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Abstract: Policy makers worldwide face tough choices over how to prioritize public funding for adaptation to climate change. One particularly difficult choice is whether to opt for policies that promote relocation away from flood risks or infrastructure investments that protect against flooding. Local communities commonly prefer protective infrastructure, but it is less obvious that the general public will support this approach due to the growing costs. We study public opinion on these adaptation approaches using a choice experiment with nationally representative samples in the United States and Germany (n = 2400 each). We asked participants to prioritize federal funding between two hypothetical, equally sized communities differing in their adaptation strategy, flood frequency, lives and economic assets at risk, economic vitality, geographic distance, and political orientation. In both countries, we find surprisingly strong support for protective infrastructure over relocation policies among the general public, even under conditions where relocation could be an attractive alternative for addressing the growing costs of protective infrastructure and rebuilding efforts.

Street networks allow people and goods to move through cities, but they are vulnerable to disasters like floods, earthquakes, and terrorist attacks. Well-planned network design can make a city more resilient and robust to such disruptions, but we still know little about worldwide patterns of vulnerability, or worldwide empirical relationships between specific design characteristics and resilience. This study quantifies and measures the vulnerability of the street networks of every urban area in the world then models the relationships between vulnerability and street network design characteristics. To do so, we simulate over 2.4 billion trips across more than 8,000 urban areas in 178 countries, while also simulating network disruption events representing floods, earthquakes, and targeted attacks. We find that disrupting high-centrality nodes severely impacts network function. All else equal, networks with higher connectivity, fewer chokepoints, or less circuity are less vulnerable to disruption's impacts. This study thus contributes a new global understanding of network design and vulnerability to the literature. We argue that these design characteristics offer high leverage points for street network resilience and robustness that planners should emphasize when designing or retrofitting urban networks.

In recent times, the railway sector has faced a pressing need to expand its railway network, resulting in the widespread adoption of ballasted tracks. These tracks are favored for their ease of construction, making them a cost-effective solution for the railway industry. However, with global warming causing more volatile weather conditions leading to multiple occurrences of flooding in Thai railway structures. Ballast dynamic properties play a crucial role in the analysis of the performance and safety of the railway system. In response to these challenges, this study investigates how flooding affects the dynamic behavior of ballasted track structures. The impact hammering method is frequently used to evaluate the dynamic properties of ballasted tracks. However, previous studies have often simplified the analysis by treating the sleeper-ballast system as a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system. This simplification overlooks the spatial variability in the conditions of the ballast layer. To achieve a more accurate representation, our study employs a multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) model, which considers the variability in the stiffness properties of the sleepers. The model for the sleeper-ballast system is constructed based on Timoshenko beam theory resting on an elastic foundation. Simulation of flooding on the ballast layer is conducted using a self-built wooden and acrylic box containing a full-scale track structure. This paper utilizes an instrumented impact hammering method, allowing for a comprehensive assessment of the dynamic properties of the ballast layer. To identify the dynamic characteristics of the ballast, a minimization algorithm is applied. The findings of this research indicate that as the water level rises, the stiffness decreases. This study provides crucial insights into how flooding impacts the dynamic properties of ballasted tracks, offering insights that can be applied to enhance the safety analysis of ballasted tracks in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In water conservation projects, reservoirs play a key role in controlling and regulating floods. In recent years, extreme rainfall events have occurred more frequently. Urban reservoirs in danger under extreme rainfall happen occasionally. The breaching of urban reservoirs seriously threatens the lives and property of the population downstream. A lack of clarity regarding the characterization of the flooding response remains owing to urban reservoir overtopping under different rainfall conditions. This study used observed data from the heavy rainfall event in Zhengzhou on July 20, 2021, with Jiangang Reservoir in Zhengzhou as the study site. The study designed a storm-flood process with different rainfall scenarios that combines the long-duration rainstorm formula and Chicago rain pattern method, establishing a response relationship between extreme rainfall and flooding processes. Flood evolution simulation analyses were carried out for different scenarios of rainfall and flooding processes under three working conditions: rainfall only, dam failure only and dam failure coupled with rainfall, to characterize the flood response due to dam failure under different rainfall conditions. The results showed that the peak of the rainfall occurs earlier in the total rainfall calendar time, the faster the dam failure rate of the reservoir. As the rain peak occurs at a time that is later in the total rainfall calendar, and the recurrence period and rainfall duration increase, the flood volume increases and urban inundation becomes more severe. The rainfall type had less of an effect on the difference in the extent of inundation between different working conditions. The extent of flood inundation for the dam failure-coupled rainfall scenario is much greater than that for the dam failure only scenario. The increase in inundation extent in the dam failure coupled rainfall scenario at the higher levels of flood severity is smaller. Study results provide hydraulic element support for flood hazard assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Damaging hydrological events can profoundly impact societies. This study reconstructs the longest flood history to date for the Orba River Basin (ORB) in northwestern Italy, from 1511 to 2021 CE. Using the Annual Flood Damage Index, we establish a continuous annual hydrological time-series. Our analysis, incorporating a seasonally-weighted function for interannual storm effects, uncovers anthropogenic influences on the ORB's fluvial landscape and flood characteristics. Specifically, a change-point emerged around the end of the Little Ice Age and the subsequent warming period (c. 1816), after which more intense storms prevailed. Remarkably, recent flood peaks align with heightened climate hazards, proving more extreme and unpredictable on a small scale in disaster-prone areas. Additionally, this study acknowledges competitive forcing factors on a larger scale, including landscape changes due to peasant civilisation expansion and 19th-century deforestation. Broader-scale factors, exemplified by the global impact of the 1815 eruption of Tambora in Indonesia, may have influenced the post-1816 climate conditions. These results emphasise the importance of considering both human-induced disturbances and precipitation occurrences in comprehending a territory's environmental history. