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Falcataria moluccana is a widespread species that grows rapidly in Indonesia and produces timber used for carpentry. Nonetheless, this species is especially susceptible to gall rust disease. To find plants that can handle rust, a mix of breeding with progeny experiments and forest management methods, like arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), were used. The point of this study is to find out if adding AM changes how F. moluccana seedlings grow and how they react to gall rust disease, both those that have been improved and those that have not. We will also look at the response by calculating the area under disease progress curves (AUDPC) value for rust disease to grow in F. moluccana seedlings. The experimental design comprised four different treatments, including varying quantities of mycorrhizae, as well as four different seed sources. For the mycorrhizal inoculation experiments, there was a control group and three treatment groups. The treatment groups got 5, 10, and 15 g of mycorrhiza per polybag, respectively. The seeds used in this study were sourced from two unimproved families, namely Java and Solomon, as well as two genetically improved families, F63 and F77. This study revealed that mycorrhizal application affects the growth of F. moluccana seedlings and significantly reduces both disease incidence and severity. The application of mycorrhiza reduces the disease incidence and severity; the AUPDC value of seedlings with mycorrhiza added is four times lower than that of seedlings without mycorrhiza. The disease severity was highest for the unimproved Solomon seedlings, despite the fact that the source of seeds had little impact on the disease incidence. Meanwhile, the genetically improved seedlings demonstrated lower disease incidence and severity rates than seedlings without improvement, with an AUPDC value nearly half that of the unimproved seedling. In terms of diameter and height, F. mollucana seedlings derived from various seed sources were remarkably diverse, and seedlings with improvements grew much better than seedlings without improvements. This study shows how arbuscular mycorrhiza affects how well improved and unimproved F. moluccana seedlings deal with gall rust disease.

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Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barnaby & Grimes is an important species for forest plantation programmes in Malaysia and is widely used in the wood industry. However, its root interactions have not been widely investigated due to the limited methodologies and information about the root distribution of trees and crops in forest plantation and agroforestry systems. This study was conducted to determine the rhizotron-scale root interactions of F. moluccana at different tillage and nitrogen concentrations under four different treatments: control, tillage, fertiliser, and tillage with fertiliser. The rhizotron-scale experiment was conducted at a greenhouse where F. moluccana (Batai) seedlings were transplanted in transparent rhizotron tubes (onemetre-high transparent polycarbonate solid sheet) using topsoil and river sand to simulate natural growing conditions. Root Intensity (RI), Root Length Density (RLD), Specific Root Length (SRL), dried shoot bio-mass and root biomass were recorded. Root biomass and SRL were notably higher (25–50 cm depth) at 6 WAT (Weeks After Transplanting), and the shoot biomass (tillage + fertiliser) was significantly higher at 14 WAT. However, plants treated with different tillage and nitrogen concentrations showed no significant impact on the RI and RLD. Fertiliser treatment only, and tillage with fertiliser treatment, showed greater root distribution at the rhizotron scale. These findings contribute to forest plantation and natural forest rehabilitation efforts by helping optimise the soil resources within ecosystems for sustainable forest management.

AbstractIndonesia's tropical forest management faces several challenges owing to the growing demand for forest resources and increasing population. The forestry sector plays a significant role in supporting food security programs by harnessing the potential of forest resources. One solution to sustainable forest management and optimal forest land use is agroforestry techniques. Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) is tolerant to heavy shade and is a promising functional food crop that can contribute to food security programs. Starch content in arrowroot tuber plays an important role in meeting nutritional requirements and overcoming several health problems. Arrowroot tubers also contain phenolic compounds, the largest group of compounds that act as natural antioxidants in plants. This study aimed to analyze the total phenolic and starch contents of arrowroot tubers cultivated in agroforestry systems. We used a Randomized Complete Block Design with a planting pattern as treatment for the species combinations of Falcataria moluccana + arrowroot (FA), F. moluccana + arrowroot + Amomum cardamomum (FAC), and monoculture arrowroot (MA) with three blocks/replications. The arrowroot tubers were harvested from nine-month-old plants and composite samples representing each treatment were analyzed for total phenolic and starch contents. The total phenolic content in the arrowroot tubers was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Starch content was measured using the Modified Somogyi method, which involves preparing reagents, followed by hydrolysis and the reducing sugar determination methods. The results revealed that the planting pattern significantly affected starch content. The highest starch content was observed in the MA pattern of 23.99%, followed by the FAC and FA planting patterns of 22.75% and 18.44%, respectively. The planting pattern did not significantly affect phenolic content. The MA, FAC, and FA patterns yielded the highest to lowest phenolic contents of 218.02, 212.62, and 210.04 µg/g, respectively. Furthermore, the planting pattern significantly affected the total phenolic of tuber yield per plant, with the highest value of 214.48 mg yielded by MA pattern. Thus, agroforestry practices can maintain the phenolic and starch content of arrowroot tubers. The development of arrowroot in agroforestry system will be prospective not only for meeting food demand, but also for supporting forestry multi-business and social forestry programs to achieve sustainable forest management.

