles from ortho‐substituted anilines, CO2 and H2 has proved difficult due to the low nucleophilicity of anilines, which hinders their N‐formylation, i. e., the first step of the reaction. This study demonstrates that R3SnX Lewis acids (LA), N‐methylmorpholine (NMM) or DBU and polyethyleneimine (PEI) or N‐formylmorpholine efficiently catalyse the synthesis of benzimidazole and other azoles from ortho‐substituted anilines, CO2 and H2 by reductive coupling of CO2 to nucleophilic amine‐based solvents, PEI or morpholine, followed by in‐situ transfer of the formyl group to the appropriate ortho‐substituted aniline. Under these reaction conditions, spontaneous cyclization of the N‐formylated intermediate yields the corresponding azole in up to 98 % yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromosome breakage plays an important role in the evolution of karyotypes and can produce deleterious effects within a single individual, such as aneuploidy or cancer. Forces that influence how and where chromosomes break are not fully understood. In humans, breakage tends to occur in conserved hotspots called common fragile sites (CFS), especially during replication stress. By following the fate of dicentric chromosomes in Drosophila melanogaster, we find that breakage under tension also tends to occur in specific hotspots. Our experimental approach was to induce sister chromatid exchange in a ring chromosome to generate a dicentric chromosome with a double chromatid bridge. In the following cell division, the dicentric bridges may break. We analyzed the breakage patterns of 3 different ring-X chromosomes. These chromosomes differ by the amount and quality of heterochromatin they carry as well as their genealogical history. For all 3 chromosomes, breakage occurs preferentially in several hotspots. Surprisingly, we found that the hotspot locations are not conserved between the 3 chromosomes: each displays a unique array of breakage hotspots. The lack of hotspot conservation, along with a lack of response to aphidicolin, suggests that these breakage sites are not entirely analogous to CFS and may reveal new mechanisms of chromosome fragility. Additionally, the frequency of dicentric breakage and the durability of each chromosome's spindle attachment vary significantly between the 3 chromosomes and are correlated with the origin of the centromere and the amount of pericentric heterochromatin. We suggest that different centromere strengths could account for this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Meristemoids, which are stomatal precursor cells, exhibit self‐renewal and differentiation abilities. However, the only known core factor associated with meristemoid division termination and fate transition is the heterodimer formed by the basic helix–loop–helix proteins MUTE and SCREAMs (SCRMs). FOUR LIPS (FLP), a well‐known transcription factor that restricts guard mother cell (GMC) division, is a direct target of MUTE. Whether FLP involves in meristemoid differentiation is unknown. Through sensitized genetic screening of flp‐1, we identified a mute‐like (mutl) mutant with arrested meristemoids. The mutant carried a novel allele of the MUTE locus, i.e., mute‐4. Intriguingly, mute‐4 is a hypomorphic allele that exhibits wild‐type appearance with slightly delayed meristemoid‐to‐GMC transition, whereas it renders an unexpected mutl epidermis with most meristemoids arrested and very few stomata when combined with flp (flp mute‐4), suggesting that FLP is a positive regulator during this transition process. Consistently, the expression of FLP increased during GMC commitment, and the number of cells at this stage was markedly increased in flp. flp scrm double mutants produced arrested meristemoids similar to mute, and FLP was able to interact physically with SCRM. Taken together, our results demonstrate that FLP functions together with MUTE and SCRMs to direct meristemoid‐to‐GMC fate transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a framework for identifying, designing, and validating a flipped learning pattern to enhance problem- based teaching approach in higher education instructors in teaching the English language. Also, this endeavors to offer a general blueprint for designing a pedagogical pattern as an improvement strategy in teaching and learning English. The present study is an applied and mixed-method research. In the qualitative phase, a systematic review of 137 written and electronic documents was performed to identify the components of the pattern. Besides, in-depth interviews with 32 available and purposeful experts were done to collect data. As a methodology, researchers used inductive qualitative content analysis. To confirm the obtained components, CVR and CVI were performed in quantitative part with 25 available experts. The final influential elements in pattern formation were determined and approved in 6 main components (selected code), 18 sub-components (pivot code), and 94 properties (open code). Based on the results of CVR = 0.9, CVI = 1, and the reliability of the questionnaire r = 0.83, all 118 components were confirmed. The activities before, during, and after the class were separately approved along with the independent activities of the teacher and learner. The results indicated the acceptability of the pattern indicators. It showed that choosing the correct and principled teaching method with conscious design can solve English teaching-learning problems according to the experts’ perspectives. Besides, it not only helps English instructors and learners how to plan but also encourages them to use it in various fields.

