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Hypertriglyceridemia is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Plasma triglycerides (TGs) are a key factor for assessing the risk of diabetes or CVD. However, previous lipidomics studies have demonstrated that not all TG molecules behave the same way. Individual TGs with different fatty acid compositions are regulated differentially under various conditions. In addition, distinct groups of TGs were identified to be associated with increased diabetes risk (TGs with lower carbon number [C#] and double-bond number [DB#]), or with decreased risk (TGs with higher C# and DB#). In this study, we examined the effects of high-fat feeding in rats on plasma lipid profiles with special attention to TG profiles. Wistar rats were maintained on either a low-fat (control) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 2 weeks. Plasma samples were obtained before and 2.5 h after a meal (n = 10 each) and subjected to lipidomics analyses. High-fat feeding significantly impacted circulating lipid profiles, with the most significant effects observed on TG profile. The effects of an HFD on individual TG species depended on DB# in their fatty acid chains; an HFD increased TGs with low DB#, associated with increased diabetes risk, but decreased TGs with high DB#, associated with decreased risk. These changes in TGs with an HFD were associated with decreased indices of hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activity, assessed from hepatic fatty acid profiles. Decreased SCD activity would reduce the conversion of saturated to monounsaturated fatty acids, contributing to the increases in saturated TGs or TGs with low DB#. In addition, an HFD selectively depleted ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), contributing to the decreases in TGs with high DB#. Thus, an HFD had profound impacts on circulating TG profiles. Some of these changes were at least partly explained by decreased hepatic SCD activity and depleted ω-3 PUFA.

Previous observations demonstrate New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract to alter cardiovascular responses at rest without prior exercise. However, the prolonged effects of NZBC on blood pressure and heart rate variability following exercise are not known. Participants (n15 [five women], age: 31 ± 9 years, maximal oxygen uptake: 44 ± 9 ml·kg−1·min−1) undertook a control condition of 2 hr of lying supine rest. Subsequently, in a double-blind, placebo (PLA)-controlled, randomized crossover design participants completed 1 hr of treadmill exercise at 50% maximal oxygen uptake followed by 2-hr supine rest with blood pressure and heart rate variability measurement following a 7-day intake of NZBC and PLA. With NZBC, there was an increase in average fat oxidation (NZBC: 0.24 ± 0.11 vs. PLA: 0.17 ± 0.11 g/min, p =.005), and larger high-frequency relative power during the exercise (p =.037). In the 2-hr rest period, delta change for systolic pressure was larger with NZBC than PLA (Control vs. NZBC: −5.6 ± 6.4, Control vs. PLA: −3.5 ± 6.0 mmHg, p =.033) but was not different for diastolic or mean arterial pressure. There were no alterations in heart rate variabilities during the 2 hr following the exercise with NZBC. A 7-day intake of NZBC causes a larger postexercise hypotension response in young, physically active men and women following 1 hr of treadmill exercise at 50% maximal oxygen uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of 14 days low energy availability (LEA) versus optimal energy availability (OEA) in endurance‐trained females on substrate utilization, insulin sensitivity, and skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity; and the impact of metabolic changes on exercise performance. Twelve endurance‐trained females (V̇O2max 55.2 ± 5.1 mL × min−1 × kg−1) completed two 14‐day randomized, blinded, cross‐over, controlled dietary interventions: (1) OEA (51.9 ± 2.0 kcal × kg fat‐free mass (FFM)−1 × day−1) and (2) LEA (22.3 ± 1.5 kcal × kg FFM−1 × day−1), followed by 3 days OEA. Participants maintained their exercise training volume during both interventions (approx. 8 h × week−1 at 79% heart rate max). Skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity, glycogen, and maximal activity of CS, HAD, and PFK were unaltered with LEA. 20‐min time trial endurance performance was impaired by 7.8% (Δ −16.8 W, 95% CI: −23.3 to −10.4, p <.001) which persisted following 3 days refueling post‐LEA (p <.001). Fat utilization was increased post‐LEA as evidenced by: (1) 99.4% (p <.001) increase in resting plasma free fatty acids (FFA); (2) 270% (p =.007) larger reduction in FFA in response to acute exercise; and (3) 28.2% (p =.015) increase in resting fat oxidation which persisted during submaximal exercise (p <.001). These responses were reversed with 3 days refueling. Daily glucose control (via CGM), HOMA‐IR, HOMA‐β, were unaffected by LEA. Skeletal muscle O2 utilization and carbohydrate availability were not limiting factors for aerobic exercise capacity and performance; therefore, whether LEA per se affects aspects of training quality/recovery requires investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of caffeine and glucose supplementation in a hypoxic environment on endurance exercise performance remains inconclusive. The current study examined the effect of pre-exercise carbohydrate and caffeine supplementation on endurance exercise performance in an acute hypoxic environment. Eight healthy active young males participated in this double-blind, within-subjects crossover study. Participants ingested the test drink 60 min before exercising at 50% Wmax for 90 min on a cycle ergometer (fatiguing preload); there followed an endurance performance test at 85% Wmax until exhaustion in a hypoxic chamber (~15%O2). Participants completed four experimental trials in a randomized order: caffeine (6 mg·kg−1; Caff), glucose (1 g·kg−1; CHO), caffeine (6 mg·kg−1) + glucose (1 g·kg−1; Caff−CHO), and taste- and color-matched placebo with no caffeine or CHO (PLA). Blood samples were collected during fasting, pre-exercise, every 30 min throughout the exercise, and immediately after exhaustion. The caffeine and glucose trials significantly enhanced endurance capacity in hypoxic conditions by Caff, 44% (68.8–31.5%, 95% confidence interval), CHO, 31% (44.7–15.6%), and Caff−CHO, 46% (79.1–13.2%). Plasma-free fatty-acid and glycerol concentrations were higher in Caff and PLA than in CHO and Caff−CHO (p < 0.05). The estimated rate of fat oxidation was higher in Caff and PLA than in CHO and Caff−CHO (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in ratings of perceived exertion between trials. In conclusion, the ingestion of caffeine, glucose, or caffeine + glucose one hour before exercising in hypoxic conditions significantly improved 85% Wmax endurance performance after prolonged exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in energy metabolism because it uses fatty acids for thermogenesis during cold exposure. Preclinical studies found that boysenberry anthocyanins (BoyACs) activate BAT. Therefore, the aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate how BoyAC intake affects BAT in humans. We performed an open-label single-arm nonrandomized study in healthy volunteers. Before and after 4 weeks of daily consumption of 100 ml boysenberry juice (BoyJ) containing 61 mg of BoyACs, participants were assessed at 24 °C and then after 1 h of mild cold exposure (18 °C). An infrared thermography camera was used to measure skin surface temperatures in the supraclavicular BAT region (Tscv) and the non-BAT region of the upper chest (Tch). Energy metabolism was measured by indirect calorimetry. For each endpoint, we calculated Δ as the difference between values before and after cold exposure and compared the values before and after BoyJ intake. 10 volunteers participated (age: 36.1 ± 4.1, body mass index (BMI): 20.9 ± 0.6). After BoyJ intake, ΔTscv-ch was significantly higher (p = 0.029), but Δ energy expenditure, Δ fat oxidation, and Δ carbohydrate oxidation were not significantly different. We found a significant positive correlation between BMI and Δfat oxidation with BoyJ intake. The results indicate that 4 weeks of BoyJ intake activates cold-induced thermogenesis in the scv-BAT but does not have a significant effect on energy metabolism. BoyJ intake may increase fat oxidation during cold exposure in individuals with higher BMI. Trial registry number: UMIN000043476, 05/03/2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present scenario, obesity is a challenging health problem and its prevalence along with comorbidities are on the rise around the world. Ingestion of fish becomes trendy in daily meals. Recent research has shown that marine fish oil (FO) (found in tuna, sardines, and mackerel) may offer an alternative method for reducing obesity and problems associated with it. Marine FO rich in long‐chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n‐3 PUFA) and long‐chain omega‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n‐6 PUFA) plays an important role in reducing abnormalities associated with the metabolic syndrome and has a variety of disease‐fighting properties, including cardioprotective activity, anti‐atherosclerotic, anti‐obesity, anti‐cancer, anti‐inflammatory activity. Studies in rodents and humans have indicated that LC n‐3 PUFA potentially elicit a number of effects which might be useful for reducing obesity, including suppression of appetite, improvements in circulation, enhanced fat oxidation, energy expenditure, and reduced fat deposition. This review discusses the interplay between inflammation and obesity, and their subsequent regulation via the beneficial role of marine FO, suggesting an alternative dietary strategy to ameliorate obesity and obesity‐associated chronic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Resting energy expenditure (REE) and metabolic fuel utilization (carbohydrate or fat) proxied by respiratory quotient (RQ) from indirect calorimetry enables more precise measurement of energy needs and fat oxidation capacity. The study compared the effectiveness of providing energy expenditure information during diet and exercise weight intervention versus standard of care (SOC) on weight loss outcomes. Fifty‐two participants with obesity were recruited from a specialist weight loss service, randomized 1:1 to intervention (INT) or SOC only. Participants in INT received four‐weekly dietetic counselling, using biofeedback from energy expenditure data to recommend caloric restriction and physical activity goals, in addition to SOC. The primary outcome was the mean difference in weight loss between both groups after 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes include participant acceptability and tolerability using indirect calorimetry. Participants in the INT group demonstrated additional weight loss (−2.3 kg [95% CI: −3.1, −1.5]; p <.001), reduced waist circumference (−3.9 cm [95% CI: −5.48, −2.26]; p <.001), and decreased body fat percentage (−1.5% [95% CI:−2.31, −0.72], p <.001), compared to SOC, after adjusting for baseline body mass index, age, and sex. Forty‐two percent (10/24) of participants in INT group achieved the minimum clinically significant threshold of 5% weight loss from baseline, compared to 8% (2/26) in the SOC group (p = .007). Participant acceptability and tolerability of indirect calorimetry were