Falcataria falcata , until recently known as Falcataria moluccana and commonly known as albizia, is a large, fast-growing tree native to the Malaysian peninsula, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Solomon Islands. It has been introduced to, and become naturalized in, continental Africa, Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands. F. falcata is an early successional pioneer species that typically establishes via purposeful plantings. It readily spreads and outcompetes other tree species as a function of its symbiotic nitrogen-fixing capacity, copious long-lived seedbanks, and rapid growth rates. Due to their large stature at maturity (>30 m in height) and unstable architecture, F. falcata stands have the capacity to substantively alter the composition, structure, and function of lowland wet forests, and they pose a potent threat to both native forests and human communities across the Pacific. Despite negative aspects associated with its invasion, F. falcata has been harnessed for commercial profit and to increase soil fertility, particularly in its native range. F. falcata can be a component of productive agroforestry systems; the wood is used for firewood, as energy for industry, and timber in light construction. The nutrient-rich biomass of the tree is also used as mulch to increase crop production. However, given that mature stands were primarily responsible for millions of dollars of damage resulting from catastrophic tree fall during Tropical Storm Iselle on Hawai'i Island, and the potential interactions with climate change and development, managing this tree for its benefits as well as expanding research for its control is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing agroforestry systems in private forests is expected to increase productivity. This study aims to determine the appropriate agroforestry design for Falcataria moluccana-based private forests in Central Lombok Regency. Three intercrop species were tested: small taro ( Colocasia esculenta), ginger ( Zingiber officinale), and vanilla ( Vanilla planifolia Andrews). This study was established using a completely randomized design. The three planting combinations were examined in three replications for a total of nine test plots: F. moluccana+vanilla+small taro (FmVT), F. moluccana+vanilla+ginger (FmVG), and F. moluccana+vanilla+ginger+small taro (FmVGT). Each test plot was 10 x 10 m and was located at 3 x 3 m spacing under a 3-year-old F. moluccana stand. The measured variables were crop survival rates, plant yields, and microclimatic data. The correlation between the variables was examined using the Pearson Product Moment, Duncan's advanced multiple range test (DMRT), and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The market price was used to determine the crop's economic value. The best agroforestry design was based on the economic value of crop production and the land equivalent ratio. The results indicated that the combination of F. moluccana, vanilla, ginger, and small taro, which generated an additional income of IDR 11,851,250 ha-1 a year, should be widely promoted and adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives Falcataria moluccana, known locally as Sengon, is a fast-growing legume tree that is commonly planted in community forests of Java Island, Indonesia. However, the plantations face attacks of Boktor stem borer (Xystrocera festiva) and gall-rust disease (Uromycladium falcatariae) as major threats to its productivity. To control those pest and disease, it is necessary to grow resistant sengon clones, which are developed through tree improvement program, of which needs genetic and genomic information. This dataset was created to construct draft of sengon chloroplast genome and to study the evolution of sengon based on matK and rbcL barcode genes. Data description Genomic DNA was extracted from leaf samples of one individual healthy tree in a private plantation. The DNA was sequenced using Illumina Novaseq 6000 (Novogen AIT, Singapore) for short-reads data, and MinION of Nanopore following manufacture’s protocols SQK-LSK110 for long-reads data. The 66,3 Gb short-reads and 12 Gb long-reads data were hybrid assembled and used to construct a 128.867 bp of F. moluccana chloroplast genome with a quadripartite structure, containing a pair of inverted repeats, a large single-copy and a small single-copy region. Phylogenetic tree constructed using matK and rbcL showed monophyletic origin of F. moluccana and other legume trees.

This study evaluates the secondary successional pathways of Hawaiian lowland rainforest following anthropogenic disturbance. Whereas primary succession on lava flows has been well studied in Hawaii, secondary successional dynamics on disturbed habitats in the presence of nonnative species has been poorly researched and documented. Our study was based on two vegetation sampling efforts conducted on 200–400-year-old lava flows 2 and 27 years following a 400-hectare clearcutting operation in the Puna District of the southeast quadrant of Hawaii Island. Intact forest adjacent to the clearcut area provided a baseline to compare against succession dynamics in the clearcut area. The most important trees of the uncut primary forest, based on frequency, density, and dominance, were keystone Hawaiian forest species Metrosideros polymorpha , followed by Psychotria hawaiiensis, Psidium cattleianum, Ciboteum glaucum , and Cibotium chamissoi. Whereas early successional nonnative species dominated the initial vegetation colonizing the clearcut site, M. polymorpha, P. cattleianum , and Cibotium species were also present. Twenty-seven years later we found the clearcut site colonized by two distinct secondary forest types: M. polymorpha -dominated forest and Falcataria moluccana -dominated forest. Whereas M. polymorpha maintained a similar level of dominance in uncut primary forest and M. polymorpha -dominated secondary forest stands, it was nearly absent from F. moluccana -dominated secondary forest stands. Results demonstrated that the keystone Hawaiian native tree species can effectively reestablish across disturbed landscapes, but are unable to outcompete in areas where fast growing nonnative trees become established. This underscores the critical need to suppress early nonnative tree establishment in disturbed habitats if the objective is to reestablish Hawaiian native forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing agroforestry systems in private forests is expected to increase productivity. This study aims to determine the appropriate agroforestry design for Falcataria moluccana-based private forests in Central Lombok Regency. Three intercrop species were tested: small taro (Colocasia esculenta), ginger (Zingiber officinale), and vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andrews). This study was established using a completely randomized design. The three planting combinations were examined in three replications for a total of nine test plots: F. moluccana+vanilla+small taro (FmVT), F. moluccana+vanilla+ginger (FmVG), and F. moluccana+vanilla+ginger+small taro (FmVGT). Each test plot was 10 x 10 m and was located at 3 x 3 m spacing under a 3-year-old F. moluccana stand. The measured variables were crop survival rates, plant yields, and microclimatic data. The correlation between the variables was examined using the Pearson Product Moment, Duncan's advanced multiple range test (DMRT), and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The market price was used to determine the crop's economic value. The best agroforestry design was based on the economic value of crop production and the land equivalent ratio. The results indicated that the combination of F. moluccana, vanilla, ginger, and small taro, which generated an additional income of IDR 11,851,250 ha-1 a year, should be widely promoted and adopted.

