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本研究は,2012 年豪雨(平成24 年豪雨)時における氾濫水の到達点,すなわち浸水範囲の末端部に着目し,現地調査を基に浸水範囲規定要因について検討した。その結果,氾濫水はブロック塀や地形などによってその流れが制限されたことが明らかとなった。一方で,氾濫水を制限する要因は,僅かな土地利用の変化や地形改変によって変化することが,過去の水害との比較によって見出された。つまり,地域構造の変化と共に,氾濫水の流れを制限する要因も短期間で変化する可能性がある。そのため,既存の洪水ハザードマップに,それらの情報を住民自らが書き込む「セルフハザードマップ」の作成が重要かつ効果的であると考えられる。, Northern Kyushu Heavy Rain in 2012 caused severe floods on valley bottom plains in Taketa City, Oita Prefecture. The authors recorded the flood range focusing on the end of the flooded area at the microtopography level by their fieldwork, and they established that block walls and slight height differences formed by land-use changes and terrain modifications controlled the overflowing running water by comparing the former flood cases. However, changes in a regional structure such as population and economic condition may affect the controlling factors overflowing water in the short term. Hence, the authors recommend the self-made hazard map of each local citizen to secure disaster prevention essential and effective.

Resumo Nesse estudo avaliou-se os impactos do aumento dos GEE's (cenário RCP 8.5) e dos desflorestamentos no ciclo da água na bacia do rio Madeira, utilizando o Modelo Regional Eta e o Modelo Hidrológico de Grandes Bacias (MGB), forçado com o Brazilian Earth System Model Ocean-Atmosphere versão 2.5 (BESM-OA 2.5). No cenário RCP 8.5, o modelo apresentou sensibilidade sobre toda a bacia do Madeira, com aumento da ordem de 4.0 °C na temperatura. O aumento foi intensificado com os cenários de desflorestamentos de 2050 (4.8 °C) e 2100 (6.2 °C). Nos cenários de desflorestamento predominou-se o Mecanismo de Retroalimentação Negativo, pois embora haja reduções na precipitação e evapotranspiração, a convergência de umidade aumentou em todos os cenários. Observou-se aumento das descargas na maioria das estações para todos os cenários futuros RCP 8.5 e desflorestamento. O aumento da precipitação na estação seca explicou em parte o aumento das vazões e na área de inundação sobre a bacia do Madeira. O aumento na precipitação à montante da bacia e a mudança nos parâmetros do solo, associada às alterações no uso da terra, contribuíram para o aumento da vazão e área de inundação sobre a bacia do Madeira. As alterações nas descargas e na área de inundação podem ter efeitos negativos, com prejuízos e danos ao meio ambiente, nos recursos hídricos, nos principais setores da economia, afetando de forma direta as comunidades que vivem às margens dos rios, principalmente as populações vulneráveis da bacia do Madeira. Abstract In this study, we evaluated the impacts of increased GHGs (RCP 8.5 scenario) and future deforestations on the water cycle in the Madeira River basin by using the Eta Regional Model and MGB-IPH Large-scale Hydrological Model, forced by Brazilian Model of the Terrestrial System (BESM-AO 2.5). In the RCP 8.5 scenario, the model demonstrated sensitivity over the entire Madeira basin, with a temperature increase of 4.0 °C. The increase was intensified with the deforestation scenarios for 2050 (4.8 °C) and 2100 (6.2 °C). In the deforestation scenarios, the Negative Feedback Mechanism (NFM) was predominant because, although there were reductions in precipitation and evapotranspiration, the convergence of humidity presented an increase in all the scenarios. Regarding the hydrological processes, an increase in the discharges in most stations for all future scenarios for RCP8.5 and deforestation was observed. The increase in precipitation in the dry season explains in part the increase in the discharges and in the flood area in the Madeira basin. The increased upstream precipitation and the changes in soil parameters associated with the changes in land use contributed to the increase in the flood area over the Madeira basin. These changes can have negative effects on the environment, on water resources and on the main sectors of the economy, which directly affect the communities that inhabit the river banks, especially the vulnerable populations of the Madeira basin.

