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This study examined the concentrations of seven heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Ni, and Mn) in the muscle tissue of six commonly consumed fish species (Cyprinus carpio, Labeo rohita, Wallagu attu, Hypophthalmicthys molitrix, Channa punctuate, and Puntius sophore) from the River Indus in the Mianwali district Pakistan. Samples were collected during both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons to assess the potential human health risks associated with these heavy metals. The levels of metals were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopic analysis. The results showed varying concentrations of heavy metals in the fish samples (mg/kg), ranging from 10.17-2.06 for Pb, 41.83-12.54 for Cu, 417.04-41.93 for Zn, 2.06-0.46 for Cr, 0.86-0.08 for Cd, 4.33-1.43 for Ni, and 50.16-8.74 for Mn. Notably, metal concentrations were generally higher during the pre-monsoon season, with Pb consistently exceeding standard limits in the muscle tissue of all fish species. ANOVA analysis revealed significant variations in heavy metal concentrations among different fish species. While the current consumption rate poses no significant health risks, ongoing monitoring of heavy metal concentrations in fish and their environmental sources is crucial to ensure consumer safety and sustainable aquatic ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquatic environments, such as fluvial environments, play an important role in the transport of material from throughout the basin, and this material partially sediments along the way. The objective of this study was to analyze, from an ecotoxicological point of view, the concentrations of arsenic and heavy metals in sediment and the muscle of native fish, to correlate their interaction and to evaluate the potential risk to public health using carcinogenic risk indices in four rivers of the Peruvian Amazon. There were 27 sampling sites where sediment and fish (except for five points) samples were collected. A sampling pool was created with fish muscles from all species collected at each sampling site. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Hg were analyzed in both sediment and fish muscle, in duplicate. The results indicate the presence of concentrations higher than those recommended by international guidelines for sediment and food. Mercury (Hg) concentrations in the Tigre, Morona, and Pastaza rivers are up to six times higher than the recommended value for daily consumption. The carcinogenic risk due to the regular consumption of native species in the indigenous communities living on the banks of the four studied rivers is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Africa is experiencing a significant surge in the use of pesticides on farms. Though the use of pesticide products on farms is increasing rapidly, the ability to monitor and regulate the practice has not kept pace. Despite their potential significance, the health and environmental impacts of the growing pesticide usage in developing nations remain inadequately comprehended and recorded. Objective: This paper presents a research protocol for a study that seeks to provide criteria for future monitoring of pesticide residues in aquatic environments and food sources. This study aims to evaluate pesticide utilisation methods and the potential hazards of pesticide residues in aquatic ecosystems. Additionally, the study seeks to assess the human health risks linked to pesticide applications. Methods: This study will employ a quantitative approach and cross-sectional design. It will utilise a combination of survey and the collection of biological and environmental samples. Our methodology consists of four distinct steps. These outline the processes for studying pesticide residue in environmental and fish samples. Additionally, we plan to employ mathematical algorithms to evaluate the ecological and health risks associated with these pesticide residues. Conclusion: This study is an effort to monitor and assess the hazards to the environment and human well-being associated with the increasing utilisation of pesticides. It also aims to gather relevant data on pesticide utilisation practices that contribute to the contamination of aquatic ecosystems. It will specifically focus on determining the concentration of pesticide residues in both biological and environmental samples. Additionally, the study will assess the ecological and health risks associated with these pesticide residues. This will enable the incorporation of organised research efforts and coordinated pesticide surveillance operations for toxicovigilance.

The experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary CuO nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on growth performance, muscle development, antioxidant capacity, and inflammatory responses of juvenile yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. The three diets were formulated with CuO NPs addition at 0 (without CuO NPs addition, low-Cu group, control), 9 (middle-Cu group), and 15 (high-Cu group) mg kg−1 diet, respectively, and final dietary levels for three diets were 2.07 (low-Cu group: served as a control group), 9.19 (middle-Cu group), and 13.96 mg kg−1 (high-Cu group), respectively. Each diet was randomly assigned to three replicate groups of 60 fish. The feeding experiment continued for 12 weeks. Among three dietary groups, yellow catfish juveniles fed a middle Cu diet possessed the highest growth performance, and the lowest feed utilization (P0.05). The Cu content in muscle tissue increased with increasing dietary Cu levels. CuO NPs fortification in the diets influenced mRNA of genes involved in endocytosis and metal ion transpor (P

Aquatic environments, such as fluvial environments, play an important role in the transport of material from throughout the basin, and this material partially sediments along the way. The objective of this study was to analyze, from an ecotoxicological point of view, the concentrations of arsenic and heavy metals in sediment and the muscle of native fish, to correlate their interaction and to evaluate the potential risk to public health using carcinogenic risk indices in four rivers of the Peruvian Amazon. There were 27 sampling sites where sediment and fish (except for five points) samples were collected. A sampling pool was created with fish muscles from all species collected at each sampling site. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Hg were analyzed in both sediment and fish muscle, in duplicate. The results indicate the presence of concentrations higher than those recommended by international guidelines for sediment and food. Mercury (Hg) concentrations in the Tigre, Morona, and Pastaza rivers are up to six times higher than the recommended value for daily consumption. The carcinogenic risk due to the regular consumption of native species in the indigenous communities living on the banks of the four studied rivers is high.

