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In this study, microcrystalline cellulose was prepared from the post-harvest banana stem by using a homogeneous Fenton system (MCC-F) and used as an adsorbent for removing Cu2+ and Ca2+. Simultaneously, the reference materials of MCC-H and MCC-N were also prepared by using H2O2 and NaIO4 solutions, respectively. Characteristics of the prepared materials were determined by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, the point of zero charge, and the content of aldehyde and carboxyl functional groups. In batch Cu2+ and Ca2+ adsorption tests, an optimal pH value of 7.0 was found for both target metal ions while 30 min and 75 min were chosen as the optimal contact time for Cu2+ and Ca2+ ions, respectively. The best fit was obtained with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Langmuir, Freundlich, and D–R isotherm models were applied to calculate adsorption data. Thermodynamic results suggest that the adsorption of metal ions by MCC-F is an exothermic and spontaneous process. Therefore, MCC-F is a high-potential and promising material for water and wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates caffeine degradation and mineralisation using Fenton and photo-Fenton processes through a 2k Factorial Design. Key parameters varied include Fe2+ concentration (2 and 10 mg/L), H₂O₂ concentration (50 and 500 mg/L), light intensity (0 and 96 W), and reaction time (0 and 60 min) to optimise degradation. The experimental setup featured a 1 L glass contact column in a UV-controlled chamber with an initial caffeine concentration of 20 mg/L. Results revealed that Fenton was inefficient, achieving only 12% degradation and 9% mineralisation, with dimethylparabanic acid as the main by-product. Conversely, photo-Fenton attained 88% degradation and 40% mineralisation, demonstrating the significant influence of UV light. Energy consumption varied from 3.33 to 50 kWh.m−3. Optimal conditions identified were 10 mg/L Fe2+, 50 mg/L H₂O₂, 96 W UV intensity, and a 60-minute reaction time, highlighting the effectiveness of advanced photo-Fenton oxidation for caffeine treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: The saline and buffered environment in actual wastewater imposes higher demands on Fenton and Fenton‐like catalytic systems. This study developed a MoS2 co‐catalytic Fe2O3 Fenton‐like system with controllable Lewis acid‐base sites, achieving efficient treatment of various model pollutants and actual industrial wastewater under neutral buffered environment. The acidic microenvironment structured by the edge S sites (Lewis basic sites) in the MoS2/Fe2O3 catalyst is susceptible to the influence of Lewis acidic sites constructed by Mo and Fe element, affecting catalytic performance. Optimizing the ratio of precursor amounts ensures the stable presence of the acidic microenvironment on the surface of catalyst, enabling the beneficial co‐catalytic effect of Mo sites to be realized. Furthermore, it transcends the rigid constraints imposed by the Fenton reaction on reaction environments, thereby expanding the applicability of commonplace oxides such as Fe2O3 in actual industrial water remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: The saline and buffered environment in actual wastewater imposes higher demands on Fenton and Fenton‐like catalytic systems. This study developed a MoS2 co‐catalytic Fe2O3 Fenton‐like system with controllable Lewis acid‐base sites, achieving efficient treatment of various model pollutants and actual industrial wastewater under neutral buffered environment. The acidic microenvironment structured by the edge S sites (Lewis basic sites) in the MoS2/Fe2O3 catalyst is susceptible to the influence of Lewis acidic sites constructed by Mo and Fe element, affecting catalytic performance. Optimizing the ratio of precursor amounts ensures the stable presence of the acidic microenvironment on the surface of catalyst, enabling the beneficial co‐catalytic effect of Mo sites to be realized. Furthermore, it transcends the rigid constraints imposed by the Fenton reaction on reaction environments, thereby expanding the applicability of commonplace oxides such as Fe2O3 in actual industrial water remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selecting a suitable pretreatment process for pharmaceutical wastewater that is difficult to treat biochemically so that it can enter the subsequent biochemical treatment. In this study, pharmaceutical wastewater consisting of 45 g/L sodium bisulfate, 9 g/L 3-hydroxyacetophenone (3-HAP), and 36.75 g/L sulfuric acids,which is a kind of typical pharmaceutical wastewater, was used for the pretreatment case study, and the process was screened by technology. A salting-out crystallization+Fenton system(SC-F) was developed for the treatment of this wastewater. The salting-out agent is formed by the pH adjustment process without additional additions and the salting-out crystallization effect is significant for the precipitation of 3-HAP from the wastewater. Subsequently, the optimal operating conditions for SC-F were derived from experiments as H2O2 of 0.4692 mol/L, n(H2O2):n(Fe2+)=30:1, pH=3. Under optimal conditions, the reaction time of 2 h achieved a COD removal rate of 90% and a BOD/COD value of 0.56, confirming the effectiveness of the technology in treating this wastewater. Additionally, it was discovered that the Fenton treatment was not significantly impacted by the inorganic components of the effluent. Analysis of effluent properties and possible effects on subsequent treatment by LC-MS and toxicity analysis. The results show that the biodegradability are enhanced by the pretreatment technology. However, the effluent still suffers from high acidity and high salt content, and this study proposes a solution to this problem. Furthermore, research on the treatment of 3-HAP wastewater has not been reported and this study provides a new case study in the field of wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces an eco-friendly method for synthesising iron nanoparticles (TA-FeNPs) using Tamarix articulata as a reducing and stabilising agent. Characterisation techniques, including UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy, revealed micrometre-sized, irregularly shaped nanoparticles with an amorphous structure. The Fe content was measured at 2.16%. The Cr (VI) removal efficiency dropped from 99.06% to 35.85% as pH increased from 2 to 5. Complete reduction was achieved at 25 mg/L concentration, pH 5.2, using 1 g/L over 60 minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Give the emergence of drug resistance in bacteria resulting from antibiotic misuse, there is an urgent need for research and application of novel antibacterial approaches. In recent years, nanoparticles (NPs) have garnered significant attention due to their potential to disrupt bacteria cellular structure through loading drugs and special mechanisms, thus rendering them inactive. In this study, the surface of hollow polydopamine (HPDA) NPs was utilized for the growth of Prussian blue (PB), resulting in the formation of HPDA-PB NPs. Incorporation of Co element during the preparation process led to partial doping of PB with Co2+ ions. The performance test results demonstrated that the HPDA-PB NPs exhibited superior photothermal conversion efficiency