Resumo Simulações climáticas para o clima presente (1960-2005) utilizando o Modelo Climático Regional Eta e o Modelo Hidrológico de Grandes Bacias (MGB), forçado com o Brazilian Earth System Model Ocean-Atmosphere (BESM-AO 2.5) foram realizadas. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o desempenho do Modelo Regional Eta e o Modelo Hidrológico de Grandes Bacias (MGB) na representação dos componentes do balanço de água (precipitação, evapotranspiração, convergência de umidade, vazão, cota e área de inundação) sobre a bacia do rio Madeira. A característica de sumidouro de umidade (P > E) foi simulada pelo modelo regional. Entretanto, o modelo subestimou a precipitação (33%), a evapotranspiração (12%) e a convergência de umidade (6%). O MGB-IPH conseguiu representar o ciclo anual das vazões, níveis do rio (cota) e área de inundação. Também conseguiu reproduzir a translação e amplitude das ondas de cheia, e o atraso de 3 meses entre os máximos da área de inundação e a precipitação sobre a bacia do Madeira. O MGB-IPH mostrou-se uma ferramenta útil para estudos de variabilidade climática, mudanças no clima e no uso da terra, e também para sistemas operacionais de previsão hidrológica na bacia Amazônica. Abstract Downscaling climate simulation for present climate (1960-2005) based on the Eta Regional Climate Model and MGB Large-scale Hydrological Model, forced by Brazilian Model of the Terrestrial System (BESM-AO 2.5), was carried out. The objective of this work is assessment the performance of the Eta regional model and MGB-IPH in the representation of the components of the water budget in Madeira River basin. The moisture sink characteristic (P> E) was simulated by the regional model. In the terrestrial branch, the MGB-IPH hydrological model was able to represent the annual cycle of discharge, water level and floodplain inundation. The performance of the hydrological model and the regional model was satisfactory in the simulation of the seasonal dynamics of hydrological processes and water budget in Madeira river basin, indicating that the hydrological model is a useful tool for studies of climatic variability, changes in climate and land use and for hydrological forecasting operational systems in the Amazon basin.

Hydraulické výpočty proudění vody v korytech vodních toků a záplavových územích se v současné inženýrské praxi provádějí primárně s použitím 1D, 2D a spřažených 1D/2D numerických modelů. Matematický model je v případě zmiňované 2D schematizace obvykle založen na tzv. rovnicích proudění v mělkém proudu (shallow water equations), přičemž k matematickému popisu turbulentního proudění se zde využívají tzv. turbulentní modely s různým pojetím modelování turbulence. V našich podmínkách je pro účely hydraulických výpočtů poměrně rozšířené programové vybavení HEC-RAS, které využívá turbulentního modelu založeného na Boussinesqově aproximaci. Cílem příspěvku je prezentace postupů a závěrů citlivostní analýzy, jež zohledňuje vliv vstupních parametrů uvedeného turbulentního modelu na výsledky hydraulických výpočtů v případě použití 2D, respektive spřaženého 1D/2D modelu. Součástí analýz je rovněž ověření možného ovlivnění výsledků změnami dalších parametrů výpočtu, mezi které patří např. zavedení zjednodušeného řešení rovnic proudění v mělkém proudu aproximací difuzní vlnou nebo způsob prostorové diskretizace řešené náhradní oblasti. K ověřovacím výpočtům byl vybrán jednak fiktivní úsek prizmatického koryta lichoběžníkového průřezu a dále reálný úsek koryta toku Svratka na území města Brna v délce cca 2,6 km. Účelem předkládaného příspěvku je především poskytnout potenciálním uživatelům 2D numerických modelů, založených na rovnicích mělkého proudu, základní představu o nejistotách ve výsledcích hydraulických výpočtů, vyplývajících z volby vybraných vstupních parametrů. In current engineering practice, hydraulic calculations of water flow in open channels and floodplains are performed primarily using 1D, 2D and coupled 1D/2D numerical models. In the case of the mentioned 2D schematization, the mathematical model is usually based on the so-called shallow water equations. In this context, the turbulence models with different concepts of turbulence modeling are used to mathematically describe turbulent flow. At present, the HEC-RAS software, which uses a turbulence model based on the Boussinesq approximation, is relatively widespread for the purposes of hydraulic calculations. The aim of the paper is to present the results of sensitivity analysis taking into account the influence of the input parameters of the turbulence model on the results of hydraulic calculations in the case of using 2D schematization or in the use of coupled 1D/2D model. The analyzes also include verification of the possible influence of the results by changes in other parameters of the calculation, which include, for example, the use of diffusion wave approximation or the method of spatial discretization of the solved region. For verification calculations, a fictitious reach with a trapezoidal cross-section was selected, as well as a real section of the Svratka river in the city of Brno in the length of approximately 2.6 km. The purpose of this paper is to provide a basic idea of the uncertainties arising from the choice of selected input parameters for potential users of 2D numerical models.

