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Abstract Hesperidin, a natural flavanone glycoside predominantly found in citrus fruits, has gained attention for its wide-ranging biological activities, including potential insecticidal properties. Culex pipiens, commonly known as the northern house mosquito, is a major vector of several human pathogens, such as the West Nile virus and filariasis, making it a key target in the fight against vector-borne diseases. In this study, we evaluated the larvicidal activity of Hesperidin against Culex pipiens larvae, assessing its potential as an alternative to chemical insecticides. Hesperidin demonstrated potent larvicidal effects, with a lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of 570.3 ± 0.04 µg/mL, outperforming the conventional insecticide Chlorpyrifos 588.3 ± 0.28 µg/mL in efficacy. Molecular docking simulations revealed a strong binding affinity between Hesperidin and crucial neuroreceptors in Culex pipiens, particularly acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a key enzyme involved in nerve signal transmission. The interaction between Hesperidin’s hydroxyl groups and the AChE enzyme’s active site suggests that AChE inhibition is the primary mechanism driving Hesperidin’s insecticidal action. These findings position Hesperidin as a promising, environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic insecticides. However, further research is needed to assess its toxicity to non-target organisms and optimize its formulation for broader application in mosquito control.

Here we are reporting a new bioactive flavanone glycoside. The compound having molecular formula C21H22O11, melting point 123-125°C, and ESI-MS m/z 451 was isolated from the methanolic extract of Tradescantia Spathacea Sw. Its characterization and structure elucidation was done with the help of various chemical degradation, color reactions, and spectral data like UV-Visible, FT-IR, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry technique, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, etc. It was recognized as 5,7,3'4'-tetrahydroxy flavanone 3'-O-D-mannopyranoside. This study was also designed to examine the efficacy of an isolated compound against various bacteria which are responsible for food spoilage and pathogens in humans. The organic flavanone glycoside of methanolic extract exhibited a promising antibacterial activity towards Escherichia coli (gram negative) MTCC 724, Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441, Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 737, Pseudomonas aerugenosa MTCC 424, and Salmonella typhimurium MTCC 3224. A new flavanone glycoside possesses potent anti-bacterial activity so it can be utilized as a potent source of antibacterial agents for food and pharmaceutical interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hesperidin and narirutin are a class of flavanone glycosides, which are the main active constituents in Citrus reticulata Blanco. In the present study, a chiral HPLC-UV method with amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) as a stationary phase under a normal-phase mode was used to achieve the stereoselective separation of the C-2 diastereomers of hesperidin and narirutin simultaneously. The single epimer was then successfully prepared by applying semi-preparative chromatography, whose absolute configuration (R/S) was characterized by combining the experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) detection with time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. The epimer composition of these two chiral flavanone glycosides in Citrus reticulata Blanco was then determined, which was found to be slightly different in the herbs from different production regions. The anti-inflammatory activity of each prepared single epimer was further evaluated, and some differences between one pair of epimers of hesperidin and narirutin were observed, which suggested that the presence of different epimers should be considered in the quality evaluation and control of natural medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs) have recently been utilized in various advanced industrial fields like lithium-ion micro batteries, nanofibers, electrochromic devices, and several biomedical applications. NiO-NPs are classified as extremely toxic substances as they can cause long-term harm to the environment and aquatic life. Moreover, frequent and prolonged exposure can affect human and animal health, causing skin allergies and major toxic consequences, such as hepatorenal toxicity. Hesperidin (HSP) has been proven to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and free radical scavenging activities. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the underlying protective mechanisms and effects of HSP against NiO-NPs-induced hepatorenal toxicities in rats. Materials and Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10 in each). The first group served as a Control group. For 8 weeks, the second group was administered NiO-NPs (100mg/kg/day), and the third group was given HSP (100mg/kg/day) via oral gavage for both groups. The fourth group received NiO-NPs and HSP concurrently in the same oral daily doses and duration as the second and third groups. Results: NiO-NPs administration revealed a significant increase in plasma biomarkers of nephrotoxicity (urea, creatinine) and hepatotoxicity (ALT, AST) in NiO-NPs group compared to Control group (p < 0.05). In addition, NiO-NPs administration resulted in a substantial increase in malondialdehyde levels with a significant drop in