and peroxidase-like activity compared to PB NPs. HPDA-PB NPs have the ability to catalyze the formation of hydroxyl radicals from H2O2 in a weakly acidic environment. Due to the tiny PB particles on the surface and the presence of Co2+ doping, they have strong broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. Both in vitro and in vivo evaluations confirm their efficacy against various bacterial strains, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, and their potential to promote wound healing, making them a promising candidate for advanced wound care and antimicrobial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple criteria and growth references have been proposed for extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR). We hypothesized that these may impact the diagnosis of EUGR. The objective was to evaluate the prevalence of EUGR with its different definitions and the concordance according to Fenton, Olsen, and INTERGROWTH-21st in very-low-birthweight (VLBW) infants. This is an observational, retrospective, and multicenter study including VLBW infants from the Spanish SEN1500 Network from 2011 to 2020. Patients with major congenital anomalies, embryopathies, and gestational age less than 24 weeks were excluded. EUGR prevalence was calculated at discharge with cross-sectional, longitudinal, "true" cross-sectional, and "true" longitudinal definitions. Concordance was assessed with Fleiss' kappa coefficient. 23582 VLBW infants from 77 NICUs were included. In total, 50.4% were men with a median of gestational age of 29 (4) weeks. The prevalence of EUGR (cross-sectional, longitudinal, and "true") was variable for weight, length, and head circumference. Overall, the prevalence was higher with Fenton and lower with Olsen (cross-sectional and "true" cross-sectional) and INTERGROWTH-21st (longitudinal and "true" longitudinal). Agreement among the charts by weight was good only for cross-sectional EUGR and moderate for longitudinal, "true" cross-sectional, and "true" longitudinal. Concordance was good or very good for EUGR by length and head circumference. Conclusions: The prevalence of EUGR with the most commonly used definitions was variable in the cohort. Agreement among growth charts was moderate for all the definitions of EUGR by weight except cross-sectional and good or very good for length and head circumference. The choice of reference chart can impact the establishment of the diagnosis of EUGR. What is known: • EUGR has been defined in the literature and daily practice considering weight, length and head circumference with multiple criteria (cross-sectional, longitudinal, and "true" definition) • Different growth charts have been used for EUGR diagnosis What is new: • Prevalence of EUGR is variable depending on the definition and growth chart used in our cohort of VLBW infants • For the most frequently EUGR criteria used, traditionally considering weight, concordance among Fenton, Olsen and INTERGROWTH-21st growth charts is only moderate for all the definitions of EUGR by weight except cross-sectional definition. Concordance among the charts is good or very good for the different criteria of EUGR by head circumference and length [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to optimize the homogeneous Fenton process used to remove phenol in a chemical industry located in Mauá (São Paulo, Brazil). Phenolic effluent exhibits significant variability in its chemical composition, which poses a great challenge in finding the optimal reagents ratio for conducting Fenton treatment. Often, there is a need for repetitions to treat the same batch, leading to increased reagent consumption and treatment time. Thus, to optimize the industrial process, the present work applied modern optimization techniques on real data, such as design of experiments (DoE) and artificial neural network (ANN). ANN was used to perform simulations in the company's process, thereby predicting the quantities of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate and hydrogen peroxide. The following optimal conditions have been determined by DoE (phenol concentration ≤ 4 ppm): pH from 2.7 to 4 and temperature from 28 to 40 °C. Before the implementation of the optimized parameters, the efficiency for a single treatment was 45%. After, the efficiency was 82% and the company saved, on average, 51.6% of reagent costs. The main contribution of the present work is the development and industrial testing of data science methods that aims to optimize the industrial Fenton process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paracetamol (PCT) in aquatic environments has become a global concern due to its potential harm to humans and environments. However, conventional water treatment was only able to degrade PCT partially. It was necessary to treat PCT contaminated water with tertiary technologies in particular by combination approach, such as Fenton oxidation and membrane filtration process. This combined approach enabling mitigation of large chemical footprint and iron residue associated with Fenton oxidation, as well as reducing fouling tendency of the membrane. The aim of this study was to evaluate the PCT removal efficiency by hybrid technology Fenton oxidation and membrane filtration. The membrane performance during the filtration process was also analyzed. As an important parameter for Fenton process, concentration of H2O2/Fe2+ with ratio of 1:0.5 resulted in optimal removal of 45% PCT in terms of COD removal. However, separation using flat sheet Polyethersulfone Ultrafiltration (UF) with constant flux of 120 L/m²·h resulted in insignificant of COD removal. Nevertheless, the UF process was able to remove up to 54% of Fe2+ at pH in alkaline condition with 8.5. In addition, a decrease in membrane permeability down to 0.2 L/m²h/bar over time, according to the filtered specific volume during the UF process, indicates fouling of the UF membrane during the 120 minutes of filtration. While the combined approach does not show significant improvement in COD removal, it does help to reduce the chemical footprint of the process, which is an important factor for the applicability of the selected water treatment method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractFood dyes with a diverse set of colorants stimulate appetite and enhance aesthetic charm of food on table but at the same time these dyes contaminate the aquatic and biological ecosystems due to their cytotoxic and carcinogenic potentials. Herein, we report magnetite catalyzed removal of sunset yellow dye from water through catalytic degradation and ozonation. The magnetite catalyst revealed about 83% catalytic degradation and 92% catalytic ozonation performance toward sunset yellow dye at 100 and 25 min, respectively. Furthermore, the persulphate/magnetite/O3 hybrid system revealed superior performance compared to the persulphate/magnetite under identical conditions. Kinetic studies revealed that the dye degradation data followed second-order kinetics, suggesting that the dye removal process is physicochemical in nature. This study further demonstrates that the persulfate/magnetite/O3 hybrid system can efficiently decompose sunset yellow dye in aqueous solution compared to the Fenton’s reagent and simple catalytic decomposition processes which is attributed to its unique structural features.