This article is part of the field of French for specific objectives (FOS) more particularly, in French as a professional language (FLP). We target a specific audience, in this case jurists working in several professional sectors: banks, electricity and hydrocarbons. We want through this expertise, to characterize the university training received by these jurists, which is essentially based on classical Arabic, in order to arrive at a definition of their language needs in the job market. First, we will define their exit profile by focusing on expertise in legal French programs. Then, we will analyze their entry profile into the job market by using semistructured interviews with jurists, in a second step

Background and Objectives: The need for performance and autonomy in problem-solving styles of learning English grammar for students in the current knowledge-based world is essential. Therefore, the present study aimed to improve it under the flipped learning pattern.Methods: The present study is applied and quasi-experimental research. The statistical population consisted of 380 people in a purposeful and accessible manner among all students registered in the Aladdin English Short-Term Specialized Training Center between 2018 and 2020. The criterion for selecting language learners was random substitution and exclusion criteria were the pre-test and post-test questionnaires where learners did not fully answer the questions or some items. Finally, the participants were 220 people divided into two groups, control (N=110) and experimental (N=110). To collect the required data, Cassidy & Long's (1996) problem-solving questionnaire was used with 24 questions set on a three-point scale (yes, no, and I do not know) measuring six factors. Participants in the control and experimental groups first completed the questionnaire as a pre-test. Then, the instructor used the usual teaching methods in the control group, which all instructors in language centers use Flipped classroom method was implemented in the experimental group. The instructor used this method for 16 months in 10 courses (5 courses for each experimental and control group). Each course consisted of 39 sessions of 90 minutes (58.5 hours), two sessions per week, or 20 sessions of 180 minutes (60 hours), one session per week held only on fridays by one instructor. The instructor asked students some questions about the previous lesson to measure their' knowledge and solve their problems at the beginning of the new session and took a pre-test based on the content of the new session. Researchers utilized a repeated measurement test and T-test of a sample to answer the research questions.Findings: Findings indicated the effect of this teaching method on improving the students’ performance and autonomy in solving the problem of learning English grammar under the flipped learning pattern.Conclusion: The results showed the value and acceptability of the pattern along with traditional teaching methods and its impact on the performance and autonomy of problem-solving styles of learning English grammar among the students. It seemed to increase learners' confidence, too. Implementing the same research in different courses of different academic disciplines is suggested for future research.

Purpose: Reduced availability of transport infrastructure affects highly dependent global supply chains (SCs), leading to modal shifts in the short term. Since relocation decisions of facilities may result in the long term, this paper evaluates companies’ business decisions in reaction to availability reductions of inland waterway transport (IWT). Methodology: A transport model evaluates the impact of reduced infrastructure availability through heuristic optimization based on the Traveling Purchaser Problem. The resulting increase in operational costs is used to assess the probability of relocating facilities based on a Facility Location Problem (FLP) which enables deriving the benefit from infrastructure conditions. Findings: The study identifies critical thresholds for infrastructure availability that affect companies’ relocation decisions regarding the maintenance of public infrastructure. The case study exhibits actual critical infrastructure assets. Practical implications: Insights into the decisive consequences of companies’ decisions are given, and awareness of the relevance of infrastructure investments on local areas’ attractiveness is raised. The results imply considering public infrastructure investments in maintenance for private business locations. Originality: The paper highlights a new way to sustain local industries and connects short-term agility and long-term resilience with companies’ decisions and the exogenous factor infrastructure availability. The applied use case focuses on the barely studied waterway infrastructure that gains importance in light of sustainability and climate change.