Las inundaciones, en general, son acontecimientos de gran importancia debido a sus impactos mayormente negativos en la vida humana, economía, salud, infraestructura, entre otros, por lo que su análisis se hace necesario; situación de la que España no escapa. Existen diferentes metodologías ampliamente conocidas para realizar tales estudios, sin embargo, en la actualidad la incorporación de información proveniente de imágenes satelitales sirve como una herramienta complementaria, con la cual es posible no sólo observar la evolución del evento en el tiempo, sino también estudiar en tiempo real una o varias de las componentes involucradas en estos eventos, como la profundidad, la cual es objeto de esta investigación. El objetivo principal de este estudio consistió en desarrollar una metodología para la estimación de profundidades de inundación a partir de la información extraída de las imágenes satelitales RADAR, Sentinel-2 y Landsat 8 en combinación con datos LIDAR. Por lo tanto, se definió una secuencia procedimental que permitiera el análisis de cada una de las imágenes y posteriormente el cálculo de profundidad a partir del modelo digital de elevación generado a con la información LIDAR. Se utilizó como caso de estudio el tramo medio de la cuenca del río Ebro y los programas computacionales SNAP y ArcGIS. Como parte de la propuesta metodológica, se delimitaron las zonas de inundación correspondientes al tramo de estudio en el río Ebro para el evento extremo del día 13 de abril del 2018, en las diferentes imágenes satelitales. En el caso de las imágenes RADAR se llevó a cabo los ajustes y calibraciones necesarias para clasificar de los pixeles que tuviesen agua. Por su parte, se aplicó el índice conocido en inglés como Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) a las imágenes multiespectrales Sentinel-2 y Landsat 8. Una vez concluido lo anterior, se incorporó el modelo digital de elevación y se obtuvieron los valores de profundidad con su respectiva representación gráfica. Los resultados obtenidos producto de esta investigación fueron contrarrestados con la información oficial, teniéndose resultados conforme a la precisión esperada, encontrándose así que predominan las profundidades que van desde los 0 a los 2m., Floods are important events that have a negative impact on human life, economy, heath, infrastructure, etc. For instance, flood analysis is necessary in many countries, like Spain. There are many flood analysis methodologies, nonetheless, satellite images are a powerful tool to help study the evolution of the event and provide real time information about some variables such as flood depth. In this research, satellite images were used to develop one methodology that estimate flood depths from RADAR, Sentinel-2, Landsat 8, and LIDAR. Thus, it created procedural sequence for studying every image and calculating depth based on digital elevation model from LIDAR information. The Ebro river medium section was used as a study case as well as SNAP and ArcGIS software to process information. As part of the proposed methodology, the flood zones corresponding to the section of study in the Ebro river were delimited, in the different satellite images. Particularly, RADAR images were adjusted and calibrated to extract water pixel. Also, Sentinel 2 and Landsat 8 images were processed with the Normalized Difference Water Index. When the image processing concluded, the digital elevation model was included to calculate flood depths. Lastly, the flood depths map was created. Afterwards, the results were compared with the official information. The values were within the expected precision. In conclusion, flood depths were between 0-2m in the majority of the area., Máster Universitario en Hidrología y Gestión de Recursos Hídricos (M173)

