Search

The aim of this study was to develop a chitosan biofilm against Salmonella enteritidis, for the conservation of fertile and table eggs. Two experiments were performed. Experiment 1: 400 specific pathogen-free table eggs were divided in a completely randomized design into four treatments, five replicates and each replicate with 20 table eggs. Experimental groups were assigned to control and 1, 5 and 10% chitosan treatment. The eggs were immersed in the chitosan solution. They were then exposed to Salmonella enteritidis and stored for 1, 24, 96 and 168h at 4ºC. The eggs were then washed with 10mL of physiological saline solution. Experiment 2: 80 specific pathogen-free fertile eggs were tested, the assays were assigned to control and 1, 5 and 10% chitosan treatment. Each treatment had 20 fertile eggs. The eggs were immersed in the chitosan solution. They were individually weighed and incubated. Egg weight, humidity loss, and hatchability (weight and length of newly hatched chicks) characteristics were assessed. In Experiment 1, comparison between treatments showed differences (P< 0.05) in the total recovered of Salmonella enteritidis on eggshell, with the lower values in 5 y 10% chitosan treatment at 96 y 168h respectively. In Experiment 2, chitosan did not show any effect on the egg weight and chick weight, where the average was 57.44 and 38.23g respectively. The humidity loss and chick length showed differences (P< 0.05), with the lower values in 5 y 10% chitosan treatment. The antibacterial activity of chitosan biofilm provide a practical tool against Salmonella enteritidis in fertile and table eggs because the chitosan did not affect egg weight and chick weight, relevant parameters in the poultry industry.

Desarrollo de un modelo de predicción de inventarios en el aplicativo Vensim PLEx32, para la industria de pollo de engorde partiendo de una modelación inicial con las características típicas del proceso manual que se utiliza para la producción de pollo de engorde a partir de un pronóstico de ventas; el cual mostró algunas limitaciones que no permitían cumplir con dicho pronóstico. Estas limitaciones dieron origen a las variables denominadas “adiciones” que optimizaron el modelo haciéndolo más flexible y dinámico. Contenido Resumen 10 ABSTRACT 11 Introducción 12 Planteamiento del problema 12 Justificación 13 Declaración de vacío de conocimiento. 15 Estado del arte 16 Producción de carne de pollo 16 Rendimiento 18 Dinámica de sistemas 20 Objetivos del proyecto 22 Objetivo General 22 Objetivos específicos 22 Hipótesis 23 Marco teórico 23 Introducción 23 Dinámica de sistemas 23 Diagrama de influencias 24 Variables que hacen parte del diagrama de influencias: 24 Sistemas dinámicos 24 Fases de construcción de un modelo 25 Simulación 26 Modelos de simulación 26 Optimización 28 Pronósticos 28 Vensim 6.0 28 GESTIÓN DE INVENTARIOS EN LA PRODUCCIÓN AVÍCOLA 30 Modelos de inventarios 30 Cantidad económica de pedido (EOQ) 30 Stock de inventario 32 SISTEMA DE PRODUCCIÓN DE POLLO DE ENGORDE 33 Producción de huevo fértil 33 Huevo fértil: 33 Incubabilidad: 33 Producción de carne de pollo 34 Aspectos de manejo para producir pollo 34 Manejo del inventario dentro del galpón: 35 Transporte. 36 Manejo de inventarios en cuartos fríos. 