A new, simple and sensitive method for determining and confirming methylene blue and its analogues such as azure A, azure B, azure C, thionine, and new methylene blue in fish muscles have been developed. The method is based on acetonitrile extraction followed by extract purification using dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) with basic aluminium oxide (ALN) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) using primary and secondary amines (PSA) sorbent in matrix adsorption mode. The separation and detection of the dyes in the fish extract are achieved within 5 min by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) using an octadecyl analytical column with a mixture of acetonitrile, methanol and 0.1% formic acid as a mobile phase in gradient elution. The developed method has been in-house validated according to European law. The method recovery for fish muscle was 98.3–103.1%, whereas the decision limit (CCα) was from 0.45 to 0.49 µg kg−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The misuse of sulfadiazine (SFZ) has led to great hazard to the environment and human safety; therefore, a simple, rapid, and sensitive method to detect sulfadiazine is urgently needed. Herein, we report a simple fabrication method for rare earth vanadate samarium (SmV)-doped covalent organic framework COFTDBA-TTL nanocomposites (SmV/COFTDBA-TTL), which were used to construct a sulfadiazine (SFZ) electrochemical sensor. The synergistic effect arising from the combination of SmV and COFTDBA-TTL accelerates the charge transfer kinetics, along with the creation of more surface-active sites that benefit effective detection. Compared with other electrochemical sensors, this electrochemical sensor exhibits low detection limit (2.40 nM), wide linear range (7.32–12.0 μM), good reproducibility (RSD = 0.823%), and stability (RSD = 3.60%). It provides a novel method and theoretical basis for the application of rare earth COF-based electrochemical sensors to detect environmentally destructive pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in aquatic organisms had been known to occur naturally. Over the years the levels of these accumulations keep increasing due to various human activities which make it detrimental to the life of aquatic organism and humans. The study assessed bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in the gills and muscles of some fish species. Fish samples were collected for a period of 4 months, identified and stored for further analysis. The following heavy metals: Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb) and Cadnium (Cd) were assessed on the fish gills and muscles using standard procedure. Results showed that the fish species sampled (Clarias gariepinus, Tilapia zilli, Oreochromis niloticus, Alestes baremose and Pareutropius buffei) showed some levels of metal accumulation both in the gills and muscles. Levels of Zn in muscles of A. baremose, P. buffei, C. gariepinus, T. zilli and O. niloticus were 3.63±0.12, 1.45±0.26, 4.27±0.15, 4.03±1.42 and 2.00±0.15mg/kg respectively. The highest level of Zn (3.44±0.15mg/kg) in the gills was observed in T. zilli. Other results showed that P. buffei had the highest Pb concentrations (0.48±0.22mg/kg in muscle) and (0.17±2mg/kg in gills) while T. zilli had 2.24±0.54mg/kg and 1.46±0.65mg/l as the highest concentration of Fe in muscles and gills respectively. The levels of Zn, Cu, Fe and Pb recorded in the fish muscles where below the World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) standards while Cadmium levels in all the fish sampled were above the recommended standard of 0.5mg/kg. This high cadmium accumulation in fish samples calls for concern considering the adverse effect it may cause if transferred to humans through fish consumption. There is therefore need to intensify efforts in mitigating some of the activities that amplify the levels of bioaccumulation of these metals in the aquatic environment towards a healthier environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the quality loss inhibition of fish muscle during refrigerated storage. Two parallel experiments were carried out that were focused on the employment of pitaya (Stenocereus thurberi) extracts in biodegradable packing films. On the one hand, a pitaya–gelatin film was employed for hake (Merluccius merluccius) muscle storage. On the other hand, a pitaya–polylactic acid (PLA) film was used for Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) muscle storage. In both experiments, fish-packing systems were stored at 4 °C for 8 days. Quality loss was determined by lipid damage and microbial activity development. The presence of the pitaya extract led to an inhibitory effect (p < 0.05) on peroxide, fluorescent compound, and free fatty acid (FFA) values in the gelatin–hake system and to a lower (p < 0.05) formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, fluorescent compounds, and FFAs in the PLA–mackerel system. Additionally, the inclusion of pitaya extracts in the packing films slowed down (p < 0.05) the growth of aerobes, anaerobes, psychrotrophs, and proteolytic bacteria in the case of the pitaya–gelatin films and of aerobes, anaerobes, and proteolytic bacteria in the case of pitaya–PLA films. The current preservative effects are explained on the basis of the preservative compound presence (betalains and phenolic compounds) in the pitaya extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovative core–shell magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers, Fe3O4@SiO2@MIPs, was elaborately tailored for specific separation and enrichment of olaquindox (OLA) and its metabolic marker methyl-3-quinoxaline-2carboxylic acid (MQCA). Herein, benefiting from the combination of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@SiO2) and MIPs, Fe3O4@SiO2@MIPs not only possessed favorable magnetic properties and stability, avoiding tedious sample pretreatment process, but also demonstrated exceptional selective recognition ability and adsorption capacity, suppressing influence of coexisting interfering substances. Encouraged by prominent merits, Fe3O4@SiO2@MIPs-based magnetic solid phase extraction with HPLC method was developed, realizing simultaneous measurement of OLA and MQCA. Under optimal conditions, excellent linear ranges of 0–100 μg/L with detection limit of 0.175–0.271 μg/L were obtained. The proposed method was finally utilized for determination of OLA and MQCA in fish muscle and milk samples with satisfactory recoveries (80.56–95.26%) and relative standard deviation below 8.1%, furnishing a reliable and sensitive strategy for enrichment and detection residual veterinary drugs in food samples.

The American shad (Alosa sapidissima) is an important freshwater food fish, yet little is known about its postmortem quality. We sampled the meat of American shad and tracked the changes in color, pH, shear stress, cooking loss and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) over 48 h of storage at 24 °C (unrefrigerated) or 4 °C (refrigerated). Thereafter, the essential nutrients, fatty acids, hydrolyzed amino acids, free amino acids, and electronic tongue were evaluated. The results show that the L* and a* values decreased as storage progressed, while the b* value increased. The shear force decreased, but cooking losses in the American shad increased; the TVB-N value continuously increased over the duration of storage. The TVB-N content deviated from the freshness range at 48 h when stored at 24 °C. At 24 °C, the sweet amino acids reached a maximum at 6 h, and the bitter amino acids reached a maximum at 48 h. At 4 °C, there was a significant difference in bitter free amino acids at 48 h (p < 0.05). The nutrient composition showed that the contents of fat and protein decreased, whereas the water content increased. These results showed that American shad should be eaten within 6 h when stored at 24 °C, while American shad stored at 4 °C can maintain freshness for 24 h to obtain better product quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Africa is experiencing a significant surge in the use of pesticides on farms. Though the use of pesticide products on farms is increasing rapidly, the ability to monitor and regulate the practice has not kept pace. Despite their potential significance, the health and environmental impacts of the growing pesticide usage in developing nations remain inadequately comprehended and recorded., Objective: This paper presents a research protocol for a study that seeks to provide criteria for future monitoring of pesticide residues in aquatic environments and food sources. This study aims to evaluate pesticide utilisation methods and the potential hazards of pesticide residues in aquatic ecosystems. Additionally, the study seeks to assess the human health risks linked to pesticide applications., Methods: This study will employ a quantitative approach and cross-sectional design. It will utilise a combination of survey and the collection of biological and environmental samples. Our methodology consists of four distinct steps. These outline the processes for studying pesticide residue in environmental and fish samples. Additionally, we plan to employ mathematical algorithms to evaluate the ecological and health risks associated with these pesticide residues., Conclusion: This study is an effort to monitor and assess the hazards to the environment and human well-being associated with the increasing utilisation of pesticides. It also aims to gather relevant data on pesticide utilisation practices that contribute to the contamination of aquatic ecosystems. It will specifically focus on determining the concentration of pesticide residues in both biological and environmental samples. Additionally, the study will assess the ecological and health risks associated with these pesticide residues. This will enable the incorporation of organised research efforts and coordinated pesticide surveillance operations for toxicovigilance., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