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The zero-gap reactor design for CO 2 electrochemical reduction employs gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) to shorten mass transport distances. Despite its advantages, it faces challenges like ensuring sufficient water supply to the cathode while preventing flooding and salt precipitation. In this study, we present a novel electrode design that incorporates a functional layer coated on the catalyst layer to regulate water transport and inhibit salt precipitation. This design reduces the water crossing the membrane and alleviates salt precipitation, achieving a CO partial current density of up to 303 mA/cm2 at 2.6 V, with a Faradaic efficiency for CO exceeding 99%. Our findings offer crucial insights into improving GDEs for zero-gap electrolyzers and address the issues of salt precipitation and flooding. [Display omitted] • The functional layer design on water transport and salt precipitation. • Achieved a notable 116% increase in partial CO current density. • Mitigated flooding and salt precipitation in zero-gap CO 2 electrolyzers. • A promising strategy for the design of carbon-based gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Flooding is a widespread natural disaster that causes tremendous yield losses of global food production. Rice is the only cereal capable of growing in aquatic environments. Direct seeding by which seedlings grow underwater is an important cultivation method for reducing rice production cost. Hypoxic germination tolerance and root growth in waterlogged soil are key traits for rice adaptability to flooded environments. Alternative oxidase (AOX) is a non‐ATP‐producing terminal oxidase in the plant mitochondrial electron transport chain, but its role in hypoxia tolerance had been unclear. We have discovered that AOX1a is necessary and sufficient to promote germination/coleoptile elongation and root development in rice under flooding/hypoxia. Hypoxia enhances endogenous H2O2 accumulation, and H2O2 in turn activates an ensemble of regulatory genes including AOX1a to facilitate the conversion of deleterious reactive oxygen species to H2O2 in rice under hypoxia. We show that AOX1a and H2O2 act interdependently to coordinate three key downstream events, that is, glycolysis/fermentation for minimal ATP production, root aerenchyma development and lateral root emergence under hypoxia. Moreover, we reveal that ectopic AOX1a expression promotes vigorous root and plant growth, and increases grain yield under regular irrigation conditions. Our discoveries provide new insights into a unique sensor–second messenger pair in which AOX1a acts as the sensor perceiving low oxygen tension, while H2O2 accumulation serves as the second messenger triggering downstream root development in rice against hypoxia stress. This work also reveals AOX1a genetic manipulation and H2O2 pretreatment as potential targets for improving flooding tolerance in rice and other crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flood disasters hamper sustainable development, food security and growth in the society. The losses from natural disasters like flood are increasing and have a disproportionate impact on the less developed countries as they are known to destroy the standard of living and overall development prospects of the people (Abbade, 2017). This paper intends to bring to the fore, the economic effects of the 2022 flood disasters on food security and market activities in Ogbaru Local Government Area, Anambra State, and the extent food insecurity has affected the economic development of the state. The methodology of this paper is based on descriptive and qualitative analysis of available data, using primary and secondary sources. The findings of the paper indicate that flooding causes the soil to be infertile as the topsoil is lost due to erosion; it reduces the habitat for tropical organisms and restricts the use of the land for other purposes; and causes the destruction of food and fodder crops which in turn leads to acute food shortage. The study recommends among other things, that there should be a legislation against the indiscriminate dumping of refuse and the erection of buildings in swampy areas, the depth and width of the river bed should be increased in its capacity to carry larger loads of flood plain, and proper care should be taken in the design and construction of network of canals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What strategies can help communities to overcome the public goods problem in the maintenance of communal spaces and infrastructure in urban environments? This paper investigates whether an intervention targeted at Community-Based Organizations can motivate them to make increased contributions to the public good, thereby improving outcomes for the community as a whole. Using a randomized controlled trial conducted in Dakar, Senegal, the analysis tests the effectiveness of a program that provides incentives to community groups to encourage them to keep their neighborhoods clean, with the ultimate goal of reducing flooding. After one year, the intervention proved to be effective in engaging communities, improving cleanliness, and reducing flooding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) coupled with renewable electricity holds promises for efficient mitigation of carbon emission impacts on the environment and turning CO2 into valuable chemicals. One important task in CO2RR development is the design and fabrication of efficient electrodes for stable operation in the long term. Gas‐diffusion electrodes (GDEs) have been employed to continuously feed CO2 to the electrolyzers. Despite significant advances in GDE design and tailoring GDE properties, the present GDEs often suffer from the critical issue of flooding due to the electrowetting of carbon‐based substrates, which hinders the transition to industrial application. To address flooding, GDEs with intrinsically hydrophobic polymeric substrates have been recently fabricated and have shown promising performances. Herein, the advances and challenges associated with carbon‐free GDEs are reviewed for CO2RR. This review first briefly outlines GDE and electrolyzers basics. Through critical discussion around the shortcomings of conventional carbon‐based GDEs, the most recent efforts to resolve flooding are summarized. Subsequently, the advances, advantages, and challenges of carbon‐free GDEs are elaborated. Finally, priorities for future studies are suggested, with the aim to support the advancement and scale‐up of carbon‐free GDEs and extend them to other electrochemical systems where gas and the electrolyte are in contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Flooding impairs plant growth through oxygen deprivation, which activates plant survival and acclimation responses. Transcriptional responses to low oxygen are generally associated with the activation of group VII ETHYLENE‐RESPONSE FACTOR (ERFVII) transcription factors. However, the exact mechanisms and molecular components by which ERFVII factors initiate gene expression are not fully elucidated. Here, we show that the ERFVII factors RELATED TO APETALA 2.2 (RAP2.2) and RAP2.12 cooperate with the Mediator complex subunit AtMED25 to coordinate gene expression under hypoxia in Arabidopsis thaliana. Respective med25 knock‐out mutants display reduced low‐oxygen stress tolerance. AtMED25 physically associates with a distinct set of hypoxia core genes and its loss partially impairs transcription under hypoxia due to decreased RNA polymerase II recruitment. Association of AtMED25 with target genes requires the presence of ERFVII transcription factors. Next to ERFVII protein stabilisation, also the composition of the Mediator complex including AtMED25 is potentially affected by hypoxia stress as shown by protein‐complex pulldown assays. The dynamic response of the Mediator complex to hypoxia is furthermore supported by the fact that two subunits, AtMED8 and AtMED16, are not involved in the establishment of hypoxia tolerance, whilst both act in coordination with AtMED25 under other environmental conditions. We furthermore show that AtMED25 function under hypoxia is independent of ethylene signalling. Finally, functional conservation at the molecular level was found for the MED25‐ERFVII module between A. thaliana and the monocot species Oryza sativa, pointing to a potentially universal role of MED25 in coordinating ERFVII‐dependent transcript responses to hypoxia in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess the adaptability of coastal areas in the Republic of Korea to future climate change-induced flooding. Coastal areas can be susceptible to complex external factors, including rainfall, tide levels, storm surge wave overtopping, etc. The study employs an integrated approach to address this, connecting hydrological and marine engineering technologies. The models utilized in this study encompass XP-SWMM, ADCIRC, SWAN, and FLOW-3D. This study analyzed floods in 2050 and 2100, considering expected rainfall patterns, sea level rising, and an increase in typhoon intensity based on climate change scenarios for six coastal areas in the Republic of Korea. We reviewed the adaptability of flooding to climate change in each region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing flood losses in the Gulf of Mexico related to development patterns and climate hazards pose serious threats to resilience and insurability. The purpose of this study is to understand how scale, social vulnerability, risk, and urban form relate to National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) policy coverage and flood exposure. Our multilevel models identify that flooding is significantly clustered by region and counties, especially shoreline counties. Our measures of risk suggest that the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) special flood hazard area (SFHA) underestimates risk and exposure when compared with the Flood Factor