36 SIMULACIÓN DEL SISTEMA 37 Metodología 38 • Definición del problema 38 • Conceptualización del sistema 38 • Formalización: 38 • Comportamiento del modelo: 38 • Evaluación del modelo 38 • Explotación del modelo 38 Modelación 40 Planteamiento y desarrollo del modelo 40 Determinación de Variables de Primer orden 40 Determinación de variables de segundo orden 50 Determinación de variables de tercer orden 55 Variables según su función 56 Stock de seguridad 58 Formulación 58 Resultados 65 RESULTADOS DE LA SUMULACIÓN ANTES DE LA APLICACIÓN DEL MODELO 65 Ingresos por ventas 72 Stock de seguridad 75 Utilidad Bruta 76 RESULTADOS DEL MODELO CON EL MEJORAMIENTO A TRAVÉS DE LA SIMULACIÓN . 79 Producción 92 Pollo desechado anual 93 Ingresos por ventas 94 Utilidad bruta 97 Stock de seguridad 97 COMPARACIÓN DE LOS RESULTADOS ANTES Y DESPUÉS DEL MEJORAMIENTO A TRAVÉS DE LA SIMULACIÓN. 99 CONCLUSIONES 101 RECOMENDACIONES 102 PREVISIÓN EN SITUACIONES DE RIESGO EN LA PRODUCCIÓN 103 Anexos 105 Bibliografía 120 A prediction model of inventories in the application Vensim PLEX32 for the fattening poultry industry starting from an initial modeling under the typical characteristics of manual process used for fattening poultry industry from a sales forecast, which showed some limitations that do not allow to fulfil with the forecast given. These limitations gave rise to the variables called “additions” that optimized the model making it more flexible and dynamic. Maestría

The present study aimed at evaluating the different storage periods of eggs from free-range hens on incubation variables. Treatments were composed according to the following egg storage periods: 1 to 5 days, 6 to 10 days, 11 to 15 days and 16 to 20 days. The variables analyzed were egg weight loss, embryonic mortality, hatchability rate and chick weight at birth. The experimental design was completely randomized. The variables related to weight were subjected to analysis of variance and the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. Egg weight and chick weight at birth were not influenced by egg storage time; however, egg weight loss during storage was greater (P

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of sanitizing fertile eggs with clove essential oil as an alternative to paraformaldehyde; effects on the reduction in eggshell microbial count, incubation yield, and neonatal chick quality were measured. A total of 1,460 brown fertile eggs with a mean weight of 58.64 ± 0.49 g (from 37-wk-old CPK [Pesadao Vermelho] breeder hens) were collected under aseptic conditions and randomly distributed into 4 treatments (nonsanitized and sanitized with grain alcohol, clove essential oil, and paraformaldehyde) before incubation. The count of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria was significantly lower after spraying with clove essential oil (2.30 ± 0.24 log10 CFU/mL) than on nonsanitized eggs (3.49 ± 0.34 log10 CFU/mL) or on eggs sprayed with grain alcohol (3.09 ± 0.14 log10 CFU/mL) but did not differ significantly from the count in the paraformaldehyde group (2.23 ± 0.29 log10 CFU/mL). The hatchability of fertile eggs differed significantly between the studied treatments. The mean values for the eggs treated with clove essential oil (84.69 ± 1.65%) and paraformaldehyde (81.87 ± 3.92%) were statistically similar but were higher than the negative control (74.03 ± 3.58%) and grain alcohol (73.59 ± 2.87%) values. In the Pasgar© score assessment, it was determined that the clove essential oil (9.21 ± 0.89) had a superior effect on the physical quality of the chicks compared with the effects of the other treatments. Clove essential oil is effective and safe for eggs intended for incubation. Its use as an alternative to paraformaldehyde in the sanitation of fertile eggs is strongly recommended.