A barragem Lomba do Sabão localiza-se a montante de Porto Alegre/RS e uma eventual ruptura pode gerar sérios prejuízos à cidade. A elaboração de um Plano de Segurança de Barragens (PSB) e de um Plano de Ações Emergências (PAE) para este barramento é obrigatório por lei e de extrema importância em virtude de sua localização e categoria de risco. O principal objetivo de um PAE é salvaguardar vidas e reduzir os prejuízos causados em caso de ruptura, assessorando o empreendedor nas tomadas de decisão. Para a elaboração do PAE é fundamental que se caracterize o vale a jusante da barragem e que seja elaborado um mapeamento de riscos hidrodinâmicos, bem como o levantamento e localização da população e infraestruturas em risco. Estas informações são fundamentais para que o ente público elabore um Plano de Contingência e Proteção de Defesa Civil (PlanCon) a fim de dar suporte à municipalidade no socorro às vítimas e nas tomadas de decisão. Um dos objetivos desta pesquisa é estabelecer um fluxo de trabalho com o intuito de espacializar a onda de cheia proveniente do rompimento de barragens, especificadamente para a barragem Lomba do Sabão, gerando como produto um mapeamento das zonas de risco hidrodinâmico, da localização das populações e das infraestruturas potencialmente atingidas, de modo que essas informações possam auxiliar na elaboração do PlanCon. Com a aplicação do fluxograma concebido a partir dos resultados do estudo de rompimento com o modelo HEC-RAS 5.03 elaborado por Tschiedel (2017), obteve-se a espacialização da mancha de inundação, bem como os indicadores de perigosidade estática na zona inundada que variou de 0 a 5,75m indicando riscos considerados importantes, e da perigosidade dinâmica que variou de 0,05 a 48,3m²/s, indicando possibilidade de severo grau de destruição em grande parte da área impactada. Ademais, foi possível estimar que cerca de 69 mil pessoas e 30 mil domicílios podem ser diretamente afetados, além da identificação de diversas infraestruturas vitais para o funcionamento da cidade. Outro objetivo é propor um arranjo metodológico para estimar os prejuízos decorrentes do rompimento, o que pode ser útil para balizar a tomada de decisões quanto as medidas que devem ser adotadas com relação a conservação do barramento. No âmbito deste trabalho, o prejuízo estimado em função do rompimento é de aproximadamente R$ 40 milhões, considerando apenas os danos nas edificações residenciais. Esses resultados podem subsidiar decisões de empreendedores e/ou de entes públicos quanto a necessidade de investimentos, em especial relativos a manutenção, prevenção, ação em caso de acidente – ou até mesmo a consideração de descomissionamento da barragem. The Lomba do Sabão dam is located upstream of city the Porto Alegre/RS and an eventual rupture can cause serious damage to the city. The elaboration of the Dam Safety Plan and the Emergency Action Plan is mandatory by law and important due to its about location and risk category. The main objective of an Emergency Action Plan is to save lives and reduce the damage. To formulate the Emergency Action Plan, it is essential that it characterizes the value of the downstream dam and that a hydrodynamic risk mapping is carried out,survey and location of populations and infrastructure at risk. This information is important for anyone who is the leader in a Civil Defense Contingency and Protection Plan, in order to support problem. One of the objectives of this research is to define a workflow to a proven of dam rupture, specifically for a Lomba do Sabão dam, generating as a product a mapping of hydrodynamic risk zones, the location of dams and infrastructure at risk, in the way that this information can help in preparing the Civil Defense Contingency and Protection Plan. With the application of the flowchart conceived from the results of the study of rupture with the model HEC-RAS 5.03 made by Tschiedel (2017), the spatialization of the flood spot was obtained, as well as the indicators of the static hazard in the flooded area that varied from 0 to 5.75m indicating risks considered important, and the dynamic danger that varied from 0.05 to 48.3m²/s, indicating the possibility of severe degree of destruction in a large part of the impacted area. In addition, it was possible to estimate about 69 thousand people and 30 thousand households can be directly affected, in addition to the identification of several vital infrastructures for the functioning of the city. Another objective is to propose a methodological arrangement to estimate the losses resulting from the disruption, which can be useful to guide the decision making regarding the measures that must be adopted in relation to the conservation of the bus. Within the scope of this work, the estimated loss due to the breach is approximately R$ 40 million, considering only the damage to residential buildings. These results can support the decisions of entrepreneurs and / or public entities regarding the need for investments, especially regarding maintenance, prevention, action in the event of an accident - or even the consideration of decommissioning the dam.