high, with mean scores of 4.5 ± 0.6 and 4.2 ± 0.7 (5‐point Likert scale). The study establishes the safety and practical integration of biofeedback using indirect calorimetry promoting improved self‐regulation and enhancing weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pork has an important role in the lives of the people of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), both as a source of animal protein and in cultural and social contexts. Traditional processed products such as Sui Wu'u from Bajawa are examples of pork preservation that has been passed down from generation to generation through the practice of local wisdom. The preservation process using natural ingredients such as cornstarch and salt not only extends the shelf life, but also improves the sensory quality as well as maintains the microbiological and physicochemical qualities of the meat. The addition of cornmeal which is rich in antioxidants and fiber and salt as natural preservatives, helps inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbes and maintains the taste of the product. Nonetheless, the curing process needs to pay attention to various factors such as raw materials, curing methods, and storage temperatures to ensure the quality and safety of the final product. The purpose of this study was to determine the organoleptic quality, at oxidation and total bacteria in sui wu'u. The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 3 treatments 4 replicates of the addition of corn flour consisting of P1 = 500 g, P2 = 1000 g, P3 = 1,500 g. The parameter measured were: organoleptic quality (color, aroma, taste, and tenderness), fat oxidation and total bacteria. The data of organoleptics were analysed witk Kuakall-Wallis test whereas fat oxidation and total bacteria were analyzed with ANOVA. The results showed that organoleptic quality (color, aroma, taste, and tenderness) and total bacteri were same (P>0.05) whereas fat oxidation decreased as the level of corn starch increased. It can be concluded that given corn starch coulg retard the fat oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in energy metabolism because it uses fatty acids for thermogenesis during cold exposure. Preclinical studies found that boysenberry anthocyanins (BoyACs) activate BAT. Therefore, the aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate how BoyAC intake affects BAT in humans. We performed an open-label single-arm nonrandomized study in healthy volunteers. Before and after 4 weeks of daily consumption of 100 ml boysenberry juice (BoyJ) containing 61 mg of BoyACs, participants were assessed at 24 °C and then after 1 h of mild cold exposure (18 °C). An infrared thermography camera was used to measure skin surface temperatures in the supraclavicular BAT region (Tscv) and the non-BAT region of the upper chest (Tch). Energy metabolism was measured by indirect calorimetry. For each endpoint, we calculated Δ as the difference between values before and after cold exposure and compared the values before and after BoyJ intake. 10 volunteers participated (age: 36.1 ± 4.1, body mass index (BMI): 20.9 ± 0.6). After BoyJ intake, ΔTscv-ch was significantly higher (p = 0.029), but Δ energy expenditure, Δ fat oxidation, and Δ carbohydrate oxidation were not significantly different. We found a significant positive correlation between BMI and Δfat oxidation with BoyJ intake. The results indicate that 4 weeks of BoyJ intake activates cold-induced thermogenesis in the scv-BAT but does not have a significant effect on energy metabolism. BoyJ intake may increase fat oxidation during cold exposure in individuals with higher BMI. Trial registry number: UMIN000043476, 05/03/2021.

Purpose: The present study aims to analyze the relationship between cardiac autonomic control at rest—i.e., baseline Heart Rate Variability (HRV)—and metabolic flexibility assessed by means of the FATox and CHOox oxidation rates at the intensities of maximum fat and carbohydrate oxidation (MFO and MCO, respectively). Methods: Twenty-four active over-60 women (66.8 ± 4.4 years) had their HRV assessed with 10 min recordings under resting conditions, and this was analyzed with Kubios Scientific software. After this, an incremental submaximal cycling test, starting at 30 watts, with increments of 10 watts every 3 min 15 s was performed. FATox and CHOox were calculated in the last 60 s at each step, using Frayn's equation. MFO and MCO were further obtained. Results: Nonlinear SampEn and 1-DFAα1 (Detrending Fluctuation Analysis score) at rest were both moderate and significantly (p < 0.05) related to FATox (r = 0.43, r = −0.40) and CHOox (r = −0.59, r = 0.41), as well as RER (r = −0.43, r = 0.43) at FATmax intensity. At the MCO intensity, no association was observed between HRV and oxidation rates. However, DFAα1 (r = −0.63, p < 0.05), the frequency ratio LF/HF (r = −0.63, p < 0.05), and the Poincaré ratio SD1/SD2 (r = 0.48, p < 0.05) were correlated with blood lactate concentration. Conclusion: These results support the autonomic resources hypothesis, suggesting that better autonomic function at rest is related to enhanced metabolic flexibility in postmenopausal women. They also underpin a comprehensive analysis of cardiovascular-autonomic health with aging. The results imply that non-linear DFAα1 and SampEn are appropriate to analyze this association in health of the aging cardiovascular-autonomic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Concurrent training (CT) is a common method used in health-oriented training programs. However, its design needs to be explored in order to inform practitioners about the most effective methods to improve different health-related markers (e.g., maximal fat oxidation [MFO]). Thus, this study aims to determine the order effect of an 8 week CT on the MFO of recreationally trained young adults. Methods: Twenty participants were allocated in two different groups to perform the CT differing only in the exercise sequence. The endurance training (ET) consisted of 4 to 6 repetitions of 30 s all-out running sprints with 4 min of active recovery. The resistance training (RT) consisted of 4 to 6 sets at 60 to 80% of the one-repetition maximum with 5 to 1 repetition in reserve of back squat and bench press exercises. 15 min of rest were established between exercise modes. Previous and after the CT program, participants performed a graded exercise test where MFO was determined. Results: There was a significant time effect on MFO (p = 0.044). A moderate increase was observed in both ET + RT (Mean change: 0.11 [− 0.02 to 0.25] g/min; Effect size: 0.61 [− 0.12 to 1.35]) and RT + ET (Mean change: 0.07 [− 0.01 to 0.16] g/min; Effect size: 0.62 [− 0.12 to 1.36]) groups. No significant interaction was observed (p = 0.658). Conclusions: The 8 week CT program improved the muscle oxidative capacity of recreationally trained young adults regardless of the exercise sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether caffeine (CAF) increases fat metabolism remains debatable. Using systematic review coupled with meta-analysis, our aim was to determine effects of CAF on fat metabolism and the relevant factors moderating this effect. Electronic databases PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched using the following string: CAF AND (fat OR lipid) AND (metabolism OR oxidation). A meta-analytic approach aggregated data from 94 studies examining CAF's effect on fat metabolism assessed by different biomarkers. The overall effect size (ES) was 0.39 (95% confidence interval [CI] [0.30, 0.47], p <.001), indicating a small effect of CAF to increase fat metabolism; however, ES was significantly higher (p <.001) based on blood biomarkers (e.g., free fatty acids, glycerol) (ES = 0.55, 95% CI [0.43, 0.67]) versus expired gas analysis (respiratory exchange ratio, calculated fat oxidation) (ES = 0.26, 95% CI [0.16, 0.37]), although both were greater than zero. Fat metabolism increased to a greater extent (p =.02) during rest (ES = 0.51, 95% CI [0.41, 0.62]) versus exercise (ES = 0.35, 95% CI [0.26, 0.44]) across all studies, although ES was not different for studies reporting both conditions (ES = 0.49 and 0.44, respectively). There were no subgroup differences based on participants' fitness level, sex, or CAF dosage. CAF ingestion increases fat metabolism but is more consistent with blood biomarkers versus whole-body gas exchange measures. CAF has a small effect during rest across all studies, although similar to exercise when compared within the same study. CAF dosage did not moderate this effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Inactive lifestyle has led to an increases in overweight and obesity over the past years, and become an epidemic problem worldwide. Regular exercise is one of the interventions recommended for weight loss and health improvement. The amount of energy consumed during exercise is mainly provided by the combination of fat and carbohydrate metabolism, and the use of these resources depends on the diet, muscle glycogen concentration, and the intensity, duration and type of exercise. During high-intensity exercise, metabolism is more dependent on carbohydrates, while fat is the main fuel during low to medium intensities. Electrical muscle stimulation is an advanced technique which has the ability to create effects similar to the muscle contraction and can increase blood flow to muscles and possibly as a result fat oxidation increases. The present study aimed to investigate the response of maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and Fatmax to incremental exercise and electrical muscle stimulation in overweight men.Materials and Methods: Ten overweight men (age, 29.10±6.08 years, body mass index, 28.49±1.98 kg/m2) voluntarily participated through a formal invitation. The subjects attended the laboratory in two separate sessions. In the first session, they performed an incremental test to determine maximum fat oxidation and VO2max. In the second session, they repeated the same test, with electrical muscle stimulation applied during the exercise test. Respiratory gases were collected to measure fat and carbohydrate oxidations. The test procedures were such that after warming up for five minutes, the subjects started the exercise at an intensity of 50 watts on the cycle ergometer and 25 watts was added to the workload every three minutes, until their respiratory exchange ratio (RER) reached to one. Thereafter, every 2 minutes the workload was increased by 25 watts until volitional exhaustion. Frayn's formula was used to calculate fat and carbohydrate oxidations. The data for MFO and Fatmax were obtained from the stage with the highest fat oxidation and the equivalent intensity was selected.Results: An increase in the amount of Fatmax level was observed in incremental exercise and electrical muscle stimulation (79%±6%) trial compared to the incremental exercise trial (74%±14%), though, the statistical analysis did not show a significant difference between the two trials (P=0.365). Furthermore, no significant differences were observed between the two trials for MFO (P=0.303), fat oxidation (P=0.397) and carbohydrate oxidation (P=0.969).Conclusion: Based on these results, it could be concluded that electrical muscle stimulation combined with incremental exercise can lead to an increase in Fatmax levels in overweight men, but it does not have a significant effect on fat oxidation, carbohydrate oxidation, and MFO.