• The mechanisms involved in the Fenton process were comprehensively elaborated. • The factors determining the influence of pH were emphatically illustrated. • We differentiate several Fenton-like process through their promoting mechanisms. • Substantive proposals toward future were proposed in this review. Fenton and Fenton-like processes, which could produce highly reactive species to degrade organic contaminants, have been widely used in the field of wastewater treatment. Therein, the chemistry of Fenton process including the nature of active oxidants, the complicated reactions involved, and the behind reason for its strongly pH-dependent performance, is the basis for the application of Fenton and Fenton-like processes in wastewater treatment. Nevertheless, the conflicting views still exist about the mechanism of the Fenton process. For instance, reaching a unanimous consensus on the nature of active oxidants (hydroxyl radical or tetravalent iron) in this process remains challenging. This review comprehensively examined the mechanism of the Fenton process including the debate on the nature of active oxidants, reactions involved in the Fenton process, and the behind reason for the pH-dependent degradation of contaminants in the Fenton process. Then, we summarized several strategies that promote the Fe(II)/Fe(III) cycle, reduce the competitive consumption of active oxidants by side reactions, and replace the Fenton reagent, thus improving the performance of the Fenton process. Furthermore, advances for the future were proposed including the demand for the high-accuracy identification of active oxidants and taking advantages of the characteristic of target contaminants during the degradation of contaminants by the Fenton process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dyes are used as colouring agents in the form of natural and synthetic compounds. The textile and dye industries have discharged several forms of hazardous residual dyes into the environment. Many conventional contaminated water recycling processes only concentrate pollutants rather than degrading or eliminating them. One of the most suitable tactics for dye degradation from aqueous solutions is advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as Fenton, photo-Fenton, ozone treatment, photocatalytic degradation, UV photolysis, Wet air oxidation (WAO), and electrochemical oxidation. These AOPs have also been chosen for the degradation of a variety of dyes that are resistant to traditional methods. Mineralisation occurs as a result of chemical interactions between many reactive species generated and the dyes. The current work provides a comprehensive picture of the mechanistic properties of numerous AOPs and their potential for improving degradation efficiency through the enhancement process. In terms of degradation, this study analyzes the efficacy of numerous Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for the degradation of dyes. This paper examines the efficacy of several modern oxidation procedures that produce hydroxyl radicals for the degradation of dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of photochemical degradation of chemical components in pharmaceutical wastewater by use of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, UV in combination with sodium hypochlorite (UV/NaOCl), and Fenton’s reagent (UV/H2O2/Fe2+) was performed. Objective of this study was to determine the best alternative to the conventional wastewater treatment or pre- / post-treatment in combination with biological treatment to one of the four effluent source outlets. The effect of the advanced oxidation treatments provided varying degree of COD reduction for all four effluents. The results showed UV/H2O2/ Fe2+ treatments provided maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction of the anaerobic system outlet effluent. The combination of UV/H2O2/ Fe2+ (750 mg/L FeSO4+7500 mg/L H2O2) provided reduction in COD up to 75% upon three-hour UV exposure. The initial effluent COD was about 22000 mgO2/L and the treated effluent BOD5 /COD ratio was 0.50 showing greater amenability to biological processes. Sodium hypochlorite dosages between 3000 and 10000 mg/L achieved the results with little variation as compared to UV/H2O2/ Fe2+. Additionally, comparison was made of the UV exposure time required to reach the maximum reduction of COD value and the necessary effective oxidant dose to achieve the desired COD reduction, which could provide predictive model for the treatment of wastewater processes.

Abstract Today, the deterioration of water quality is still a big concern among researchers, whose essential strategy is to develop water purification processes. The presence of contamination of emerging concerns has become a challenging issue, their toxicity, persistence in the aquatic environment, and their mass accumulation at low concentrations have had adverse effects on human health and aquatic organisms. Biological disposal or improper disposal, these pollutants cause serious damage to the population of non-target groups. Penicillin is a broad-spectrum group of beta-lactam antibiotics that has caused concerns for human health and the environment due to its slow decomposition in water sources. This review article focuses on the application of advanced oxidation processes to eliminate these antibiotics. Several studies have investigated the effects of different parameters on species with both ultraviolet and non-ultraviolet light. The results have been promising, with an average efficiency above 80% for these processes. Despite the limitations of various methods, the knowledge gap in future studies has been addressed by proposing the use of Fenton, ultrasound method and Integrated processes like Synergistic Remediation-Advanced Oxidation Processes.