A lo largo de la historia las inundaciones siempre han causado graves daños económicos y vitales en las diferentes sociedades de todo el mundo, cobrando mayor importancia durante las últimas 50 décadas debido a la continua expansión de las zonas urbanas. En Europa, y de forma más concreta en España, las inundaciones dan lugar al fenómeno catastrófico que más daños económicos y vitales genera. Por ello se han ido creando a lo largo de estos años diferentes normativas y metodologías para poder prevenir, estudiar y controlar dichos fenómenos naturales. En el presente Trabajo de Fin de Master se llevó a cabo un análisis de avenidas e inundaciones del río Pisuerga a su paso por el pueblo de Cabezón de Pisuerga (Valladolid, España), para los periodos de retorno de 10, 25, 50, 100 y 500 años. Dicho análisis se realizó mediante los datos de caudales máximos medios diarios mensuales (m3 /s) de una serie histórica de 77 años, utilizando las funciones de distribución de valores extremos Gumbel y Log-Pearson III para calcular el análisis hidrológico, y los softwares ArcGIS 10.5 y HEC-RAS 5.0.7 para realizar el análisis hidráulico. Entre los resultados obtenidos, cabe destacar una pequeña diferencia entre los valores de caudales máximos calculados mediante las funciones de distribución Gumbel y Log-Pearson III, siendo estos entre 1.1% y 8.3 % mayores en el segundo método para todos los periodos de retorno, a excepción del periodo de 10 años, siendo mayores los obtenidos en el primer método nombrado, con un 0,1% de diferencia. Como principal conclusión, mediante los mapas de inundaciones creados, se observó que el municipio de Cabezón de Pisuerga (Valladolid) entre los próximos 10 y 500 años sufrirá una serie de inundaciones que pueden causar graves daños en la zona., Throughout history, floods have always caused serious economic and vital damage in different societies around the world, becoming more important during the last 50 decades due to the continuous expansion of urban areas. In Europe, and more specifically in Spain, floods give rise to the catastrophic phenomenon that generates the most economic and vital damage. For this reason, different regulations and methodologies have been created throughout these years to prevent, study and control these natural phenomena. In this Master's Final Project, an analysis of avenues and floods of the Pisuerga River as it passed through the town of Cabezón de Pisuerga (Valladolid, Spain) was carried out, for the return periods of 10, 25, 50, 100 and 500 years. Said analysis was carried out using the maximum daily mean monthly flow data (m3 / s) from a historical series of 77 years, using the Gumbel and Log-Pearson III extreme value distribution functions to calculate the hydrological analysis, and the ArcGIS software 10.5 and HEC-RAS 5.0.7 to perform the hydraulic analysis. Among the results obtained, it is worth highlighting a small difference between the maximum flow values calculated using the Gumbel and Log-Pearson III distribution functions, these being between 1.1% and 8.3% higher in the second method for all return periods, except of the 10-year period, being higher those obtained in the first named method, with a 0.1% difference. As the main conclusion, through the flood maps created, it was observed that the municipality of Cabezón de Pisuerga (Valladolid) will suffer a series of floods between the next 10 and 500 years that can cause serious damage in the area., Máster Universitario en Hidrología y Gestión de Recursos Hídricos (M173)