In order to improve the effect of microwave thawing on yak meat quality, this paper mainly adopted four different intermittent microwave thawing methods to determine and analyze the indicator changes of the nutritional quality of yak meat and peroxide-value (POV), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid reactants (TBARS). The results showed that the thawing loss of yak meat in mode 1 (heat 10 s and stop10 s as a cycle) was less, higher protein and fat content among the several thawing methods, and the hardness, viscosity and chewiness of yak meat were the smallest, which dates were 2612.115 g, 1771.18 N and 878.63 mJ respectively, with a shear force of 69.59 N and pH of 5.9. At the same time, the freshness preservation effect was better. Compared with room temperature thawing, the mode 1 reduced the degree of fat oxidation of yak meat, its POV and TBARS were 9.45 mmol/kg and 0.36 mg/kg respectively. But there was no significant data difference between SOD activity and TVB-N and other thawing methods (P>0.05). Therefore, choosing the mode 1 to thaw, which could greatly reduce the damage of yak meat caused by thawing in terms of basic quality.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 7-d high-intensity interval training shock microcycle (HIIT-SM) with or without additional low-intensity training (LIT) on aerobic fitness and endurance performance compared with a control group (CG). Methods: Thirty-three endurance-trained athletes (7 women, 26 men, mean ± SD: age, 30.2 ± 6.9 yr;maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), 59.8 ± 4.9 mL·min-1·kg-1) performed exercise testing at T1 and were randomly assigned to one of three groups: i) HSM, 10 running-based HIIT sessions (5 × 4 min at 90%-95% maximal heart rate) over 7 d; ii)HSM+ LIT, equal toHSMwith additional 30 min of LIT after each HIIT; iii) CG, regular training. Exercise testing was repeated 3 d (T2), 7 d (T3), and 14 d (T4) after the intervention. A 5-km time trial (TT5km) was performed 3-4 d before T1 and 10-11 d after the intervention. Data were analyzed by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: No interaction effect was found for VO2max (P = 0.170, pη² = 0.09), peak power output (P = 0.734, pη² = 0.04), and work economy (P = 0.804, pη² = 0.03). There was an interaction for velocity at lactate threshold (P = 0.006, pη² = 0.18) with increased velocity in HSM at T2 (3.2%, P = 0.030), T3 (4%, P = 0.006), T4 (4%, P = 0.003), as well as in HSM + LIT for T2 (3.2%, P = 0.011), whereas CG showed no change. There was an interaction for TT5km (P = 0.044, pη² = 0.19), with HSM improving 2.7% (P = 0.003) and HSM + LIT 2.3% (P = 0.010), whereas CG was, on average, -0.3% (P = 0.821) slower. Conclusions: HIIT-SM with or without additional LIT has negligible effects on VO2max but improves other key endurance variables in endurance-trained athletes. No superiority of either intervention group was demonstrated. Therefore, additional LIT during HIIT-SM is not beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparisons of high-load with low-load resistance training (RT) exercise have demonstrated no differences in postexercise metabolism when volume is matched. This important limitation of matching or equating volume diminishes benefits of the low-load RT protocol. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of acute low-load high volume and high-load low volume RT protocols completed to volitional fatigue on postexercise metabolism. Eleven recreationally active resistance-trained male subjects (24 ± 2 years; BMI: 25.3 ± 1.5 kg⋅m-2) completed 3 experimental sessions: (a) no-exercise control (CTRL); (b) RTat 30% 1 repetition maximum (1RM; 30% 1RM); and (c) RT at 90% 1RM (90% 1RM) with oxygen consumption (...2) measurements 2 hours postexercise. The RT sessions consisted of 3 sets of back squats, bench press, straight-leg deadlift, military press, and bent-over rows to volitional fatigue completed sequentially with 90 seconds of rest between sets and exercises. Changes were considered important if p < 0.100 with a ≥medium effect size. ...o2 1 hour postexercise was elevated following 30% 1RM (25%; p = 0.003, d = 1.40) and 90% 1RM (14%; p = 0.010, d = 1.15) vs. CTRL and remained elevated 2 hours postexercise following 30% 1RM (16%; p = 0.010, d = 1.15) vs. CTRL. Total O2 consumed postexercise increased following 30% 1RM and 90% 1RM (~17%; p < 0.044, d > 0.91) vs. CTRL. Fat oxidation was elevated 1 hour post-exercise following 30% 1RM and 90% 1RM (~155%; p < 0.001, d > 2.97) and remained elevated 2 hours postexercise following 30% 1RM compared with CTRL and 90% 1RM (~69%; p < 0.030, d > 1.03). These data demonstrate beneficial changes to postexercise metabolism following high- and low-load RT sessions, with more prolonged effects following the low-load RT protocol completed to volitional fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: The diversity of blood biomarkers used to assess the metabolic mechanisms of hydrogen limits a comprehensive understanding of its effects on improving exercise performance. This study evaluated the impact of hydrogen-rich gas (HRG) on metabolites following sprint-interval exercise using metabolomics approaches, aiming to elucidate its underlying mechanisms of action. (2) Methods: Ten healthy adult males participated in the Wingate Sprint-interval test (SIT) following 60 min of HRG or placebo (air) inhalation. Venous blood samples were collected for metabolomic analysis both before and after gas inhalation and subsequent to completing the SIT. (3) Results: Compared with the placebo, HRG inhalation significantly improved mean power, fatigue index, and time to peak for the fourth sprint and significantly reduced the attenuation values of peak power, mean power, and time to peak between the first and fourth. Metabolomic analysis highlighted the significant upregulation of acetylcarnitine, propionyl-L-carnitine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine upon HRG inhalation, with enrichment pathway analysis suggesting that HRG may foster fat mobilization by enhancing coenzyme A synthesis, promoting glycerophospholipid metabolism, and suppressing insulin levels. (4) Conclusions: Inhaling HRG before an SIT enhances end-stage anaerobic sprint capabilities and mitigates fatigue. Metabolomic analysis suggests that HRG may enhance ATP recovery during interval stages by accelerating fat oxidation, providing increased energy replenishment for late-stage sprints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of prolonged intermittent cycling exercise on peak power output (PPO) and 6-min time-trial (6 min-TT) performance in elite and professional road cyclists. Moreover, the study aimed to determine whether changes in performance in the fatigued state could be predicted from substrate utilization during exercise and laboratory measures obtained in a fresh state. Methods: Twelve cyclists (age: 23 years [21;25]; body mass: 71.5 kg [66.7;76.8]; height: 181 cm [178;185]; V ˙ O2peak: 73.6 ml kg−1 min−1 [71.2;76.0]) completed a graded submaximal cycling test to determine lactate threshold (LT1), gross efficiency (GE), and maximal fat oxidation (MFO) as well as power output during a maximal 6 min-TT (MPO6 min) in a fresh condition. On a separate day, the cyclists completed a 4-h intermittent cycling protocol with a high CHO intake (100 g h−1). Substrate utilization and PPO was measured hourly during the protocol, which was followed by another 6 min-TT. Results: MPO6 min and PPO was reduced by 10% [4;15] and 6% [0;6], respectively, after the cycling protocol. These reductions were accompanied by reductions in the anaerobic energy contribution and V ˙ O2peak, whereas the average V ˙ O2 during the 6 min-TT was unchanged. Correlation analyses showed no strong associations between reductions in MPO6 min and PPO and laboratory measures (i.e., LT1, GE, MFO, V ˙ O2peak) obtained in the fresh condition. Additionally, fat oxidation rates during the cycling protocol were not related to changes in neither PPO nor MPO6 min. Conclusion: PPO and MPO6 min were reduced following prolonged intermittent cycling, but the magnitude of these reductions could not be predicted from laboratory measures obtained in the fresh condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Inactive lifestyle has led to an increases in overweight and obesity over the past years, and become an epidemic problem worldwide. Regular exercise is one of the interventions recommended for weight loss and health improvement. The amount of energy consumed during exercise is mainly provided by the combination of fat and carbohydrate metabolism, and the use of these resources depends on the diet, muscle glycogen concentration, and the intensity, duration and type of exercise. During high-intensity exercise, metabolism is more dependent on carbohydrates, while fat is the main fuel during low to medium intensities. Electrical muscle stimulation is an advanced technique which has the ability to create effects similar to the muscle contraction and can increase blood flow to muscles and possibly as a result fat oxidation increases. The present study aimed to investigate the response of maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and Fatmax to incremental exercise and electrical muscle stimulation in overweight men. Materials and Methods: Ten overweight men (age, 29.10±6.08 years, body mass index, 28.49±1.98 kg/m2) voluntarily participated through a formal invitation. The subjects attended the laboratory in two separate sessions. In the first session, they performed an incremental