The misuse of sulfadiazine (SFZ) has led to great hazard to the environment and human safety; therefore, a simple, rapid, and sensitive method to detect sulfadiazine is urgently needed. Herein, we report a simple fabrication method for rare earth vanadate samarium (SmV)-doped covalent organic framework COFTDBA-TTL nanocomposites (SmV/COFTDBA-TTL), which were used to construct a sulfadiazine (SFZ) electrochemical sensor. The synergistic effect arising from the combination of SmV and COFTDBA-TTL accelerates the charge transfer kinetics, along with the creation of more surface-active sites that benefit effective detection. Compared with other electrochemical sensors, this electrochemical sensor exhibits low detection limit (2.40 nM), wide linear range (7.32–12.0 μM), good reproducibility (RSD = 0.823%), and stability (RSD = 3.60%). It provides a novel method and theoretical basis for the application of rare earth COF-based electrochemical sensors to detect environmentally destructive pollutants.

This research aimed to evaluate the antioxidant properties of flour obtained from red alga Gelidium sp., which is underutilised nowadays in food applications. Thus, a model system consisting of minced mackerel (Scomber scombrus) muscle and aqueous flour extract was subjected to heating treatment (50 °C) for 11 days. Resulting levels on conjugated diene (CD) and triene (CT) contents, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid index, and fluorescent compound and free fatty acid (FFA) formation were monitored at different heating times. As a result, the presence of the aqueous extract of the alga flour led to higher levels (p < 0.05) of primary lipid oxidation compounds (CD and CT assessment) and lipid hydrolysis (FFA content). Contrarily, alga flour addition led to lower (p < 0.05) fluorescent compound formation measured in the aqueous and organic fractions resulting from the lipid extraction of the fish muscle and in the supernatant medium corresponding to the heating reaction system. All effects were found to be more important (p < 0.05) with increased alga flour concentration and heating reacting time. According to the straight relationship between the interaction compound formation and nutritional and sensory values, this study opens the way to the quality enhancement of thermally treated seafood by the addition of flour extract from Gelidium sp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic particles have emerged as a growing threat to both ecosystems and human well-being, as they are being ingested and accumulate at different trophic levels. However, microplastic and mesoplastic contamination and its risk to coastal and marine water fish have not been well studied, particularly in the northern Bay of Bengal. In this study, the presence of small-scale plastic particles (micro- and meso-sized) in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and muscles of six edible fish species from the northern Bay of Bengal Coast were identified and analyzed. The overall range of microplastics was 1.74 ± 0.23–3.79 ± 2.03items/g in muscle and 0.54 ± 0.22–5.96 ± 3.16 items/g in the GIT, with 16.38 ± 8.08–31.88 ± 12.09 items/individual. No mesoplastics were found in muscle tissue, but they were present in the GIT at concentrations ranging from 0.33 ± 0.27 to 0.03 ± 0.02 items/g and from 0.51 ± 0.05to 1.38 ± 1.01 items/individual. Lepturacanthus savala accumulated the most microplastics in muscle, and Harpadon nehereus had the least. In addition, the highest levels of mesoplastics were detected in the GIT of Polynemus paradiseus and the lowest was detected in the GIT of Lutjenus sanguineus. Omnivorous fish showed higher plastic concentrations than carnivorous fish, which was linked to dietary habits, feeding strategies and digestive processes. Plastic material predominantly accumulated in the GIT rather than in the muscle. The majority of ingested plastic particles were fibres (95.18 %), were violet in color (34 %), and were < 0.5 mm in size (87 %). The dominant microplastic polymers included 38 % PE, 15 % PP, 33 % PU, and 14 % CES. In contrast, the prevalent mesoplastic polymers comprised 45 % PE, 19 % PP, 13 % PS, 16 % PA, and 7 % PET. Subsequently, a hazard analysis using the polymer hazard index (PHI) revealed that plastic contamination was of distinct hazard categories for different polymer types, ranging from grade I (<1) to grade IV (100−1000). The assessment of the contamination factor (1 < CF < 3) and pollution load index (PLI > 1) indicated moderate contamination of fish by the ingestion of plastic debris. This study provides the foremost evidence for the presence of mesoplastics and microplastics in coastal and marine fish in the study region, paving the way for future investigations and policy implementation. • Plastic particles in six marine and coastal fishes were determined from the Bay of Bengal. • Identified particles revealed variations by species, dietary habits and organ specificity. • Majority were fibres that are violet in color and small in size (<0.5 mm). • Polymer types were diverse with PE, PU and PP being dominant. • Distinct hazard categories ranging from minor to dangerous levels were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the quality loss inhibition of fish muscle during refrigerated storage. Two parallel experiments were carried out that were focused on the employment of pitaya (Stenocereus thurberi) extracts in biodegradable packing films. On the one hand, a pitaya–gelatin film was employed for hake (Merluccius merluccius) muscle storage. On the other hand, a pitaya–polylactic acid (PLA) film was used for Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) muscle storage. In both experiments, fish-packing systems were stored at 4 °C for 8 days. Quality loss was determined by lipid damage and microbial activity development. The presence of the pitaya extract led to an inhibitory effect (p < 0.05) on peroxide, fluorescent compound, and free fatty acid (FFA) values in the gelatin–hake system and to a lower (p < 0.05) formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, fluorescent compounds, and FFAs in the PLA–mackerel system. Additionally, the inclusion of pitaya extracts in the packing films slowed down (p < 0.05) the growth of aerobes, anaerobes, psychrotrophs, and proteolytic bacteria in the case of the pitaya–gelatin films and of aerobes, anaerobes, and proteolytic bacteria in the case of pitaya–PLA films. The current preservative effects are explained on the basis of the preservative compound presence (betalains and phenolic compounds) in the pitaya extracts.