and that there is some compensation in terms of insurance coverage, suggesting a pattern of adverse selection. Older housing stock appears both less insured and less exposed, raising questions of whether current growth patterns are increasing risk independent of environmental change. Our models suggest that census tracts with higher percentages of black residents are less insured and more exposed, and a similar pattern exists for rural areas. Our results highlight the need to seek common solutions across the Gulf of Mexico, concentrating on the most flood-exposed counties, and that specific resilience strategies may be necessary to protect areas with socially vulnerable populations, especially in rural areas. Underlying challenges exist due to the spatial relationship between exposure and social vulnerability and the potential for adverse selection in insurance markets due to different measures of risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional views on flood vulnerability often present a simplistic government-community relationship, portraying communities as passive recipients of aid. This perspective overlooks the dynamic agency of urban residents in shaping their own governance structures. Recent research challenges this binary thinking by revealing how communities actively manage flood risks. However, the intricate interplay between government absence and community-led actions, and their role in everyday governance, remains underexplored. Drawing on scholarship in flood vulnerability and community-led governance, this paper examines the experiences and management strategies of flood-prone residents in Dansoman, Accra, using interviews, focus groups, and “follow-along participant observation.” Three key themes emerged: “anticipate and navigate,” “collaborate and compensate for,” and “rupture and replace.” These themes illustrate how residents acquiesce to, reconfigure, or challenge government roles in flood management, establishing self-governance through community-led initiatives. These efforts often legitimize and strengthen community resilience, sometimes even usurping and replacing state authority. The findings underscore the need to recognize community agency in managing flood risks and compensating for insufficient government support through solidarity and self-help. Policymakers can enhance flood management by incorporating these community-driven insights, fostering more effective, inclusive, and sustainable strategies that reflect the fluid, evolving relationships between government and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study delves into the primary large-scale atmospheric features contributing to extreme weather events across Europe during early September 2023. The period was examined using a dataset composed by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analysis and satellite imagery. In early September 2023, an omega blocking pattern led to the development of a low-pressure system over the Iberian Peninsula producing heavy precipitation and flooding over Spain and acting as a mechanism for a mineral dust outbreak. A second low-pressure system developed over Greece. Extreme precipitation was recorded across Greece, Turkey, and Bulgaria as the system gradually shifted southward over the Mediterranean. The system earned the name "Storm Daniel" as it acquired subtropical characteristics. It caused floods over Libya and its associated circulation favoured the transport of mineral dust over Northern Egypt as it moved eastward. Meanwhile, the high-pressure blocking system associated with the omega pattern induced heatwave temperatures in countries further north. This period was compared with the large-scale circulation observed in mid-September 2020, when severe weather also affected the Mediterranean region. However, the weather systems were not directly connected by the large-scale circulation, as shown in September 2023. Although mesoscale conditions are relevant to formation and intensification of some atmospheric phenomena, the establishment of an omega blocking pattern in early September 2023 showed how large-scale atmospheric dynamics can produce abnormal weather conditions on a continental scale over several days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the public health impact of flooding on leptospirosis incidence after Storm Daniel in Thessaly, Greece, in September 2023. A notable increase in cases was observed, with seven cases of female patients and a mean age of 40.2 years, indicating a significant risk among working-age adults. From the end of September to the beginning of November 2023, a total of 35 patients from flood-prone areas presented to the Emergency Department of the Tertiary University Hospital of Larissa. Diagnosis of leptospirosis was established by meeting the criteria suggested by the national public health organisation (EODY)-compatible clinical course, epidemiological exposure, molecular and serologic confirmation by the detection of immunoglobulin M antibodies to leptospira spp. using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time quantitative PCR for the molecular detection of leptospira. The larger part (84.6%) of leptospirosis cases were associated with contact with floodwater. The majority of these patients (71.4%) were from the prefecture of Larissa, followed by 14.3% from the prefecture of Karditsa, 8.6% from the prefecture of Trikala, and 5.7% from the prefecture of Magnesia. Occupational exposure and urbanisation were key risk factors. The most prevalent clinical feature was rash (69.2%), followed by fever (61.5%) and myalgia (30.7%). The findings emphasise the need for robust public health strategies, improved sanitation, rodent control, and protective measures for sanitation workers. The data highlight the broader implications of climate change on public health and the necessity for ongoing surveillance and community education to mitigate future outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fractures are effective storage spaces and the main seepage channels of tight reservoirs, and the spacing and role of structural fractures of different scales in tight reservoirs are also different. However, the opening or height of underground natural fractures is often difficult to determine directly using seismic data or imaging logging, which restricts the characterization, modeling, and analysis of the formation mechanisms of reservoir fractures. This paper uses the morphology of water absorption profiles and conventional logging data to calculate the ratio of the isotope intensity of a single well to natural gamma values from logging and characterize the types of water absorption profiles. The size (opening and height) of the fractures is closely related to the height of the water absorption profile and the fluctuation in the water absorption intensity. The calculated rock mechanics parameters along a single well, combined with the internal friction angle of the rock and the fracture strike, are used to determine the magnitude and direction of the paleostress of the Y290-Y414 Block in the southeastern Ordos Basin during the Himalayan period. By establishing a single-well geomechanical model to simulate the three-dimensional distribution of paleostress and paleostrain during the formation of fractures, a database model for constructing the scale of fractures is established. Through correlation analysis, a model for predicting the strength and thickness of the water absorption profile is established. Finally, the three-dimensional distribution pattern of the scale of structural fractures is predicted, and the reliability of the prediction results is verified using dynamic development data. The research results have certain reference significance for explaining the mechanism of fracture formation, characterizing the scale of underground fractures, and modeling reservoir fractures. Highlights: A model for predicting the height and opening of structural fractures is established. The scale of fractures is closely related to the mechanical structure of the rock layers. The presence of large-scale fractures is the main cause of water channeling and flooding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In April 2022, flooding and associated geohazards caused major loss of life and extensive damage in the greater Durban region and large areas of the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) coastal zone. Heavy rainfall that triggered the flooding and mass movement events was reported in national and international media as having 'smashed weather records'. However, no systematic and up-to-date flood record exists for KZN to allow the April 2022 floods to be viewed within their full historical context. This study presents an historical geographic account of flooding in KZN, with a particular focus on the greater Durban region. The flood record expands upon available databases held by the South African Weather Service, drawing on missionary