The aim of this study was to evaluate an ethanolic extract of propolis and clove essential oil as a substitute for paraformaldehyde for the sanitation of fertile eggs. In total, 1,800 hatching eggs (from 40-week-old CPK [Pesadao Vermelho] breeder hens) were randomly distributed among the treatments (grain alcohol, clove essential oil, ethanolic extract of propolis, and paraformaldehyde). Spraying was the application method for all treatments except for paraformaldehyde, for which fumigation was used. The experimental design was a randomized block design with 4 treatments. Analysis of the incubation parameters was based on 6 replications per treatment. The egg weight loss was lower in the eggs treated with ethanolic extract of propolis (8.59 ± 3.34%) than in the eggs treated with grain alcohol (13.40 ± 2.87%), clove essential oil (12.96 ± 3.33%), and paraformaldehyde (13.05 ± 3.24%). The hatchability of the fertile eggs (51.39 ± 5.81%) and the hatchability of the set eggs (44.74 ± 6.79%) were negatively affected by the application of ethanolic extract of propolis. Late mortality of eggs treated was higher than early mortality in the grain alcohol (12.14 ± 4.72%; 2.86 ± 3.30%), clove essential oil (4.60 ± 5.95%; 3.03 ± 3.50%), and ethanolic extract of propolis (36.63 ± 6.60%, 11.98 ± 4.30%) treatments. The eggs treated with clove essential oil (67.90 ± 1.87%), paraformaldehyde (67.80 ± 1.85%), or grain alcohol (67.50 ± 1.92%) presented chick yields as expected. However, despite the ideal yield of eggs treated with ethanolic extract of propolis (69.25 ± 1.68%), its application at the concentration used in the present research is not recommended. Clove essential oil, when sprayed on fertile eggs as a sanitizing agent, did not differ from paraformaldehyde in relation to hatchery performance parameters.

RESUMO Objetivou-se, por meio desta pesquisa, avaliar a perda de água de ovos férteis oriundos de diferentes idades de matrizes de corte e tempos de estocagem, durante o transporte. A pesquisa foi conduzida em uma empresa integradora avícola no Estado de São Paulo, por meio do acompanhamento de três carregamentos em diferentes estações do ano. Foram utilizadas diferentes densidades de caixas durante as três viagens. Porém, para o estudo da perda de água dos ovos, foi usado um total de 18 caixas contendo 4.320 ovos, em um caminhão climatizado. Estas caixas de ovos eram referentes às três idades das matrizes e aos três intervalos de tempos de estocagem; portanto, em cada viagem, foram transportadas seis caixas com 1.440 ovos. A caracterização microclimática do contêiner foi realizada por meio de 18 dataloggers no interior das caixas, os quais registraram temperatura do ar, umidade relativa e entalpia específica. A avaliação da perda de água dos ovos foi realizada através da massa de 140 ovos individualizados de cada tratamento. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente aleatorizado, com esquema fatorial 3 x 3. As condições microclimáticas das cargas transportadas para todas as estações estiveram acima das faixas ideais. Independentemente da idade da matriz e da condição do microclima, o aumento do tempo de estocagem leva a maior perda de água, assim como a piores condições microclimáticas. ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of the storage period and breeder age on water loss during fertile eggs transport. The research was conducted in a poultry integrator company in the State of São Paulo – Brazil. Three shipments were evaluated in different seasons and box density. The study of egg water loss used a total of 18 boxes containing 4,320 eggs in acclimatized truck six boxes of each treatment that consisted of three storage periods – totalizing 1,400 eggs – per shipment. The microclimate characterization of the container was evaluated by 18 dataloggers inside the boxes, which recorded the following variables: dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, and enthalpy. The evaluation of water loss eggs was performed by mass of 140 eggs of each individual treatment. The experimental design used was completely randomized with factorial scheme 3 x 3. The microclimate conditions of cargo transported for all seasons were above the upper optimum range. Regardless of breeder age and microclimate conditions, increased storage time leads to greater water loss, and worst microclimate conditions.

