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The incorporation of Industry 4.0 has integrated various innovations into fire safety management, thus changing the mode of identifying, assessing, and controlling fire risks. This review aims at how emerging technologies like IoT, AI, cloud technology, and BIM are making changes to fire safety in structural structures. With IoT-enabled sensors, data, and analytics coupled with predictive algorithms for real-time scenarios, fire safety systems have become dynamic systems where early detection, quick response, and risk management can be achieved. In addition, cloud web-based solutions improve the storage of information while providing the predictive aspect for certainty of safety measures. This paper also largely focuses on such activities through the likes of ISO/IEC 30141 and IEEE 802.15.4, thus making a critical role in maintaining effective connectivity between IoT devices, which is necessary for the effective performance of fire safety systems. Furthermore, the implementation issues, including the high costs, the difficulty in scaling up the projects, and the cybersecurity concerns, are considered and compared to the possible solutions, which include upgrading in stages and the possibility of subsidies from the government. The review also points out areas for further study, such as the creation of small cell networks with lower latency, the use of AI to carry out the maintenance of IoTs, and the enhancement of protection mechanisms of systems that are based on the IoTs. In general, this paper highlights the vast possibilities offered by Industry 4.0 technologies to support organizational fire safety management or decrease fire fatalities and improve built environment fire safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High traffic flow in a confined tunnel makes fire safety a critical issue. This paper proposed a digital twin framework for tunnel fire safety management in real-time, driven by dynamic sensor data and AIoT technologies. A deep learning model trained by the Transformer network and simulation dataset is used to predict real-time fire location and size. Then, the AI model is integrated into a 3D digital twin platform developed by the game engine Unity 3D. The performance of the proposed digital twin framework is demonstrated using numerical experiments and large-scale tunnel fire tests. Results show that the established AI model achieved promising accuracy in predicting fire location and power for both numerical and experimental data. The digital twin platform can also visualize the 3D fire scene that supports evacuation, firefighting, and emergency rescue. This research demonstrates the feasibility of using a 3D environment and digital twin in real-time fire safety management.

The fire safety management policy is the premise for city managers to master the urban fire safety situation and solve the urban fire safety problems. An excellent fire safety management policy can obtain the basic data of fire safety, analyze the existing problems and potential safety hazards, and provide targeted measures for urban fire safety management. At present, the traditional fire safety management policy has exposed many shortcomings, such as the lack of technical support for firefighting means, inaccurate fire data analysis, etc., which ultimately led to low fire extinguishing efficiency and wasted some human and material resources. In the context of smart cities, big data (BD) and artificial intelligence (AI) have gradually integrated into various fields of urban development. This paper studied the fire safety management policies of smart cities based on BD analysis method. First, it summarized the relationship among BD, AI and smart cities, then analyzed the limitations of traditional urban fire safety management models, and finally proposed new fire safety management methods based on BD, AI and sustainable development. This article analyzed the urban fire protection situation from January to June 2022 in Nanchang, and verified the effectiveness of the method proposed in this article. Research has shown that the new fire safety management policy has reduced the number of fires, improved fire extinguishing efficiency by 9.07%, reduced property damage and casualties, and has a high recognition of the method. This also provides a reference for the next step of BD's application in smart cities.

The growth of high-rise buildings is triggered by expensive land prices and the need for construction for hotels, offices, and colleges. Besides the great benefits, high-rise building also has a consequence of fire risks. This indicates that its extinction is challenging with the occurrence of fire outbreaks, due to the flammable furniture and characteristics of high-rise buildings. To anticipate this condition, fire safety protection in high-rise buildings should be reliable. Furthermore, the Indonesian government has reportedly issued regulations and technical guidelines regarding the reliability of fire safety, although fires still occur and cause loss of life and property. Science and engineering also provide a performance-based alternative approach. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the reliability of the fire safety model produced from the integration of FSM (Fire Safety Management) variables, namely flame prevention, people safety, monitoring, audit, review and reactive assessment. In a high-rise building, the initial model was validated by experts within the fire safety field. At the initial stage, the identification of FSM implementation was carried out for building functions in Jakarta, where construction surveys were conducted using a questionnaire and checklist for the completeness of the protection system. Using a spreadsheet and the Smart PLS application, the data were also processed to produce the implementation of FSM and test the effect of independent variables on the dependent factors, respectively. Subsequently, the sub-variables with low FSM implementation were used to improve the fire safety conditions in buildings. By implementing all FSM variables, reliability was then achieved, as improvement efforts were prioritized on the sub-variables with low implementation and priority on fire prevention and monitoring, audit, and review. The integration of the FSM variables' implementation also consistently produced fire safety reliability, as well as guaranteed life and property protection.