accounts, newspapers and personal diaries to identify all significant flood events in KZN since the mid-nineteenth century. We document 53 significant flood events from 1850-1899 (average ~1.1 per annum) and 210 from 1900-2022 (average ~1.7 per annum). Within the limits of our data, we suggest that the frequency of flooding in Durban has likely doubled over the last century. Our research confirms that the April 2022 floods were likely the most catastrophic natural disaster yet recorded in KZN, in collective terms of lives lost and overall economic impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having in mind food security and the fact that basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is used as fresh seasoning, the development of innovative technologies for its cultivation is required. This study aimed to isolate and characterize plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) isolates from basil rhizospheric soil and monitor the effects of their application on basil growth under different water stress conditions. Isolation, determination of isolates biochemical and PGP properties, evaluation of isolates influences on seed germination and parameters of growth of basil plant, growing under well-watered conditions (70% water holding capacity, WHC), under water deficit stress (35% WHC), and flooded conditions (95% WHC), were done. A total of five representative bacterial isolates were selected: Two Azotobacter isolates (A13, A14), one Pseudomonas isolate (P57), and two Bacillus isolates (B79, B82). The results of this experiment revealed that rhizospheric bacteria of O. basilicum L. var. minimum have multiple biochemical and PGP properties. The most intensive reactions on tested abiotic stressors - drought (higher total phenolics, reduced glutathione, and malondialdehyde content) and flooding (higher superoxide dismutase activity) - were from basil plants inoculated with Pseudomonas sp. P57 isolate, yet along with Azotobacter sp. isolate A13. The highest number of germinated seeds was obtained with the A13 isolate (96.0%), while the highest response for vigour index was observed with Azotobacter isolates (7200.0% and 5628.0%). In well-watered conditions, basil mass inoculated with P57 was 34.2% higher than control. In drought-stressed conditions, plant mass inoculated with A13 isolate was 90% higher than control. In flooded-stressed conditions, the plant mass inoculated with Azotobacter and Pseudomonas isolates increased by more than 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polymer electrolyte membrane is a core component of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Since the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolyte membrane depends on water content, it is necessary to understand the water transport mechanism in the polymer electrolyte membrane. When the electric current demand is varied rapidly, the transient water transport results in the shortage or flooding in the polymer electrolyte membrane. The transient behavior of water transport in the polymer electrolyte membrane is nonlinear due to the water sorption/desorption mechanism. In this study, the nonlinear water transport mechanism of polymer electrolyte membrane is established to understand the transient behavior of water transport over the rapid change of electric current. Since the nonlinear dynamics delay the response of water transport under rapid change of electric current, system-level simulation is conducted to evaluate the system response by delayed water transport. Results show that the rapid change of electric current dramatically affects the water transport dynamics. As a result, this study confirms that water transport in the electrode is delayed depending on the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) thickness and that flooding occurs in the cathode depending on the relative humidity at the anode inlet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work addresses the critical issue of flooding, a significant natural hazard, consistently ranked highest in the 2023 World Risk Index. The annual onslaught of tropical cyclones and the associated abnormal rainfall threaten lives, and destroy crops and property, thereby causing great economic damage, demanding urgent and science-based decision-making. We introduce an impact-based flood forecasting system as a proactive anticipatory action (i.e., AA) measure, linking climate services and disaster risk management to mitigate extreme weather impacts. Developed by the University of the Philippines Resilience Institute, the National Operational Assessment of Hazards (NOAH) Center, and Gerry Bagtasa of the Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, this system advances disaster resilience efforts, leveraging sciencebased forecasts to prioritize vulnerable barangays (villages). Unlike traditional early warning systems, the proposed automated system predicts flooding one day in advance and assesses exposure levels based on population distribution. By utilizing global weather forecast models locally calibrated for Philippine conditions and 100-year rain return flood hazard maps for the Philippines, the system forecasts river inundated areas, enabling local government units (LGUs) and humanitarian organizations to prioritize preparations for communities and allocate resources during flooding events effectively. This system enhances the efficiency of disaster response planning, fostering a proactive and impactful strategy to address the recurring threat of flooding in the country. The system also underscores the role of open data in disaster resilience, exemplified by NOAH's system to disseminating big data, which aligns with open governance principles. By encouraging transparency and stakeholder collaboration, data exchange is promoted, providing actionable information that fosters collaboration between the LGUs, humanitarian organizations, and other stakeholders. Cognizant of the importance of community engagement in disaster resilience, the newly developed impact-based flood forecasting system encourages community involvement by providing easily accessible information, which can be used to validate the forecasts based on local knowledge and experience. This research contributes to the urgent call for anticipatory action in the face of escalating extreme weather events globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potentially destructive flooding resulting from rain-on-snow (ROS) events motivates efforts to better incorporate these events and their residual effects into flood-related infrastructure design. This paper examines relationships between measured streamflow surges at streamgages across the Western United States and the meteorological conditions preceding them at SNOTEL stations within the same water catchment. Relevant stream surges are identified using a peak detection algorithm via time series analysis, which are then labeled ROS- or non-ROS-induced based on the preceding meteorological conditions. Both empirical and model-derived differences between ROS- and non-ROS-induced stream surges are then explored, which suggest that ROS-induced stream surges are 3–20 percent larger than non-ROS-induced stream surges. Quantifying the difference between ROS and non-ROS-induced stream surges promises to aid the improvement of flood-related infrastructure design (such as culverts) to better guard against extreme flooding events in locations subject to ROS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to explore the feasible measurement of the control of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) accumulation in rice grains. A field experiment was carried out to research the effect of different treatments, including spraying silicon (Si)/selenium (Se) foliar fertilizers, the application of lime (CaO), water management (continuous flooding), and the co-application of foliar fertilizers and flooding, on Cd and As accumulation in rice grains in Guangxi Province. The results indicate that Cd accumulation in rice grains decreased under different treatments and Cd content in rice grains reached the threshold of 0.2 mg kg−1. In the single technical treatments, CaO application, flooding, spraying foliar Se fertilizer, and spraying foliar Si fertilizer decreased Cd content by 73.15%, 60.44%, 45.76%, and 36.07%, respectively. However, flooding and CaO amendment enhanced As accumulation in rice grains. The co-application of flooding and spraying foliar fertilizer can simultaneously reduce Cd and As in rice grains. In addition, they resulted in lower Cd content than the single technical treatments. Among the treatments, the lowest bioaccumulation factors of Cd and As were found after the co-application of flooding and Si foliar fertilizer, which decreased these factors by 74.02% and 22.72%, respectively. These results suggest that spraying foliar Si fertilizer combined with flooding may be a promising method to synchronously inhibit the accumulation