This study aims to assess the efficiency of caffeine mitigation in an aqueous solution through a combination of adsorption and the Fenton reaction, using granular activated carbon (GAC). The present study also investigates the reduction in the concentration of oxidation byproducts in the solution and the regeneration of the solid. The combined process was conducted in four consecutive cycles using optimal values determined in individual technique studies. For the individual adsorption study, a Box–Behnken design was employed, with varying pH (3 to 11), GAC concentration (1.0 to 10.0 g L−1), and contact time (10 to 120 min). In the individual Fenton study, based on a factorial design, concentrations of FeSO4·7H2O (4 to 20 mg L−1) and H2O2 (25 to 150 mg L−1) were used at reaction times of 5 and 60 min. GAC was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), specific area (BET), and pore size (BJH) throughout all stages of experimentation. The outcomes show that the adsorption achieved a 93.4% removal rate under the optimal experimental conditions (natural pH, 65 min, and 10 mg L−1) and the Fenton reaction achieved a 98.92% degradation rate at a 37.5 ratio of H2O2/FeSO4·7H2O. The combined process also achieved an efficiency of over 95.7% of caffeine removal in four cycles, reducing the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) by more than 47.65% and 20.6% at 5 and 60 min of the Fenton reaction, respectively. Regeneration efficiencies of 99.6%, 91.8%, and 93.8% for the other three evaluated cycles were obtained. These findings suggest that the combined process is a promising solution for the treatment of effluents contaminated with caffeine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work discusses the removal of diazinon pesticide on the surface of magnetic graphene oxide composite via two different complementary methods specifically adsorption and Photo-Fenton degradation. Nanomagnetite (NG), graphene oxide (GO), and nanomagnetite/graphene oxide composite (NGO) were prepared as three solid materials. Developing TGA, nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis, XRD, DRS, FTIR, pHpzc, and TEM, the morphological and physicochemical characteristics of the solid samples were examined. Characterization techniques proved that GO showed a higher specific surface area (505.5 m2/g) while NGO is characterized by a lower energy band gap (2.69 eV) and relatively high surface area (380.2 m2/g) in comparison with NG (2.90 eV and 103.5 m2/g). Both of GO and NGO are distinguished by the presence of different surface chemical functional groups. The main experimental application conditions were considered such as the effect of sample dose, pH, time, initial diazinon concentration, UV light power, and temperature. The results of the experiments showed that NGO adsorption capacity reached 149.54 mg/g at 25 °C orrelation coefficient values served as evidence that all generated solid samples follow nonlinear pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and Langmuir isotherm models. Using 1.5 g/L of catalyst mass and an initial diazinon concentration of 20 mg/L, the greatest percentage of diazinon Photo-Fenton degradation at 35 °C by NGO composite (99%) was reached after 50 min. Diazinon Photo-Fenton degradation is nonspontaneous, endothermic, fitting well the PFO kinetic model, Arrhenius models, and Eyring-Polanyi models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A radiation-self-Fenton system without the addition of H2O2 was developed for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants. We synthesized nickel-based metal–organic framework (Ni-BTC) as a catalyst for the in-situ generation of abundant hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and H2O2 under X-ray excitation, and the latter was further converted to ·OH in the Fenton reaction to synergistically accelerate the Methylene blue (MB) degradation. The embedded nickel sites and confined layered structure contributed to the stabilization and enrichment of ·OH within the framework. Consequently, the system could completely decolorize 150 mL of MB (20 mg/L) by absorbing 90 Gy dose. This study provided a novel technology for wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Technology of Water Treatment is the property of Technology of Water Treatment Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study evaluated the effect of the Fenton process as pretreatment for metronidazole (MNZ) removal coupled with a phytoremediation system using Scirpus lacustris as macrophyte. Initial concentrations of 0.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg MNZ/L were studied in batch cultures. Results obtained in the MNZ removal by phytoremediation showed efficiencies of 93 ± 2%, 81 ± 4%, 85 ± 1%, 84 ± 2%, and 87 ± 6%, respectively. The metronidazole pretreated by the Fenton process and subsequently fed to the phytoremediation system increased the removal efficiencies up to 93 ± 3%, 99 ± 1%, 99 ± 4%, 94 ± 2%, and 94 ± 3%, respectively. Individual studies with Scirpus lacustris in touch with metronidazole displayed relative growth rates of 0.02–0.04 d−1, showing the not toxic effect of the antibiotic on the macrophyte growth. On the other hand, the BMG kinetic model best describes the removal of MNZ by phytoremediation. Finally, applying the Fenton process as a pretreatment makes the MNZ more assimilable for the phytoremediation system, converting the integration of Fenton with the phytoremediation like other attractive technology to be considered in removing emerging compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Variable diagnostic criteria and growth charts have been used for extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR). The objective was to assess the prevalence and concordance of EUGR in extremely-low-birthweight (ELBW) infants with the most frequent diagnostic criteria and growth charts. Materials and methods: An observational, retrospective and multicenter study was conducted from 2011 to 2020 including ELBW infants from the Spanish SEN1500 Network. EUGR prevalence was calculated at discharge using different definitions: cross-sectional (anthropometry less than the 10th centile), longitudinal (decrease of more than 1 SD from birth to discharge), "true" cross-sectional and "true" longitudinal (using the criteria previously described, excluding infants small for gestational age at birth). Concordance among Fenton, Olsen and INTERGROWTH-21st was assessed with Fleiss' Kappa coefficient. Results: The prevalence of EUGR was variable with the different definitions and growth references studied in the 7914 ELBW infants included. Overall, it was higher with Fenton for all the EUGR criteria studied by weight and length. The agreement among growth charts was substantial (κ > 0.6) for all the definitions except for longitudinal EUGR by weight (moderate, κ = 0.578). Conclusions: The