The aim of this study was to determine the levels of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in the muscle, liver and gills of roach (Rutilus rutilus) and perch (Perca fluviatilis) from three polymictic and eutrophic lakes in poor ecological condition in north-western Poland. Metals in the waters of the lakes, as well as in the muscle, gills and livers of fish, were determined by atomic absorption. Oxygen deficits in summer and high concentrations of Cd and Pb were responsible for the low water quality of the lakes studied. Perch and roach showed a potential to accumulate metals from the water (bioconcentration factor >1). The lowest concentrations of Na, Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were found in the fish muscle. The highest concentrations of Cd and Pb were recorded in the liver of both species. Differences in metal concentration between the species were mainly due to significantly higher levels of Fe, Cu and Zn in the muscle of the roach than in the perch (p

Muscle melanisation in sand flathead is defined as the presence of abnormal black spots in the fish's flesh and the phenomenon has been associated with Zn pollution in the environment. In this study, Zn levels in the fish muscle and crabs were analysed to investigate the role of Zn in causing muscle melanisation and the fish's uptake of Zn via its diet, crabs. An improved technique for extracting melanised fish muscle from fillets with black spots was developed. It enabled Zn levels in melanised muscle to be more accurately determined when compared to previous study and showed Zn levels were 2.1–3.5 times higher in melanised regions of muscle than non-melanised regions of muscle from fish with melanisation and fish unaffected by melanisation. This indicated elevated levels of Zn were localised in the melanised muscle. Muscle melanisation was potentially caused by Zn ions binding to the active site of tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in melanin production, likely facilitated by the presence of higher Zn than Cu in the polluted estuaries. A digestion reagent mixture suitable for microwave assisted acid digestion and analysis of Zn in the whole crab was developed using a mixture of HNO3 and H2O2. Zn levels in the whole crab were 1.5 times higher in 50% of the crab species studied from a polluted estuary compared to the same species from an unpolluted estuary. As sand flathead primarily feed on crabs, the fish's diet was a likely source of elevated Zn for the fish. Overall, this study has described new techniques useful for the study of melanised fish and heavy metal levels in the whole crab. The findings from this study also provided insights that will inform and guide the direction of future research on muscle melanisation in sand flathead.

An experiment was conducted in 20 aquaculture water bodies from the Ganga Joara region of South 24 Parganas to determine the residual pesticides of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and dieldrin in the water and fish of the water bodies. Fish and water samples were analyzed for pesticide residues using standard laboratory procedures by GC method. It was found that dieldrin and cypermethrin was at BDL in water, whereas chlorpyrifos was found in water more than MRL in some water bodies. Chlorpyrifos ranged from 0.01 ppm to 0.016ppm. Residual pesticides in the fish muscle tissue were below detectable level (BDL). The contamination of pesticides in the water may be due to use of sewage water for culture purpose. The dieldrin found in the fish muscle tissue was of great concern though it was at BDL as the use of dieldrin pesticides was banned in India. Throughout the study period water was highly alkaline in nature, which affects the pesticides dissolution power. Proper care, maintenance, treatment and disposal of sewage water and sludge are most vital so that the water after treatment should not carry residual pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the levels of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in the muscle, liver and gills of roach (Rutilus rutilus) and perch (Perca fluviatilis) from three polymictic and eutrophic lakes in poor ecological condition in north-western Poland. Metals in the waters of the lakes, as well as in the muscle, gills and livers of fish, were determined by atomic absorption. Oxygen deficits in summer and high concentrations of Cd and Pb were responsible for the low water quality of the lakes studied. Perch and roach showed a potential to accumulate metals from the water (bioconcentration factor >1). The lowest concentrations of Na, Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were found in the fish muscle. The highest concentrations of Cd and Pb were recorded in the liver of both species. Differences in metal concentration between the species were mainly due to significantly higher levels of Fe, Cu and Zn in the muscle of the roach than in the perch (p < 0.05). A portion of 100 g/day of roach or perch muscle can be a complementary source of elements essential to the human diet, because Dietary Reference Intakes were below 2% for Fe, 5% for Na, Ca and Cu, and 10% for K, Mg and Zn. With regard to Pb and Cd levels, consuming the muscle of these fish from the studied lakes should not pose a health risk (Acceptable Daily Intake less than 1%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Pollution of the aquatic ecosystem by heavy metals is increasing due to anthropogenic activities. Cadmium (Cd) can accumulate in soil, be taken up by plants, and passed on in the food chain to animals and humans. Objectives. The present study was conducted to analyze the uptake of Cd in muscles of sampled fish with different feeding habits and to compare levels of Cd in fish from the Ayeyarwady River, Myanmar with international standards. Methods. The acid digestion procedure was used for sample preparation. Cadmium concentrations in fish samples were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Perkin Elmer AAanalyst 800 and Winlab-32 software). Results. In herbivorous fish species, Cd content ranged from 0.07 (Catla catla) to 0.086 mg/kg (Osteobrama belangeri). In carnivorous fish species, Cd ranged from 0.060 (Mystus leucophasis) to 0.083 mg/kg (Wallago attu). In omnivorous fish species, Cd ranged from 0.07 (Botia histrionica) to 0.084 mg/kg (Gudusia variegata). Cadmium content did not differ significantly across the three types of feeding habits (p>0.05). Discussion. The accumulation of Cd in the muscle of studied fish was lower than the permissible limit set down by the European Union in 2001 (0.1 ppm), but above the limits set down by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization, European Commission (0.05 ppm) and within the limit of United States Food and Drug Administration (0.01–0.21 ppm). The data obtained in the present study indicate that levels of Cd were not significantly different across fish species with different feeding habits. Conclusions. The examined fish samples were not fully safe for human consumption due to high levels of Cd. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