test to determine maximum fat oxidation and VO2max. In the second session, they repeated the same test, with electrical muscle stimulation applied during the exercise test. Respiratory gases were collected to measure fat and carbohydrate oxidations. The test procedures were such that after warming up for five minutes, the subjects started the exercise at an intensity of 50 watts on the cycle ergometer and 25 watts was added to the workload every three minutes, until their respiratory exchange ratio (RER) reached to one. Thereafter, every 2 minutes the workload was increased by 25 watts until volitional exhaustion. Frayn's formula was used to calculate fat and carbohydrate oxidations. The data for MFO and Fatmax were obtained from the stage with the highest fat oxidation and the equivalent intensity was selected. Results: An increase in the amount of Fatmax level was observed in incremental exercise and electrical muscle stimulation (79%±6%) trial compared to the incremental exercise trial (74%±14%), though, the statistical analysis did not show a significant difference between the two trials (P=0.365). Furthermore, no significant differences were observed between the two trials for MFO (P=0.303), fat oxidation (P=0.397) and carbohydrate oxidation (P=0.969). Conclusion: Based on these results, it could be concluded that electrical muscle stimulation combined with incremental exercise can lead to an increase in Fatmax levels in overweight men, but it does not have a significant effect on fat oxidation, carbohydrate oxidation, and MFO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract In the present scenario, obesity is a challenging health problem and its prevalence along with comorbidities are on the rise around the world. Ingestion of fish becomes trendy in daily meals. Recent research has shown that marine fish oil (FO) (found in tuna, sardines, and mackerel) may offer an alternative method for reducing obesity and problems associated with it. Marine FO rich in long‐chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n‐3 PUFA) and long‐chain omega‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n‐6 PUFA) plays an important role in reducing abnormalities associated with the metabolic syndrome and has a variety of disease‐fighting properties, including cardioprotective activity, anti‐atherosclerotic, anti‐obesity, anti‐cancer, anti‐inflammatory activity. Studies in rodents and humans have indicated that LC n‐3 PUFA potentially elicit a number of effects which might be useful for reducing obesity, including suppression of appetite, improvements in circulation, enhanced fat oxidation, energy expenditure, and reduced fat deposition. This review discusses the interplay between inflammation and obesity, and their subsequent regulation via the beneficial role of marine FO, suggesting an alternative dietary strategy to ameliorate obesity and obesity‐associated chronic diseases.

Introduction & Purpose Substrate metabolism, especially lipid metabolism and thus fat oxidation, is of special interest to reduce the risk of metabolic diseases (diabetes, high cholesterol or triglycerides, etc), and improve athletic performance (Aird et al., 2018). Thus, patients and athletes are recommended to engage in exercise training at a mild to moderate intensity where fat oxidation is high. Fasting is known to increase lipolysis (i.e., fat oxidation) and therefore may represent a simple intervention to increase training induced adaptions in fat oxidation (Venables & Jeukendrup, 2008). However, breaking the fast with a carbohydrate meal prior to aerobic training may limit these benefits because carbohydrate consumption is known to prioritize carbohydrate oxidation during exercise (Achten & Jeukendrup, 2003). Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise training at a workload that maximizes fat oxidation would improve the maximal rate of fat oxidation during exercise. Moreover, engaging in a fasting regime would augment the improvements in fat oxidation, but breaking the fast prior to training with a carbohydrate rich snack would attenuate the improvements in fat oxidation. Methods Thirty-six participants (28 females, 8 males) were randomized into three groups. 1) One group fasted for at least 14 hours prior to training, 2) One group fasted, but consumed a carbohydrate rich snack 30 minutes prior to training, 3) One exercise only control group where participants could eat ad libitum. Pre-tests included anthropometric measurements, a bio-impedance-analyses, and cycle ergometry combined with indirect calorimetry to identify maximum rates of fat oxidation (fatmax). All participants exercised on a stationary bike 3x/week for 60 min at a heart rate that corresponded to 90-100% of their individualized fatmax values. Pre-test measurements were repeated after the intervention. Rates of fat and carbohydrate oxidation, energy expenditure and heart rate were analysed as workload matched and absolute data using a series of 3 x 2 mixed ANOVAs. Results 3 x 2 mixed ANOVA showed no group-by-time interactions for any workload-matched data (fatmax: p = 0.371, η²p = 0.058; CHO: p = 0.540, η²p = 0.037; EE: p = 0.470, η²p = 0.045; HR: p = 0.570, η²p = 0.033). No significant group-by-time interactions at the absolute maximal fat oxidation rate were observed (fatmax: p = 0.262, η²p = 0.078; CHO: p = 0.966, η²p = 0.002; EE: p = 0.111, η²p = 0.125; HR: p = 0.618, η²p = 0.029). Discussion and conclusion In the current study, the addition of a 16-hour fasting window did not provide any additional improvements in fat oxidation rates beyond an ad libitum control group. This is surprising as both low-intensity training (Achten & Jeukendrup, 2004) and TRF (Jong-Yeon et al., 2002) have independently been shown to improve fat oxidation. We conclude that fatmax training is an effective lifestyle intervention to improve fat oxidation in young healthy individuals. Collectively, these data suggest fatmax training independent of the fed state might be a useful lifestyle intervention in healthy individuals looking to maintain or improve their metabolic health and avoid future metabolic disease. References Achten, J., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2003). The effect of pre-exercise carbohydrate feedings on the intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21(12), 1017–1025. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410310001641403 Achten, J., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2004). Optimizing fat oxidation through exercise and diet. Nutrition, 20(7-8), 716–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.005 Aird, T. P., Davies, R. W., & Carson, B. P. (2018). Effects of fasted vs fed-state exercise on performance and post-exercise metabolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 28(5), 1476–1493. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13054 Jong-Yeon, K., Hickner, R. C., Dohm, G. L., & Houmard, J. A. (2002). Long- and medium-chain fatty acid oxidation is increased in exercise-trained human skeletal muscle. Metabolism, 51(4), 460–464. https://doi.org/10.1053/meta.2002.31326 Venables, M. C., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2008). Endurance training and obesity: Effect on substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(3), 495–502. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31815f256f

In order to clarify the quality differences of existing commercially available stewed pork ball products, this study comprehensively analyzed the quality traits of commercially available stewed pork ball of six different brands (A1-Mouth Edge, A2-Wutting Bridge, A3-Kijin, A4-Lao Yangcheng, A5-Sanzhenzhai, and A6-Huangjue) on the physicochemical indices of organoleptic, colour and lustre, textural characteristics, water loss rate and fat oxidation, combined with the free fatty acids and volatile flavour compounds to characterize. The results showed that the sensory score of the A1 stewed pork ball was as high as 34 points, and the redness value of A4 was as high as 3.46±0.08 among the six types of commercially available stewed pork balls, while the fat oxidation value of A1 was the lowest at 0.44 mg MDA/kg, and the masticatory of A5 and A6 was lower at 0.21±0.02 and 0.32±0.11 mJ, respectively. The free fatty acids composition of the six commercially available stewed pork balls, which were mainly composed of oleic acid and secondly composed of saturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid and stearic acid. The polyunsaturated fatty acids in stewed pork balls were decomposed into aldehydes and other substances by a large number of oxidation reactions, while the content of saturated fatty acids was significantly increased. γ-Pinene, hexanal, linalool, nonanal, etc. were the common volatile flavor substances, in addition, the main key volatile flavor substances of A1 were 2-pentyl furan, the main volatile flavor compounds of A2 were Valencia orange alkene, methyl heptane, isovaleraldehyde, while A4 was ethyl caprylate, A5 was 4-terpineol, undecyl alcohol, methyl mercaptan, furfuryl alcohol, furfural, methyl stearate, anethole, and A6 was undecyl alcohol, phenylpropanoid. Thus, hydrocarbons and aldehydes, along with alcohols and ketones, might be the major factors affecting the flavor quality of various commercially available stewed pork ball products. The results of this study may provide a theoretical reference for the construction of the product quality evaluation system for commercially available stewed pork ball products, as well as flavor unification and product development and production.