prevalence of EUGR was variable in our cohort with the different diagnostic criteria and growth charts. The agreement among charts was good for all the definitions of EUGR except longitudinal EUGR by weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the experimental factors influencing the simultaneous removal of NOx and SO2 in a spray tower wet scrubbing experiment. Thermally modified copper slag (CS‐CaO‐900) was prepared by heat treating the original copper slag. The performance of CS‐CaO‐900 in the synchronized removal of NOx and SO2 was then evaluated in an expanded experimental setup. Based on single‐factor experimental results, the Box‐Behnken design of RSM was used to optimize the reaction parameters in a two‐stage sequential reactor (bubbling reactor + spray tower). NOx removal efficiency was modeled as a function of reaction temperature, pH, and H2O2 concentration. Regression curves provided a visual representation of the interaction effects among these parameters on NOx removal efficiency in the thermally modified copper slag/H2O2 composite slurry. This study elucidates the characteristics of each parameter under wet scrubbing conditions and provides essential data for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the deterioration of water quality is still a big concern among researchers, whose essential strategy is to develop water purification processes. The presence of contamination of emerging concerns has become a challenging issue, their toxicity, persistence in the aquatic environment, and their mass accumulation at low concentrations have had adverse effects on human health and aquatic organisms. Biological disposal or improper disposal, these pollutants cause serious damage to the population of non-target groups. Penicillin is a broad-spectrum group of beta-lactam antibiotics that has caused concerns for human health and the environment due to its slow decomposition in water sources. This review article focuses on the application of advanced oxidation processes to eliminate these antibiotics. Several studies have investigated the effects of different parameters on species with both ultraviolet and non-ultraviolet light. The results have been promising, with an average efficiency above 80% for these processes. Despite the limitations of various methods, the knowledge gap in future studies has been addressed by proposing the use of Fenton, ultrasound method and Integrated processes like Synergistic Remediation-Advanced Oxidation Processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N -doped carbon nanosheets were synthesized to reveal wide-spectrum photocatalytic H 2 O 2 generation. After the loading of Fe ions, they reveal the enhanced water disinfection ability via photocatalytic cascade. [Display omitted] The pervasive presence of pathogenic bacteria in water environment poses a serious threat to public health. Here, a photocatalytic cascade was developed to reveal great water disinfection. Firstly, N -doped carbon nanosheets (N -CNSs) about 30–50 nm in size were synthesized by a hydrothermal strategy. It revealed wide-spectrum photocatalysis for H 2 O 2 generation via a typical two-step single-electron process. A Fenton agent (Fe ion) was loaded, N -CNSs-Fe can in-situ convert photocatalytic H 2 O 2 into ·OH with high oxidation potential. Moreover, its Fenton active is three times greater than pure Fe2+ owing to electron enrichment from N -CNSs to Fe for Fe3+/Fe2+ cycle. Further investigation displayed that Fe loading also could decrease bad gap and promote charge separation to boost photocatalysis. In addition, N -CNSs-Fe possesses positive surface potential to exhibit strong interaction with negative bacteria, facilitating the capture. Therefore, the nanocomposite can effectively inactivate E. coli with a lethality rate of 99.7 % under stimulated sunlight irradiation. In addition, it also was employed to treat a complex lake water sample, revealing great antibacterial (95.1 %) and dye-decolored (92.3 %) efficiency at the same time. With novel biocompatibility and antibacterial ability, N -CNSs-Fe possessed great potential for water disinfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to carry out a structured systematic review of the alternatives adopted to transform ferric sludge into an attractive and viable resource, covering the period from 2015 to 2019. To assist in this knowledge construction process, the knowledge development process–constructivist (ProKnow-C) intervention tool was used to select relevant articles, identify the characteristics of these publications, and critically analyze them. The final bibliographic portfolio (FBP) obtained for the research topic consisted of 15 articles. The most prominent journal within the FBP and in terms of references is the Chemical Engineering Journal, while the most relevant articles on the topic are those carried out by S. Guo et al. (2017) and H. Zhang et al. (2018). The most frequent alternative examined in the articles was the transformation of ferric sludge into a catalyst to be used in the heterogeneous Fenton reaction. Another promising alternative was the use of ferric sludge in anaerobic biological digestion as a way to enrich iron-reducing bacteria and also the use of catalysts obtained from the association of pyrolyzed biomass with ferric sludge. In all articles, there was no use of artificial UV radiation or the use of renewable energy sources (solar energy) in catalytic processes, which characterizes a potential line of investigation for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Technology of Water Treatment is the property of Technology of Water Treatment Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The existence and risk of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) have been under consideration and paid much effort to degrade these pollutants. Fenton system is one of the most widely used technologies to solve this problem. The original Fenton system relies on the hydroxyl radicals produced by Fe(II)/H2O2 to oxidize the organic contaminants. However, the application of the Fenton system is limited by its low iron cycling efficiency and the high risks of hydrogen peroxide transportation and storage. The introduction of external energy (including light and electricity etc.) can effectively promote the Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle and the reduction of oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide in situ. This review introduces three in-situ Fenton systems, which are electro-Fenton, Photo-Fenton, and chemical reaction. The mechanism, influencing factors, and catalysts of these three in-situ Fenton systems in degrading EOCs are discussed systematically. This review strengthens the understanding of Fenton and in-situ Fenton systems in degradation, offering further insight into the real application of the in-situ Fenton system in the removal of EOCs.