The possible existence of nonagermanide deltahedral Zintl ion (Ge94−) as a nine-folded Lewis base is investigated from first principles calculations. It is observed that all nine centres, Ge94−, can make an adduct with Lewis acid. The presence of lone pairs is confirmed from the 1c–2e AdNDP calculation. It is further noticed that the bulky group functionalized organo-Zintl cluster, [Ge9(tBu)3]− , can potentially act as a Lewis base and can make an intermolecular frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) with a well-known Lewis acid Tris[2,4,6-tris(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] borane, [B{C6H2(CF3)3}3]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Return migration has probably been granted the lowest attention in the field of family language policy (FLP). The current paper seeks to address this gap in the research and explores the dynamics of FLP of a Polish family in the context of their temporary migration to Germany and return migration to Poland. The authors investigate how mobility affects FLP, especially towards L1 (Polish) and L2 (German) in the context of migration and return migration. The study takes a qualitative, interview-based study design, supported by the language portrait technique. An analysis of the interview data has evidenced the parents’ strong support for the maintenance and development of L1 throughout the whole process of migration and return migration and the lack of it in the case of L2 after the return to Poland. The results have also evidenced that individuals in a family, including children, have significant autonomy and agency and can shape their independent FLPs, which are aligned neither with their parents nor siblings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rational design strategies for the Lewis acid and Lewis base functionalities have been probed using a series of “frustrated Lewis pairs” (FLPs) through density functional theory (DFT) based calculations. Generally, FLPs are designed by manipulating Lewis base and Lewis acid centers with group 15 and group 13 elements, respectively. These modeled FLPs are used to tune the rate-limiting step for ring-opening reactions in cyclic ethers and thioethers. Detailed computational investigation reveals that the free energy of activation is ring-size sensitive and increases with the ring size in homologous series. For P/Al FLP catalyzed pathways, the P–C bond gets strengthened at the TS with increased ring size due to favorable bonding alignment in the open form of the ring. Herein, utilizing CO2 as a C1 feedstock, we also take advantage of P/Al FLP's reactivity to form cyclic carbonates from epoxide derivatives. Weak non-covalent interactions (NCI), namely pi stacking (π - π stacking) and interaction of C - H with π system (C-H - π interactions) play crucial roles in stabilizing various species along the reaction pathway. Such factors are essential to modulate the FLP catalysts for well-balanced catalytic activity, which is critical for the further design of a novel catalytic process. A series of intra-molecular frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) are designed by changing the base centers (group 15) and acid centers (group 13). These FLPs are considered to study the ring opening reactions of cyclic ethers and thioethers. It is concluded that the P/Al FLP is the best choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The functional understanding of genetic interaction networks and cellular mechanisms governing health and disease requires the dissection, and multifaceted study, of discrete cell subtypes in developing and adult animal models. Recombinase-driven expression of transgenic effector alleles represents a significant and powerful approach to delineate cell populations for functional, molecular, and anatomical studies. In addition to single recombinase systems, the expression of two recombinases in distinct, but partially overlapping, populations allows for more defined target expression. Although the application of this method is becoming increasingly popular, its experimental implementation has been broadly restricted to manipulations of a limited set of common alleles that are often commercially produced at great expense, with costs and technical challenges associated with production of intersectional mouse lines hindering customized approaches to many researchers. Here, we present a simplified CRISPR toolkit for rapid, inexpensive, and facile intersectional allele production. Results Briefly, we produced 7 intersectional mouse lines using a dual recombinase system, one mouse line with a single recombinase system, and three embryonic stem (ES) cell lines that are designed to study the way functional, molecular, and anatomical features relate to each other in building circuits that underlie physiology and behavior. As a proof-of-principle, we applied three of these lines to different neuronal populations for anatomical mapping and functional in vivo investigation of respiratory control. We also generated a mouse line with a single recombinase-responsive allele that controls the expression of the calcium sensor Twitch-2B. This mouse line was applied globally to study the effects of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) on calcium release in the ovarian follicle. Conclusions The lines presented here are representative examples of outcomes possible with the successful application of our genetic toolkit for the facile development of diverse, modifiable animal models. This toolkit will allow labs to create single or dual recombinase effector lines easily for any cell population or subpopulation of interest when paired with the appropriate Cre and FLP recombinase mouse lines or viral vectors. We have made our tools and derivative intersectional mouse and ES cell lines openly available for non-commercial use through publicly curated repositories for plasmid DNA, ES cells, and transgenic mouse lines.