of Cd and As in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporary wetlands have mostly been disregarded in freshwater habitat regulation (with noticeable exceptions such as turloughs) leading to their global degradation despite their high value in terms of diverse ecosystem services. Wetland creation may be used to mitigate this habitat loss. In this review, we compiled information on the ecological features of temporary wetlands based on 45 scientific publications. We identified seven types of natural temporary wetlands to be emulated in wetland construction and their restoration in the Northern Hemisphere, with hydroperiod lengths ranging from less than one month in ephemeral ponds to multi-year floods. We highlight the biodiversity associated with various hydroperiods, and show that different organisms use different temporary wetland types. We give examples of how temporary wetland creation has been used for biodiversity enhancement and list characteristics of created temporary wetlands. Colonization of the newly created temporary wetlands by aquatic macroinvertebrates and amphibians was rapid, but species compositions differed from reference sites. Finally, we provide management recommendations for creating temporary wetlands to support high biodiversity. We highlight the importance of hydroperiod management, creating banks with gradual slopes, enhancing macrophyte vegetation and fish absence to promote biodiversity in created temporary wetlands. Monitoring and ongoing management practices are discussed as tools for ensuring management targets in the long term. For example, performing partial or full drawdowns at temporary wetlands with long multi-year hydroperiods are discussed. On the landscape level, we recommend planning a network of well-connected heterogeneous wetlands with different hydroperiods to enhance colonization and dispersal, and thereby biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the mechanisms contributing to heavy precipitation associated with landfalling atmospheric rivers (ARs) and orography, focusing on a high‐profile case study of an extratropical cyclone, storm Bronagh, which caused flooding and travel disruption in the UK. While prior research has established the connection between ARs, orography, and precipitation, the specific mechanisms leading to intense rainfall remain unclear. A novel methodology is introduced that quantifies the relative contribution to the total precipitation from cyclone‐induced processes and orographic processes using modifications to the Met Office Unified Model orography and microphysics parameterization scheme. Results show that the majority (63%) $(63\%)$ of storm Bronagh 's rainfall over land is attributed to cyclone‐related processes (frontal ascent and embedded convection). However, interaction of the AR associated with storm Bronagh and orography focuses more of the rain over the hills, enhancing precipitation in this region by a further 50% $50\%$. Further analysis reveals that the seeder‐feeder mechanism plays a predominant role in orographically enhanced rainfall. Accretion and riming processes occur as rain from the cyclone induced (seeder) cloud falls through the orographically induced (feeder) cloud enhancing precipitation rates. The feeder cloud formation is related to forced ascent of air within the AR over the orography. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the intricate interplay between ARs, orography, and cyclone precipitation during the landfall of extratropical cyclones. By separating the mechanisms behind heavy rainfall in the context of storm Bronagh, we quantify for the first time the effect of the seeder‐feeder effect at different heights over orography. Plain Language Summary: This study investigates why we experience heavy rainfall during storms in the UK. We focus on storm Bronagh which reached the national news because of the flooding and travel disruption it caused. While there is an established statistical link between atmospheric rivers, mountains, and rain, the details of how atmospheric rivers interact with mountains leading to intense rainfall were not well‐understood. In this research, a new approach which made adjustments to a weather model is used to determine these complex interactions. The results showed that most of the heavy rain during storm Bronagh came from the storm itself, but that it was enhanced via interaction with the mountains. The moisture in an atmospheric river turns into cloud droplets as it is forced to rise over the mountains. A specific process, allowing small raindrops to grow rapidly as they fall through orographic cloud, caused the localized rainfall enhancement. Understanding these processes helps us predict and prepare for extreme weather events better, enhancing our ability to respond to their impacts effectively. Key Points: The largest contribution to observed rainfall totals (63%) was associated with frontal ascent and convection in storm BronaghInteraction of storm Bronagh with orography enhanced rainfall totals by a further 50%Orographic rainfall enhancement in storm Bronagh is dominated by the seeder‐feeder process [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial discusses the importance of preparing communities, cities, and nations for extreme flooding events. It highlights the need to adapt infrastructure to be more resilient, while acknowledging the tradeoff between efficiency and resilience. The editorial provides examples of infrastructure failures during past flooding events and discusses the challenges of adapting critical infrastructure systems to a changing climate. The document includes articles that explore different approaches to managing flood risk, the use of satellite data for monitoring and warning systems, and the vulnerability of industrial process facilities to flood damage. The authors emphasize the need for comprehensive solutions that consider uncertainties and involve collaboration between academia and the public and private sectors. The text also mentions the challenges of developing protective infrastructures, retrofitting existing infrastructures, and considering implications throughout the lifecycle. [Extracted from the article]

Bismuth-based electrocatalysts for carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction are notable for their high formate selectivity, scalability, affordability, and low toxicity. Here, we introduced a facile spray pyrolysis method to fabricate catalyst-coated gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) in one step. Our study revealed that deposition temperatures significantly affected the morphology, crystal orientation, and impurity of bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) nanoplates. Specifically, BiOI prepared at 250 °C (BiOI-250) exhibited exceptional Faradaic efficiency (>90%) for formate production at a high current range (100–300 mA cm–2) and demonstrated outstanding stability (>30 h). In situ Raman spectroscopy indicated that BiOI-250's superior performance stemmed from its resilience to microscopic flooding, a failure mechanism observed in low-temperature BiOI. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) showed that BiOI-250 predominantly consisted of the active Bi2O2CO3 phase, while low-temperature BiOI contained a mixture of Bi2O2CO3 and the less active Bi metal, formed via the reduction of the Bi2O3 impurity. This impurity led to increased catalyst resistivity, uneven potential distribution, and restructuring, contributing to flooding. Our study underscores the crucial role of catalyst structures in determining electrode performance and flooding propensity, offering key insights for optimizing bismuth-based electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human activity and natural events may deteriorate or destroy archaeological sites. Mitigation is therefore a priority for their preservation. Pachacamac Museum has developed programs for research and conservation since 2008. The archaeological sanctuary of Pachacamac (second–sixteenth century), which consists of buildings made from adobe, roads, enclosures, and platforms, is located along the semi-arid central coast of Peru and was damaged in about 600 due to intense rain related to a major sixth-century El Niño event. More recent damage occurred during the 1925–26 El Niño episode. The Templo del Sol (fifteenth–sixteenth centuries) is one of the main adobe constructions, located on a hill about 60 m high. Orthophotogrammetric data was obtained for the Templo del Sol, to construct a 3 cm resolution digital surface model (DSM) and an orthoimage. Morphometric analysis of the DSM using hydrological and geomorphological quantitative parameters identified areas subjected to water flow or pooling during rainfall, and exposure of the building to wind and solar radiation, the latter responsible for the deterioration of painted walls. Areas of potential collapse were identified. This provides quantitative data for the