This work carried out an experimental and numerical study of the kinetics of freezing of the Brazilian codling (Urophycis brasiliensis) muscle in air blast freezer, with air temperature set at 253.15 K and the average convective heat transfer coefficient at 25.4 W m-2 K-1. The initial temperature of the fish muscle was 277.15 K and the final temperature 255.15 K. The objective of this work was verify the best agreement between the experimental temperature profile and the numerical temperature profile to Brazilian codling muscle, using the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) as numerical tool. In relation to the obtained results, it was verified that a good agreement between the experimental and numerical temperature profiles for the Brazilian codling muscle. The experimental freezing time found was 6618 s, and the freezing time through the numerical simulation was 6246 s. The error percentage found was 5.6%.

The American shad (Alosa sapidissima) is an important freshwater food fish, yet little is known about its postmortem quality. We sampled the meat of American shad and tracked the changes in color, pH, shear stress, cooking loss and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) over 48 h of storage at 24 °C (unrefrigerated) or 4 °C (refrigerated). Thereafter, the essential nutrients, fatty acids, hydrolyzed amino acids, free amino acids, and electronic tongue were evaluated. The results show that the L* and a* values decreased as storage progressed, while the b* value increased. The shear force decreased, but cooking losses in the American shad increased; the TVB-N value continuously increased over the duration of storage. The TVB-N content deviated from the freshness range at 48 h when stored at 24 °C. At 24 °C, the sweet amino acids reached a maximum at 6 h, and the bitter amino acids reached a maximum at 48 h. At 4 °C, there was a significant difference in bitter free amino acids at 48 h (p < 0.05). The nutrient composition showed that the contents of fat and protein decreased, whereas the water content increased. These results showed that American shad should be eaten within 6 h when stored at 24 °C, while American shad stored at 4 °C can maintain freshness for 24 h to obtain better product quality.

This work studied the performance of the artificial digestion method in terms of recovery and viability of Anisakis simplex third-stage larvae (L3) when previous treatments given to the infected fish muscle may accidentally render viable larvae. For that: a) hake mince was spiked with 10 L3/75g mince, frozen at −10, −15, −20, and −30 °C and immediately thawed, or stored for 12 or 24 h, and subjected to pepsin digestion; b) the mince was spiked under the same conditions, frozen at the above temperatures and thawed immediately. After manual recovery, L3 were assessed for viability, used to spike again the minced fish and subjected to pepsin digestion; c) the mince was spiked with 10 L3 which were: i) living (i.e. chilled), ii) freeze-surviving (live L3 had been previously recovered after freezing at −10 °C), or iii) dead (frozen at −30 °C or − 80 °C), and then subjected to pepsin digestion. Results showed that the artificial digestion method kills a significant number of larvae that may have survived freezing and thus may underestimate the number of viable larvae in a given batch. The method may also underestimate the infection level of fish batches containing dead larvae. It is suggested to take these limitations into account when designing digestion protocols for specific applications, especially when there is a risk of insufficiently treated or cooked fish batches or ready-to-eat foods.

Background: Freezing is considered the most suitable technological treatment to avoid Anisakis infection from eating raw or undercooked fish but modifications of their cuticles upon freezing may reduce their resistance to gastric fluids, provoking a greater release of allergens. This work aimed to study the relationship between freezing‐induced modifications of Anisakis simplex s.l., antigen recognition, and resistance to oral and gastric digestion in spiked fish mince. Results: (i) Differences between non‐treated larvae and larvae that survived freezing / thawing were studied in terms of respiratory capacity, survival in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), recognition of antigens and allergens. (ii) Untreated (i.e. chilled) mince containing live larvae, mince frozen at two freezing rates, with a negative (uninfected) mince and a positive mince (infected with broken larvae) as controls, were subjected to the oral and gastric phases of a simulated digestion process. Anisakis able to survive freezing showed lower resistance to gastric fluid (i.e. faster mortality as compared to controls). Untreated larvae released significantly more antigens than freeze‐surviving larvae but only after 96 h in SGF. In treatments rendering complete larvae mortality, the highest loss of larvae integrity was found upon fast freezing. There was a positive correlation between antigen release and the number of ruptures of larvae after the oral digestion phase, whereas a more complex trend was observed after oral plus gastric digestion phases. Conclusion: These results suggest a new factor to consider for sensitized patients and suggest that the numbers of L3 should be reduced before industrial freezing to minimize risk. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determination of toxic elements in seafood was important for the health of humans and marine organisms. This study was carried out on effects of total length and weight on concentration of toxic and non-toxic elements in fish of Chirocentrus nudus of Persian Gulf, Iran. For this purpose, 20 pieces of fish in two different fish sizes were purchased from Behbahan fish market and transferred to laboratory of Khatam-al-Anbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran. The fish muscle after the preparation, which contains washing, biometrics and abdominal discharges, was separated. Finally, the samples elements were analyzed after extraction and digestion processes using an atomic absorption apparatus. The obtained results were compared with the World Food Standards. The concentration of elements in different amounts in fish Kharo were as follows: Fe >Zn >Pb >Cd >Ni. Results showed that with increase fish length and weight, the amount of toxic and non-toxic elements such as Ni, Pb, Fe and Zn, except Cd, were increased significantly. It can be concluded that, although the concentration of elements found in the fish in both sizes were lower than the standard levels proposed for humans, but excessive consumption fish caught from contaminated areas, can be dangerous for human health.