This study provides a framework for identifying, designing, and validating a flipped learning pattern to enhance problem- based teaching approach in higher education instructors in teaching the English language. Also, this endeavors to offer a general blueprint for designing a pedagogical pattern as an improvement strategy in teaching and learning English. The present study is an applied and mixed-method research. In the qualitative phase, a systematic review of 137 written and electronic documents was performed to identify the components of the pattern. Besides, in-depth interviews with 32 available and purposeful experts were done to collect data. As a methodology, researchers used inductive qualitative content analysis. To confirm the obtained components, CVR and CVI were performed in a quantitative part with 25 available experts. The final influential elements in pattern formation were determined and approved in 6 main components (selected code), 18 sub-components (pivot code), and 94 properties (open code). Based on the results of CVR = 0.9, CVI = 1, and the reliability of the questionnaire r = 0.83, all 118 components were confirmed. The activities before, during and after the class were separately approved along with the independent activities of the teacher and learner. The results indicated the acceptability of the pattern indicators. It showed that choosing the correct and principled teaching method with conscious design can solve English teaching-learning problems according to the experts' perspectives. Besides, it not only helps English instructors and learners how to plan, but also encourages them to use it in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The need for performance and autonomy in problem-solving styles of learning English grammar for students in the current knowledge-based world is essential. Therefore, the present study aimed to improve it under the flipped learning pattern. Methods: The present study is applied and quasi-experimental research. The statistical population consisted of 380 people in a purposeful and accessible manner among all students registered in the Aladdin English Short-Term Specialized Training Center between 2018 and 2020. The criterion for selecting language learners was random substitution and exclusion criteria were the pre-test and post-test questionnaires where learners did not fully answer the questions or some items. Finally, the participants were 220 people divided into two groups, control (N=110) and experimental (N=110). To collect the required data, Cassidy & Long's (1996) problem-solving questionnaire was used with 24 questions set on a three-point scale (yes, no, and I do not know) measuring six factors. Participants in the control and experimental groups first completed the questionnaire as a pre-test. Then, the instructor used the usual teaching methods in the control group, which all instructors in language centers use Flipped classroom method was implemented in the experimental group. The instructor used this method for 16 months in 10 courses (5 courses for each experimental and control group). Each course consisted of 39 sessions of 90 minutes (58.5 hours), two sessions per week, or 20 sessions of 180 minutes (60 hours), one session per week held only on fridays by one instructor. The instructor asked students some questions about the previous lesson to measure their' knowledge and solve their problems at the beginning of the new session and took a pre-test based on the content of the new session. Researchers utilized a repeated measurement test and T-test of a sample to answer the research questions. Findings: Findings indicated the effect of this teaching method on improving the students’ performance and autonomy in solving the problem of learning English grammar under the flipped learning pattern. Conclusion: The results showed the value and acceptability of the pattern along with traditional teaching methods and its impact on the performance and autonomy of problem-solving styles of learning English grammar among the students. It seemed to increase learners' confidence, too. Implementing the same research in different courses of different academic disciplines is suggested for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An air‐stable dicationic Zn2+ complex (1) in a tripod‐type ligand with non‐bound phosphorus base and three pyridinyl "arms" (TPPh) was synthesized. Remarkably, while 2 mol% of 1 at room temperature selectively catalyzed dehydrogenative borylation of terminal alkynes with HBPin, a lower loading of 1 (0.5 mol%) at 90 °C selectively promoted hydroboration reaction of the same alkynes skipping the dehydrogenative borylation step. The mode of action of 1 was proposed based on experimental observations as well as the mechanism of dehydrogenative borylation was studied by DFT computations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) composed of acidic alane and basic phosphane functions, separated by a xanthene linker, can be prepared through the corresponding Me3Sn derivative and methyl aluminum compounds with elimination of Me4Sn. This way MeClAl‐, Cl2Al‐ and (C6F5)2Al‐ moieties could be introduced and the resulting FLPs are stabilized by a further equivalent of the alane precursors. In contact with the FLPs CO2 is bound via the C atom at the phosphane functions and the two O atoms at the Al centers. The residues at the latter determine the binding strength. Hence, in case of MeClAl CO2 capture occurs at higher pressure and under ambient conditions CO2 is released again, while for Cl2Al and (C6F5)2Al CO2 binding becomes irreversible. The results of DFT calculations rationalize these findings by the high thermodynamic stabilization in case of more electronegative residues, which concomitantly lead to higher barriers, and in case of (C6F5)2Al further