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Introduction: Knowledge of the facial skeleton and its overlying soft-tissue is essential in determining facial harmony. Additionally, an individual's growth pattern may influence post-treatment facial profiles and needs to be considered during treatment planning. Aim: To evaluate the soft-tissue profile changes in treated Class-II malocclusion patients with varied mandibular growth patterns and to compare these changes with patients having a skeletal Class-I relationship and a balanced facial profile. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional cephalometric study was conducted in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India, from June 2021 to December 2022. The study included 210 lateral cephalograms of 120 patients. The cephalograms were divided into four groups based on the Frankfort horizontal Mandibular plane Angle (FMA): Group-1 (control, n=30): skeletal Class-I (FMA=22°-28°); Group-2 (n=30): skeletal Class-II with a horizontal growth pattern (FMA<22°); Group-3 (n=30): skeletal Class-II with an average growth pattern (FMA=22°-28°); and group-4 (n=30): skeletal Class-II with a vertical growth pattern (FMA>28°). All patients in the groups- 2,3, and 4 were treated with all first premolar extractions using a 0.022" McLaughlin, Bennett and Trevisi (MBT) appliance. The student's t-test and post-hoc test was used to analyse skeletal, dental and soft-tissue parameters using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software (version 22.00 for Windows; SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). Results: Of the total, 120 patients, 52 were males and 68 females with an age range of 18-28 years. On intergroup analysis, significant changes (p-value<0.05) in the Sella, Nasion and A point (SNA) and Sella, Nasion and B point (SNB) angles were observed in group-3. Clinically insignificant changes were found in the A point, Nasion and B point (ANB) angle across all experimental groups. However, a significant change (p-value<0.001) in the post-treatment ANB angle was observed in group-2, followed by group-3 and 4 when compared with group-1. The soft-tissue profile angle showed a significant change in Group-2 when compared with Group-1 (p-value=0.012). Conclusion: The post-treatment soft-tissue profiles of the experimental groups were comparable to the balanced profile of the control group patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: To find out the difference, the type of facial profile, and facial asymmetry between manual methods and mobile application, which is named the face analyzer orthodontic application. Facial profiles can be determined from the side of the face, categorized into three types: straight, convex, and concave profiles. Facial asymmetry refers to the imbalance between facial components concerning size, shape, and opposing positions of planes, lines, or points. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research design was a cross-sectional study design using extra oral patient photographs who were treated in Orthodontic Department of Nala Husada Dental Hospital, Surabaya. The technique used was simple random sampling. The number of samples obtained based on inclusion and exclusion criteria was 37 patients, ranged 9–15 years old. The facial profile and asymmetry were determined from extra oral photos before objectively analyzed and processed in face analyzer application by comparing with the manual technique. Wilcoxon test, used to determine the significance value of facial profiles and the facial asymmetry, was analyzed by McNemar's test. RESULTS: Testing on two variables with two different treatment groups obtained P > 0.05. The Wilcoxon test result (P = 0.157) indicates there is no significant difference, and the McNemar test result (P = 0.375) indicates there was no significant difference in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results of determining the facial profile and facial asymmetry showed no difference between manual and face analyzer orthodontic mobile applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between skeletal antero-posterior profile of popular family cartoon characters and their perceived personal characteristics. The Internet Movie DataBase (IMDB) was used to identify popular animated family movies released since 2000. Cartoon characters were identified, and classified based on their gender (male/female), skeletal profile (Class I, II or III) and character assessment (protagonist/antagonist). Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out. Chi Square analysis was used to assess the differences (p-value) between gender and character assessment against the skeletal profile. Fifty popular animated family movies were identified. Within these 88 humanoid cartoon characters were identified made up of 32 male protagonists, 27 female protagonists, 22 male antagonists and 7 female antagonists. 40, 30, 21 were assessed as having a Class I, II and III skeletal profiles respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed in both FPFA and MPFP values for Class III characters (P = 0.009 and P = 0.006, respectively). However, no significant variations were noted when comparing the remaining groups. Female antagonists and male protagonists were most likely to be portrayed with a Class III skeletal pattern when compared to female protagonists and male antagonists respectively.