planning, design, and execution of activities to preserve the site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the differential effect of the US-Mexico border on the lived experience of children exposed to flooding risk in an urbanized transborder watershed. The central argument is that this geopolitical border is an institution generative of social and spatial processes that create and thrive on differences and expose children on both sides of the border to high but unequal hazard levels. We pose that children’s bifurcated experiences with rain evince the border’s structuring power as a supra institution producing a socio-spatial regime that enables environmental inequities producing disparate representations of place. Understanding children’s lived experiences is critical to reducing their vulnerability in a highly integrated cross-border urbanization. Framed as a case study based on qualitative data obtained through narratives and visual elicitation techniques, the analysis reveals children’s experiences with flooding and associated hazards that have not been exposed in prior border research and have important implications for integrated disaster management, environmental justice, and resilience in border regions and cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flooding is a global natural disaster that occurs when water rises over normal levels and damages infrastructure, buildings, and land. Lately, a substantial rise has occurred in the frequency and severity of floods in Nigeria due to urbanization, population growth and climate change. This study aims to identify areas in the Osun River Basin (ORB) in southwest Nigeria that are at risk of flooding as a result of increased rainfall patterns that can induce river flooding. 10 flood factors contributing to flood susceptibility were obtained around the study area. These remote sensing data were analyzed using a weighted overlay on ArcGIS. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was particularly applied in analysing the flood factors and creating the flood susceptibility maps. Results obtained showed that flood events are probable in areas along the river bank, some areas that are low-lying terrains and areas where there is high rainfall. Ogun State falls within the areas with the lowest digital elevation, therefore the state is very highly susceptible to flooding from the tributaries of the Osun River. Areas such as Ijebu North, Ijebu North East, Ijebu East and Ijebu Ode were identified as highly susceptible to flooding from the maps created. This study will further help stakeholders and policymakers in reducing the impact of flooding in these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floodplains along rivers and streams are characterised by a high habitat heterogeneity and a large biodiversity. However, floodplains are highly threatened by anthropogenic activities such as channelisation and bank enforcement of watercourses. While floodplains along rivers are well known for their importance for riparian biodiversity, the conservation value of floodplains along small streams is less understood.We studied carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and ground‐dwelling spiders (Arachnida: Aranea) along forested small streams (~ up to 5 m width) in Rhineland‐Palatinate (Germany). We investigated 16 pairs of floodplains (natural stream sites with shallow bank and regular flooding events) and controls (deeply cut stream sites without regular flooding), where we sampled carabid beetles and spiders at different distances to the stream bank (0, 5 and 10 m).We found that floodplains along small streams had contrasting value for carabid beetles and ground‐dwelling spiders. For carabid beetles, we observed several typical floodplain species and distinct species assemblages and 2.7 times more individuals across species of conservation concern in floodplain sites. Moreover, species richness and total number of individuals of carabid beetles were highest directly at the stream bank (0 m distance) of floodplains compared with the more distant locations, while the opposite was found for the control stream sites. The spider composition also differed between floodplains and control steam sites, but only one typical floodplain species was detected. Species richness and number of individuals in ground‐dwelling spiders were lower in floodplains than in control stream sites.We conclude that the conservation value of floodplains of small streams is taxa‐dependent and that they appear less relevant for ground‐dwelling spiders but provide important habitats for riparian carabid beetles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter of the New York City Panel on Climate Change 4 (NPCC4) report provides a comprehensive description of the different types of flood hazards (pluvial, fluvial, coastal, groundwater, and compound) facing New York City and provides climatological context that can be utilized, along with climate change projections, to support flood risk management (FRM). Previous NPCC reports documented coastal flood hazards and presented trends in historical and future precipitation and sea level but did not comprehensively assess all the city's flood hazards. Previous NPCC reports also discussed the implications of floods on infrastructure and the city's residents but did not review the impacts of flooding on the city's natural and nature‐based systems (NNBSs). This—the NPCC's first report focused on all drivers of flooding—describes and profiles historical examples of each type of flood and summarizes previous and ongoing research regarding exposure, vulnerability, and risk management, including with NNBS and nonstructural measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is becoming an increasingly significant issue in Africa, and the need for climate resilience assessment has intensified. Dar es Salam is one of Africa's emerging megacities. With a population of over seven million, which continues to grow, there is an urgent need to understand the city's ability to deal with natural disasters. The Climate Disaster Resilience Index (CDRI) was used in this study to assess the city's ability to withstand and cope with climatic hazards. The Index was quantified using sets of dimensions (social, physical, economic, natural, and institutional), with various parameters indicating the city's abilities, strengths, and vulnerabilities to potential climate‐related disasters. Despite being moderately resilient to climate change disasters, the results of our study indicate that the city's economic and institutional features obtained the lowest scores and the least resilience level. The study's findings provide a perspective on aspects of the city management sectors in terms of resilience and which should be given greater consideration in order to strengthen the city's current and future resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Priming enables plants to respond more promptly, minimise damage, and survive subsequent stress events. Here, we aimed to assess the efficacy of priming and cross-priming in mitigating the stress caused by waterlogging and/or dehydration in soybeans (Glycine max). Soybean plants were cultivated in a greenhouse in plastic pots in which soil moisture was maintained at pot capacity through irrigation. The first stress was applied in plants at the vegetative stage for 5 days and involved either dehydration or waterlogging, depending on the treatment. Subsequently, the plants were irrigated or drained and maintained at pot capacity until the second stress. For the second stress, the conditions were repeated in plants at the reproductive stage. We then evaluated the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation, total soluble sugars (TSS), amino acids, proline, and starch, and the activity of antioxidant, fermentative, and aminotransferase enzymes. Under waterlogging and dehydration, priming and cross-priming significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the levels of TSS, amino acids, and proline while reducing H2O2 concentration and lipid peroxidation. Under waterlogging, priming suppressed fermentative activity and increased carbohydrate content. This demonstrates that soybean plants activate their defence systems more promptly when subjected to priming. Priming is a method where the exposition of a plant to a mild stress before a severe one enables quicker stress response, and holds promise in mitigating water stress. This study assessed the efficacy of priming in combating waterlogging and dehydration in soybean (Glycine max) plants. Results revealed that priming significantly boosted antioxidant enzyme activity and organic compound levels while reducing oxidative damage. Such findings suggest that priming could help soybean cultivation, enhancing resilience against climate-induced adversities and ensuring global food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal cities facing growing flood risks are