Background and Purpose: Beta-alanine supplement, which is a precursor of carnosine, may improve performance by providing a buffering effect. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of beta-alanine supplementation and regular Taekwondo training on anaerobic, aerobic, and endurance activity substrate metabolism in female Taekwondo athletes.Materials and Methods: Twenty-four female professional taekwondo practitioners (age, 18.0±2.5 years), from Tehran province volunteered to participate in this research. Based on the body composition and training history, the subjects were divided into two groups (n=12) of supplement and placebo. The pre-tests consisted of the an aerobic specific test (Progressive Specific Taekwondo Test, PSTT) including repeated strikes of Bandal-Tchagui to exhaustion time during a maximum duration of 15 minutes and a taekwondo anaerobic test (Frequency Speed of Kick Te, FSKT) including 5 sets of 10-second high-speed Bandal-Tchagui kicks with maximum strength. Furthermore, the substrate metabolism of the endurance activity was measured by a gas analyzer, and the VCO2, VO2, VO2peak, HR, and HRpeak were measured. During and immediately after the test, the level of perception of fatigue was evaluated. Moreover, blood lactate levels were measured using a lactometer after the anaerobic and aerobic tests. After 28 days of receiving the supplement or placebo (5g/day) at the designated day times, the pre-test measurements were repeated. Repeated measures of ANOVA with between-group factor and Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to compare the data.Results: There was no significant difference between the two supplement and placebo groups for anaerobic capacity, aerobic capacity, and substrate metabolism (p

In order to reduce the harm caused by high intake of saturated fat on human health. This study aimed to investigate the effect of high interphase Pickering emulsions (HIPEs) stabilized by soybean protein isolated and soybean oil, and tea polyphenols were used as functional ingredients to evaluate two different HIPEs as pork back fat (PBF) replacers in the meatballs. Six different formulations were prepared by the replacement of PBF with water, HIPEs and HIPEs loaded with tea polyphenols. Physical, chemical and sensory indexes of meatballs were assessed. Compared with the control group, there were significant differences in all indexes expect pH (P

It is unclear what dose of sprint-interval training exercise (exercise volume) is required to derive beneficial metabolic effects during and postexercise. Therefore, we examined how reducing the volume of sprint interval training (SIT) from 2 minutes of "all-out" efforts (8 bouts) to 1.5 minutes (6 bouts) and 1 minute (4 bouts) affected during and postexercise metabolism. Fourteen recreationally active males (age: 25 ± 3 years; body mass index: 25.1 ± 3.1 kg·m-2) had gas exchange measured during and following (3 h) 4 experimental sessions: (a) no-exercise control (CTRL), (b) 8 x 15 SIT (2 minutes exercise), (c) 6 x 15 minutes SIT (1.5 minutes exercise), and (d) 4 x 15 SIT (1 minute exercise). All SIT protocols were 15 seconds "all-out" running efforts with 2 minutes recovery (4, 6, or 8 bouts). Changes were considered important if p < 0.100 and the effect size was ≥ medium. During exercise, oxygen consumption (...) was different between protocols (p < 0.001, d > 2.98) and greater than CTRL (p < 0.001, d > 2.12); however, the rate of O 2 consumption (L·min-1) was similar between protocols (p = 0.479, = 0.055). Total V ... (L ) postexercise was elevated following all conditions compared with CTRL (p < 0.003, d > 1.25). Overall session ... was different in each condition (p < 0.001, d > 1.89). Fat oxidation was elevated postexercise following all SIT protocols compared with CTRL (p < 0.017, d > 0.98) with no differences between protocols (p > 0.566, d < 0.48). Our results suggest reducing the number of all-out 15 seconds bouts during a SIT session from 8 to 6 or 4 had no differential effects on postexercise metabolism and differences during exercise were due to the longer duration of exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Condiment is the property of China Condiment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: In Football, the high‐intensity running bouts during matches are considered decisive. Interestingly, recent studies showed that peak fat oxidation rates (PFO) are higher in football players than other athletes. This study aimed to investigate whether PFO increases following a pre‐season. Secondarily, and due to COVID‐19, we investigated whether PFO is related to the physical performance in a subgroup of semi‐professional male football players. Methods: Before and after 8 weeks of pre‐season training, 42 sub‐elite male football players (18 semi‐professionals and 24 non‐professionals) had a dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry scan and performed a graded exercise test on a treadmill for the determination of PFO, the exercise intensity eliciting PFO (Fatmax) and peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak). Additionally, the semi‐professional players performed a Yo‐Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 2 (YYIR2) before and after pre‐season training to determine football‐specific running performance. Results: PFO increased by 11 ± 10% (mean ± 95% CI), p = 0.031, and V̇O2peak increased by 5 ± 1%, p < 0.001, whereas Fatmax was unchanged (+12 ± 9%, p = 0.057), following pre‐season training. PFO increments were not associated with increments in V̇O2peak (Pearson's r2 = 0.00, p = 0.948) or fat‐free mass (FFM) (r2 = 0.00, p = 0.969). Concomitantly, YYIR2 performance increased in the semi‐professional players by 39 ± 17%, p < 0.001, which was associated with changes in V̇O2peak (r2 = 0.35, p = 0.034) but not PFO (r2 = 0.13, p = 0.244). Conclusions: PFO, V̇O2peak, and FFM increased following pre‐season training in sub‐elite football players. However, in a subgroup of semi‐professional players, increments in PFO were not associated with improvements in YYIR2 performance nor with increments in V̇O2peak and FFM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) consistently elevate post-exercise metabolism compared to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in young adults (18–25 years), however few studies have investigated this in middle-aged adults. Purpose: To assess the effect of exercise intensity on post-exercise metabolism following submaximal, near-maximal, and supramaximal exercise protocols in middle-aged adults. Methods: 12 participants (8 females; age: 44 ± 10 years; V ˙ O2max: 35.73 ± 9.97 mL·kg−1 min−1) had their oxygen consumption ( V ˙ O2) measured during and for 2 h following 4 experimental sessions: (1) no-exercise control (CTRL); (2) MICT exercise (30 min at 65% V ˙ O2max); (3) HIIT exercise (10 × 1 min at 90% maximum heart rate with 1 min rest); and (4) modified-SIT exercise (8 × 15 s "all-out" efforts with 2 min rest). Between session differences for V ˙ O2 and fat oxidation were compared. Results: O2 consumed post-exercise was elevated during the 1st h and 2nd h following HIIT (15.9 ± 2.6, 14.7 ± 2.3 L; P < 0.036, d > 0.98) and modified-SIT exercise (16.9 ± 3.3, 15.30 ± 3.4 L; P < 0.041, d > 0.96) compared to CTRL (13.3 ± 1.9, 12.0 ± 2.5 L) while modified-SIT was also elevated vs HIIT in the 1st h (P < 0.041, d > 0.96). Total post-exercise O2 consumption was elevated following all exercise sessions (MICT: 27.7 ± 4.1, HIIT: 30.6 ± 4.8, SIT: 32.2 ± 6.6 L; P < 0.027, d > 1.03) compared to CTRL (24.9 ± 4.1 L). Modified-SIT exercise increased fat oxidation (0.103 ± 0.019 g min−1) compared to all sessions post-exercise (CTRL: 0.059 ± 0.025, MICT: 0.075 ± 0.022, HIIT: 0.081 ± 0.021 g·min−1; P < 0.007, d > 1.30) and HIIT exercise increased compared to CTRL (P = 0.046, d = 0.87). Conclusion: Exercise intensity has an important effect on post-exercise metabolism in middle-aged adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Beta-alanine supplement, which is a precursor of carnosine, may improve performance by providing a buffering effect. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of betaalanine supplementation and regular Taekwondo training on anaerobic, aerobic, and endurance activity substrate metabolism in female Taekwondo athletes. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four female professional taekwondo practitioners (age, 18.0±2.5 years), from Tehran province volunteered to participate in this research. Based on the body composition and training history, the subjects were divided into two groups (n=12) of supplement and placebo. The pre-tests consisted of the an aerobic specific test (Progressive Specific Taekwondo Test, PSTT) including repeated strikes of Bandal-Tchagui to exhaustion time during a maximum duration of 15 minutes and a taekwondo anaerobic test (Frequency Speed of Kick Te, FSKT) including 5 sets of 10-second high-speed Bandal- Tchagui kicks with maximum strength. Furthermore, the substrate metabolism of the endurance activity was measured by a gas analyzer, and the VCO2, VO2, VO2peak, HR, and HRpeak were measured. During and immediately after the test, the level of perception of fatigue was evaluated. Moreover, blood lactate levels were measured using a lactometer after the anaerobic and aerobic tests. After 28 days of receiving the supplement or placebo (5g/day) at the designated day times, the pre-test measurements were repeated. Repeated measures of ANOVA with between-group factor and Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to compare the data. Results: There was no significant difference between the two supplement and placebo groups for anaerobic capacity, aerobic capacity, and substrate metabolism (p<0.05). Although, both groups (supplement and placebo) showed significant improvements in the time to exhaustion and the number of steps to exhaustion in the post-test compared to the pre-test, these improvements were significantly higher in the supplement group compared to the placebo (p<0.05). Conclusion: During the research period, beta-alanine supplementation had only an effect on some performance indicators and probably more pronounced effects on the performance of elite athletes would be seen in the long term. However, this little gain can be important in professional athletes, and more studies are needed in this field for a concrete conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) presents a spectrum of symptoms following acute COVID-19, with