The movement of water on flood areas depends mainly on the geometric parameters of vegetation, which as a dynamic factor causes a high changeability of flow conditions during the year. The actual ecological trend, whereby there is a tendency to leave the plants in the floodplain, imposes the necessity on engineers to develop accurate methods of determining the effect of vegetation on what used to be once a commonly occurring flood risk. According to the report on national security risk, elaborated by the Government Security Centre, flooding is the most common such risk. This is most likely to occur among all the risks included in the National Crisis Management Plan and brings the greatest number of negative effects. In order to mitigate the negative phenomena related to floodplains, the methodology and calculation of the average flows, using the Maninng and Darcy-Weisbach models is presented.

South America is vulnerable to flood disasters, which must be prevented and managed, especially in the urban area close to the rivers. Different terrain descriptors (e.g. hydrographic network, altimetry) are taken into consideration to identify area with potential risk of flooding. INPE has developed tools to process and manage hydrological information. This paper aims to improve such tools proposing a method to study urban flood area delimitation starting from a raster elevation representation of the urban area with high resolution and water level information. In particular, the proposed method considers the water behaviour assuming that water flood happens in the part of the river having altimetry higher than the surrounding surface. The use of such water behaviour information results in the improvement of the accuracy of the study of urban area with risk of flooding.

The 2011 off the pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake (Mw = 9) was one of the most devastating earthquakes in Japanese History. Mainly because of the extremely large and widespread tsunami, it accounted for nearly 19,000 people, missing or dead. This paper is, therefore, focused on the tsunami damage. As a First step to evaluate the tsunami damage, the recovery process of the flooded area has been monitored quantitatively using satellite remote sensing techniques. The preliminary results indicate that the flooded area (wet land) becomes small gradually, compared with just after the huge tsunami, however, the recovery is not monotonouse, fluctuating by rain, snow and rise of a tide level.

The 2011 off the pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake (Mw = 9) was one of the most devastating earthquakes in Japanese History. Mainly because of the extremely large and widespread tsunami, it accounted for nearly 19,000 people, missing or dead. This paper is, therefore, focused on the tsunami damage. As a First step to evaluate the tsunami damage, the recovery process of the flooded area has been monitored quantitatively using satellite remote sensing techniques. The preliminary results indicate that the flooded area (wet land) becomes small gradually, compared with just after the huge tsunami, however, the recovery is not monotonouse, fluctuating by rain, snow and rise of a tide level.