This research aimed to evaluate the antioxidant properties of flour obtained from red alga Gelidium sp., which is underutilised nowadays in food applications. Thus, a model system consisting of minced mackerel (Scomber scombrus) muscle and aqueous flour extract was subjected to heating treatment (50 °C) for 11 days. Resulting levels on conjugated diene (CD) and triene (CT) contents, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid index, and fluorescent compound and free fatty acid (FFA) formation were monitored at different heating times. As a result, the presence of the aqueous extract of the alga flour led to higher levels (p < 0.05) of primary lipid oxidation compounds (CD and CT assessment) and lipid hydrolysis (FFA content). Contrarily, alga flour addition led to lower (p < 0.05) fluorescent compound formation measured in the aqueous and organic fractions resulting from the lipid extraction of the fish muscle and in the supernatant medium corresponding to the heating reaction system. All effects were found to be more important (p < 0.05) with increased alga flour concentration and heating reacting time. According to the straight relationship between the interaction compound formation and nutritional and sensory values, this study opens the way to the quality enhancement of thermally treated seafood by the addition of flour extract from Gelidium sp.

Muscle tissue from three-spotted tilapia (Oreochromis andersonii) (n = 11), sharp tooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) (n = 14) and tigerfish (Hydrocynus vittatus) (n = 12) were sampled from a market in the Zambezi region, Namibia in June 2018 and analysed for cadmium and lead. Cadmium was not detected in the three fish species. Mean lead levels in all three fish species (0.09–0.19 mg kg−1) were below the recommended safe level of 0.3 mg kg−1. Catfish had the highest mean lead concentrations, followed by tigerfish and tilapia in descending order. However, the differences in mean lead concentrations between the three fish species were not statistically significant (ANOVA, p = 0.18). These results show that the fish tested were safe for human consumption with respect to the metals tested. It is recommended that more metals and other contaminants, such as pesticides, be monitored robustly in water, sediment and fish, using the recommended protocols, in order to generate data that can be reliably used for human health risk assessments in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge of biochemical composition of muscles of fish helps in evaluating not only their nutritive value but also in quality assessment for optimum utilization. Therefore, the proximate composition and microelement contents in the muscle of bayad (Bagrus bajad) and upside-down catfish (Synodontis resupinatus) captured from Lake Alau were assessed. Ten fresh samples of each species (390.00 ± 46.25 g) obtained from fishers' were filleted and analysed for proximate and mineral compositions following standard procedures. Moisture (80.04 ± 3.48 g 100 g-1), crude protein (15.64 ± 1.13 g 100 g-1) and ash content (1.81 ± 0.31 g 100 g-1) of bayad were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of upside-down catfish. Carbohydrate (66.89 ± 1.28 %) and crude fat (2.03 ± 0.30 %) of upside-down catfish were significantly higher than that of bayad (p<0.05). Highest level of magnesium (0.54 ± 0.11 mg kg-1), sodium (0.06 ± 0.03 mg kg-1) and phosphate (0.67 ± 0.10 mg kg-1) were found in bayad while upside-down catfish had superior calcium (0.48 ± 0.23 mg kg-1) content. Furthermore, zinc (0.71 ± 0.15 mg kg-1), nickel (0.62 ± 0.08 mg kg-1) and chromium (0.11 ± 0.02 mg kg-1) contents were higher in bayad while copper (0.17 ± 0.07 mg kg-1), cadmium (0.07 ± 0.02 mg kg-1), lead (0.09 ± 0.02 mg kg-1) and iron (0.40 ± 0.16 mg kg-1) contents were significantly lower (p<0.05) in value when compared with upside-down catfish. Conclusively, these two fish species are rich in nutrients and can impact positively on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to investigate the changes in the microstructure and structural proteins (titin, nebulin, desmin and tropomyosin (TPM)) of mandarin fish muscle as well as the relationship between the structural proteins and the quality characteristics of fish muscle during post‐mortem storage and after cooking. During post‐mortem storage, titin was degraded initially, accompanied with an increase of the I‐band length. Subsequently, the degradation of desmin induced a gradual breakage of the myofibrils. The following degradation of nebulin accelerated the destruction of N2‐lines, which occurred with a slightly fuzzy Z‐disc. Finally, TPM began to degrade, and the remaining desmin was also degraded further. Principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis indicated that the changes in the quality characteristics of fish muscle were intimately related to the degradation of structural proteins. Hence, these structural proteins could be the biomarkers to monitor the quality characteristics of fish muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of weak oscillating magnetic fields (OMFs ≤7 mT at 50 Hz) on freezing were studied in three systems of different complexity. To do so, ferric chloride solutions, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and minced hake muscle experimentally infected with Anisakis L3 were frozen with and without OMF application. OMFs did not affect freezing kinetics of either ferric chloride solutions or minced hake muscle. LDH activity, Anisakis mortality, and water-holding capacity of the hake muscle after thawing were not affected by OMF either. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of stronger OMFs in a wider frequency range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sensitive method was developed and validated for the determination of UV filters (oxybenzone, octocrylene, 4-methyl-benzylidene camphor, 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate and avobenzone) in tilapia muscle using matrix solid-phase dispersion followed by on-line solid-phase extraction–liquid chromatography/UV. The validation showed good linearity from 100 to 3600 ng g−1 with r2 values > 0.98. Precision values with relative standard deviations were < 24% for all analytes. The accuracy was evaluated with the recovery of spiked muscle samples, and it ranged between 89 and 96% for most analytes, except 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate. A positive matrix effect was observed for oxybenzone, so a matrix-matched calibration curve was used for quantitation purposes. This methodology was applied to incurred samples of fish exposed to the analytes for 3 days (100 μg L−1 each). Residual quantities of the contaminants were measured after 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure, and concentrations ranged between 400 and 2900 ng g−1. The developed method was able to quantify all of the target compounds at trace levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish muscle, which accounts for 15%–25% of the total protein in fish, is a desirable protein source. Their hydrolysate is in high demand nutritionally as a functional food and thus has high potential added value. The hydrolysate contains physiologically active amino acids and various essential nutrients, the contents of which depend on the source of protein, protease, hydrolysis method, hydrolysis conditions, and degree of hydrolysis. Therefore, it can be utilized for various industrial applications including use in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals to help improve the health of humans. This review discusses muscle protein hydrolysates generated from the muscles of various fish species, as well as their amino acid composition, and highlights their functional properties and bioactivity. In addition, the role of the amino acid profile in regulating the biological and physiological activities, nutrition, and bitter taste of hydrolysates is discussed.