Background/Objectives: Extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) is associated with high mortality and an increased incidence of poor neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants. In this study, we aimed to compare the Intergrowth-21ST (IG-21ST) and Fenton charts in predicting long-term neurodevelopmental and anthropometric outcomes of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Methods: Data were collected from 2649 VLBW infants registered in the Korean Neonatal Network born between 240/7 and 316/7 weeks of gestational age from January 2013 to December 2017. Follow-up assessments were conducted at 18–24 months of age, corrected for prematurity. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between EUGR and long-term outcomes. Results: Among the 2649 VLBW infants, 60.0% (1606/2649) and 36.9% (977/2649) were diagnosed as having EUGR defined by the Fenton chart (EUGRF) and by the IG-21ST chart (EUGRIG), respectively. The EUGRIG group exhibited a higher proportion of infants with cerebral palsy, neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI), and growth failure. In multiple logistic regression analysis, adjusted for risk factors for long-term outcome, the EUGRIG group showed higher risk of cerebral palsy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04–2.65), NDI (aOR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.71–2.55), and growth failure (aOR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.16–2.13). Infants with EUGRF tended to develop NDI (aOR, 1.29; 95%CI, 1.03–1.63) and experience growth failure (aOR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.77–3.40). Conclusions: The IG-21ST chart demonstrated a more effective prediction of long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes, whereas the Fenton chart may be more suitable for predicting growth failure at 18–24 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enhancement of photo-Fenton performance in BiOBr via a synergistic approach of efficient adsorption and reduced recombination of photogenerated carriers is an innovative strategy. This research employs an in-situ precipitation process to incorporate modified TiO₂ onto the surface of BiOBr, while integrating polyethylene glycol to create an S-type heterojunction material (FT-OVs/PEG-BiOBr). The incorporation of hydroxyl groups by PEG facilitates π-π conjugation and hydrogen bonding, thereby enhancing the adsorption capacity of FT-OVs/PEG-BiOBr. The presence of oxygen vacancies extends the absorption spectrum into the infrared region, and the electron trap mechanism substantially decreases the recombination of photogenerated carriers. The developed S-type heterojunction structure efficiently directs electron transport along a specific pathway. Photoluminescence (PL) studies reveal a further reduction in the recombination of photogenerated carriers. Remarkably, there is a significant synergistic effect between adsorption and low recombination of photogenerated carriers. A profound photo-Fenton synergistic effect is observed at pH 3, leading to degradation rates of RhB and TCH of approximately 98% and 85%, respectively, within 10 min. The degradation pathway of RhB has been investigated using LC-MS analysis, and 1O₂ has been identified as the primary active species through ESR testing. This study presents a novel structural approach to significantly enhance the efficiency of catalysts in Fenton systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diclofenac sodium salt was photodegraded by means of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as Fenton, photo‐Fenton and heterogeneous photocatalysis. For the latter different photocatalysts were compared, namely commercial titania P25 and titania metallized with gold (0.1 % Au/P25), silver (1 % Ag/P25) and palladium (0.1 % Pd/P25). Homogeneous treatments demonstrated effective in the degradation of the selected pollutant (>80 % conversion @2 h) when the irradiation occurred within the solution. Also, photo‐Fenton process assisted by visible light rather than UV was effective but slower and characterized by a toxicity of the residual solution due to unreacted H2O2. The photocatalyzed treatment performed at its best when P25 was used (70 % conversion @2 h), while modified photocatalysts reached the same conversion when H2O2 was added to the solution. Overall, in vitro toxicity tests using Daphnia Magna unveiled that the wastewater treated via M/TiO2 treatment and photo‐Fenton under UV in combination with H2O2 showed an acute toxicity comparable with the control group (almost 100 % viability @48 h). Conversely, the other processes failed to degrade completely either the pollutant or the hydrogen peroxide, leading to the mortality of 30–80 % of the individuals. An important outcome of the work is the direct comparison of different treatments to optimise the outcome, i. e. rapidity of degradation and non toxicity of the treated solution for living bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, as global industrialization has intensified, environmental pollution has become an increasingly serious problem. Improving water quality and achieving wastewater purification remain top priorities for environmental health initiatives. The Fenton process is favored by researchers due to its high efficiency and ease of operation. Central to the Fenton process is a catalyst used to activate hydrogen peroxide, rapidly degrading pollutants, improving water quality. Among various catalysts developed, copper-based catalysts have attracted considerable attention due to their affordability, high activity, and stable performance. Based on this, this paper reviews the development of copper-based Fenton systems over the past decade. It mainly involves the research and application of copper-based catalysts in different Fenton systems, including photo-Fenton, electro-Fenton, microwave-Fenton, and ultrasonic-Fenton. This review provides a fundamental reference for the subsequent studies of copper-based Fenton systems, contributing to the goal of transitioning these systems from laboratory research into practical environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of hydrogen peroxide (produced in situ or ex situ) as the main agent in oxidative processes of environmental pollutant removal is widely studied. The degradation of water pollutants, such as dyes, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, petroleum derivatives, and even pathogens, has been successfully obtained by different techniques. This review gives an overview of the more recent methods developed to apply oxidative processes mediated by H2O2 and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) in environmental catalysis, with particular attention to the strategies (Fenton-like and Bio-Fenton, photo- and electro-catalysis) and the materials employed. A wide discussion about the characteristics of the materials specifically studied for hydrogen peroxide activation, as well as about their chemical composition and morphology, was carried out. Moreover, recent interesting methods for the generation and use of hydrogen peroxide by enzymes were also presented and their efficiency and applicability compared with the Fenton and electro-Fenton methods discussed above. The use of Bio-Fenton and bi-enzymatic methods for the in situ generation of ROS seems to be attractive and scalable, although not yet applied in full-scale plants. A critical discussion about the feasibility, criticalities, and perspectives of all the methods considered completes this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the automotive industry, painting operations have emerged as a major source of environmental concerns. In this study, the treatability of wastewater obtained from the automotive industry painting process was investigated by using coagulation-flocculation, ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2), and Fenton processes. The