catalase activity and GSH content in Group II. Also, a significant decreased expression of Nrf-2 and Bcl-2 mRNA levels and upregulation of TNF-α, NF-kβ and BAX in the liver and kidney of NiO-NPs group were also detected. Histologically, the liver and kidney of rats of NiO-NPs group showed significant histopathological disturbances, with a substantial increase in the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive hepatocytes and renal tubular cells in the NiO-NPs group compared to Control and HSP groups (p < 0.05). In contrast, concomitant administration of HSP with NiO-NPs in group IV showed a significant biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical improvement compared to NiO-NPs group. Conclusion: Co-administration of HSP with NiO-NPs significantly ameliorated most of the NiO-NPs-induced hepatorenal toxicities in male rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs) have recently been utilized in various advanced industrial fields like lithium-ion micro batteries, nanofibers, electrochromic devices, and several biomedical applications. NiO-NPs are classified as extremely toxic substances as they can cause long-term harm to the environment and aquatic life. Moreover, frequent and prolonged exposure can affect human and animal health, causing skin allergies and major toxic consequences, such as hepatorenal toxicity. Hesperidin (HSP) has been proven to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and free radical scavenging activities.Objective: This study aimed to investigate the underlying protective mechanisms and effects of HSP against NiO-NPs-induced hepatorenal toxicities in rats.Materials and Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10 in each). The first group served as a Control group. For 8 weeks, the second group was administered NiO-NPs (100 mg/kg/day), and the third group was given HSP (100 mg/kg/day) via oral gavage for both groups. The fourth group received NiO-NPs and HSP concurrently in the same oral daily doses and duration as the second and third groups.Results: NiO-NPs administration revealed a significant increase in plasma biomarkers of nephrotoxicity (urea, creatinine) and hepatotoxicity (ALT, AST) in NiO-NPs group compared to Control group (p < 0.05). In addition, NiO-NPs administration resulted in a substantial increase in malondialdehyde levels with a significant drop in catalase activity and GSH content in Group II. Also, a significant decreased expression of Nrf-2 and Bcl-2 mRNA levels and upregulation of TNF-α, NF-kβ and BAX in the liver and kidney of NiO-NPs group were also detected. Histologically, the liver and kidney of rats of NiO-NPs group showed significant histopathological disturbances, with a substantial increase in the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive hepatocytes and renal tubular cells in the NiO-NPs group compared to Control and HSP groups (p < 0.05). In contrast, concomitant administration of HSP with NiO-NPs in group IV showed a significant biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical improvement compared to NiO-NPs group.Conclusion: Co-administration of HSP with NiO-NPs significantly ameliorated most of the NiO-NPs-induced hepatorenal toxicities in male rats.

The chemical characterization study of an endemic plant, Haplanthodes neilgherryensisis (Wight) R.B. Majumdar from Western Ghats of India, resulted in to the isolation of a new flavanone glycoside, 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-8-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2S-flavanone (1), along with 3 known flavonoids, 7-O-methyl dihydrowogonin (2), 7-O-methyl wogonin (3), andrographidine C (4). The structure of 1 was elucidated by using 1 D and 2 D NMR and HRMS experimental data, while for the known compounds, 1H NMR and mass spectrometry data were compared with the reported literature. Compound 1 was tested in vitro to check the improvement in uptake of glucose by the L6 rat skeletal muscle tissues and the observed EC50 value was 5.8 µM, while rosiglitazone showed EC50 of 2.7 µM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hesperidin (3,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone 7-rhamnoglucoside) is a β-7-rutinoside of hesperetin (4′-methoxy-3′,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone), abundantly found in citrus fruits and known to interact with various cellular pathways to show a variety of pharmacological effects. The present study was envisaged to understand the anticonvulsant effect of hesperidin in a zebrafish model of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced convulsions, with the support of in silico docking. Healthy zebrafish larvae were preincubated with hesperidin (1, 5, and 10 µM) for 1 h, before PTZ exposure. Hesperidin treatment significantly increased the seizure latency and minimized PTZ-induced hyperactive responses. A significant reduction in c-fos expression further supported the suppression of neuronal excitation following hesperidin incubation in the larvae exposed to PTZ. The treatment also modulated larval bdnf expression and reduced the expression of il-10. The results of in vivo studies were further supported by in silico docking analysis, which showed the affinity of hesperidin for the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor, the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor, Interleukin 10 and the TrkB receptor of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. The results concluded that hesperidin suppresses PTZ-mediated seizure in zebrafish larvae through interaction with the central CREB–BDNF pathway.