Initial evaluation of phenotypic variability and genetic diversity was conducted on the progeny test of 2 years-old sengon from Solomon provenance, which derived from nine families of mother tree and were then planted in 4 blocks in the Cirangsad Experimental Forest. Phenotypic assessment on eight traits was conducted on 36 trees using a scoring system, while genetic diversity of 15 selected individuals which represented high and low-score phenotypic traits was analyzed using 5 selected RAPD primers. The result on phenotypic assessment showed that family 3 (57.25 points) has the highest average score of phenotypic quality and family 4 has the lowest average score (7.50 points). Furthermore, genetic analysis showed that the low-scoring sengon population had a greater mean genetic diversity (He = 0.2535) than the high-score population (He = 0.2345). The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed a significant genetic differences (p-value < 0.001) among high and low-score populations and the dendrogram of genetic distance revealed clustering of individuals having similar superior phenotypic against those having non-superior, indicating the selection based on phenotypes in this study had succeeded in pooling the good quantitative alleles in the selected population. This evaluation results can be used as a reference in determining the best families to produce superior sengon (from Solomon provenance) offspring in the future that have desired adaptability, productivity, and diversity.

Synthesis and characterization of cellulose acetate and nanocellulose acetate have been carried out. Cellulose was isolated from sengon wood powder waste using 6% NaOH solution and bleached with NaOCl. The cellulose was hydrolyzed with 60% formic acid to obtain nanocellulose. Cellulose and nanocellulose were then modified with acetic anhydride. The synthesized products were characterized by FTIR to identify organic functional groups, powder XRD to measure crystallinity, and SEM to observe surface morphology. Solubility tests in several types of solvents were also performed. The degree of substitution (DS) of cellulose acetate and nanocellulose acetate was carried out based on Indonesia's SNI 0444:2009 method. The DS calculation show that the cellulose acetate and nanocellulose have DS of 2.9 and 2.1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) is a popular tree species in community plantation forests in Java, Indonesia due to its fast-growing and multipurpose characteristics. However, without effective control measures sengon plantations are vulnerable to boktor stem borer (Xystrocera festiva) infestation. Previous research found some boktor-resistant trees amid mostly susceptible individuals. Resistant trees have higher levels of enzyme inhibitory activity than susceptible ones. However, efforts to differentiate between the two accessions using microsatellite markers failed to provide satisfactory answers. This dataset was created to study differences in gene expressions between resistant and susceptible accessions, and to identify candidate genes involved in boktor resistance in sengon. Data description RNA was extracted from fresh wood samples collected from two individual trees: one heavily infested with boktor larvae, and the other showing no signs of infestation. The sample trees grow in close proximity to each other within the same plantation. The RNA was sequenced using the BGISEQ-500 platform and produced 78.5 million raw reads. De novo transcriptome were assembled using Trinity and produced 96,164 contigs after filtering and clustering. This transcriptome data is important for understanding pest resistance mechanisms in sengon trees, serving as basis for an improvement program for resistance to boktor pest.