ABSTRACT Background Methods Results Conclusion An in‐depth and detailed facial assessment is critical in treating and achieving desirable dermal filler and neurotoxin results.An acronym called A.S.S.E.S.S. simplifies an often complex and overwhelming amount of data needed to assimilate when performing facial filler and neurotoxin injections. Applying this method to patients in six simple steps provides a starting point and offers a guideline to capture key details for a more comprehensive facial assessment. The A.S.S.E.S.S. acronym stands for animate, shape, side, external, symmetry, and shadows and is helpful in following a methodical approach in analyzing facial shape, profile, and natural facial curves in both static and dynamic states.Following a regimented A.S.S.E.S.S. approach prior to treating filler and neurotoxin patients allows providers a straightforward guide to achieve a desirable facial shape and profile.This stepwise facial assessment establishes a logical and detailed approach to ensure the important aspects of facial details are appreciated in creating reliable and pleasing filler and neurotoxin results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives This study aimed to determine the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors in the phenotypic variation of the soft tissue facial profile during the mixed dentition and the permanent dentition stages. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, standardized facial profile photographs of 139 twin pairs (55 monozygotic and 84 dizygotic) were obtained from archival records at the Adelaide Dental School. Photographic analysis used 12 angular and 14 linear facial profile measurements from the mixed dentition (7–11 years) to the permanent dentition (12–17 years) stages. A genetic analysis was performed using a univariate structural equation model adhering to the normal assumptions of a twin model. Results In the mixed dentition stage, the additive genetic (A) and unique environment (E) model, AE model, was the most parsimonious in explaining the observed phenotypic variance for all 26 facial traits with the narrow-sense heritability estimates ranging between 0.38 and 0.79. In the permanent dentition, the AE model was the most parsimonious for 20 out of 26 traits, however, the variance of six traits, particularly those in the lower third of the face, was best explained by the shared environmental and unique environmental factors. Limitations This study exclusively included twins of European ancestry. Conclusions The soft tissue facial profile demonstrated dynamic genetic and environmental influences with a greater additive genetic influence during the mixed dentition and the early stages of the permanent dentition. However, there was evidence of increasing environmental influence in the lower third of the face during the early stages of the permanent dentition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify objective metrics for evaluating the esthetics of facial profiles in skeletal Class III patients undergoing camouflage orthodontic treatment. Methods: Eighty Asian–Chinese patients classified as skeletal Class III were included. Thirty cephalometric measurements of pre- and posttreatment cephalograms were analyzed. Ten orthodontists assigned visual analog scale (VAS) scores to the pre- and posttreatment profiles based on standardized lateral photographs. Correlations between subjective VAS scores and objective measurements were assessed using Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Lower incisor (L1) protrusion, nasolabial angle, lower lip-E line distance, SNB angle, and L1 to AP plane were significantly correlated with VAS scores of pretreatment profiles of skeletal Class III patients. Factors such as retraction of the lower incisor, increased interincisal angle and overjet, reduction of lower lip-E line distance, as well as augmentation of the Z angle and nasolabial angle were significantly correlated with the changes in VAS scores post-camouflage orthodontic treatment. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis revealed that pretreatment nasolabial angle, changes in the lower lip-E line distance, and pretreatment Pog-NB distance were the key factors influencing the posttreatment facial profile esthetics of skeletal Class III patients with camouflage orthodontic treatment. Conclusion: Several cephalometric measurements correlate with subjective facial esthetic evaluations of skeletal Class III patients. Changes in lower lip prominence, the pretreatment nasolabial angle, and Pog-NB distance are the main factors related to facial esthetics in skeletal Class III patients after camouflage orthodontic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Head posture deviation is seen in 52.5 % of children aged 6–15 years. Studies have shown that poor posture habits can impair muscle function during craniofacial growth and development. A muscle imbalance causes abnormal positioning of dental and skeletal structures, a condition that exerts negative impacts, such as changes in facial morphology. Objective: To determine through photometric analysis the relationship between craniovertebral angle as a function of head posture and glabella-subnasale-pogonion (G-Sn-Pg) angle as a function of facial profile in 10–12-year-old children, and the results will help to avoid facial development issues. Methods: Thirty-three subjects met the inclusion criteria. Their craniovertebral angles and facial profiles were measured using lateral photometry and ImageJ. The craniovertebral angle was determined by connecting the tragus and C7 with a horizontal line, whereas the facial profile angle was determined by connecting the glabella, subnasale, and pogonion. The relationship between the craniovertebral and G-Sn-Pg angle values was analyzed using the Pearson correlation test. Results: A significant relationship was observed between the craniovertebral angle and the G-Sn- Pg angle (p

OBJECTIVES: To find out the difference, the type of facial profile, and facial asymmetry between manual methods and mobile application, which is named the face analyzer orthodontic application. Facial profiles can be determined from the side of the face, categorized into three types: straight, convex, and concave profiles. Facial asymmetry refers to the imbalance between facial components concerning size, shape, and opposing positions of planes, lines, or points. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research design was a cross-sectional study design using extra oral patient photographs who were treated in Orthodontic Department of Nala Husada Dental Hospital, Surabaya. The technique used was simple random sampling. The number of samples obtained based on inclusion and exclusion criteria was 37 patients, ranged 9–15 years old. The facial profile and asymmetry were determined from extra oral photos before objectively analyzed and processed in face analyzer application by comparing with the manual technique. Wilcoxon test, used to determine the significance value of facial profiles and the facial asymmetry, was analyzed by McNemar’s test. RESULTS: Testing on two variables with two different treatment groups obtained P > 0.05. The Wilcoxon test result (P = 0.157) indicates there is no significant difference, and the McNemar test result (P = 0.375) indicates there was no significant difference in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results of determining the facial profile and facial asymmetry showed no difference between manual and face analyzer orthodontic mobile applications.