stabilization is achieved through a low reorganization energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to a dialogue between childhood studies and the sociolinguistic subfield 'Family Language Policy' ('FLP'). The article argues that the two fields provide complementary vantage points for exploring child agency. It explains a revised version of a model I developed to conceptualise child agency in FLP, consisting of four intersecting dimensions: compliance regimes; linguistic norms; linguistic competence and generational positioning (Smith‐Christmas, Handbook of home language maintenance and development. De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 218–235, 2020a). The article examines two conversational excerpts as a means to illustrating the dynamic and relational nature of child agency and how it is both shaped by as well as shapes interactional practices over time and space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) composed of acidic alane and basic phosphane functions, separated by a xanthene linker, can be prepared through the corresponding Me3Sn derivative and methyl aluminum compounds with elimination of Me4Sn. This way MeClAl‐, Cl2Al‐ and (C6F5)2Al‐ moieties could be introduced and the resulting FLPs are stabilized by a further equivalent of the alane precursors. In contact with the FLPs CO2 is bound via the C atom at the phosphane functions and the two O atoms at the Al centers. The residues at the latter determine the binding strength. Hence, in case of MeClAl CO2 capture occurs at higher pressure and under ambient conditions CO2 is released again, while for Cl2Al and (C6F5)2Al CO2 binding becomes irreversible. The results of DFT calculations rationalize these findings by the high thermodynamic stabilization in case of more electronegative residues, which concomitantly lead to higher barriers, and in case of (C6F5)2Al further stabilization is achieved through a low reorganization energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While educational language policies have been shown to have a stronger influence on school-aged children's multilingual outcomes than Family Language Policy, California provides an example of how parental motivation and activism can also have a profound impact on educational language policies. This paper has two goals: first, it provides an overview of the legislative changes that affected California's educational system between the 1970s and the present, which resulted in an overall shift in public opinion and attitudes towards multilingualism and in a transition from promotion-oriented to restriction-oriented to again promotion-oriented educational policies with regards to multilingual education. The second part of the paper exemplifies the agency of Californian families in shaping their children's education by describing the history of an Italian/English two-way immersion programme born out of parental activism. The paper then presents the results of a preliminary study on parental attitudes within the programme, highlighting parents' strong appreciation of multilingualism and their renewed enthusiasm for Italian proficiency, bilingualism, and biliteracy in this Southern California's community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The functional understanding of genetic interaction networks and cellular mechanisms governing health and disease requires the dissection, and multifaceted study, of discrete cell subtypes in developing and adult animal models. Recombinase-driven expression of transgenic effector alleles represents a significant and powerful approach to delineate cell populations for functional, molecular, and anatomical studies. In addition to single recombinase systems, the expression of two recombinases in distinct, but partially overlapping, populations allows for more defined target expression. Although the application of this method is becoming increasingly popular, its experimental implementation has been broadly restricted to manipulations of a limited set of common alleles that are often commercially produced at great expense, with costs and technical challenges associated with production of intersectional mouse lines hindering customized approaches to many researchers. Here, we present a simplified CRISPR toolkit for rapid, inexpensive, and facile intersectional allele production. Results: Briefly, we produced 7 intersectional mouse lines using a dual recombinase system, one mouse line with a single recombinase system, and three embryonic stem (ES) cell lines that are designed to study the way functional, molecular, and anatomical features relate to each other in building circuits that underlie physiology and behavior. As a proof-of-principle, we applied three of these lines to different neuronal populations for anatomical mapping and functional in vivo investigation of respiratory control. We also generated a mouse line with a single recombinase-responsive allele that controls the expression of the calcium sensor Twitch-2B. This mouse line was applied globally to study the effects of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) on calcium release in the ovarian follicle. Conclusions: The lines presented here are representative examples of outcomes possible with the successful application of our genetic toolkit for the facile development of diverse, modifiable animal models. This toolkit will allow labs to create single or dual recombinase effector lines easily for any cell population or subpopulation of interest when paired with the appropriate Cre and FLP recombinase mouse lines or viral vectors. We have made our tools and derivative intersectional mouse and ES cell lines openly available for non-commercial use through publicly curated repositories for plasmid DNA, ES cells, and transgenic mouse lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strong