increasingly focused on resilience. Academic and policy discourse present a resilience-based approach to governing hazards as more collaborative, better connecting threats, systems, and actors. Literature on governance networks, collaborative governance, and networks of plans suggests collaboration enhances resilience, but empirical studies of the relationship between governance networks, networks of plans, and resilience policies are limited. This study addresses this gap by examining collaboration patterns and plans in the context of flood resilience in four U.S. cities (Fort Lauderdale, Baltimore, Boston, and Seattle). We use surveys and social network analysis to assess collaboration within the cities' flood governance networks. We analyze cities' networks of plans using three approaches: (1) plan quality evaluation, (2) plan cross-referencing, and (3) the spatial distribution and flood resilience impact of policies. We find that higher quality plans and those that integrate flood information are more likely to have policies reducing flood risk. Plans that are more connected to other plans also have higher plan quality scores and more flood information. At the city level, the relationship between collaboration across the governance networks and networks of plans appears more complex and requires additional research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) is one of the most flood-prone regions in the world, yet heavy cloud cover and limited in situ observations have hampered efforts to monitor the impact of heavy rainfall, flooding, and inundation during severe weather events. This paper introduces HydroSAR, a Sentinel-1 SAR-based hazard monitoring service which was co-developed with in-region partners to provide year-round, low-latency weather hazard information across the HKH. This paper describes the end user-focused concept and overall design of the HydroSAR service. It introduces the main processing algorithms behind HydroSAR's broad product portfolio, which includes qualitative visual layers as well as quantitative products measuring the surface water extent and water depth. We summarize the cloud-based implementation of the developed service, which provides the capability to scale automatically with the event size. A performance assessment of our quantitative algorithms is described, demonstrating the capabilities to map the flood extent and water depth with an accuracy of >90% and <1 m, respectively. An application of the HydroSAR service to the 2023 South Asia monsoon seasons showed that monsoon floods peaked near 6 August 2023 and covered 11.6% of Bangladesh in water. At the peak of the flood season, nearly 13.5% of Bangladesh's agriculture areas were affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Graduated driver licensing can allow for flood safety education of learner drivers. • We audited publicly available learner driver handbooks for flood safety information. • We found no information in some jurisdictions; inconsistent information in others. • Auditing flood-related visual signage yielded significant gaps for learner drivers. • Learner driver handbooks represent a missed opportunity to educate on flood safety. Introduction: Vehicles driving, or being swept, into floodwaters is a leading cause of flood-related death. Establishing safe behaviors among learner drivers may reduce risk throughout their driving lifetime. Methods: An environmental scan of publicly available government issued learner and driver handbooks across the eight Australian jurisdictions was conducted to identify information provided regarding floodwaters. Search terms included 'flood,' 'rain,' 'water,' and 'wet.' A visual audit of flood-related signage was also conducted. Results : Twelve documents, across eight jurisdictions, were analyzed. Four jurisdictions' documents provided no information on flooding. Of the four jurisdictions that provided information, content varied. This included highlighting risks and discouraging entering floodwaters in a vehicle, including penalties associated with travel on closed roads, to advising depth and current checks if crossing a flooded roadway, with recommendations based on vehicle size (preference given to bigger vehicles, i.e., 4wds). Information on flood-related signage was found in one jurisdiction. Discussion : Learner and driver handbooks represent a missed opportunity to provide flood safety information. Currently, information is not provided in all jurisdictions, despite flood-related vehicle drowning deaths of drivers and passengers being a national issue. Where information is presented, it is limited, often lacks practical guidance on how to assess water depth, current, and road base stability, and could better use evidence regarding the psychological factors underpinning, and behavioral prompts for performing, or avoiding, risky driving behavior during floods. Conclusions : The provision and content of information in learner driver and driver handbooks must be improved, particularly within the context of increasing flooding and extreme weather associated with the effects of climate change. Practical applications : We encourage all jurisdictions to provide practical information that draws on evidence-based risk factors and empirically established psychological factors for behavioral change to help establish safe driver behaviors around floods in the formative years of learning to drive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wang, P.; Royer, E.L.; Jackson, K., and Gutierrez, S., 2024. Impacts of Hurricane Ian along the low-lying southwest Florida coast (USA) in 2022: Lessons learned. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(5), 827–851. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Hurricane Ian made landfall in the low-lying, densely populated, and developed southwestern Florida coast on 28 September 2022 as a large and slow-moving category 4 hurricane. Various U.S. federal and state agencies collected a large and comprehensive data set, including pre- and poststorm airborne LIDAR topography, in situ water level and wave measurements at numerous locations before, during, and after the storm, and poststorm high-water marks over a large area. This study reports results from a series of poststorm field investigations including ground observations of beach-dune erosion and deposition, catastrophic damage to various infrastructure, and widespread distribution of non-biodegradable materials washed into the estuary and numerous mangrove islands. Hurricane Ian induced large-scale inundation in low-lying southwest Florida, submerging all the barrier islands bordering Charlotte Harbor estuary, all the islands within the estuary, and up to 5 km into the mainland. Dense tree-type vegetation limited the landward penetration of beach-dune erosion and overwash deposition along the barrier islands. Net sand-volume loss from the beach-dune system ranged 10–25 m3/m and was controlled by the deep submergence of the system during the peak of the storm. The extremely high storm surge of up to 5.2 m above mean sea level generated by Hurricane Ian caused severe damage to the built environments over a large area. High storm waves superimposed on the elevated water level, reaching 1.2 m at the seaward edge of vegetated dunes, contributed to the destruction along the barrier islands. Hurricane Ian distributed a tremendous amount of non-biodegradable artificial debris over a large area and into sensitive natural environments, including numerous mangrove islands, barrier-island interior wetlands, and the estuary waterbody. Measures to prevent materials such as single-use plastics, insulation fibers, and household appliances from being washed into sensitive environments should be a significant part of prestorm preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the current global climate change, rapid urbanization, and sustained population growth, frequent natural and social disasters pose an increasingly serious threat to human life and property. The imperative to elevate the level of urban safety resilience has become a focal point in global urban disaster prevention and mitigation efforts. This study aims to examine the disaster resilience level in the central urban area of Kunming, Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau, southwest China. Our focus lies on three representative dimensions: urban ecology, transportation, and flooding, which denote the natural, social, and combined natural–social safety resilience capacities of the study area. We identified indicator factors influencing urban safety resilience, categorizing them into resistance, adaptability, and resilience components. A disaster resilience evaluation system was constructed and quantitatively expressed in a geographic information system. By comparing the levels of urban ecological, transportation, and flood safety resilience in Kunming's central urban area, we unveil safety risks and associated problems related to