exercise intolerance being a prevalent manifestation likely linked to disrupted oxygen metabolism and mitochondrial function. This study aims to assess maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and exercise intensity at MFO (FATmax) in distinct PASC subject groups and compare these findings with normative data. Methods: Eight male subjects with PASC were involved in this study. The participants were divided into two groups: "endurance-trained" subjects (VO2max > 55mL/min/kg) and "recreationally active" subjects (VO2max < 55 mL/min/kg). Each subject performed a graded exercise test until maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) to measure fat oxidation. Subsequently, MFO was assessed, and FATmax was calculated as the ratio between VO2 at MFO and VO2 max. Results: The MFO and FATmax of "endurance-trained" subjects were 0.85, 0.89, 0.71, and 0.42 and 68%, 69%, 64%, and 53%, respectively. Three out of four subjects showed both MFO and FATmax values placed over the 80th percentile of normative data. The MFO and FATmax of "recreationally active" subjects were 0.34, 0.27, 0.35, and 0.38 and 47%, 39%, 43%, and 41%, respectively. All MFO and FATmax values of those subjects placed below the 20th percentile or between the 20th and 40th percentile. Discussion: Significant differences in MFO and FATmax values between 'endurance-trained' and "recreationally active" subjects suggest that specific endurance training, rather than simply an active lifestyle, may provide protective effects against alterations in mitochondrial function during exercise in subjects with PASC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reduce the harm caused by high intake of saturated fat on human health. This study aimed to investigate the effect of high interphase Pickering emulsions (HIPEs) stabilized by soybean protein isolated and soybean oil, and tea polyphenols were used as functional ingredients to evaluate two different HIPEs as pork back fat (PBF) replacers in the meatballs. Six different formulations were prepared by the replacement of PBF with water, HIPEs and HIPEs loaded with tea polyphenols. Physical, chemical and sensory indexes of meatballs were assessed. Compared with the control group, there were significant differences in all indexes expect pH (P<0.05). Reduce-fat meatballs with HIPEs showed higher cooking rate (93.59%), content of moisture (66.91%) and protein (14.48%) and lower content of fat (8.42%). The hardness, elasticity, cohesiveness and chewability of meatballs increased with the addition of emulsion. After addition of HIPEs, the L* of meatballs was increased, and the a*, b* were increased due to the addition of tea polyphenols. The HIPEs loaded with tea polyphenols had the best improvement on the infiltrate on the moisture (1.57%) and fat (0.019%) of meatballs, the lowest TBA value was 4.12 mg/kg. The sensory evaluation was higher than the control group. Using HIPEs as a fat substitute could effectively reduce the fat content in meatballs and improve the yield and quality of meatballs. This study can provide some reference for the development of fat-reducing meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Exploring the energy expenditure and substrate metabolism data during exercise, 10-minute recovery, and 20-minute recovery phases in Tabata, HIIT(High-Intensity Interval Training), and MICT(Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training). This study explores the scientific aspects of weight reduction strategies, examining energy expenditure and substrate metabolism from various training perspectives. The aim is to establish a theoretical foundation for tailoring targeted exercise plans for individuals within the population with overweight/obesity. Methods: This study used an experimental design with fifteen male university students with overweight/obesity. Participants underwent random testing with Tabata, HIIT, and MICT. Tabata involved eight sets of 20 seconds exercise and 10 seconds rest, totaling 4 minutes. HIIT included four sets of power cycling: 3 minutes at 80% VO2max intensity followed by 2 minutes at 20% VO2max. MICT comprised 30 minutes of exercise at 50% VO2max intensity. Gas metabolism indices were continuously measured. Subsequently, fat and glucose oxidation rates, along with energy expenditure, were calculated for each exercise type. Results: During both the exercise and recovery phases, the Tabata group exhibited a significantly higher fat oxidation rate of (0.27 ± 0.03 g/min) compared to the HIIT group (0.20 ± 0.04 g/min, p<0.05) and the MICT group (0.20 ± 0.03g/min, p<0.001). No significant difference was observed between the HIIT and MICT groups (p=0.854). In terms of energy expenditure rate, the Tabata group maintained a substantially elevated level at 5.76 ± 0.74kcal/min compared to the HIIT group (4.81 ± 0.25kcal/min, p<0.01) and the MICT group (3.45 ± 0.25kcal/min, p<0.001). Additionally, the energy expenditure rate of the HIIT group surpassed that of the MICT group significantly (p<0.001). Conclusion: The study finds that male college students with overweight/obesity in both exercise and recovery, Tabata group has lower fat and glucose oxidation rates, and energy expenditure compared to HIIT and MICT groups. However, over the entire process, Tabata still exhibits significantly higher rates in these aspects than HIIT and MICT. Despite a shorter exercise duration, Tabata shows a noticeable "time-efficiency" advantage. Tabata can be used as an efficient short-term weight loss exercise program for male college students with overweight/obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Caffeine is a stimulant with well-recognized performance and metabolic benefits, however, there is a lack of studies investigating the time-of-day influence in the properties of caffeine to enhance fat oxidation in women. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the time of the day on the effect of caffeine on the maximal rate of fat oxidation during aerobic exercise in trained women. Methods: Fourteen female athletes (25.5 ± 7.1 years) took part in a randomized, crossover, double-blind study. All participants undertook four different experimental trials combining the ingestion of 3 mg/kg caffeine and a placebo either in the morning (8.00–10.00 h) and in the evening (17.00–19.00 h) realizing an incremental test on a cycle ergometer with 3 min stages at workloads from 30 to 70% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Substrate oxidation rates were measured by indirect calorimetry. In each trial, the maximum rate of fat oxidation (MFO) and the intensity that elicited MFO (Fatmax) were measured. Results: In comparison to placebo, MFO was significantly higher with caffeine both in the morning (0.24 ± 0.13 vs 0.30 ± 0.14 g/min; p < 0.001; ES = 0.79) and in the evening (0.21 ± 0.08 vs 0.28 ± 0.10 g/min; p = 0.002; ES = 0.72). No time-of-day effect on the capacity of caffeine to increase MFO was found (all p = 0.336) Conclusion: The intake of 3 mg/kg of caffeine increased the use of fat as a fuel during exercise independently of the time-of-day in trained women. Trial registration: The study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with the following ID: NCT05880186 by 15 May 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An imbalance between dietary energy intake and energy expenditure may result in body fat gain or obesity. Increasing resting energy expenditure (REE) is an attractive strategy for managing body fat gain. The objective of the current study was to generate proof-of-concept data on a synergistic composition (LN19183) of Citrus aurantifolia fruit rind (CA) and Theobroma cacao seed (TC) extracts to increase REE and reduce body fat gain in a high-fat diet (HFD)–fed rats. In in vitro cell-based experiments, CA, TC, or LN19183 were tested for fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) production from 3T3-L1 mouse adipocytes. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) and beta3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) protein expressions in LN19183-treated 3T3-L1 lysates were also tested. The 56-day in vivo study in male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (age: 12–14 weeks; body weight [b.w.]: 115–197 g) contained 2 phases of 28 days each of induction and supplementation. Seven rats received a regular rodent diet (RD) over 56 days. In the induction phase, 21 rats received HFD; in the supplementation phase, the obese rats (n = 7) received either HFD alone or in concurrence with a daily oral dose of either 100 or 250 mg/kg b.w. of LN19183 for 28 days. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, LN19183 synergistically increased FGF-21 production and dose-dependently increased β3-AR and UCP-1 protein expression. In HFD-fed rats, both doses of LN19183 supplementation significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the body weight gain, total fat mass, and liver weight and increased (p < 0.05) REE. High-dose LN19183 also significantly (p < 0.05) increased fat oxidation and UCP-1 protein expression in white fat tissue and reduced liver triglyceride (TG) level. LN19183-supplemented groups substantially reduced serum TG and glucose levels compared to the HFD rats. LN19183 reduces body fat mass and weight gain via increased REE and fat oxidation in HFD-fed obese rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To investigate the effect of ultrasound treatment on the flavor profile of beef during postmortem aging, a comprehensive analysis of beef flavor was conducted at 0, 7, and 12 d of aging using sensory evaluation and electronic nose. Furthermore, the key volatile flavor compounds were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and the odor activity value (OAV) was further evaluated. In addition, the primary pathway involved in flavor formation during beef aging after ultrasound treatment was explored. The results indicated that ultrasound enhanced the flavor profile of beef during postmortem aging by modifying the OAV of hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, (Z)-2-nonenal, dodecanal, pentanal, 1-octen-3-ol, octanoic acid, and 2-pentylfuran. Lipid oxidation was a crucial pathway through which ultrasound promoted the generation of volatile flavor compounds in beef, confirmed by the improved oxidation level of fatty acids, particularly monounsaturated ones. The study indicates that ultrasound technology can be regarded as an effective method for enhancing the beef flavor profile during postmortem aging.