Successional processes ultimately determine and define carbon accumulations in forested ecosystems. Although primary succession on wholly new substrate occurs across the globe, secondary succession, often following storm events or anthropogenic disturbance, is more common and is capable of globally significant accumulations of carbon (C) at a time when offsets to anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are critically needed. In Hawai'i, prior studies have investigated ecosystem development during primary succession on lava flows, including estimates of C mass accumulation. Yet relatively little is known regarding secondary succession of Hawaii's native forests, particularly regarding C mass accumulation. Here we documented aboveground C mass accumulation by native‐ and nonnative‐dominated second‐growth forests following deforestation of mature native lowland rainforests in the Puna District of Hawai'i Island. We characterized species composition and stand structure of three distinct successional forest stand types: those dominated by the native tree, Metrosideros polymorpha (ʻŌhiʻa), and those dominated by invasive nonnative trees, Falcataria moluccana (albizia) and Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava). We compared M. polymorpha‐dominated and F. moluccana‐dominated second‐growth forests to adjacent mature M. polymorpha‐dominated forests as well as young M. polymorpha‐dominated forests undergoing initial stages of primary succession on 36‐years‐old lava fields. Aboveground carbon density (ACD) values of mature primary forest stands (171 Mg/ha) were comparable to those of mature continental tropical forests. M. polymorpha‐dominated second‐growth stands attained nearly 50% of ACD values of mature primary forests after less than 30 years of post‐disturbance succession and exhibited aboveground carbon accumulation rates of ~3 Mg C·ha−1·year−1. Such rates were comparable to those of second‐growth forests in continental tropics. Rates of ACD accumulation by second‐growth forests dominated by nonnative F. moluccana stands were similar, or slightly greater than, those of M. polymorpha‐dominated stands. However, M. polymorpha individuals were virtually absent from stands dominated by either P. cattleianum or F. moluccana. Taken together, results demonstrated that re‐establishment and rapid accumulation of C mass by M. polymorpha stands during secondary succession is certainly possible, but only where populations of nonnative species have not already colonized areas during early stages of secondary succession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical and mechanical properties of branch wood from falcata [Falcataria molucanna (Miq.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes] grown in Caraga Region, Philippines were determined to assess suitability for end-uses such as core veneer and as material for light construction and handles and boxes as the stem wood. Tests done to compare the properties with the stem wood showed significant differences in relative density (average values of 0.284 for the stem wood and 0.255 for the branch wood) and shrinkage properties in all directions. Axial position significantly influenced variation in moisture content (p = 0.0024) for stem and branch wood, as well as relative density (p = < 0.0001) plus percent tangential (p = < 0.0001) and radial (p = 0.0014) shrinkage. For the mechanical properties, the stem wood end hardness was significantly higher by 28.8% at green condition (p = 0.0003) and by 13.36% at 12% MC (p = 0.0133) than the branch wood. The compression perpendicular to the grain at 12% MC of the stem wood was also higher by 16.10% (p = 0.0166). However, for the other mechanical properties studied, the differences were not significant. The bottom portion of the stem and branch wood exhibited the highest mechanical properties, which can be attributed to the higher relative density at this portion (p = 0.0001). Based on the results that showed insignificant differences in most of the properties between the wood types of F. moluccana, the branch wood can possibly be used for similar applications as the stem wood such as for light construction, non-structural veneer, and plywood; for tool handles, boxes, and other household items; and for pulp and paper. The utilization of the branch wood of F. moluccana, therefore, can augment the raw materials supply for the local wood industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) is a limiting nutrient mined from non-renewable sources. P is needed to stimulate trees growth in a forest plantation. P-fertilizer addition in the tropical forest field causes P-leaching flux to watershed and induces eutrophication. The high C contained in meranti (Shorea sp.) biochar can avoid the P-leaching process in the soil with a strategic application method. However, the biochar application method is poorly examined. This research aimed to develop a biochar application method to sequestrate P from the environment and examine its effect on the growth of sengon (Falcataria moluccana). Shorea sp. biochar pyrolyzed at 400 °C and 600 °C were added at a dosage of 0 t ha−1, 25 t ha−1, and 50 t ha−1 for six months in the field. The biochar was placed 20 cm under topsoil without soil mixing. This application method significantly increased total P in the soil without any P-fertilizer addition. The results showed that biochar pyrolyzed at 600 °C and a dosage of 25 t ha−1 increased the total P in the soil and CEC by 192.2 mg kg−1 and 25.98 me 100 g−1, respectively. Biochar with a higher pyrolysis temperature increased higher soil pH. In contrast, the higher dosage increased organic-C higher than the lower dosage application. The most significant P-uptake, height, and diameter increments on F.moluccana were achieved using Shorea sp. biochar pyrolyzed at 600 °C with a dosage of 25 t ha−1 by 0.42 mg kg−1, 222 cm, and 2.75 cm, respectively. The total P in the soil positively correlated with the P-uptake of F. moluccana. Furthermore, using the biochar application method P could be absorbed to the biochar layer and desorbed to the topsoil. Consequently, the biochar application method together with P-fertilizer addition could increase the availability of P in the soil and decrease P-leaching to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fast-growth plantation forestry is relatively new in many Southeast Asian countries, and there is a clear need for monitoring and assessment of plantation forest soils in this region. In this study, we used miniature plots to estimate and explain site productivity for three widely planted hardwood tree species: Acacia mangium, Falcataria moluccana and Eucalyptus pellita. Miniature plots investigate forest productivity by carrying out very small-scale, short-term experimental studies and treating the results as analogous to what would occur in an operational-scale forest stand over a normal rotation. Miniature plots were established in three separate compartments of a tropical forest plantation in southeastern Sabah, Malaysia. Plots included the three species of interest, each with a fertilised and unfertilised subplot. Assessments were made of site and soil factors including soil profile properties and laboratory analysis of soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus (total and available) and pH. Tree growth was measured for nine months to estimate site productivity. Results suggest the need for research focusing on the