The objective of this study was to evaluate a technique for quantifying eggshell conductance using shell fragments from hatched eggs. Additional objectives were to calculate the correlation between eggshell conductance, porosity, and thickness and correlate these parameters with incubation data. The study design was fully randomized in a 3 × 3 factorial scheme (three egg regions - large end, equator, and narrow end - and three ages of broiler breeders – 29, 35, and 59 weeks). A total of 216 eggs were used, with 24 repetitions for each treatment. Neither conductance nor shell thickness showed any interaction with egg region. Breeder age influenced eggshell conductance, such that it was greatest in eggshells from 59-week breeders (0.323 mg day−1 torr−1), while for 29-week and 35-week breeders, the conductance values found were 0.285 and 0.270 mg day−1 torr−1, respectively. The eggshell thickness was similar in eggs from 29 and 35-week breeders and these were greater than the thickness of eggshells from 59-week breeders. Correlations between mean eggshell conductance and chick body weight and yolk free chick body weight were found significant. There were no correlations between mean eggshell thickness and any of the data evaluated. There were positive correlations between mean eggshell porosity and egg weight loss up to the time of transfer, chick weight, and yolk free body weight. The technique of using eggshell fragments can be used for measuring eggshell conductance. Eggshell porosity is the characteristic that best correlates with incubation parameters.

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de verificar o efeito da suplementação de agentes antioxidantes in ovo para frangos de corte sobre o estado oxidativo do neonato, os resultados de incubação, qualidade do pinto e desempenho inicial do frango. No primeiro experimento foram utilizados cinco níveis de vitamina E (0,0; 25,0; 35,0; 45,0 e 55,0 mg) diluídos em 0,5 mL de óleo de girassol e no segundo experimento foram utilizados cinco níveis de cantaxantina (0,000; 0,035; 0,045; 0,055 e 0,065 mg), obtida de um produto comercial (cantaxantina 10%), diluídos dem 0,5 mL de água destilada. Em ambos os experimentos foram utilizados 780 ovos, distribuídos em três incubadoras (bloco), sendo 260 ovos em cada uma. A suplementação de vitamina E promoveu melhora da eclosão dos ovos, menor janela de nascimento dos pintos e melhor qualidade física dos pintos. Também houve resposta positiva no peso do intestino delgado e altura de vilos do duodeno dos pintos o que proporcionou melhoria na conversão alimentar para todos os períodos estudados durante o desempenho. Os resultados de concentração de proteína no fígado e músculo estriado esquelético do peito foram superiores para os pintos que receberam a vitamina E. Conclui-se que a suplementação de vitamina E in ovo melhora o estado oxidativo do pinto e isso propicia melhora dos resultados de incubação, qualidade do pinto e desempenho na fase inicial. Já a suplementação com o produto comercial com cantaxantina demonstrou piora para as variáveis de eclosão e janela de nascimento, com consequente aumento do número de pintos neonatos com qualidade física abaixo de 71 pontos. A suplementação da cantaxantina não influenciou o peso ou o comprimento dos pintos neonatos. Ainda, foi possível verificar maior quantidade de proteínas totais no fígado dos pintos suplementados com o produto comercial de cantaxantina e também foi possível verificar melhora na atividade de catalase presente no fígado dos pintos. Pode-se concluir que o produto comercial não é indicado para a inoculação in ovo por conter compostos que prejudicaram a eclosão dos pintos. Entretanto, ficou evidente a melhoria no estado oxidativo, podendo assim ser indicado mais estudos com o uso da cantaxantina pura in ovo para frangos de corte. Palavras-chave:,Antioxidantes, Ovos férteis, Proteção oxidativa, Suplementação exógena Two experiments were conducted to avaluate the effect of in ovo supplementation of antioxidants to broiler chickens on neonatal oxidative status, incubation results, chick quality and broiler performance. In