Fire risk control in high-rise residential areas has become the core issue of modern urban safety management. How to effectively evaluate the fire risk of high-rise residential buildings and then put forward scientific risk control measures is the focus of current academic and fire research. To reduce the probability of fire disasters in high-rise residential buildings and effectively evaluate their fire safety level, a total of 11 index factors affecting the fire risk level of high-rise residential buildings were identified in this study from three dimensions--residential conditions, property management, and community safety system. Furthermore, taking a high-rise building in Chinese Haikou City as an example, the fire risk level was determined, and the key factors affecting the fire risk level were clarified by combining the entropy weight model and the catastrophe series theory. Results show that the fire risk value of the high-rise residential buildings is 0.979, being relatively low, which coincides with the actual result obtained by the fire safety inspection department. The fire risk level of the high-rise building is significantly affected by the indexes of the automatic alarm system, with a weight value of 0.2839. The obtained conclusions provide a decision-making reference for comprehensively elevating the risk management level of high-rise residential buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of high-rise buildings is triggered by expensive land prices and the need for construction for hotels, offices, and colleges. Besides the great benefits, high-rise building also has a consequence of fire risks. This indicates that its extinction is challenging with the occurrence of fire outbreaks, due to the flammable furniture and characteristics of high-rise buildings. To anticipate this condition, fire safety protection in high-rise buildings should be reliable. Furthermore, the Indonesian government has reportedly issued regulations and technical guidelines regarding the reliability of fire safety, although fires still occur and cause loss of life and property. Science and engineering also provide a performance-based alternative approach. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the reliability of the fire safety model produced from the integration of FSM (Fire Safety Management) variables, namely flame prevention, people safety, monitoring, audit, review and reactive assessment. In a high-rise building, the initial model was validated by experts within the fire safety field. At the initial stage, the identification of FSM implementation was carried out for building functions in Jakarta, where construction surveys were conducted using a questionnaire and checklist for the completeness of the protection system. Using a spreadsheet and the Smart PLS application, the data were also processed to produce the implementation of FSM and test the effect of independent variables on the dependent factors, respectively. Subsequently, the sub-variables with low FSM implementation were used to improve the fire safety conditions in buildings. By implementing all FSM variables, reliability was then achieved, as improvement efforts were prioritized on the sub-variables with low implementation and priority on fire prevention and monitoring, audit, and review. The integration of the FSM variables' implementation also consistently produced fire safety reliability, as well as guaranteed life and property protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire at a construction site usually results in serious accidents. Therefore, fire management at the construction site is critical to decreasing possible accidents. However, conventional fire safety management can be problematic in many aspects, such as visualization, multi-stage alarm systems, and dynamic escape route optimization. To solve these issues, this paper develops a platform for a BIM-based fire safety management system that considers the construction site. The developed platform contains four subsystems: a remote monitoring subsystem, a fire visualization subsystem, a multi-stage fire alarm subsystem, and an escape route optimization subsystem. It detects the fire hazard in the early stage of the fire by the remote monitoring subsystem and transmits this information to the fire visualization subsystem for displaying. Furthermore, the multi-stage fire alarm subsystem sends warnings or alarms based on the fire's severity. Moreover, the escape route optimization subsystem dynamically optimizes the evacuation routes by considering the actual number of people at the construction site and the potential crowding as people pass through the escapeway. Results show that this system can provide informative and on-time fire protection measures to different participants at the construction site. This study can also serve as a solution to improve fire safety management at the construction site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire at a construction site usually results in serious accidents. Therefore, fire management at the construction site is critical to decreasing possible accidents. However, conventional fire safety management can be problematic in many aspects, such as visualization, multi-stage alarm systems, and dynamic escape route optimization. To solve these issues, this paper develops a platform for a BIM-based fire safety management system that considers the construction site. The developed platform contains four subsystems: a remote monitoring subsystem, a fire visualization subsystem, a multi-stage fire alarm subsystem, and an escape route optimization subsystem. It detects the fire hazard in the early stage of the fire by the remote monitoring subsystem and transmits this information to the fire visualization subsystem for displaying. Furthermore, the multi-stage fire alarm subsystem sends warnings or alarms based on the fire’s severity. Moreover, the escape route optimization subsystem dynamically optimizes the evacuation routes by considering the actual number of people at the construction site and the potential crowding as people pass through the escapeway. Results show that this system can provide informative and on-time fire protection measures to different participants at the construction site. This study can also serve as a solution to improve fire safety management at the construction site.