role of soil carbon, carbon:nitrogen ratio, available phosphate and possibly soil pH in tropical plantation productivity, as well as the potential for large increases in productivity with high rates of fertiliser. In addition, there were differences in the fertiliser response between species, suggesting that F. moluccana in particular might respond more strongly than A. mangium to high application rates of fertiliser. The results also suggest that miniature plots have considerable potential for monitoring and investigating site productivity in fast-growth tree plantations in Southeast Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) is a popular tree species in community plantation forests in Java, Indonesia due to its fast-growing and multipurpose characteristics. However, without effective control measures sengon plantations are vulnerable to boktor stem borer (Xystrocera festiva) infestation. Previous research found some boktor-resistant trees amid mostly susceptible individuals. Resistant trees have higher levels of enzyme inhibitory activity than susceptible ones. However, efforts to differentiate between the two accessions using microsatellite markers failed to provide satisfactory answers. This dataset was created to study differences in gene expressions between resistant and susceptible accessions, and to identify candidate genes involved in boktor resistance in sengon. Data description: RNA was extracted from fresh wood samples collected from two individual trees: one heavily infested with boktor larvae, and the other showing no signs of infestation. The sample trees grow in close proximity to each other within the same plantation. The RNA was sequenced using the BGISEQ-500 platform and produced 78.5 million raw reads. De novo transcriptome were assembled using Trinity and produced 96,164 contigs after filtering and clustering. This transcriptome data is important for understanding pest resistance mechanisms in sengon trees, serving as basis for an improvement program for resistance to boktor pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In this study, Falcataria moluccana as a plant of West Java community forest was evaluated for its phytochemical content, characterization of secondary metabolites through GC/MS analysis, and antioxidant activity with the DPPH method. Methods: The extraction of F. moluccana twig used maceration with methanol solvent. Phytochemical compounds in F. moluccana methanolic extract were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The antioxidant activity was tested against 2,2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results: The phytochemical screening of F. moluccana methanolic extract showed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins. The results of GC/MS analysis showed that the highest abundance was a-terpinolenic from the terpenoid group with a retention time of 6.776 minutes and a percentage area of 25.85%. Total phenolic content in methanolic extract of F. moluccana was 145.21 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid was 95.39 mg QE/g while antioxidant activity (IC50) was 12.60 ppm. Conclusion: F. moluccana has potential as natural antioxidant and its active compounds can be developed as pharmaceutical raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The research described here developed plantlets through direct and indirect organogenesis of selected explants. Materials and Methods: Sterile seeds were cultured in hormone-free Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium to generate explants. Nodal segments were cultured in MS basal medium for direct plantlet regeneration. Indirect plantlet regeneration through callus formation was done by culturing leaf, stem, and root explants. Explants from seeds were sterilized in 30% sodium hypochlorite for 20 minutes, 70% alcohol for 5 minutes, 20% sodium hypochlorite for 20 minutes, and 5% sodium hypochlorite. Results: The best concentration of BAP for direct plantlet regeneration was 2 mgL-1. Callus formation could be induced from the stem, leaf, and root explants; however, the largest amount of morphogenic callus was formed from stem explants. Albizia morphogenic callus had a friable and nodular structure, compact, shiny, with a yellowish color. This morphogenic callus regenerated into plantlets. Conclusions: Complete plantlets from direct and indirect in vitro regeneration were ready for acclimatization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Falcataria moluccana or sengon is one of the fast-growing wood species widely grown in Indonesia. However, its wood is low quality with low density, and poor strength, durability, and dimensional stability. This study determined the effects of impregnation with monoethylene glycol (MEG) and nano-SiO2 on the characteristics of sengon wood, including its dimensional stability and density. Impregnation with MEG and nano-SiO2 had a significant effects on dimensional stability in terms of the weight percent gain, anti-swelling efficiency, water uptake, bulking effect, and density. The impregnated wood was examined by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results show that MEG and nano-SiO2 were distributed homogeneously into cell walls of wood treated with 0.5% MEGSiO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The factors contributing to biodiversity of terrestrial gastropods on Mo’orea, French Polynesia are investigated. Gastropods are sampled from four native forests of predominately Hibiscus tiliaceus, and four nonnative forests of predominately Falcataria moluccana within two elevational ranges. It is determined that the type of forest has an effect on the species composition of that habitat. Additionally, it is determined that elevation is a determinant in relative species composition. An additional variable possibly contributing to species distribution is the predatory detection of the introduced flatworm, Platydemus manokwari, by two predominant species of this study. This is primarily a study on the current biodiversity of a vastly neglected group of molluscs on island of Mo’orea.

Mo’orea, French Polynesia of the Society Islands archipelago is a highly isolated volcanic Pacific Island. It is vulnerable to invasion by introduced species due to this isolation in conjunction with its small size and disharmonic native biota. Falcataria moluccana is one such invader; since its introduction in the 1960s to reforest burned and eroded ridges it has established monodominant stands throughout the island. I studied the effects of this species on vegetation ecology, specifically native and non-native understory diversity, tree community dynamics, and species spread potential. Contrary to expectations, I found that native understory was able to persist despite ecosystem modifications caused by F. moluccana. However, the majority of native species present were post-disturbance taxa. Tree community analysis revealed that F. moluccana trees are able to grow to large sizes where other trees cannot, which suggests either niche differentiation or resource monopolization. Seedling count results indicate that this species may be enabling its spread through ecosystem modification, specifically the infusion of nitrogen into the environment via leaf litter. Future studies on long-term dynamics of F. moluccana stands combined with germination studies, soil chemistry analyses, and resource availability surveys would be beneficial to future conservation efforts on Mo’orea.