effects of pH, coagulant, and anionic polymer doses were examined for three different coagulants in the coagulation-flocculation process. Optimal conditions were determined based on chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity removal efficiency. As a result of the study, the optimum conditions for the coagulant identified as ferric chloride, which achieved the highest COD removal of 49.6% and turbidity removal of 74.4%, were determined as pH 8, coagulant dose of 400 mg L-1, and anionic polymer dose of 1 mg L-1. In the second stage of the study, Fenton and UV/H2O2 processes were applied to the effluent of the coagulation-flocculation process to increase the removal efficiency. When the results were evaluated, it was observed that the maximum COD removal efficiency of 63.4% was attained under the conditions of pH 3 and 400 mg L-1 H2O2 concentration applied in the UV/H2O2 process. However, in the Fenton process, a maximum COD removal efficiency of only 51% was achieved. From this study, it can be concluded that the UV/H2O2 process applied after coagulation-flocculation increases the removal efficiency and can be an alternative and effective treatment process for wastewater from the automotive painting process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this work, Ag/CuBi2O4 composite photocatalyst films with excellent photocatalytic sterilization properties were prepared by photodeposition. The photocatalytic activity of silver-modified CuBi2O4 (Ag/CuBi2O4) under the photocatalytic-Fenton coupling system was verified by its inactivation rate of Escherichia coli in seawater. The results showed that the photocatalytic sterilizing performance of CuBi2O4 loaded with Ag in the presence of trace amounts of H2O2 was significantly improved. 15Ag/CuBi2O4 possessed the optimal photocatalytic activity, and its sterilizing rate in 30 min could reach 96.6%. Its sterilization rate in 30 min could reach 96.6%, which is about 70% higher than that of pure CuBi2O4. Meanwhile, the mechanism of the enhanced sterilization performance of Ag/CuBi2O4 in the photocatalytic-Fenton coupled system was investigated. Firstly, according to the electrochemical results, the loading of Ag can significantly improve the charge separation efficiency of CuBi2O4. And promotes the conversion of H2O2 to hydroxyl radicals(·OH); Secondly, the valence band potential of 15Ag/CuBi2O4 is more positive than that of CuBi2O4, which suggests that Ag loading can enhance the oxidation of CuBi2O4 cavities. Comprehensive radical trapping experiments demonstrate that ·OH and holes (h+) are the main active species for inactivating Escherichia coli (E. coli). In this work, effective conversion of H2O2 to ·OH in a wide spectral range was achieved by loading Ag nanoparticles on the surface of CuBi2O4, which provides a new idea for the development of photocatalytic-Fenton coupling technology and ballast water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large numbers of contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides and chlorophenols pass through sediments and soil, causing a giant danger to human health and ecosystem. To remediate the soil contaminated with these pollutants, various methods have been proposed including coupled soil washing with Fenton or Sono-Fenton process. In this study, non-ionic surfactants [Tween 85 AND linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs)] were used for the removal of chlorpyrifos (organophosphate pesticide). The optimal conditions for LAS surfactant were found to be a concentration of 2.5 g/L with 20/1.5 ratio (liquid/solid), 360 min operation time and 120 rpm washing speed in room temperature; while 1 g/L Tween 85 concentration was more effective at 20:1 ratio (liquid solid), 360 min operation time and 60 rpm washing speed in room temperature, respectively. The results imply that combining both Tween 85 and LAS can be an effective way to remove large amounts of contaminants from soils quickly without damaging them further or harming humans who might come into contact with it afterward. The results of the experimental study on soil washing and Fenton/Sono-Fenton suggest that these two processes combined can be an effective way to remediate soils contaminated with chlorpyrifos. This combination was shown to provide superior results for both remediation and recovery of surfactants used in the cleaning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, iron-bearing mining reject was employed as an alternative and potential low-cost catalyst to degrade phenol in water by photo-Fenton strategy. Various techniques, including SEM–EDS, BET, FTIR, and XRD, were applied to evaluate the material's properties. Process parameters such as hydrogen peroxide concentration, catalyst dosage, and pH were studied to determine the optimum reaction conditions ([catalyst] = 0.75 g L−1, [H2O2] = 7.5 mM, and pH = 3). Phenol degradation and mineralization efficiencies at 180 and 300 min were 96.5 and 78%, respectively. These satisfactory results can be associated with the iron amount present in the waste sample. Furthermore, the material showed high catalytic activity and negligible iron leaching even after the fourth reuse cycle. The degradation behavior of phenol in water was well represented by a kinetic model based on the Fermi function. The iron-bearing mining reject can be considered a potential photo-Fenton catalyst for phenol degradation in wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective and economical processes for the advanced treatment of coking wastewater were urgently needed to reduce the persistent organic pollutants of external drainage. In the present work, we investigated the degradation of organic pollutants in coking wastewater through IHC/FO (imping stream hydrodynamic cavitation (IHC) coupled with the Fenton oxidation (FO) process) and IHC alone for their feasibility in the advanced treatment of coking wastewater. To select the optimum parameters, attention was paid to the effects of main operation conditions including inlet fluid pressure, medium temperature, initial pH, reaction time, and initial Fe(II) and initial H2O2 concentrations. The results showed that the effects of conditions that need energy to be maintained (such as initial pH and inlet pressure) on the organic pollutant removal efficiency through IHC/FO were less pronounced than those through IHC alone. Moreover, the application of IHC/FO could remove more organic pollutants from coking wastewater than IHC even at an energy-efficient condition. For example, the highest COD removal efficiency of 12.5% was achieved in the IHC treatment at 0.4 MPa, pH 3, and 60 min for the reaction time. In the case of IHC/FO, the maximum COD removal of 33.2% was obtained at pH 7, 0.1 MPa, 12 mmol/L H2O2, and 3 mmol/L Fe2+ after reacting for 15 min. The ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) absorption spectra and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis further revealed that the kinds and amounts of pollutants (especially those that had benzenes) remaining in water treated through IHC/FO were much fewer and smaller than in water treated through IHC alone. The better performances of IHC/FO than IHC alone were likely related to the more hydroxyl radicals produced through IHC/FO. Taken together, our findings indicate that IHC/FO has great application potential in the advanced treatment of coking wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large variety of pharmaceutical compounds have recently been detected in wastewater and natural water systems. This review highlighted the significance of removing pharmaceutical compounds, which are considered indispensable emerging contaminants, from wastewater and natural water systems. Various advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), including UV-H2O2, Fenton and photo-Fenton, ozone-based processes, photocatalysis, and physical processes, such as sonolysis, microwave, and