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Highlights: 1. Females were the most gender who suffer from dry eye syndrome than males. 2. Undergone phacoemulsification patients had frequent dry eye syndrome. 3. Post-phacoemulsification patients were not statistically significant between the Ferning and the Schirmer test. Abstract: Dry eye syndrome is a multifactorial disease on the surface of the eyeball characterized by loss of tear film homeostasis, which is associated with eye symptoms, where there is tear instability and hyperosmolarity, inflammation, and damage to the surface of the eye, as well as neurosensory disorders that act as the cause of this syndrome. The aim of this study was to identify relationship between the Ferning pattern and the Schirmer test 1 in post-phacoemulsification patients. The design of this study was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional data collection method where the Ferning and Schirmer test 1 were examined to determine the severity of dry eye syndrome in post-phacoemulsification patients. The Ferning test was assessed according to Rolando’s classification. In this study, it was found that the gender who suffer from dry eye syndrome are women. The most considerable age is age ≥ 60 years (56,7%). The results showed that the majority of patients experienced dry eyes measured with the Ferning test, and these results were following the previous Schirmer Test 1 examination. The Ferning and Schirmer tests were found to be abnormal in most of the subjects. It was found that there was a significant relationship between the Ferning pattern and the Schirmer test with the calculation of the t-value of 7.345 with a p-value of 0.001. There was a statistically significant difference between the results of Ferning and the Schirmer test in post-phacoemulsification patients.

Dry eye syndrome is a multifactorial disease on the surface of the eyeball characterized by loss of tear film homeostasis, which is associated with eye symptoms, where there is tear instability and hyperosmolarity, inflammation, and damage to the surface of the eye, as well as neurosensory disorders that act as the cause of this syndrome. The aim of this study was to identify relationship between the Ferning pattern and the Schirmer test 1 in post-phacoemulsification patients. The design of this study was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional data collection method where the Ferning and Schirmer test 1 were examined to determine the severity of dry eye syndrome in post-phacoemulsification patients. The Ferning test was assessed according to Rolando's classification. In this study, it was found that the gender who suffer from dry eye syndrome are women. The most considerable age is age = 60 years (56,7%). The results showed that the majority of patients experienced dry eyes measured with the Ferning test, and these results were following the previous Schirmer Test 1 examination. The Ferning and Schirmer tests were found to be abnormal in most of the subjects. It was found that there was a significant relationship between the Ferning pattern and the Schirmer test with the calculation of the t-value of 7.345 with a p-value of 0.001. There was a statistically significant difference between the results of Ferning and the Schirmer test in post-phacoemulsification patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetive: To report the prevalence of dry eye and to determine the differences between young and adult patients attending the Optometry Clinic of the Iztacala School of Higher Education at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Material and methods: In 1957, patients between the ages of 15 and 65 assessed at the "Centro de Diagnóstico de Alteraciones de Superficie Ocular" of the Iztacala School of Higher Education of UNAM between August 2016 and August 2017. The patients answered the digital version of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) diagnostic questionnaire and the mucin arborization pattern was evaluated using the Tear Ferning Test (TFT). Results: The mean prevalence of the diagnosis with a significant difference of positive P<0.05 for Ferning (59.1%) and OSDI (63.8%). Using the Ferning technique in young patients (15 to 29 years), it was possible to assess a prevalence of dry eye of 51.9%; whereas in adults (30 to 65 years) it was 66.9%. Using the OSDI questionnaire, the prevalence was 60.1% in young people and 67.8% in adults; in addition, for each year of increase in age, the probability of having a dry eye increased by 1% with OSDI and 2% with Ferning. Conclusions: With this study, it was established, for the first time, that the young people who go to the optometry clinic of FES-Iztacala, a sector that had not been previously considered, also suffer from this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To describe the tear ferning test ( TFT) in healthy horses and its correlation with other parameters for evaluating the ocular surface. Animals studied Thirty male and female adult healthy horses (60 eyes), of no defined breed. Procedures Tear sample was collected with a microcapillary tube, placed on the surface of a glass slide, and allowed to dry at room temperature. The crystallization pattern was classified according to Rolando ( Chibret International Journal Ophthamology, 1984; 2, 32). The program STEPanizer© stereology tool, version 1.0, was utilized for counting points on the digitally captured crystallization image. A conjunctival biopsy was performed. Results Tear ferning test was classified as Type I in 18 eyes (30%), Type II in 31 eyes (51.7%), and Type III in 11 eyes (18.3%), at a mean temperature of 27.3 ± 1.5 °C and relative humidity of 61.5 ± 5.7%. In the Type I crystallization, the count varied between 27 and 36 points (mean: 33.27 ± 2.40), in Type II between 22 and 31 points (25.42 ± 1.95), and in Type III between 13 and 25 points (16.82 ± 3.76). There was no statistical difference or correlation between the right and left eyes, nor was there a statistically significant influence ( P < 0.05) on TFT by the factors evaluated. The mean goblet cells values were 50 ± 11.4 cells/field. All samples showed the presence of lymphocytes, plasmocytes, and eosinophils. Conclusion Tear ferning test is easy to perform, without risks to the patient. Once standardized for horses, associated or not with the program STEPanizer© stereology tool, it is an additional method for evaluating the ocular surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the tear flow, tear film stability and condition of mucus in patients with pinguecula. Methods: The Schirmer I and ferning tests were performed and break-up time (BUT) was determined in 57 patients with pinguecula [random eyes; 34 males and 23 females, 18 to 70 years of age (mean±SD: 39.1±13.5 years)] and in 57 age-matched subjects (control) [random eyes; 35 males and 22 females, 11 to 70 years of age (mean±SD: 37.8±15.2 years)], and the test results were statistically analysed. Results: The mean Schirmer test value was 22.72±12 mm in the eyes with pinguecula and 22.7±8.5 mm in the control eyes. There was no statistically significant difference (t=0.01, p=0.99) between the groups. The mean BUTs were 11.42±6.89 s in the eyes with pinguecula and 15.46±5.85 s in the control eyes. Comparison of BUTs between the groups revealed a statistically significant difference (t=3.37, p=0.0010). Also, ferning types were found to be significantly abnormal in the eyes with pinguecula (p<0.01). Conclusion: The alteration in the mucin layer is a possible change inducing pinguecula formation, or it may reflect an already existing pathology in the cells on the ocular surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]