Streptomyces antibioticus strain ess_amA8 was isolated from the insect Tapinoma simrothi , and was tested for the production of compounds that inhibit the growth of microorganisms. The cultural and physiological descriptions of the strain revealed that it belonged to the Streptomyces genus. The 16S rRNA gene from the Streptomyces isolate was sequenced, and its length was 1156 bp and it was submitted to Genbank (KF996507). According to molecular and morphological studies, the isolated strain was ultimately identified as strain ess_amA8 of Streptomyces antibioticus. The key compound was extracted from the strain ess_amA8, which was active in vitro , against a wide range of microorganisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Escherichia coli ATCC-7839, Candida albicans , Fusarium moniliforme , Aspergillus niger , and Aspergillus flavus. The physico-chemical property of the purified antimicrobial compound analyzed and its proposed empirical formula was C 27 H 25 O 13. According to the IUPAC name, this compound was identified as 5,7-diethoxy-2-(3-methoxy-4-methylphenyl)-3-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl] oxy-4H-chromen-4-one, and was a quercetin 3-O-glucoside derivative. In summary, the present study highlights the fact that the purified quercetin 3-O-glucoside antimicrobial derivative, first report to this Streptomyces sp., and it is a flavanone glycoside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new flavanone glycoside, (2S)-dihydrooroxylin A 7-O-[β-D-apiosyl(1→2)]-β-D-glucoside (1), and four known compounds (2–5) were isolated from Tournefortia sibirica L. The chemical structures of these compounds were determined by 1 D and 2 D NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectra, and results were compared with data from the literature. These five compounds (1–5) were isolated from the family Boraginaceae for the first time. Anti-inflammatory effects of compounds (1–5) were evaluated in terms of inhibition of production of NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new flavanone glycosides, named scugalerosides A and B ( 1 - 2 ), were isolated from the whole plant of Scutellaria galericulata . Their chemical structures including absolute configurations were established on the basis of detailed physical data analyses. In vitro , two new compounds showed anti-inflammatory activities, with the inhibition rates of release of β -glucuronidase from polymorphonuclear leukocytes of rats being 43.7% and 45.1% at concentrations of 10 μ M. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histological analysis was employed to investigate the way potato plants (Solanum tuberosum cv. Draga and Spunta) face salinity stress. Different concentrations of NaCl (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mM) were used on potato plantlets growing in vitro to simulate salinity stress condition. Potato plants treated with 50 and 100 mM concentrations of NaCl went into the osmotic stage, and responded with changes: the flavone naringin was created and accumulated in the cells of the aerial parts, and a different type of trichome was observed, in addition to the original types, in potato plants treated with concentration 100 mM. This new type of trichome appeared similar to type B trichomes therefore they were called "type B-like trichomes". While no substance was exudated from these trichomes in cv. Draga, the trichomes, in cv. Spunta, green droplets were noted on the glandular vesicle. Furthermore, the non glandular trichomes had some swollen stem cells, and branched ones were also observed. Thanks to these new trichomes, the plants had increased leaf pubescence.

The Chrysanthemum morifolium flower is widely used in China and Japan as a food, beverage, and medicine for many diseases. In our work, two new caffeoylquinic acid derivatives (1, 2), a new flavanone glycoside (3), and six reported flavanones (4⁻9) were isolated and identified from the flowers of C. morifolium. The chemical structures of all isolates were elucidated by the analysis of comprehensive spectroscopic data as well as by comparison with previously reported data. The isolated constituents 1⁻8 were evaluated for their neuroprotective activity, and compounds 3 and 4 displayed neuroprotective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.