The present study investigated the potential role of the composition of dietary fatty acids in the regulation of biological rhythms, such as the sleep architecture, core body temperature and leukocyte clock gene expression, in subjects fed meals rich in palmitic acid (PA) or oleic acid (OA). Eleven males participated in two sessions of indirect calorimetry in a whole-room metabolic chamber. In each session, subjects consumed three meals rich in PA (44·3 % of total fat as PA and 42·3 % as OA) or OA (11·7 % of total fat as PA and 59·3 % as OA) in the metabolic chamber. The ratio of PA to OA in plasma was significantly lower and fat oxidation was significantly higher during 24 h of indirect calorimetry in the session with meals rich in OA than in that with meals rich in PA. The duration of slow wave sleep (SWS) was shorter, the latency of SWS was longer and the nadir of core body temperature after bedtime was later in the session with meals rich in PA than in that with meals rich in OA. The peak in CRY1 gene expression was earlier and its amplitude was higher in the session with meals rich in PA than in that with meals rich in OA. In healthy young males, meals rich in PA decreased fat oxidation and disrupted biological rhythms, particularly the sleep architecture and core body temperature during sleep, more than meals rich in OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shelf life of a food product is a limited period of time after production and packaging, during which it maintains the necessary and acceptable level of quality for final consumption. The aim of the research was to predict the shelf life of chocolate packaged in two bilaminated containers with respect to peroxide value, using accelerated testing and constant relative humidity. The peroxide value was evaluated by potentiometric titration. The order of the reaction was defined and with the Arrhenius model the degradation rate constant was found for each container and temperature of study. Shelf life was determined with the kinetic equation of oxidation compound formation at 5, 20 and 35℃ at 217, 114 and 64 days for the 20 microns (μ) packages, and 114, 95 and 81 days for the 50 μ packages respectively. It is concluded that the 20 μ packaging between a storage temperature of 15 and 18℃ is the suggested packaging with a shelf life between 141 and 124 days. The results would enable those working in the chocolate manufacturing and packaging industry to take the temperatures and types of packaging studied as a reference in their production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing interest in studies involving carbohydrate (CHO) manipulation and subsequent adaptations to endurance training. This study aimed to analyze whether a periodized carbohydrate feeding strategy based on a daily training session has any advantages compared to a high-carbohydrate diet in well-trained cyclists. Seventeen trained cyclists (VO2peak = 70.8 ± 6.5 mL·kg−1·min−1) were divided into two groups, a periodized (PCHO) group and a high-carbohydrate (HCHO) group. Both groups performed the same training sessions for five weeks. In the PCHO group, 13 training sessions were performed with low carbohydrate availability. In the HCHO group, all sessions were completed following previous carbohydrate intake to ensure high pre-exercise glycogen levels. In both groups, there was an increase in the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) (PCHO: 244.1 ± 29.9 W to 253.2 ± 28.4 W; p = 0.008; HCHO: 235.8 ± 21.4 W to 246.9 ± 16.7 W; p = 0.012) but not in the time to exhaustion at MLSS intensity. Both groups increased the percentage of muscle mass (PCHO: p = 0.021; HCHO: p = 0.042) and decreased the percent body fat (PCHO: p = 0.021; HCHO: p = 0.012). We found no differences in carbohydrate or lipid oxidation, heart rate, and post-exercise lactate concentration. Periodizing the CHO intake in well-trained cyclists during a 5-week intervention did not elicit superior results to an energy intake-matched high-carbohydrate diet in any of the measured outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of menstrual cycle phase and fitness status on metabolism during high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) was assessed. Twenty-five females (24.4 (3.6) years) were categorized by normal menstrual cycle (n = 14) vs. oral contraceptive (OC) use (n = 11) and by aerobic fitness, high-fitness females (HFF; n = 13) vs. low-fitness females (LFF; n = 12). HIIE was four sets of four repetitions with a 3 min rest between intervals on a cycle ergometer at a power output halfway between the ventilatory threshold and V̇O2peak and performed during follicular (FOL: days 2–7 or inactive pills) and luteal phases (LUT: day ∼21 or 3rd week of active pills). Substrate oxidation was assessed via indirect calorimetry, blood lactate via finger stick, and recovery of skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism (mV̇O2) via continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy. HFF oxidized more fat (g·kg−1) during the full session (FOL: p = 0.050, LUT: p = 0.001), high intervals (FOL: p = 0.048, LUT: p = 0.001), low intervals (FOL: p = 0.032, LUT: p = 0.024), and LUT recovery (p = 0.033). Carbohydrate oxidation area under the curve was greater in HFF during FOL (FOL: p = 0.049, LUT: p = 0.124). Blood lactate was lower in LFF in FOL (p ≤ 0.05) but not in LUT. Metabolic flexibility (Δ fat oxidation g·kg−1·min−1) was greater in HFF than LFF during intervals 2–3 in FOL and 1–4 in LUT (p ≤ 0.05). Fitness status more positively influences exercise metabolic flexibility during HIIE than cycle phase or OC use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fat oxidation capacity is higher in young compared to elderly subjects and higher in premenopausal compared to postmenopausal women, but the influence of age on maximal fat oxidation (MFO) is not clear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate MFO (g/min) across the lifespan of trained adult women. In total, 36 healthy trained women were recruited into three groups: (n = 12), young (27 ± 3 years, mean ± SD) premenopausal, middle‐aged (57 ± 3 years), and older (71 ± 2 years) postmenopausal women and all had a body mass index <25 kg/m2. After an overnight fast, body composition was determined by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry, and blood samples were obtained. A FATmax‐test was performed on a cycle ergometer, and MFO was calculated from the pulmonary V̇O2 and V̇CO2 measured by indirect calorimetry. The absolute MFO was significantly higher in young (0.40 ± 0.07 g/min) compared to both middle‐aged (0.33 ± 0.07 g/min) (p = 0.035) and old (0.25 ± 0.05 g/min) women (p < 0.001). Absolute MFO was higher in middle‐aged compared to old women (p = 0.018). Relative MFO (MFO/LBM, mg/min/LBM) was higher in young (8.39 ± 1.62 mg/min/LBM) compared to old (6.16 ± 1.14 mg/min/LBM) women (p = 0.004). A significant linear relationship was observed between absolute MFO and age (R2 = 0.41; p < 0.001), V̇O2max (R2 = 0.40; p < 0.001), and LBM (R2 = 0.13; p = 0.033), respectively, and between relative MFO and fat mass (R2 = 0.12; p = 0.04). In conclusion, the maximal capacity to oxidize fat is attenuated with age in trained women. Furthermore, postmenopausal middle‐aged women have higher absolute MFO compared to older women, and this implies that it is age per se and not a change in estrogen availability that leads to lower absolute MFO. Highlights: In trained women, the maximal fat oxidation was lowered with age when comparing young, middle‐aged, and older groups implying an attenuating effect of age.In postmenopausal women, the maximal fat oxidation was lower in older than middle‐aged groups, and this implies that age and not estrogen availability leads to a lower absolute maximal fat oxidation rate.In trained women, the FATmax was similar when comparing young, middle‐aged, and older groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among obesity, cumulative fat and poor physical activity are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Due to the limit in performing aerobic exercise (AER), whole-body vibration (WBV) as a passive form of exercise is an alternative therapeutic strategy. Herein, this study aimed to compare the immediate effects of AER and WBV on metabolic and cardiovascular responses, and dyspnea level in obesity. Forty-nine eligible obesities performed both AER and WBV, with a random order assignment (age = 28.94 ± 11.39 years). Fat oxidation, cardiovascular parameters (i.e., heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP)), and dyspnea level (i.e., rating perceived exertion (RPE)) were measured during exercise, while lipid mobilization (i.e., triglycerides) was collected pre- and post-exercise. Fat oxidation rate in AER was significantly higher than in WBV. Significantly increased fat oxidation rates were shown in both groups (within-group analyses) (also shown in females aged 20–45). Triglyceride levels between AER and WBV were similar. A significant decrease in triglyceride levels was only observed in WBV (within-group change). HR and RPE in AER were significantly higher than in WBV (p < 0.05). HR and RPE were significantly increased throughout both AER and WBV, while systolic blood pressure was only significantly elevated in AER (whining-group analyses). WBV may facilitate fat oxidation (particularly in females aged below 45), induce lipid mobilization, and reduce interference on cardiovascular parameters in obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ketogenic dietary interventions cause a dramatic increase in fat oxidation, with a growing body of research indicating prolonged ketogenic diets do not impair exercise performance. However, there