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Head posture deviation is seen in 52.5 % of children aged 6–15 years. Studies have shown that poor posture habits can impair muscle function during craniofacial growth and development. A muscle imbalance causes abnormal positioning of dental and skeletal structures, a condition that exerts negative impacts, such as changes in facial morphology. To determine through photometric analysis the relationship between craniovertebral angle as a function of head posture and glabella-subnasale-pogonion (G-Sn-Pg) angle as a function of facial profile in 10–12-year-old children, and the results will help to avoid facial development issues. Thirty-three subjects met the inclusion criteria. Their craniovertebral angles and facial profiles were measured using lateral photometry and ImageJ. The craniovertebral angle was determined by connecting the tragus and C7 with a horizontal line, whereas the facial profile angle was determined by connecting the glabella, subnasale, and pogonion. The relationship between the craniovertebral and G-Sn-Pg angle values was analyzed using the Pearson correlation test. A significant relationship was observed between the craniovertebral angle and the G-Sn- Pg angle (p < 0.05), although such a relationship was weak (r = 0.373). A more forward head posture is associated with a more convex facial profile, and this relationship is useful for the early prevention and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To identify objective metrics for evaluating the esthetics of facial profiles in skeletal Class III patients undergoing camouflage orthodontic treatment. Methods Eighty Asian–Chinese patients classified as skeletal Class III were included. Thirty cephalometric measurements of pre- and posttreatment cephalograms were analyzed. Ten orthodontists assigned visual analog scale (VAS) scores to the pre- and posttreatment profiles based on standardized lateral photographs. Correlations between subjective VAS scores and objective measurements were assessed using Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. Results Lower incisor (L1) protrusion, nasolabial angle, lower lip-E line distance, SNB angle, and L1 to AP plane were significantly correlated with VAS scores of pretreatment profiles of skeletal Class III patients. Factors such as retraction of the lower incisor, increased interincisal angle and overjet, reduction of lower lip-E line distance, as well as augmentation of the Z angle and nasolabial angle were significantly correlated with the changes in VAS scores post-camouflage orthodontic treatment. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis revealed that pretreatment nasolabial angle, changes in the lower lip-E line distance, and pretreatment Pog-NB distance were the key factors influencing the posttreatment facial profile esthetics of skeletal Class III patients with camouflage orthodontic treatment. Conclusion Several cephalometric measurements correlate with subjective facial esthetic evaluations of skeletal Class III patients. Changes in lower lip prominence, the pretreatment nasolabial angle, and Pog-NB distance are the main factors related to facial esthetics in skeletal Class III patients after camouflage orthodontic treatment.