The process of initial handling of seeds is extraction which is using dry or wet methods. The objective of this research was to find out the suitable pod drying period for extracting seeds and decreasing of seed moisture content of sengon laut. The experimental design used was a complete randomized design (CRD). The main factor was drying method under the sun and using seed drier (40°C). The results showed that either sun drying for 2 days or use seed drier for 32 hours was the best method for extraction and decreasing of seed moisture content. Drying pods was enable to obtain safe seed moisture content for long-term storage of Falcataria molucana seeds.

Two Falcataria moluccana (sengon) progeny trials, incorporating 100 different families from 12 provenances growing on two highly gall rust (Uromycladium falcatarium) prone sites were used to estimate genetic parameters and potentially identify rust-resistant material. Analysis was performed to assess provenance- and family-level survival, rust incidence, and growth at the two progeny trials. Height, diameter, survival, and rust incidence was measured at two progeny trials at 18 months-of-age located at Jember and Lumajang, East Java. Rust incidence at the two trial sites was severe, with only 39% overall survival (35% and 43% at Jember and Lumajang, repectively). The analysis revealed significant genetic variation at the provenance level for survival, rust incidence, and growth. No statistically meaningful narrow-sense heritability of these traits was indicated, though this is probably reflective of the inadequate within-family replication and effects associated with uneven stocking resulting from rust-induced mortality. Significant genotype-by environment (provenance-by-site) interaction was also indicated, though the performance of some of the best- and worst-performing provenances was relatively stable, allowing recommendations of suitable provenances for further testing on rust-prone sites

A study to understand the degree of genetic factor influence on gall rust disease caused by Uromycladium falcatarium sp. nov, of eleven Falcataria moluccana seed sources from Indonesia and Malaysia, has these objectives, i.e.: (1) determine the heritability of gall rust disease severity particularly on stem and height of F. moluccana seedlings, (2) estimate genetic correlation between gall rust disease severity and height of F. moluccana seedlings.. The preliminary study was conducted at the Laboratory of Forest Health and Protection of Faculty Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, while preparing seedlings and artificial inoculation assessment which conducted at Sabah Softwood's Nursery and F.moluccana plantation, Tawau Malaysia. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 blocks, 7 replications in each block and 4 seedlings as plot in each replication were set up for gall rust inoculation and the control for 11 seed sources (7 from Indonesia and 4 from Brumas, Tawau Malaysia) of F. moluccana seedlings. Gall rust disease severity was calculated using modified Chester's formula. Broad-sense heritability for gall rust disease severity and height were calculated using Baker formula, and covariance analysis of genetic correlations was computed by the formula given by Zobel and Talbert. Linear additive model was employed to estimate the components of variance for seed sources. The broad sense heritability of gall rust disease was moderate (0.42 - 0.47) for inoculated seedlings and 0.40 - 0.41 for control, but moderate to high for inoculated seedling (0.5 - 0.84) and for control (0.44 - 0.79). The genetic correlation between gall rust disease severity and height of seedling was unstable, high (0.85) and positive only at 27 days after inoculation. This finding indicates that the contribution of genetic and environmental factor to f gall rust disease severity on 11 seed sources F.moluccana seedlings were almost the same. Hence, it is also difficult to select the best seed source using height and gall rust disease severity characters concurrently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the use of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L) stalk particles as additive with both extender and filler property in urea formaldehyde adhesive formulation used to bond Paraserianthes falcataria (L) Nielsen veneers into plywood. The effect of varying amount of tobacco stalk particles on adhesive working properties, shear strength and wood failure of 3-ply plywood was investigated. Adhesive mix containing urea formaldehyde resin with tobacco stalk particles up to 8% by mass blended very well and remained stable for atleast 1 hour. An increase or no significant effect on shear strength and wood failure up to 8% tobacco stalk loading was observed compared to plywood that used a commercial glue formulation. Based on shear strength and wood failure, panels containing 4-8% tobacco stalk particles would pass the requirements of ISO 12466-2. Examination of adhesive penetration and plywood strength suggest that tobacco particles could function as both filler and extender. Tobacco stalk particles offer an environmentally friendly, low cost, strong and non-abrasive alternative to conventional fibers used in plywood production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gall rust disease caused by Uromycladium falcatarium (Sacc.) is one of the most destructive diseases of Falcataria moluccana plantations in parts of South-East Asia. The disease causes severe damage throughout all developmental stages from seedlings to mature trees. Chocolate brown, cauliflower- or whip-like galls are observed on stem, branch, petiole, shoot and pod. The objectives of this study at Brumas Estate, Tawau, Sabah were to (i) determine the status of gall rust disease, (ii) examine the relationship between disease incidence and environmental factors that may influence disease development, and (iii) predict the origin gall-rust spores. The sampling intensity was 10% of the total area at each site. Three blocks at each site contained three replicates, each containing three plots of 10 trees for observations. More open sites, flat topography, absence of fog, greater age and lower altitude were associated with reduced gall rust disease incidence and severity; high relative humidity and low