is neither strong evidence in support of such a strategy. Over prolonged endurance events, the need for carbohydrates becomes increasingly important to prevent glycogen depletion and hypoglycaemia. A case study methodology was used to examine the response of an ultra-endurance runner with experience of events ranging from 60 to 161km (age: 37; stature: 184cm; mass: 80.2±0.8kg; VO2max 56.5ml/kg/min; mean training volume 37km/week) to three identical 67km field tests following an 8-week ketogenic dietary intervention. Supplementation protocols comprised an acute carbohydrate feeding on the day of competition (74g carbohydrate [0.92g/kg pre-race], 310g [3.85g/kg] during race), in addition to a condition comprising an acute feed as well as a two day of carbohydrate feed (200g carbohydrate [2.5g/kg] in two day feed, 44g carbohydrate [0.54g/kg pre-race], 310g [3.85g/kg] during race), prior to the event and these were compared to baseline event where no carbohydrate was consumed, within race feeding restricted to low carbohydrate options. Compared to baseline (05:58:47 [hours:minutes:seconds]), the 67km time trial improved in both carbohydrate feeding conditions, with greater performance improvements after acute consumption compared to the two-day feed (05:36:59 vs. 05:42:01). Rate of fat oxidation during 0-15km and 40-45km of the acute condition time trial decreased compared to baseline (0.95±0.32g/min, 0.42±0.24g/min vs. 1.20±0.34g/min, 0.89±0.02g/min), and was greatest during the two-day feed condition (1.52±0.30g/min, 1.37±0.34g/min). Carbohydrate feeding impacted substrate metabolism and improved time to complete ultra marathon performance in a ketogenic athlete emphasising the importance of carbohydrates as a fuel for exercise performance. More research is required to determine the efficacy of this strategy within ketogenic athletic populations, as well as investigating optimal ketogenic dietary practices and carbohydrate supplementation protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to explore the influence of different exercise protocols on fat oxidation. Uncontrolled experimental study. For this purpose, 10 sedentary male subjects were recruited, 30 to 39 years old, with elevated body mass index (BMI). Each participant was evaluated in four separate sessions. The first session consisted in determining peak aerobic power (PAP). The following sessions participants performed three equivalent exercise protocols, consisting of each one in three bouts of 15-minute exercise separated by 5 minutes of rest in between. The constant intensity protocol included exercise periods at 55% of PAP, while the other two (increasing and decreasing intensity protocols) consisted in exercise periods at 40, 55 and 70% of PAP in an increasing or decreasing order respectively. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in total caloric expenditure among the three protocols (range: 5.9 ± 0.2 to 6.1 ± 0.2 kcal·kg−1). DIP causes a progressive increase in fat oxidation comparative to IIP and CIP protocols (P < 0.01). In period third of the protocols, DIP oxidized significantly more fat than the other two. The perception of effort was significantly lower in the DIP compared to the other two protocols (P < 0.01). Fat oxidation in exercises at intervals of different intensity depends on the order of these periods, being greater when performed decreasingly, as well as the perception of effort, being more useful for sedentary subjects with high BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ketones are well-known biomarkers of fat oxidation produced in the liver as a result of lipolysis. These biomarkers include acetoacetic acid and β-hydroxybutyric acid in the blood/urine and acetone in our breath and skin. Monitoring ketone production in the body is essential for people who use caloric intake deficit to reduce body weight or use ketogenic diets for wellness or therapeutic treatments. Current methods to monitor ketones include urine dipsticks, capillary blood monitors, and breath analyzers. However, these existing methods have certain disadvantages that preclude them from being used more widely. In this work, we introduce a novel acetone sensor device that can detect acetone levels in breath and overcome the drawbacks of existing sensing approaches. The critical element of the device is a robust sensor with the capability to measure acetone using a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip and convenient data analysis from a red, green, and blue deconvolution imaging approach. The acetone sensor device demonstrated sensitivity of detection in the micromolar-concentration range, selectivity for detection of acetone in breath, and a lifetime stability of at least one month. The sensor device utility was probed with real tests on breath samples using an established blood ketone reference method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the scavenger class B receptor family and is encoded by the cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) gene. This receptor has a high affinity for fatty acids and is involved in lipid metabolism. An abundance of FAT/CD36 during exercise occurs in mitochondria and solitary muscles. As such, we aimed to systematically review the evidence for the relationship FAT/CD36 and adipose tissue lipolysis during exercise training. Five electronic databases were selected for literature searches until June 2022: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, science direct, and Google Scholar. We combined the different synonyms and used the operators (“AND”, “OR”, “NOT”): (CD36 gene) OR (CD36 polymorphism) OR (cluster of differentiation 36) OR (FAT/CD36) OR (fatty acid translocase) OR (platelet glycoprotein IV) OR (platelet glycoprotein IIIb) AND (adipose tissue lipolysis) OR (fatty acids) OR (metabolism lipid) OR (adipocytes) AND (physical effort) OR (endurance exercise) OR (high-intensity training). All published cross-sectional, cohort, case-control, and randomized clinical trials investigating CD36 polymorphisms and adipose tissue lipolysis during exercise in subjects (elite and sub-elite athletes, non-athletes, sedentary individuals and diabetics), and using valid methods to measure FAT/CD36 expression and other biomarkers, were considered for inclusion in this review. We initially identified 476 publications according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and included 21 studies investigating FAT/CD36 and adipose tissue lipolysis during exercise in our systematic review after examination of titles, abstracts, full texts, and quality assessments using the PEDro scale. There were nine studies with male-only participants, three with female-only participants, and nine studies included both female and male participants. There were 859 participants in the 21 selected studies. Studies were classified as either low quality (n = 3), medium quality (n = 13), and high quality (n = 5). In general, the data suggests an association between FAT/CD36 and adipose tissue lipolysis during exercise training. Improvements in FAT/CD36 were reported during or after exercise in 6 studies, while there were no changes reported in FAT/CD36 in 4 studies. An association between fat oxidation and FAT/CD36 expression during exercise was reported in 7 studies. No agreement was reached in 5 studies on FAT/CD36 content after dietary changes and physical interventions. One study reported that FAT/CD36 protein expression in muscle was higher in women than in men, another reported that training decreased FAT/ CD36 protein in insulin-resistant participants, while another study reported no differences in FAT/CD36 in young, trained individuals with type 2 diabetes. Our analysis shows an association between FAT/CD36 expression and exercise. Furthermore, an association between whole-body peak fat oxidation and FAT/ CD36 expression during exercise training was demonstrated. Systematic Review Registration: [PROSPERO], identifier [CRD42022342455]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High versus low aerobic capacity significantly impacts the risk for metabolic diseases. Rats selectively bred for high or low intrinsic aerobic capacity differently modify hepatic bile acid metabolism in response to high-fat diets (HFDs). Here we tested if a bile acid sequestrant would alter hepatic and whole body metabolism differently in rats with high and low aerobic capacity fed a 1-wk HFD. Male rats (8 mo of age) that were artificially selected to be high (HCR) and low-capacity runners (LCR) with divergent intrinsic aerobic capacities were transitioned from a low-fat diet (LFD, 10% fat) to an HFD (45% fat) with or without a bile acid sequestrant (BA-Seq, 2% cholestyramine resin) for 7 days while maintained in an indirect calorimetry system. HFD þ BA-Seq increased fecal excretion of lipids and bile acids and prevented weight and fat mass gain in both strains. Interestingly, HCR rats had increased adaptability to enhance fecal bile acid and lipid loss, resulting in more significant energy loss than their LCR counterpart. In addition, BA-Seq induced a greater expression of hepatic CYP7A1 gene expression, the rate-limiting enzyme of bile acid synthesis in HCR rats both on HFD and HFD þ BA-Seq diets. HCR displayed a more significant reduction of RQ in response to HFD than LCR, but HFD þ BA-Seq lowered RQ in both groups compared with HFD alone, demonstrating a pronounced impact on metabolic flexibility. In conclusion, BA-Seq provides uniform metabolic benefits for metabolic flexibility and adiposity, but rats with higher aerobic capacity display adaptability for hepatic bile acid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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