potential of platinum single atom (Pt SA ) in gas sensor technology is primarily attributed to its high atomic economy. Nevertheless, it is imperative to conduct further exploration to understand the impact of Pt SA  on the active sites. In this study, the evolution of Pt SA  on (100)CeO 2  and (111)CeO 2 is examined, revealing notable disparities in the position and activity of surface Pt SA  on different crystal planes. The Pt SA  in (100)CeO 2  surface can enhance the stability of Ce 3+  and construct a frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) to form a double active site by combining the steric hindrance effect of oxygen vacancies, which increases the response value from 1.8 to 27 and reduce the response-recovery time from 140-192 s to 25-26 s toward five ppm NO 2  at room temperature. Conversely, Pt SA  tends to bind to terminal oxygen on the surface of (111)CeO 2  and become an independent reaction site. The response value of Pt SA -(111)CeO 2  surface only increased from 1.6 to 3.8. This research underscores the correlation between single atoms and crystal plane effects, laying the groundwork for designing and synthesizing ultra-stable and efficient gas sensors., (© 2024 The Author(s). Advanced Science published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Due to the serious ecological problems caused by the high CO 2 content in the atmosphere, reducing atmospheric CO 2 has attracted widespread attention from academia and governments. Among the many ways to mitigate CO 2 concentration, the capture and comprehensive utilization of CO 2 through chemical methods have obvious advantages, whose key is to develop suitable adsorbents and catalysts. Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) are known to bind CO 2 through the interaction between unquenched Lewis acid sites/Lewis base sites with the O/C of CO 2 , simultaneously achieving CO 2 capture and activation, which render FLP better potential for CO 2 utilization. However, how to construct efficient FLP targeted for CO 2 utilization and the mechanism of CO 2 activation have not been systematically reported. This review firstly provides a comprehensive summary of the recent advances in the field of CO 2 capture, activation, and transformation with the help of FLP, including the construction of homogeneous and heterogeneous FLPs, their interaction with CO 2 , reaction activity, and mechanism study. We also illustrated the challenges and opportunities faced in this field to shed light on the prospective research., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The advent of modern single-cell biology has revealed the striking molecular diversity of cell populations once thought to be more homogeneous. This newly appreciated complexity has made intersectional genetic approaches essential to understanding and probing cellular heterogeneity at the functional level. Here, we build on previous knowledge to develop a simple adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based approach to define specific subpopulations of cells by Boolean exclusion logic (AND NOT). This expression by Boolean exclusion (ExBoX) system encodes for a gene of interest that is turned on by a particular recombinase (Cre or FlpO) and turned off by another. ExBoX allows for the specific transcription of a gene of interest in cells expressing only the activating recombinase, but not in cells expressing both. We show the ability of the ExBoX system to tightly regulate expression of fluorescent reporters in vitro and in vivo, and further demonstrate the adaptability of the system by achieving expression of a variety of virally delivered coding sequences in the mouse brain. This simple strategy will expand the molecular toolkit available for cell- and time-specific gene expression in a variety of systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how power and solidarity in family relations are negotiated along linguistic lines, and in particular, the role of a third language in this negotiation process. It takes as its case study a transnational family in Ireland who practise a strongly pro-Polish FLP and where the parents are seen as authorities in Polish and their daughters are seen as authorities in English, the dominant societal language. The paper takes a microinteractional approach to analysing excerpts where family members engage in language-learning activities using Irish, the national autochthonous minority language. The paper demonstrates how in many ways, Irish operates as a neutral, third space for family members to negotiate power/solidarity alignments, and thus contributes to the family's maintenance of the power/solidarity equilibrium. The paper also demonstrates the polysemy inherent in how these negotiations play out at an interactional level, especially vis-à-vis the family's pro-Polish FLP, as well as the polysemy of Irish-as-a-language within the scope of the family's interactions as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs) are designed and are attempted to activate molecular hydrogen. The new FLPs are modeled by changing the ligands in the Lewis acid (LA) part of the TPFPB (Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane) molecule. The modifications are done by replacing the phenyl group in TPFPB with three different aromatic heterocyclic ligands. The stability and reactivity of FLPs: [(C2BNSHF2)]3B−P(tBu)3, [(C2BNSF3)]3B−P(tBu)3 and [C2BNO(CN)3]3B−P(tBu)3 is analysed in terms of the dual descriptors, NBO/Hirshfeld charges, VDE, hardness (η) and electrophilicity (ω). Although all three modeled FLPs show their capability towards activating molecular hydrogen, the [C2BNO(CN)3]3B−P(tBu)3 shows better performance than the conventionally used FLP: (C6F5)3B−P(tBu)3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]