Abstract Background Fetal facial profile could be measured during the early pregnancy. Its abnormalities might be associated with certain congenital malformations. We aimed to study the associations between fetal facial profile measurements with crown-rump length and congenital malformations (cleft lip and palate, micrognathia, and open spina bifida) during early pregnancy. Methods We performed a prospective cross-sectional study between June 2019 and April 2022. Pregnant women at a gestational age between 11–13+ 6 weeks were enrolled. Two sonographers performed fetal facial profile measurements independently. The associations between these measurements with crown-rump length and congenital malformations were evaluated. Results There were 406 and 25 fetuses without or with congenital malformations, respectively. Two sonographers showed satisfactory inter- and intra-observer agreements and reproducibility. The maxillary gap was only observed in 7.6% of normal fetuses, whereas all cleft lip and palate fetuses had a maxillary gap ≥ 0.8 mm. The crown-rump length was negatively correlated with frontomaxillary facial angle, inferior facial angle, and profile line distance but positively correlated with maxilla-nasion-mandible angle, facial maxillary angle, frontal space distance, and palatine maxillary diameter. These measurements showed various significant changes with different congenital malformations. Conclusions Measurements of fetal facial profile in early pregnancy were feasible with satisfactory reproducibility. These measurements correlated with crown-rump length and showed significant differences with certain fetal congenital malformations.

Abstract Background To study the validity of an artificial intelligence (AI) model for measuring fetal facial profile markers, and to evaluate the clinical value of the AI model for identifying fetal abnormalities during the first trimester. Methods This retrospective study used two-dimensional mid-sagittal fetal profile images taken during singleton pregnancies at 11–13+ 6 weeks of gestation. We measured the facial profile markers, including inferior facial angle (IFA), maxilla-nasion-mandible (MNM) angle, facial-maxillary angle (FMA), frontal space (FS) distance, and profile line (PL) distance using AI and manual measurements. Semantic segmentation and landmark localization were used to develop an AI model to measure the selected markers and evaluate the diagnostic value for fetal abnormalities. The consistency between AI and manual measurements was compared using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). The diagnostic value of facial markers measured using the AI model during fetal abnormality screening was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results A total of 2372 normal fetuses and 37 with abnormalities were observed, including 18 with trisomy 21, 7 with trisomy 18, and 12 with CLP. Among them, 1872 normal fetuses were used for AI model training and validation, and the remaining 500 normal fetuses and all fetuses with abnormalities were used for clinical testing. The ICCs (95%CI) of the IFA, MNM angle, FMA, FS distance, and PL distance between the AI and manual measurement for the 500 normal fetuses were 0.812 (0.780–0.840), 0.760 (0.720–0.795), 0.766 (0.727-0.800), 0.807 (0.775–0.836), and 0.798 (0.764–0.828), respectively. IFA clinically significantly identified trisomy 21 and trisomy 18, with areas under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.686 (95%CI, 0.585–0.788) and 0.729 (95%CI, 0.621–0.837), respectively. FMA effectively predicted trisomy 18, with an AUC of 0.904 (95%CI, 0.842–0.966). MNM angle and FS distance exhibited good predictive value in CLP, with AUCs of 0.738 (95%CI, 0.573–0.902) and 0.677 (95%CI, 0.494–0.859), respectively. Conclusions The consistency of fetal facial profile marker measurements between the AI and manual measurement was good during the first trimester. The AI model is a convenient and effective tool for the early screen for fetal trisomy 21, trisomy 18, and CLP, which can be generalized to first-trimester scanning (FTS).

Abstract Background The aim of the study was to determine the facial divergence and lip position combinations that are most and least preferred, and to investigate whether age or gender has an impact on these preferences. Methods The current investigation was carried out on a sample of 1077 individuals who were not experts in the field (253 men and 824 females). The research employed black silhouette photographs of profiles featuring different lip locations and profile divergences. The recruitment of participants was conducted in order to assess the attractiveness of the profiles, employing a Likert scale. The various positions of the lips and variations in facial profiles were thoroughly categorized. Results were analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results The findings of the research demonstrated that aesthetic perceptions displayed diversity when considering different lip locations and profile divergences. It was shown that neutral lip positions were predominantly favored, accounting for approximately 40.2% of the total frequencies in the anterior diverging group. It is noteworthy to highlight the aesthetically pleasing features exhibited by those with the most prominent lip position, occurring at a frequency of 10.9% in straight-diverging group. In the posterior divergent group, the most protruded lip position, showed very attractive aesthetics with frequency (7.1%). Gender, age, region, and level of education had significant influence on aesthetic perception. Conclusions The variety of aesthetic preferences is influenced by the location of the lips and the divergence of the facial profile, resulting in different outcomes within the categories of anterior, straight, and posterior divergence. Clinicians are advised to customize the treatment regimen in order to correspond with the unique desires and preferences of the patient.