electron beam irradiation, which are regarded as the most viable methods to eliminate different categories of pharmaceutical compounds, are discussed. All these AOPs exhibit great promising techniques, and the catalytic degradation process of the emerging contaminants, advantages, and disadvantages of each technique were deliberated. Heterogeneous photocatalysis employing metal oxides, particularly anatase TiO2 nanoparticles as catalysts activated by UV light irradiation, was reviewed in terms of the electron–hole separation, migration of the charge carriers to the catalyst surfaces, and redox potential of the charge carriers. This brief overview also emphasized that anatase TiO2 nanoparticles and TiO2-based nanomaterials are promising photocatalysts, and a combination of photocatalysis and other AOPs enhanced photocatalytic degradation efficiency. Finally, the challenges of applying anatase TiO2-based photocatalysis in environmental remediation and wastewater treatments to degrade pharmaceutical compounds, including mass spectroscopic analysis and a biological activity test of by-products of the emerging contaminants resulting from photocatalysis, are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence and risk of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) have been under consideration and paid much effort to degrade these pollutants. Fenton system is one of the most widely used technologies to solve this problem. The original Fenton system relies on the hydroxyl radicals produced by Fe(II)/H2O2 to oxidize the organic contaminants. However, the application of the Fenton system is limited by its low iron cycling efficiency and the high risks of hydrogen peroxide transportation and storage. The introduction of external energy (including light and electricity etc.) can effectively promote the Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle and the reduction of oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide in situ. This review introduces three in-situ Fenton systems, which are electro-Fenton, Photo-Fenton, and chemical reaction. The mechanism, influencing factors, and catalysts of these three in-situ Fenton systems in degrading EOCs are discussed systematically. This review strengthens the understanding of Fenton and in-situ Fenton systems in degradation, offering further insight into the real application of the in-situ Fenton system in the removal of EOCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing number of batik industries in Indonesia may lead to water pollution due to wastewater containing high levels of organic pollutants. This study evaluated advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) utilising H2O2/UV to decolourise and remove organic contaminants (measured as chemical oxygen demand, COD) from batik wastewater. The study aims to compare the effectiveness of adding ferrous and persulfate as catalysts as catalyst in the H2O2/UV process, specifically evaluating the H2O2/Fe2+/UV and H2O2/S2O82-/UV processes. The results indicated that all treatment methods effectively decolourised and degraded COD in the batik wastewater. COD and colour removal achieved up to 96.51% and 78.70% for H2O2/UV, 97.20% and 83.53% for H2O2/Fe2+/UV, and 97.20% and 83.53% for H2O2/ S2O82-/UV, processes, respectively. Additionally, the use of persulfate as a catalyst accelerated the oxidation processes, reaching completion in 45 minutes compared to 60 minutes with the other catalyst.

Wastewater originating from the production of TNT explosives (red water) contains special hazardous substances that must be treated before discharging into the water environment. In this study, we applied both conventional Fenton and photo-Fenton (UV-Fenton) processes to treat COD and color in red water. In the Fenton process, the COD and color removal efficiencies were 75.5 and 92.4%, respectively, under optimal operating conditions of pH = 3, [Fe2+] = 0.3 g L-1, H2O2/Fe(Ⅱ) ratio = 10:1, reaction time = 120 min. In the UV-Fenton process, the efficiencies were 76.1 and 94.2%, respectively, under optimal operating conditions of pH = 3, [Fe2+] = 0.21 g L-1, H2O2/Fe(Ⅱ) ratio = 7:1, reaction time = 90 min. These results indicate that the use of ultraviolet could reduce not only the reaction time but also the chemical use (i.e. H2O2 and Fe2+), thus reducing the sludge production. Importantly, the UV-Fenton process significantly increased the BOD5/COD ratio from 0.13 to 0.58, which greatly enhanced the biodegradability of the wastewater for biological treatment. Therefore, UV-Fenton can be applied as an effective pretreatment in the treatment of red water with high color and organic pollutants.

A comparative study of the results obtained from using Fenton and electro-Fenton processes in textile wastewater treatment is presented. Global indicators, color, COD, TOC, and BOD5 were employed to investigate the treatments. Examination of the representative by-products gave new insights into Fenton. Even though the color removal was higher for classical Fenton (almost 100% color removal) than for electro-Fenton, the overall purification effect was not directly advantageous for Fenton. We found that electro-Fenton removed COD and TOC more efficiently. The biodegradability BI (BOD5/COD) parameter was investigated, where the textile wastewater was hardly biodegradable (BI was 0.12 ± 0.007). BI of Fenton was also low (0.044 ± 0.006). Electro-Fenton yielded a considerably more promising result, where BI was 0.83 ± 0.15, and proved more bio-friendly than classical Fenton. Additionally, electro-Fenton was more efficient in by-product removal, especially the naphthalic component, with 90% removal (while Fenton removed 50%). The by-products influenced the after-treatment toxicity assessment of V. fischeri. The EC50 values were below 2% and even lower for electro-Fenton. The results of the color matching parameters (DECMC) of re-dyeing were unacceptable using after-Fenton water at 8.66. DECMC results were between 1.01 and 2.71 after electro-Fenton treatment and had a recycling perspective.

A combined process of air flotation/iron carbon microelectrolysis /Fenton+ hydrolytic acidification +A/O+ contact oxidation is used to treat pesticide wastewater . The results show that，when the influent COD，NH3-N and toluene concentrations are 7 866，56 and 53 mg/L，the treated effluent COD，NH3-N and toluene concentrations are 435，13 and 0.4 mg/L，respectively. The average removal rates of COD，NH3-N and toluene were 94.5%，81% and 99.2%，respectively. The drainage index reached the Class B standard of Quality Standard for Sewage Discharge into Urban Sewers （GB/T 31962—2015），and the process efficiency was reliable，which can provide reference for the design and construction of similar pesticide wastewater treatment.

With the development of care in neonatal units in the last thirty years, the survival chances of premature infants with very low gestational weeks have increased, and as a result, growth monitoring of premature infants is of great importance. In the follow-up of premature infants, monitoring not only body weight but also body composition and evaluating nutritional status is a more accurate approach for improving growth. The growth charts used in growth monitoring are universal and are not intended to represent a time-independent population or region. Most of the growth charts that are widely used today are reference lines created by the follow-up of premature infants, but these growth charts are a reflection of the society and time of the selected infants, including nutritional data. The use of growth charts based on antenatal measurements does not reflect postnatal life and cannot take into account physiological changes. Although the growth rate is calculated by plotting the measurements of the infants on the growth chart, a healthier growth assessment can be made by how well it follows the reference line for weight, length and head circumference.