wind speeds promoted gall rust disease development. As winds blew predominantly from the north-east, gall rust spores may have spread from the north, probably from the Philippines to Tawau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We sampled three exotic species of rats (Rattus exulans, Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus) by live-trapping along two transects on Tutuila, American Samoa and searched for evidence of mycophagy by examining fecal pellets. We found spores of three species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Septoglomus constrictum, Rhizophagus clarus and Rhizophagus fasciculatus) in 19 of the 26 samples examined. All the three species of rats consumed sporocarps, with R. clarus being the most widely consumed. We suggest that mycophagy by exotic rats is common in American Samoa and may facilitate invasion of exotic plants such as the tree Falcataria moluccana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timber from forest plantation can be an alternative to overcome the shortage of raw material for plywood manufacture. However the use of fast growing species may affect the plywood quality. This study investigated the mechanical properties of plywood made from three fast growing species which is batai (Paraserianthes falcataria), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus pellita) and kelempayan (Neolamarckia cadamba). Plywood with five and seven layers veneer were produced with different species arrangement. Bending, bonding shear and panel shear properties of the plywood were determined according to Japanese Agricultural Standard for Plywood. Results showed that the number of layer and veneer thickness affected the board properties. Plywood with seven layers performed better than five layers, showing higher modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and bonding shear. Species arrangement affected modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, bonding shear and panel shear. Plywood from kelempayan and kelempayan-eucalyptus arrangement performed better than plywood containing batai veneers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Gyrinops versteegii has been domesticated by local community in Sragen Regency, the environmental factors and species which have high compatibility with G. versteegii still have not known yet. The objectives of this research were 1) to know which one of those vegetation communities that gives the best the diameter and height growth of the domesticated G. versteegii, and 2) to know the environmental factors that influenced the growth of the diameter and height of the domesticated G. versteegii. Sampling was done systematically with a plot of size 20 × 20m for trees, 10 × 10m for poles, and 5 × 5m for saplings with a total of 28 plots. SPSS Program version 22 was used for cluster, one-way anova, correlation, and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that for achieving the best G. versteegii growth, the G. versteegii should be planted under the community group which was dominated by Paraserianthes falcataria, T. grandis, Gliricidia sepium, and Eugenia aquea. Environmental factors affecting diameter growth of G. verteegii were organic carbon of the soil and the vegetation density. Meanwhile the environmental factors affecting the height growth of G. versteegii were temperature, light intensity, relative light intensity, organic carbon, C N ratio, P, Mg, air humidity, and clay content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wettability and bonding quality of exterior coatings on fast-growing wood surfaces were studied. Samples of air-dried flat-grained (tangential surface) and edge-grained (radial surface) pattern of jabon ( Anthocephalus cadamba) and sengon ( Paraserianthes falcataria) woods were used. Before application of exterior coatings, the surfaces of the lumber samples were sanded. To provide wood surfaces with various degrees of roughness, abrasive papers of 120, 240, and 360 grits were used for the surface preparation. The wettability of two exterior coatings (water-based acrylic and oil-based alkyd varnishes) on the sanded wood surfaces was measured using a sessile drop contact angle method. The Shi and Gardner (S/G) model was used to evaluate and compare the wettability of the surface coatings on the wood. The sanded wood samples were coated with the two coatings (two layers each). Bonding quality of the coating layers was measured using a crosscut tape test method. Experimental results show that constant contact angle change rate ( K value) of the S/G model decreased as the grit number of abrasive paper increased. This indicates that the wettability decreased as the roughness of the surface decreased (surface becomes smoother). There was no evidence of differences in wettability between tangential and radial wood surfaces. The oil-based alkyd coating generated better wettability compared to the water-based acrylic. The crosscut tests showed that the bonding quality of the coating films on both jabon and sengon wood decreased as the surface became smoother. The sengon wood compared to jabon wood provided better coating wettability and bonding quality. Wettability in terms of the K values was a good indication for determining the bonding quality of the two varnish layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barks are available as waste material and by-product of wood industry. They have been reported to contain interesting molecules and show some bioactivity such as antioxidant and antifungal. This study aimed at evaluating the amounts of extractives in Acacia mangium (acacia), Paraserianthes falcataria (sengon) and Swietenia mahagoni (mahoni) barks, to evaluate their extractive contents and the presence of potential valuable molecules. The extraction method used soxhlet with four different solvents. Antioxidant activity assays were carried out using methyl linoleate and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhidrazyl (DPPH) and the antifungal activity was determinate by fungal growth inhibitions assays. 