Background: Fetal facial profile could be measured during the early pregnancy. Its abnormalities might be associated with certain congenital malformations. We aimed to study the associations between fetal facial profile measurements with crown-rump length and congenital malformations (cleft lip and palate, micrognathia, and open spina bifida) during early pregnancy. Methods: We performed a prospective cross-sectional study between June 2019 and April 2022. Pregnant women at a gestational age between 11–13+ 6 weeks were enrolled. Two sonographers performed fetal facial profile measurements independently. The associations between these measurements with crown-rump length and congenital malformations were evaluated. Results: There were 406 and 25 fetuses without or with congenital malformations, respectively. Two sonographers showed satisfactory inter- and intra-observer agreements and reproducibility. The maxillary gap was only observed in 7.6% of normal fetuses, whereas all cleft lip and palate fetuses had a maxillary gap ≥ 0.8 mm. The crown-rump length was negatively correlated with frontomaxillary facial angle, inferior facial angle, and profile line distance but positively correlated with maxilla-nasion-mandible angle, facial maxillary angle, frontal space distance, and palatine maxillary diameter. These measurements showed various significant changes with different congenital malformations. Conclusions: Measurements of fetal facial profile in early pregnancy were feasible with satisfactory reproducibility. These measurements correlated with crown-rump length and showed significant differences with certain fetal congenital malformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: An esthetic facial soft tissue profile is an important objective of contemporary orthodontics. The extent to which clinicians and the public agree on profiles that are esthetically acceptable versus profiles recommended for treatment is unclear. Thus, this work examined the profile considered esthetic by laypeople and general dental practitioners compared to orthodontists. Method and materials: An Israeli balanced male-female group comprising 284 participants (orthodontists [n = 86], general dental practitioners [n = 64], laypeople [n = 134]) rated the attractiveness of five standardized masculine and feminine profiles presented in standardized silhouettes ranging from concave to convex. Results: Laypeople see no esthetic difference between masculine and feminine profiles, and prefer moderately concave over moderately convex and severely concave over severely convex profiles. While all raters preferred the straight silhouettes, orthodontists rated them significantly higher than general dental practitioners (P < .0001) or laypeople (P < .020). Similar to the general population, orthodontists gave higher ratings to concave profiles for masculine profiles, but significantly lower ratings for feminine profiles. The severely convex male profile was the least attractive to clinicians and laypeople. There was a significant difference in the attractiveness of the female profile between practitioners (P < .001 and P < .02 for general dental practitioners and orthodontists, respectively) and laypeople. Conclusions: The findings suggest that orthodontic training and clinical adherence to strict beauty norms results in more critical judgment of female attractiveness, which may affect orthodontic treatment. They indicate trends that reflect changes in recent decades in the public perception of facial beauty, which may affect patient expectations of treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of the study was to determine the facial divergence and lip position combinations that are most and least preferred, and to investigate whether age or gender has an impact on these preferences. Methods: The current investigation was carried out on a sample of 1077 individuals who were not experts in the field (253 men and 824 females). The research employed black silhouette photographs of profiles featuring different lip locations and profile divergences. The recruitment of participants was conducted in order to assess the attractiveness of the profiles, employing a Likert scale. The various positions of the lips and variations in facial profiles were thoroughly categorized. Results were analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results: The findings of the research demonstrated that aesthetic perceptions displayed diversity when considering different lip locations and profile divergences. It was shown that neutral lip positions were predominantly favored, accounting for approximately 40.2% of the total frequencies in the anterior diverging group. It is noteworthy to highlight the aesthetically pleasing features exhibited by those with the most prominent lip position, occurring at a frequency of 10.9% in straight-diverging group. In the posterior divergent group, the most protruded lip position, showed very attractive aesthetics with frequency (7.1%). Gender, age, region, and level of education had significant influence on aesthetic perception. Conclusions: The variety of aesthetic preferences is influenced by the location of the lips and the divergence of the facial profile, resulting in different outcomes within the categories of anterior, straight, and posterior divergence. Clinicians are advised to customize