Abstract This study aimed at developing an analytical method for the extraction and quantification of 21 pharmaceutical actives compounds (PhACs) present in fish muscle. Using Norwegian Atlantic salmon as matrix, two extraction methods for PhACs were tested: ultrasound extraction (USE) using methanol (MeOH), acetonitrile (MeCN) or a mixture of MeCN:MeOH (1:1, v/v) as extracting solvents, and QuEChERS method using three different extraction salts. After selecting QuEChERS Original as extracting method of the analytes, three different clean-up methods were evaluated with respect to their efficiency to remove coextracted fat and lipids such as Enhanced Matrix Removal (EMR) and HLB prime. The dispersive-SPE EMR yielded the best recoveries for 21 of 27 analytes. PhACs were quantified by UPLC-MS/MS using SWATH acquisition mode. The method was validated in terms of recoveries, accuracy, linearity, precision, matrix effects at three levels of concentration: 25, 200 and 500 ng g−1 dw of fish muscle. For the majority of the analytes the recoveries were over 70%. Finally, the validated method was applied to natural riverine fish from the Evrotas river (Greece) and the Adige river (Italy) with positive findings for acetaminophen, propranolol, and venlafaxine reaching concentrations as high as 80 ng g−1 of muscle. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • Development of a rapid method for the determination of 21 PhACs in fish muscle. • Two extraction methods, 3 extracting salts, and 3 clean-up of extracts were compared. • The method is based on QuEChERS extraction and clean-up, followed by UPLC–HRMS. • The validated method was applied to riverine European fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have attracted increasing attention in recent decades because of their persistence, distribution, bioaccumulation, and biotoxicity in the environment. In the present study, the levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated biphenyl (PBBs) in twenty-four samples of twelve fish species collected from the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) were analyzed. The results indicated that SPBDE concentrations in fish muscle ranged from 22.62 pg g-1 by wet weight (ww) (yellowcheek carp) to 217.75 pg g-1 ww (yellow catfish). BDE47 and BDE209 were the most predominant congeners, with their sum accounted for 23.62-68.16% of SPBDEs. SPBB concentrations ranged from 27.83 pg g-1 ww (silver carp) to 155.75 pg g-1 ww (topmouth culter); BB49 and BB209 were detected in all samples, with concentrations ranging from 4.62 to 47.10 pg g-1 ww and 1.29 to 80.95 pg g-1 ww, respectively. There are no significant correlations between the BFRs levels and fish length (or weight) in these samples. Compared to other areas, the level of BFRs in edible fishes from TGR was low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various environmental studies have employed the biomonitoring of fish in their aquatic ecosystems in order to identify potential metabolic responses to the exposome. In this study, we applied in vivo solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to perform non-lethal sampling on the muscle tissue of living fish to extract toxicants and various endogenous metabolites. Sixty white suckers (Catastomus commersonii) were sampled from sites upstream, adjacent, and downstream from the oil sands development region of the Athabasca River (Alberta, Canada) in order to track their biochemical responses to potential contaminants. In vivo SPME sampling facilitated the extraction of a wide range of endogenous metabolites, mainly related to lipid metabolism. The obtained results revealed significant changes in the levels of numerous metabolites, including eicosanoids, linoleic acids, and fat-soluble vitamins, in fish sampled in different areas of the river, thus demonstrating SPME's applicability for the direct monitoring of exposure to different environmental toxicants. In addition, several classes of toxins, including petroleum-related compounds, that can cause serious physiological impairment were tentatively identified in the extracts. In vivo SPME, combined with the analysis of contaminants and endogenous metabolites, provided important information about the exposome; as such, this approach represents a potentially powerful and non-lethal tool for identifying the mechanisms that produce altered metabolic pathways in response to the mixtures of different environmental pollutants. Image 1 • A non-lethal method for in vivo sampling of fish muscle tissue was applied. • The SPME blade was directly inserted in the tissue for low-invasive extraction. • SPME provides accurate information about the composition of toxicants and endogenous metabolites in the living system. • In vivo SPME facilitates monitoring of the metabolic alterations in fish exposed to environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This research was undertaken to find out the levels of five heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) in the muscles of eight fish species from Epe Lagoon. The levels of heavy metals were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after digestion of the samples using Kjldahl heating digester. The heavy metal concentrations among the fish species were statistically dissimilar (P < 0.5). The heavy metals of Pb, Fe, and Mn were above the FAO/WHO agreeable limits for human consumption. Vorliegende Studie befasst sich mit den Ergebnissen einer Untersuchung, deren Ziel es war, die Höhe des Gehalts von fünf Schwermetallen (Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb und Zn) in acht Fischarten der Epe-Lagune zu bestimmen. Die Höhe des Schwermetallgehalts wurde mit Hilfe eines Atom Absorbtions-Spektrophotometers nach Digestion der Proben durch einen kjldahl geheizten Digester gemessen. Die Schwermetallkonzentration bei den Fischarten war statistisch unterschiedlich (P < 0.5). Die Pb-, Fe- und Mn- Konzentrationen lagen alle über den von der FAO/WHO akzeptierten Grenzwerten, die den Verzehr der Fische durch den Menschen erlauben. Scopul prezentului studiu a fost determinarea gradului de contaminare cu cinci metale grele (Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb şi Zn) măsurat în muşchii a opt specii de pești din laguna Epe (Nigeria). Conținutul în metale grele a fost măsurat cu ajutorul unui spectrofotometru de absorbție atomică după digerarea probelor folosindu-se un aparat Kjldahl de digestie prin încălzire. Concentrația de metale grele la speciile de pești analizate a fost diferită din punct de vedere statistic (P < 0.5). Pb, Fe, and Mn au depășit la toate probele luate din pești valorile limită acceptate de FAO/WHO pentru consum alimentar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture represents a major part of the world’s food supply. This area of food production is developing rapidly, and as such the tools and analytical techniques used to monitor and assess the quality of fish need to also develop and improve. The use of spatially off-set Raman spectroscopy (SORS) is particularly well-suited for these applications, given the ability of this technique to take subsurface measurements as well as being rapid, non-destructive and label-free compared to classical chemical analysis techniques. To explore this technique for analysing fish, SORS measurements were taken on commercially significant whole fish through the skin in different locations. The resulting spectra were of high quality with subsurface components such as lipids, carotenoids, proteins and guanine from iridophore cells clearly visible in the spectra. These spectral features were characterised and major bands identified. Chemometric analysis additionally showed that clear differences are present in spectra not only from different sections of a fish but also between different species. These results highlight the potential application for SORS analysis for rapid quality assessment and species identification in the aquaculture industry by taking through-skin measurements.