urbanization in the process, along with their interconnections. Our findings indicate that urban flood resilience is generally higher in mature urban areas and new districts than in urban-rural and suburban areas. Additionally, improvements in urban ecological and transportation resilience contribute to enhanced urban flood resilience. Social factors significantly impact the level of urban safety resilience. This study offers valuable insights for constructing safe and resilient cities in mountainous regions, supporting decision-making in urban disaster planning research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widespread flooding in Africa has devastating repercussions on communities, and sometimes leading to loss of life, displacement of populations, and significant damage to infrastructure and agriculture. Despite this, there are limited studies that investigate the behaviour of high time frequency river flows for the major river systems of Africa to inform adaptation and mitigation strategies for improved resilience of society. This paper fills this gap by assessing the occurrence time of annual maximum daily discharge for five of the longest rivers of Africa using a statistical modelling approach. This is the first of such a study covering all of the five longest rivers of Africa in one paper. Annual maximum daily discharge time for each river was modeled by mixtures of von Mises distributions, fitted by a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. Data on mean daily discharge was obtained from the Global Runoff Data Centre database for the Niger, Zambezi, Okavango, Limpopo and Orange rivers in Africa. Estimates were inferred for the location parameter of the major mode, location parameter of the minor mode, concentration parameter of the major mode, concentration parameter of the minor mode, mean time, mean resultant, circular variance, circular skewness, and circular kurtosis. The developed models reveal distinctive temporal patterns of peak discharge events in each river, which can have significant implications for flood management, water resource planning, hydrological modeling, risk assessment and infrastructure design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The planned closure of potash mines achieved through the injection of highly mineralized brines into the worked-out area is a complex process. A critical concern arises when brines obstruct the aerodynamic connections between the flooded mine's airspace and the atmosphere, potentially leading to the formation of closed cavities where explosive gases can accumulate. To address this hazard, it is imperative to develop systems capable of extracting the gas–air mixture from the unflooded part of the worked-out area. Two distinct scenarios are examined: the first involves controlled flooding with saturated brines, while the second contemplates flooding resulting from a hypothetical breakthrough of supra-salt strata, leading to the ingress of groundwater into the worked-out area. A novel mathematical model is introduced to predict the evolution of gas–air mixture parameters in the unflooded part of the worked-out area. Utilizing this model, we assess the effectiveness of proposed measures designed to eliminate explosive gases from the worked-out area. Specifically, a pipeline system is proposed for the removal of gases. The findings from this study contribute valuable insights into ensuring the safe and efficient closure of potash mines, shedding light on potential risks and effective mitigation strategies for gas-related hazards during planned flooding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation systems support economic activity by facilitating the mobility of people and goods. The main weather-related impact on the transportation industry is flooding, particularly due to heavy rainstorms. Therefore, considering the flooding in Kuwait that occurred in November 2018, this research aims to identify the effect of the floods on the transportation system by estimation and comparison of two models: propensity score matching and difference-in-differences. The impact of flooding has been verified for frequency, time of travel, and car expenses. The results showed that the parameters of the transportation system such as frequency of travel, its duration, and car expenses are significantly affected by the floods in a negative way. Moreover, floods are negatively associated with only two governates, which are Al Asimah Governate and Hawalli Governate. However, flood risk and expectation of flood severity have a significant positive impact on the flood experience. The propensity score matching was more reliable since it describes the data better. Based on experts' opinion, the design of the roads is the main cause of flooding in Kuwait. It is recommended to construct precast box culvert to prevent floods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately evaluating the buoyancy and stability of damaged ships, particularly the flow rate of the water inflow through damaged openings, is of great significance for ship rescue and emergency repair. A three-dimensional simplified model of inflow for a ship's damaged side bulkheads is established using the shear stress transport k-epsilon and volume of fluid (VOF) models by STAR-CCM+. Moreover, the flow rates of water inflow through damaged openings with different shapes, characteristic sizes, and central depths are calculated. Furthermore, the corresponding discharge coefficients are obtained, and the relevant rules are summarized. It was found that the influence of water depth on the coefficient is minimal in these work conditions, but from the perspective of the damaged opening's characteristic dimensions and shape, the variation in the coefficient is more pronounced. Overall, the triangular opening has a higher coefficient than the circular opening, which in turn is higher than that of the square-damaged opening, and the coefficient decreases as the size of the opening increases. Lastly, empirical formulas for two different methods are provided. The research provides a reference for the rescue repair and buoyancy stability assessment of damaged ships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The practice of stormwater management has evolved from a singular focus on drainage to a multifaceted approach to support the integrated urban development of healthy, livable, ecological, and water sensitive cities from neighborhood to metropolitan scales. A review of the knowledge base and practice by the professional stormwater management community shows attributes that favor an integrative approach to achieve co-benefits across sectors. Research into stormwater management addresses its functional areas of drainage, flood control, flood plain management, water quality control, urban ecology, recreation, and city beautification. Legacy path dependance affects the potential to reform land use practices, while stormwater management practice is affected by climate change, sea level rise, urbanization, inequality, and poor governance. This review shows a status where technical methods are well advanced but integrative frameworks to address social, ecological and infrastructure needs are more challenging. The sensitivity of ecological issues is most evident in cities in coastal zones. Organizational initiatives are needed to counter the neglect of essential maintenance and sustain flood risk reduction in cities. Stormwater management is related to other integrative tools, including IWRM, One Water, One Health, and Integrated Flood Management, as well as the broader concept of urban planning. This research review demonstrates the opportunities and needs for the advancement of an integrated approach to stormwater management to support urban development. Stormwater capture and rainfall harvesting offer major opportunities to augment scarce water supplies. Nature-based solutions like low-impact development and the sponge city concept show promise to transform cities. Major cities face challenges to sustain conveyance corridors for major flows and to store and treat combined sewer runoff. The neighborhood focus of stormwater management elevates the importance of participation and inclusion to advance environmental justice and strengthen social capital. Integrating organizational initiatives from local to city scales and funding improvements to stormwater systems are major challenges that require leadership from higher governance levels, although governments face resistance to change toward integration, especially in countries with poor land use and public works management systems. Finding solutions to neighborhood issues and the connectivity of water systems at larger scales requires complex approaches to urban planning and represent an important agenda for urban and water governance going forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Planning Education & Research is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)