The fire safety management policy is the premise for city managers to master the urban fire safety situation and solve the urban fire safety problems. An excellent fire safety management policy can obtain the basic data of fire safety, analyze the existing problems and potential safety hazards, and provide targeted measures for urban fire safety management. At present, the traditional fire safety management policy has exposed many shortcomings, such as the lack of technical support for firefighting means, inaccurate fire data analysis, etc., which ultimately led to low fire extinguishing efficiency and wasted some human and material resources. In the context of smart cities, big data (BD) and artificial intelligence (AI) have gradually integrated into various fields of urban development. This paper studied the fire safety management policies of smart cities based on BD analysis method. First, it summarized the relationship among BD, AI and smart cities, then analyzed the limitations of traditional urban fire safety management models, and finally proposed new fire safety management methods based on BD, AI and sustainable development. This article analyzed the urban fire protection situation from January to June 2022 in Nanchang, and verified the effectiveness of the method proposed in this article. Research has shown that the new fire safety management policy has reduced the number of fires, improved fire extinguishing efficiency by 9.07%, reduced property damage and casualties, and has a high recognition of the method. This also provides a reference for the next step of BD's application in smart cities.

Abstract: A comprehensive fire safety management strategy has been presented to demonstrate how the best practices in fire safety management can be implemented in complex developments. A holistic fire safety management approach with the consideration of fire management team plan, fire emergency procedures and maintenance plan in the fire management plan has been discussed in detail. A large scale development has been used as an example on how the fire safety management plan is being setup and implemented in the management hierarchy. Interface with the authorities is also one of the key items in effective fire safety management and has also been considered in this paper. This paper can be act as a guideline for the further development of fire safety management plan for individual building. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper exploits the concept of the Delphi Method where a panel of experts is drawn together to deliberate and decide on the subjective issue of ‘fire safety management’. The paper describes the process of setting up the Panel, presenting their credentials, results and conclusions. As their starting point, the Panel were presented with an existing model of fire safety management containing ten categories of fire safety management. They were asked to consider these categories to confirm or repudiate their relevance and their definition. The Panel's conclusions represent the collective subjective perception of individuals with relevant experience in the field of fire safety management. The research carries the potential to reduce the cost of fire by addressing the root cause of most structural fires; inadequate fire safety management. Linking statistical evidence gathered from fire incidents to each category regarding the characteristics of ignition and the type of property, would enable the creation of property profiles. Analysis of the profiles would enable predicting, forecasting and targeting of the most damaging profiles. This could result in efficiency savings, benefits to the community and the environment and allow the fire and rescue service to re-balance its reactive and proactive resources. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The cultural relic buildings are both valuable cultural heritage left by ancestor and mark of the cultural development during that time. On the basis of the research and analysis of the present situation and existing problems about fire safety management of the historic buildings in China, corresponding prevention and control strategies were provided. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Fire hazards are a big threat to human life and property safety. The U.S. fire statistics reveal that, in 2017 alone, 1,319,500 fires caused 3400 deaths and 14,670 injuries, which resulted in a loss of $23 billion [1]. Effective evacuation planning in densely occupied buildings should be primarily put in place if both the number of injuries/fatalities and the level of property loss are to be minimized. However, it is not realistic, and is unethical to study human evacuation performance under a burning building. For this reason, computational tools tend to be the best approach for simulating fire growth as well as human response to fire hazards. This study aims to develop a BIM-based simulation framework that implements the Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) and agent-based modeling (ABM) for simulating fire growth and evacuation performance for different building layout scenarios. An experimental implementation is conducted to validate the proposed framework, which verified the benefits of (1) using BIM to offer a platform for conducting simulation design and visualizing the simulation results of (a) hazardous fire zones and (b) effective escape routes; (2) simulating fire growth using the FDS tool; (3) developing an agent-based model that accounts for the critical factors affecting evacuation performance; and (4) applying a statistical analysis for investigating the effects of influential parameters from the proposed model. As a result, the simulation outputs can be used to optimize the building design and to investigate the influential factors on human evacuation efficiency. The proposed framework contributes to building fire safety management by enabling to minimize both injuries/fatalities and property loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]