O avanço da urbanização sobre as planícies de inundação causa impactos no ciclo hidrológico, na sedimentação e nas funções hidrológicas dos rios. Na planície fluvial do rio Gravataí os eventos de urbanização contribuíram para a redução da sua área inundável. Esse avanço da urbanização está associado à obras de engenharia que funcionam como barragens, que evitam que a água ocupe a planície fluvial em períodos de cheia. O presente estudo espacializa essa redução da área inundável da planície de inundação do rio Gravataí e as alterações nela recorrentes, a partir do avanço das áreas urbanas de Alvorada, Cachoeirinha, Canoas, Gravataí e Porto Alegre, sobre a planície fluvial. Foi elaborado o mapeamento da planície de inundação do rio Gravataí a partir de mapas geomorfológicos e geológicos; e das áreas inundadas, a partir de imagens do Landsat TM 5 de 10/01/2007 e 20/09/2009, aplicando o índice NDWI - Índice de Água por Diferença Normalizada - para definir o limite de inundação atual. Os dados obtidos foram comparados com um mapa das inundações da década de 1970. Também foi mapeada a expansão dos municípios analisados, nos anos de 1975, 1984 e 2009, e analisadas: A evolução urbana sobre a planície de inundação, a redução espacial das áreas inundáveis e os limites atingidos pela inundação. Os principais resultados mostram que as áreas urbanas dos cinco municípios cresceram consideravelmente sobre a planície de inundação do rio Gravataí, enquanto os limites de inundação foram reduzidos. A área inundável recuou consideravelmente em comparação ao seu alcance natural, pois os diques construídos para conter as cheias alteraram os limites de inundação e favoreceram o crescimento urbano. Na comparação entre as áreas ocorreu uma significativa expansão urbana, enquanto que inversamente, a área inundável apresentou redução espacial. Em 1975 a área de mancha urbana era de 75 Km², já em 2009 de 183 Km². A área inundável na década de 1970 tinha 58 Km², e em 2009 33 Km². As áreas urbanas na planície de inundação ocupavam 33 Km² em 1975, e em 2009 67 Km². The advancement of urbanization on flood plains has been cause impacts on the water cycle, sedimentation and hydrological functions of the rivers . In the fluvial plain of the river Gravataí events urbanization contributed to the reduction of its flood area. This advance of urbanization is associated with engineering works that act as dams that prevent water occupy the plain river in flood season. This study spatializes this reduction of flood area in the floodplain river Gravataí and amendments thereto applicants from the advance of urban areas Alvorada , Cachoeirinha, Canoas , Gravataí and Porto Alegre, on the river plain. Was developed mapping of the floodplain of the river Gravataí from geomorphological and geological maps , and flooded areas from Landsat TM 5 of 10/01/2007 and 20/09/2009, applying the index NDWI - Water Index Normalized Difference - to set the limit of current flood . The data obtained were compared with a map of the floods of the 1970s. Was also mapped the expansion of the cities analyzed in the years 1975, 1984 and 2009 and analyzed: The urban development on the flood plain, the spatial reduction of the flood area and the limits reached by the flood. The main results show that urban areas of five counties grew considerably over the floodplain of the river Gravataí, while the flood limits were reduced. The flood area decreased considerably compared to their natural range because the levees built to contain the flood changed the limits of flooding and favored urban growth. Comparing the areas was a significant urban expansion, while conversely, the flood area was reduced space. In 1975 the urban area was 75 square kilometers, in 2009 of 183 Km². The flooded area in the 1970s was 58 Km ² and 33 Km ² in 2009. Urban areas in the floodplain occupied 33 Km ² in 1975 , and in 2009 67 Km ².

The aim of this thesis is a simplification of the decision-making process during the removing of results of floods caused by rainstorms. The work analyses reasons of floods and indicates possible ways of efficient usage of the supporting machinery fitted with appropriate tools. Right after the flood the most important goal to prevent chaos is to get people affected by the flood back to their homes and restore their everyday life as soon as possible . Within this time the quality of the machinery used is not that important. However, the know-how concerning using the equipment is crucial.

Ponencia presentada en: V Congreso Internacional de la Asociación Española de Climatología celebrado en Zaragoza del 18 al 21 de septiembre de 2006. [ES]Se expone el contenido y la metodología empleada en la elaboración del Plan de Emergencias por inundaciones de Cataluña (INUNCAT). El Plan comprende el sistema de alerta, la organización y los procedimientos de actuación en el caso de inundaciones extraordinarias, de los servicios de la Generalitat de Catalunya, de las otras administraciones y de las entidades públicas. La asignación del nivel de riesgo requiere del análisis de la peligrosidad para diferentes períodos de retorno, del análisis de la vulnerabilidad de los elementos expuestos, así como de la zonificación del territorio y la localización de los puntos conflictivos. [EN]The special plan of floods emergencies of Catalonia (INUNCAT) must face as main objective the flood emergencies in the territorial Catalonia (DGESC). Thus, the warning system, the organization and the procedures of performance in case of flood are defined. All its previous quantification and location of the fundamental aspects for the risk analysis, between which they emphasize the hazard analysis and the establishment of the recurrence times, the vulnerability, the zonation and the location of conflicting points.