The low solubility of glycosylated flavonoids represents a hurdle to conduct efficient enzymatic deglycosylations in aqueous media. To overcome this drawback, environmentally-unfriendly dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is typically used as co-solvent. Using a specific diglycosidase from Acremonium sp. DSM24697 for the deglycosylation of the rutinosylated flavonoid (hesperidin) as model reaction, this communication explores the use of (non-hazardous and biodegradable) deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as co-solvents in flavonoid biocatalysis. The enzymatic deglycosylation was observed when DES composed of choline chloride and glycerol or ethylene-glycol was used at proportions of up to 40% (DES-Buffer, v/v), displaying a promising framework to combine enhanced flavonoid solubilities and high enzymatic activities. The deglycosylation activity significantly increased when the single DES components – glycerol and ethylene-glycol – were added (e.g. 140% of enzyme activity at glycerol at 40% v/v), whereas deleterious effects were observed when choline chloride was solely added, presumably due to its chaotropic effect. Future research opportunities may be envisaged in the genetic design to evolve more robust biocatalysts, and in tailoring DES to deliver more enzyme-compatible solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histological analysis was employed to investigate the way potato plants (Solanum tuberosum cv. Draga and Spunta) face salinity stress. Different concentrations of NaCl (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mM) were used on potato plantlets growing in vitro to simulate salinity stress condition. Potato plants treated with 50 and 100 mM concentrations of NaCl went into the osmotic stage, and responded with changes: the flavone naringin was created and accumulated in the cells of the aerial parts, and a different type of trichome was observed, in addition to the original types, in potato plants treated with concentration 100 mM. This new type of trichome appeared similar to type B trichomes therefore they were called "type B-like trichomes". While no substance was exudated from these trichomes in cv. Draga, the trichomes, in cv. Spunta, green droplets were noted on the glandular vesicle. Furthermore, the non glandular trichomes had some swollen stem cells, and branched ones were also observed. Thanks to these new trichomes, the plants had increased leaf pubescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fractionation of the methanol extract of the leaves of Oricia renieri and Oricia suaveolens (Rutaceae) led to the isolation of 13 compounds including the hitherto unknown furoquinoline alkaloid named 6,7-methylenedioxy-5-hydroxy-8-methoxy-dictamnine (1) and a flavanone glycoside named 5-hydroxy-4′-methoxy-7-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1‴→5″)-β-d-apiofuranosyl]-flavanoside (2), together with 11 known compounds (3–13). The structures of the compounds were determined by comprehensive analyses of their 1D and 2D NMR, mass spectral data and comparison. All compounds isolated were examined for their activity against human carcinoma cell lines. The alkaloids 1, 5, 12, 13 and the phenolic 2, 8, 11 tested compounds exhibited non-selective moderate cytotoxic activity with IC50 8.7–15.9 μM whereas compounds 3, 4, 6, 7, 9 and 10 showed low activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inhibiting microglial activation-mediated neuroinflammation has become a convincing target for the development of functional foods to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Tangerine peel ( Citri reticulatae pericarpium) has potent anti-inflammatory capacity; however, its anti-neuroinflammatory capacity and the corresponding active compounds remain unclear. To this end, the composition of a tangerine peel ethanolic extract was analysed by LC–MS, and the anti-neuroinflammatory ability was evaluated using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV2 microglia culture system. Hesperidin is the most predominant flavonoid in tangerine peel, followed by tangeretin and nobiletin. Among the eight tested flavanone glycosides and polymethoxy flavones, only nobiletin displayed a capacity of > 50% to inhibit LPS-induced proinflammatory NO, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 secretion at a concentration of 100 μM. At 2 mg/ml, tangerine peel extract attenuated LPS-induced NO, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 secretion by 90.6%, 80.2%, 66.7%, and 86.8%, respectively. Hesperidin, nobiletin, and tangeretin individually (at concentrations of 135, 40, and 60 μM, respectively) in 2 mg/ml tangerine peel extract were only mildly inhibitory, whereas in combination, they significantly inhibited LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression at levels equal to that of 2 mg/ml tangerine peel extract. Overall, tangerine peel possesses potent anti-neuroinflammatory capacity, which is attributed to the collective effect of hesperidin, nobiletin, and tangeretin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three novel flavonoid glycosides, 5,6-dimethyoxy-3',4''-dioxymethylene-7-O-(6''-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl) flavanone (1), 5,4'-dihydroxy-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-6-C-glucopyranosyl-7-O-(6''-para-coumaroyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl) flavone (2) and 5,4'-dihydroxy-3-O-(2'''''-β-glucopyranosyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-6-C-glucopyranosyl-7-O-(6''-para-coumaroyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl) flavone (3) were isolated from the 1-butanol soluble fraction of the bulbs of the plant Urginea indica (Indian squill). The structures of the compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis, including homo- and heteronuclear correlation NMR experiments (COSY, NOESY, HSQC and HMBC) and mass spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new