Several microwave-assisted digestion methods were tested at the Centro de Estudios Aplicados en Química laboratory in Quito, Ecuador, to determine the accuracy and performance efficiency of the mineralization process for the determination of total mercury in fish tissue by cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrophotometry. The use of MARSEasyPrep high-pressure vessels, low amounts of reagents (1 cm3 HNO3, 1 cm3 H2O2, and 1 cm3 HClO4), an irradiation temperature of 210 °C, and 35 min of mineralization time resulted in accurate performance, with recoveries of certified reference material DORM-4 between 90.1% and 105.8%. This is better than the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 2015.01 method, which has a reported accuracy of 81%. The repeatability precision and intermediate precision were established at three concentration levels (0.167, 0.500, and 0.833 mg·kg−1) and expressed as the percentage of the relative standard deviation ranging from 1.5% to 3.0% and 1.7% to 4.2%, respectively. Further, the method was satisfactorily applied to analyze fortified samples of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), with recoveries ranging from 98.3% to 104.3%. The instrumental limits of detection and quantification were 0.118 µg·dm−3 and 0.394 µg·dm−3, respectively.

Praziquantel (PZQ) is an anthelmintic drug used in humans and animals against Platyhelminthes and in aquaculture in the Far East. Medicated feed is one of the most convenient forms of oral administration of drugs in aquaculture because it allows to treat a large population of fish in an easy way. However, this treatment may lead to residues in fish intended for human consumption. In this study, a liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed in order to verify the presence of PZQ in samples of Sparus aurata after oral administration of feed treated with PZQ. The method was validated according to international guidelines. It showed good recoveries, selectivity and sensitivity (LOD and LOQ were 3.0 and 9.3 ng/g, respectively), with precision and matrix effect values ≤ 15%. This method could also be applied to determine PZQ residue in other fish species and thus to evaluate the appropriate withdrawal time in treated fish intended for human consumption.

Heavy metals may accumulate in aquatic animals’ organs and tissues such as liver, kidney, gills and muscles. As fish muscle palys a role in human nutrition, its health is important. The risk of heavy metal toxicities differs in each water resource and animal species. Toxicity of these metals is higher in soft waters compared to hard waters.In the present study, 44 specimens of Psettodes erumei were randomly collected from Boushehr’s waters. Then 100 grams of pectoral muscle of each fish were dissected and prepared for atomic absorption measurement. The amounts of four heavy metals including Lead, Cadmium, Zinc and Chromium were measured as microgram per kilogram (ppb).In the present study, the maximum amount of measured heavy metals was belonged to Zinc (138.5 ppb) and the minimum to Chromium (30 ppb). The highest / lowest levels of each metals in fish muscles were as follow: Lead 0.124 / 0.037, Cadmium 0.090 / 0.019, Zinc 0.208 / 0.034 and Chromium 0.054 / 0.013 ppm and all were in safe range of World Health Organization limits.

Dechlorane related compounds (DRCs), including Dechlorane Plus ( syn -DP and anti -DP), Dechlorane-601, -602, -603 and Chlordene Plus (CP), constitute a group of polychlorinated flame retardants (FRs) that are still of industrial use. In particular, DRCs have been detected in various environmental matrices and in different aquatic and terrestrial biota, thus exhibiting bioaccumulation and biomagnification potentials. The present study aimed at producing first occurrence data of a range of DRCs in Silurus spp. samples from different rivers located in France. Determination was carried out by gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry after a sample clean-up based on a multilayer silica column and gel permeation chromatography. The concentration of monitored ΣDRCs ranged from 1.58 to 408 pg g −1 wet weight (54–11100 pg g −1 lipid weight). The fractional abundance of syn - and anti -DP stereoisomers was similar to that reported by other studies with an average equal to 0.60. Dec-601 was not detected in any sample. Detection frequencies ranged between 34 and 100% for other DRCs. Investigated correlations between DRCs and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) suggest a link with lipid content but independent contamination sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A metabolic analysis technique employing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to distinguish between muscle tissue types in yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata. The dataset of metabolites from each yellowtail muscle type was subjected to metabolic profile analysis using the SIMCA 14 software package. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis revealed a marked difference in metabolic profiles of ordinary muscle (OM) and dark muscle (DM), and OM types were further separated into three groups (dorsal, caudal and ventral). Further, several metabolites, such as ornithine for OM vs DM and glycerol-3-phosphate for OM tissue types were identified as potential markers for distinguishing types of yellowtail flesh by S-plot analysis. Based on these findings, metabolic analysis techniques could become useful tools for distinguishing among fish muscle types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analytical method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination in fish muscle of two kinds of emerging pollutants: polycyclic aromatic musks (galaxolide and tonalide) and UV filters [oxybenzone, 3-(4-methylbenzylidene) camphor, padimate-O, 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate, octocrylene], which are very common ingredients of personal care products, by programmable split/splitless injector gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PSSI-GC-MS) using a matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) for extraction and clean-up procedure in a single step. The method was evaluated for precision (relative standard deviation < 19%), linearity (r2 > 0.9829); accuracy, reported as % of recovery; limit of quantification (0.013 to 0.040 μg g−1, referred to dry mass); and limit of detection (0.004 to 0.012 μg g−1, referred to dry mass) for each of the analytes. The average recoveries in muscle samples spiked at two levels: 0.1 μg g-1 and 1.0 μg g-1 ranged between 77-111% and 55-108%, respectively. The method was applied for the determination of the mentioned pollutants in an exposure in vivo study with rainbow trout, and the results showed a larger absorption of musks (tonalide 43.0 μg g−1) than UV filters (padimate-O, 1.0 μg g−1). The proposed procedure has demonstrated to be able for simultaneous monitoring of these two different kinds of common emerging pollutants coming from personal care products, which would make it a useful tool for quality control and safety studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]