the first experiment, five levels of vitamin E (0.0, 25.0, 35.0, 45.0 and 55.0 mg) were diluted in 0.5 mL of sunflower oil and in the second experiment five levels were used of cantaxanthin (0.000, 0.035, 0.045, 0.055 and 0.065 mg) obtained from a commercial product (canthaxanthin 10%), diluted with 0.5 mL of distilled water. In both experiments were used 780 eggs, distributed in three incubators (block), 260 eggs in each. Vitamin E supplementation improved egg hatchability, lower birth rate of chicks and better physical quality of chicks. There was also a positive response in the small intestine weight and villus height of the duodenum of the chicks, which provided improvement in feed conversion for all the periods studied during the performance. The results of protein concentration in the liver and striated muscle were higher for the chicks that received vitamin E. It was concluded that vitamin E supplementation in ovo improves the oxidative state of the chick and this improves the incubation results, quality of the chick and performance in the initial phase. On the other hand, supplementation with the commercial product of canthaxanthin showed worsening for the hatching and birth window variables, with a consequent increase in the number of neonatal chicks with physical quality below 71 points. Supplementation of canthaxanthin did not influence the weight or length of neonatal chicks. Furthermore, it was possible to verify a higher amount of total proteins in the liver of the chicks supplemented with the commercial product of canthaxanthin, it was also possible to verify improvement in the catalase activity present in the chicks liver. It can be concluded that the commercial product is not indicated for inoculation in ovo because it contains compounds that hinder chicks hatching. However, the improvement in oxidative status was evident, and further studies could be indicated with the use of pure canthaxanthin in ovo for broiler chickens. Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de investigar a capacidade invasiva e a persistência da Salmonella Schwarzengrund em embriões e pintos de corte de um dia. Foram incubados, inteiramente ao acaso, 260 ovos férteis de frangos de corte em três incubadoras distintas. Com 19 dias de incubação fez-se a ovoscopia e, 40 ovos foram eliminados. O restante dos ovos foram distribuídos da seguinte maneira: 50 ovos foram inoculados com 0,2 mL de solução salina tamponada esterilizada 0,85% via câmara de ar, 50 ovos foram inoculados com 1,5 x 104 UFC/0,2mL de Salmonella Schwarzengrund na câmara de ar e 100 foram incubados sem nenhum inóculo, para posterior inoculação nos pintos de um dia. Após a eclosão, os pintos de um dia foram distribuídos igualmente em quatro tratamentos, assim discriminados: T1 - controle da ração - constituído de 30 pintos livres de Salmonella, e receberam ração inoculada com 0,1 mL solução salina tamponada a 0, 85% por g de ração; T2 – inoculado ração - constituído de 30 pintos oriundos da incubadora 1, receberam ração com 5,3 x 10 4/0,1mL/g de Salmonella Schwarzengrund em solução salina tamponada 0, 85% por grama de ração até o sétimo dia de vida; T3- pintos controle oriundos da inoculação via câmara de ar ainda embriões -30 pintos oriundos de embriões inoculados com 0,2 mL de solução salina 0,85% tamponada, esterilizada na câmara de ar; T4- pintos contaminados câmara de ar ainda embriões- 30 pintos oriundos de embriões inoculados com 1,5 x 104 UFC/0,2mL de Salmonella Schwarzengrund na câmara de ar. Salmonella Schwarzengrund foi capaz de causar a mortalidade embrionária, colonizar o intestino, influenciar negativamente o ganho de peso, determinar quadro septicêmico e entérico independente da via de inoculação. As aves apresentaram sinais clínicos como fezes aderidas à cloaca, diarreia, prostração, apetite diminuído, retardo no crescimento e sonolência. A contaminação determinou maior peso e comprimento do intestino e fígado com 25 dias. Conclui-se que Salmonella Schwarzengrund possui a capacidade invasiva e de persistência em aves oriundas da inoculação da câmera de ar e em pintos de um dia por ração