5.3%–18.5% extraction yields were obtained. All acetone and toluene ethanol extracts show high antioxidant activity by DPPH. The highest antioxidant value obtained by DPPH was obtained for mahoni bark acetone extract with 3.9 mg/L of EC 50 , followed by mahoni bark toluene ethanol 6.8 mg/L, acacia bark acetone 7 mg/L, and acacia bark toluene ethanol extract 7.4 mg/L. Sengon bark extracts had the greatest antifungal activity inhibition. The greatest antioxidant and antifungal activity were obtained with phenolic compounds which were contained in the extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Adenanthera pavonina is leguminous species which is a perennial and non-climbing tree which is a highly valuable plant for food, drink, and traditional medicine. The Adenanthera pavonina Linn Seed was obtained in our institution premises. This present study was targeted at evaluating proximate analysis, phytochemical determination, a physicochemical parameter of the spectroscopically characterized oil sample of Adenanthera pavonina. The oil which was extracted by standard method had percentage yield of 15.36%. The phytochemical screening of the oil revealed the presence of saponin, alkaloid, and terpenoids. Proximate analysis result unveiled that seed oil of Adenanthera pavonina Linn had an appreciable quantity of protein 27.72%, Crude fiber 5.82 and Ash contents 2.51. It also showed the moisture content, organic matter, carbohydrate, pH and Refractive index to be 13.34%, 97.49% 54.36%, 5.96 and 1.62 respectively. The mineral determination showed that the seed oil contained Manganese (0.001 ± 0.0002 %), Iron (13.52 mg/kg), while Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) were below the detectable limit. The structure of the oil was elucidated using physicochemical analyses and spectral data which include FT-IR, UV, 1H- and 13C-NMR as well as mass spectral data. The spectroscopic data correlated well and was consistent with the proposed structure. The seed oil could provide access to increase dietary formulation owing to its high protein content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Falcataria moluccana is important for reforestation and afforestation in Indonesia. However, epidemic of gall rust disease in F. moluccana plantations decreases its productivity. Genetic engineering is an alternative solution to against gall rust disease. Somatic embryogenesis is an efficient in vitro plant regeneration for successful plant improvement through genetic engineering. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of thidiazuron and light treatments on the induction of somatic embryogenesis of F . moluccana . The effects of thidiazuron concentration (5, 10 or 15 μM) and light (continuous light, 7 days of dark followed by light, or continuous dark) on the induction of somatic embryogenesis in leaf explants were assessed. The highest production of somatic embryos was obtained in 5 μM thidiazuron and dark treatments for 7 days followed by light in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 1.2 g/L proline. Histological analysis in globular and cotyledon stages confirmed that cells had progressed to secondary somatic embryogenesis. This research needs more improvements to become a successful and efficient somatic embryogenesis method and as a potential method for successful plant improvement through genetic engineering in F. moluccana . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The halecomorph fishPanxianichthys imparilis, from the Pelsonian (Anisian, Middle Triassic) of Panxian County, Guizhou Province, South China, was recently described in brief. Here we present a thorough revision of this taxon based on 22 specimens, which allows a much better understanding of its anatomy and, consequently, its phylogenetic relationships. Newly recognized anatomical features include a flat quadratojugal, a symplectic articulating with the lower jaw ventral to the quadrate articulation, five infraorbitals, up to three suborbitals, and a large tail body lobe.Panxianichthysrepresents the oldest known non-parasemionotiform halecomorph and has a crescent-shaped preopercle and a maxillary branch of infraorbital sensory canal, but it is excluded from the ‘Ionoscopiformes–Amiiformes’ clade mainly by the presence of a quadratojugal, a dermosphenotic hinged to the side of the skull roof with a smooth innerorbital flange bearing no sensory canal, and a symplectic articulation much more ventral than that of the quadrate. A comparison with other Triassic non-parasemionotiform halecomorphs, together with the phylogenetic analysis, supports the erection of a new halecomorph order, Panxianichthyiformes, which is the sister group to the post-Triassic ‘Ionoscopiformes–Amiiformes’ clade. In addition,Robustichthys, also from the Anisian and previously ascribed to Ionoscopiformes, is recognized here as a new stem-group Ginglymodi. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5594E962-985F-466D-AC52-2E9A5AC07787 [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) made from Indonesian Paraserianthes falcataria wood species has come to market since couple years ago. Paraserianthes falcataria is a typical of fast growing species having an average oven-dry specific gravity of 0.26. As an effort to develop guidance for an optimum utilization of this LVL in structural building applications such as three-hinged gable frame structures, bending test of full-scale non-prismatic LVL beams was conducted to evaluate its bending capacity as well as to observe its failure mechanism. The beams had a length of 4000 mm and a cross-section of 200 mm by 200 mm at one end and 200 mm by 400 mm at the other end. A four-point bending test configuration was adopted and distance between two supports is 3750 mm. The maximum bending load Obtained from the test was 140 kN and the beams failed due to crack opening in the tension-side beneath the applied load. The FEA was performed by ADINA and validated by the full-scale test results to gain better FE models for future use. The finite element model of the used plane stress assumption and orthotropic material. Non-linear finite element analysis was performed where the stress-strain relations in tension was assumed to be linear, while the stress-strain relation in compression was represented by a bi-linear models. Tsai-Wu failure criterion was facilitated in the FE models. Numerical analysis was able to predict the bending capacity of non-prismatic LVL Paraserianthes falcataria beam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]