flavanone glycosides have been isolated from the water soluble part of Veratrum nigrum L., belonging to the family Lilica. The structures of 3',4'-dimethoxyl-quercitrin and 4'-methoxyl-glucotricin have been established with the aid of extensive NMR spectroscopic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou)was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feline calicivirus is one of the surrogate viruses of human norovirus. This study aimed to identify virucidal compounds, chemical constituents of plants from the genus Dracocephalum , which are rich in flavonoids and phenylpropanoid oligomers. Four undescribed compounds, including a flavanone glucoside, two stilbenoid glycosides, and a phenylpropanoid amide glycoside, as well as 17 known compounds, were isolated from the Mongolian plants Dracocephalum fruticulosum Stephan ex Willd., and D. nutans L. belonging to the family Lamiaceae. The structures of the compounds were determined based on NMR, MS, and electronic CD spectroscopic data. In addition to these 21 compounds, 15 previously reported compounds from D. foetidum Bunge in C.F. von Ledebour were included, and a total of 36 compounds were evaluated for their virucidal activities against feline calicivirus. Some of the flavanone glycosides and phenylpropanoid oligomers showed virucidal activities, and their structural features are discussed. The findings suggest that isosakuranetin glycosides and phenylpropanoid oligomers may have the potential for norovirus inactivation. [Display omitted] • Four undescribed compounds were isolated from Dracocephalum spp. • Absolute configurations of the isolated undescribed compounds were determined. • Flavanone glycosides showed anti-Feline calicivirus activities. • Phenylpropanoid oligomers showed antivirus activities against Feline calicivirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1,2-Rhamnosyltransferase (1,2RhaT) catalyzes the final step of production of flavanone neohesperidoside (FNH) that is responsible for the primary bitter taste of citrus fruits. In this study, species-specific flavonoid profiles were determined in 87 Citrus accessions by identifying eight main flavanone glycosides (FGs). Accumulation of FNHs was completely correlated to the presence of the 1,2RhaT gene in 87 citrus accessions analyzed using a novel 1,2RhaT -specific DNA marker. Pummelo ( Citrus grandis ) was identified as the genetic origin for a function allele of 1,2RhaT that underpinned FNH-bitterness in modern citrus cultivars. In addition, genes encoding six MYB and five bHLH transcription factors were shown to coexpress with 1,2RhaT and other flavonoid pathway genes related to FNH accumulation, indicating that these transcription factors may affect the fruit taste of citrus. This study provides a better understanding of bitterness formation in Citrus varieties and a genetic marker for the early selection of nonbitterness lines in citrus breeding programs.

Highlights: [•] Phytochemical study of Miconia prasina. [•] One new flavanone glycoside and five known flavanones were isolated. [•] In vitro binding assays using cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) were evaluated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A new flavanone glycoside, (2 S)5,7,4′-trihydroxyflavanone-8- C-β-D-(6″- O-acetyl)glucopyranoside ( 1), together with six known flavonoids, isohemiphloin ( 2), vitexin ( 3), cirsimaritin ( 4), hispidulin ( 5), apigenin ( 6), and eupatorin ( 7), was isolated from the leaves and stems of Abrus precatorius. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of physical and spectral analysis. Rotamers exist for compounds 1, 2, and 3. Compounds 1-3, 6, and 7 were isolated from this plant for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hesperidin (3,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone 7-rhamnoglucoside) is a β-7-rutinoside of hesperetin (4′-methoxy-3′,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone), abundantly found in citrus fruits and known to interact with various cellular pathways to show a variety of pharmacological effects. The present study was envisaged to understand the anticonvulsant effect of hesperidin in a zebrafish model of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced convulsions, with the support of in silico docking. Healthy zebrafish larvae were preincubated with hesperidin (1, 5, and 10 µM) for 1 h, before PTZ exposure. Hesperidin treatment significantly increased the seizure latency and minimized PTZ-induced hyperactive responses. A significant reduction in c-fos expression further supported the suppression of neuronal excitation following hesperidin incubation in the larvae exposed to PTZ. The treatment also modulated larval bdnf expression and reduced the expression of il-10. The results of in vivo studies were further supported by in silico docking analysis, which showed the affinity of hesperidin for the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor, the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor, Interleukin 10 and the TrkB receptor of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. The results concluded that hesperidin suppresses PTZ-mediated seizure in zebrafish larvae through interaction with the central CREB–BDNF pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chrysanthemum morifolium flower is widely used in China and Japan as a food, beverage, and medicine for many diseases. In our work, two new caffeoylquinic acid derivatives (1, 2), a new flavanone glycoside (3), and six reported flavanones (4–9) were isolated and identified from the flowers of C. morifolium. The chemical structures of all isolates were elucidated by the analysis of comprehensive spectroscopic data as well as by comparison with previously reported data. The isolated constituents 1–8 were evaluated for their neuroprotective activity, and compounds 3 and 4 displayed neuroprotective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]