contaminada. The present study was developted with the main object to evaluate the invasive ability, persitence and behavior of Salmonella Schwarzengrund in embryos and broiler chicks with one day of birth. Initially, 260 fertile eggs from broiler chicken were incubated e randomly distributed onto three different incubators. In the nineteenth day post incubation, the eggs were submited to candling and at the time 40 eggs were eliminated. The remaining eggs were distrubuted and 50 eggs were inoculated with 0,2 mL of sterile buffered saline 0,85% trough the air chamber and 50 eggs were inoculated with 1,5 x 104 UFC/0,2mL of Salmonella Schwarzengrund trough the air chamber, 100 were incubated without treatment. After the eclosion, the one day-old chicks were equally distributed in four treatments, discriminated well below: T1 – feed control – 30 chicks from incubator number 1, and received 0,1 mL of sterile buffered saline 0,85% per g of feed; T2 – feed inoculated - 30 chicks from incubator number 1, received feed with 5,3 x 10 4/0,1mL/g of Salmonella Schwarzengrund in buffered saline 0,85% per g de of feed until the seventh day-old; T3- inoculated control trough air chamber -30 chicks from inoculated embryos with 0,2 mL of sterile buffered saline 0,85% trough the air chamber; T4- inoculated trough air chamber - 30 chicks from inoculated embryos with 1,5 x 104 UFC/0,2mL de Salmonella Schwarzengrund in the air chamber. Salmonella Schwarzengrund was able to cause embryo mortality, enteric colonization, negatively influenced the weight gain, septicemic and enteric signs, with no correlation between the inoculation way. The bidrs shown clinical signs seen as feces adered to cloaca,diarrhea, prostration, decreased appetite, growth retardation and sleepness. The contamination determined higher weight and length of intestinal and liver with 25 days.Therefore is conclude that Salmonella Schwarzengrund is able to invade and persist in organs of inoculated air chamber embryo and one day old chicks contaminated feed. Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq

In this paper results of research of external quality traits of the fertile eggs of Partridge Italian bread in semi extensive system are shown. Research was conducted on sample of 64 eggs, divided in to two groups according to the weight. First group was eggs weighing up to the 60 g (≤ 60 g) and second group eggs weighing above 60 g (> 60 g). Aim of the research was to determine influence of the weight of the eggs to the external quality traits of fertile eggs, such as weight, length, width and shape index of the eggs in quoted breeding system. Obtained result points to the fact that Partridge Italian in semi extensive system achieves satisfying results in regard of the basic external characteristics of egg quality. Results of the conducted research show that it is needed to give higher attention to the quality of eggs used for planting, to the breeding direction, improvement of the productive and reproductive traits, and therefore to preservation of the genetic potential of different breeds and strains of chicken. U radu su izloženi rezultati ispitivanja spoljašnjih osobina kvaliteta priplodnih jaja jarebičaste italijanke gajene u poluekstenzivnom sistemu držanja. Ispitivanja su izvršena na uzorku od 64 jajeta, podeljenih u dve težinske grupe i to: I grupa - jaja težine do 60 g (≤ 60 g) i II grupa - jaja težine preko 60 g (> 60 g). Cilj istraživanja je bio da se ispita uticaj težinske grupe jaja na spoljašnje osobine kvaliteta priplodnih jaja, kao što su težina, dužina, širina i indeks oblika jaja u navedenom sistemu držanja. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na činjenicu da jarebičasta italijanka u poluekstenzivnom sistemu gajenja ostvaruje zadovoljavajuće rezultate u pogledu osnovnih karakteristika spoljašnjeg kvaliteta jaja. Rezultati sprovedenih istraživanja ukazuju na to da je potrebno posvetiti veću pažnju ispitivanju kvaliteta jaja za nasad, pravcu odgajivanja, poboljšanju proizvodnih i reproduktivnih sposobnosti, a samim tim i očuvanju genetskog potencijala različitih rasa i sojeva kokoši.

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da idade das matrizes leves e do período de armazenamento dos ovos sobre o rendimento de incubação. Foram utilizados 7.224 ovos da linhagem Dekalb, distribuídos de acordo com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, sendo a altura de bandeja uma covariável. Os tratamentos foram definidos pelas idades das matrizes (32 e 57 semanas de idade) e o período de armazenamento dos ovos (três, cinco e sete dias), totalizando seis tratamentos com 14 repetições. A idade das aves influenciou o peso do ovo. Houve aumento na perda de peso dos ovos das matrizes de 32 e 57 semanas de idade, durante o armazenamento (10,48 e 14,16%, respectivamente) e na transferência (10,40 e 12,07%, respectivamente). Verificou-se maior taxa de eclosão (86,90%) em ovos produzidos pelas matrizes novas. Independentemente da idade da matriz, à medida que aumentou o período de armazenamento, houve diminuição na taxa de eclosão dos ovos férteis (86,06 e 82,39%, para as matrizes de 32 e 57 semanas de idade, respectivamente). As matrizes com 57 semanas de idade produziram pintos mais pesados e com menor relação peso do pinto/peso do ovo. The effects of ages of light breeder hens and storage period of hatchabe eggs on the incubation efficiency were evaluated. A total of 7,224 Dekalb hatching eggs were assigned according to the sample random design, and the hatching tray height was considered a co-variable. The treatments were defined according to the breeder hens ages (32 and 57-week-old) and the period of storage of eggs (three, five, and seven days), with 14 replications. The age of the hen affected the weight of the eggs. There was loss of weight of the eggs of 32 and 57-week-old breeder hens during storage (10.48 and 14.16%, respectively) and transference (10.40 and 12.07%, respectively) according to the aging of the breeder hen. Eggs produced by the younger breeder hens had a higher hatching rate; however, no matter the age of the breeder hen, there was a decrease of the hatching rate of fertile eggs (86.06 and 82.39%, for the 32 and 57-week-old breeder hens, respectively) whenever the storage period was increased. The 57-weekold breeder hens produced heavier chicks and lower chick/egg weight coefficient.

PUBLISHED, Purpose: Movement of the chick in ovo severely degrades MR images to the point where its development can not be monitored. We wished to determine if mild cooling of the egg could reduce such motion to the point where an ultra high field (7 Tesla) MRI system could be used to non-invasively monitor chick growth in ovo from 12 days incubation through to hatching. Materials and Methods: Group A eggs were incubated at 37.50C for 21 days; Group B eggs were removed from the incubator on days 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, and 20 of incubation, cooled for 1 hr then returned to the incubator; Group C eggs were cooled as for Group B then individually imaged for 25 minutes using a 7T MRI system before being returned to the incubator. The average size (volume) of the heart, liver and brain at each stage of incubation were estimated from the T2-weighted images and compared to existing values in the literature. Results: The combination of cooling and MR imaging significantly reduced chick movement to allow excellent image acquisition at each stage of incubation. Repeated cooling and MR imaging did not significantly slow down or arrest the development of the chicks in either of the experimental groups. Conclusions: MRI provides a powerful noninvasive tool to study the chick growth and the growth of individual organs including the brain, liver and heart in ovo from 12 days incubation., The Scottish Higher Education Funding Council for the provision of the MRI facility used in this study.

In this paper analyzed productive and reproductive results of family flock on the farm "Chicken product" LTD, Mladenovac, Serbia, from 23 to 66 weeks of age of natural exploitation, on expert exploitation. According the results we can conclude that production results are 189.45 consume eggs by a hen 174.55 eggs for incubate; 135.38 one day old chickens by a hen; Average daily spend of food by a chicken was 162.53 grams, by a egg for incubation 315.43 grams and by a one day old chicken 406.69 grams. The recommendation is production period is to be less than 44 weeks. Depending of breeding and technology, we recommend period of less than 10 months. U radu su prikazani i analizirani ostvareni proizvodni, odnosno reproduktivni rezultati roditeljskog jata teškog linijskog hibrida Arbor Acres gajenog na farmi "PILE PRODUKT" DOO - Mladenovac od 23. do 66. nedelje starosti. Maksimalan intenzitet nosivosti roditeljskog jata postignut je u 34. (82,76%) i 35. (82,53%) nedelji, a najbolja izvodljivost (leženost) jaja ostvarena je između 37. i 38. nedelje starosti (preko 88% od broja uloženih jaja). Posle tog perioda intenzitet nosivosti i procenat izvodljivosti jaja su se postepeno smanjivali, a utrošak hrane po grlu, proizvedenom jajetu i jednodnevnom piletu povećavao.