the treatment regimen in order to correspond with the unique desires and preferences of the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To study the validity of an artificial intelligence (AI) model for measuring fetal facial profile markers, and to evaluate the clinical value of the AI model for identifying fetal abnormalities during the first trimester. Methods: This retrospective study used two-dimensional mid-sagittal fetal profile images taken during singleton pregnancies at 11–13+ 6 weeks of gestation. We measured the facial profile markers, including inferior facial angle (IFA), maxilla-nasion-mandible (MNM) angle, facial-maxillary angle (FMA), frontal space (FS) distance, and profile line (PL) distance using AI and manual measurements. Semantic segmentation and landmark localization were used to develop an AI model to measure the selected markers and evaluate the diagnostic value for fetal abnormalities. The consistency between AI and manual measurements was compared using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). The diagnostic value of facial markers measured using the AI model during fetal abnormality screening was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: A total of 2372 normal fetuses and 37 with abnormalities were observed, including 18 with trisomy 21, 7 with trisomy 18, and 12 with CLP. Among them, 1872 normal fetuses were used for AI model training and validation, and the remaining 500 normal fetuses and all fetuses with abnormalities were used for clinical testing. The ICCs (95%CI) of the IFA, MNM angle, FMA, FS distance, and PL distance between the AI and manual measurement for the 500 normal fetuses were 0.812 (0.780–0.840), 0.760 (0.720–0.795), 0.766 (0.727-0.800), 0.807 (0.775–0.836), and 0.798 (0.764–0.828), respectively. IFA clinically significantly identified trisomy 21 and trisomy 18, with areas under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.686 (95%CI, 0.585–0.788) and 0.729 (95%CI, 0.621–0.837), respectively. FMA effectively predicted trisomy 18, with an AUC of 0.904 (95%CI, 0.842–0.966). MNM angle and FS distance exhibited good predictive value in CLP, with AUCs of 0.738 (95%CI, 0.573–0.902) and 0.677 (95%CI, 0.494–0.859), respectively. Conclusions: The consistency of fetal facial profile marker measurements between the AI and manual measurement was good during the first trimester. The AI model is a convenient and effective tool for the early screen for fetal trisomy 21, trisomy 18, and CLP, which can be generalized to first-trimester scanning (FTS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop a coupled-lines system to determine the anteroposterior position of maxillary central incisors (U1) for smiling profile esthetics. Thirty Asian females with ordinary and good facial harmony were selected as the study sample and the control sample, respectively. Three-dimensional facial images and 45°- and 90°-angled profiles were collected. The anteroposterior relationships between U1 and upper- and mid-facial soft tissue landmarks were measured. By morphing photos of the study sample, two artificial images were created to represent the well-balanced 45°- and 90°-angled profiles and were further processed with combined variations of soft tissue subnasale (SSn)–Glabella and the mid-point of facial axial points of the bilateral central incisor (mFA)–SSn distances. Esthetic assessments were performed on these images by layperson (n = 94) and orthodontist (n = 94) raters. Both upper- and mid-facial soft tissue landmarks were indispensable in assessing anteroposterior positions of U1 for well-balanced smiling profiles. As assessed in 45°- and 90°-angled profiles, the most esthetically sensitive parameters were mFA-Glabella and mFA-SSn distances. A coupled-lines system was constructed, comprising the Glabella and SSn vertical lines. In smiling profiles with optimal esthetics, the mFA point was at 2 to 5 mm posterior to the Glabella vertical and concomitantly 4 to 7 mm posterior to the SSn vertical, as perceived by orthodontists. Laypersons gave a wider range for mFA-Glabella distances, at 2 to 6 mm. The coupled-lines system could serve as a reliable reference for determining esthetically optimal anteroposterior positions of U1 for female facial profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives To study the correlations between facial profile markers and crown-lump length (CRL) in a Chinese population, and to evaluate the clinical value of these markers for abnormal fetuses during the first trimester (11 to 13+6 gestational weeks). Methods The facial profile markers were as followings: inferior facial angle (IFA), maxilla-nasion-mandible (MNM) angle, facial maxillary angle (FMA), frontal space (FS) distance and profile line (PL) distance. These markers were measured in facial mid-sagittal section through ViewPoint 6 software. The diagnostic value of these markers for abnormal fetuses was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results According to the first-trimester scanning (FTS) and follow-up, 31 fetuses were enrolled in the abnormal group, including 14 cases of trisomy 21, 7 cases of trisomy 18, 10 cases with cleft lip and palate (CLP), and 1000 normal fetuses were selected. Among the normal fetuses, the IFA, FS distance and PL distance had negative correlations with CRL. The MNM angle and FMA had positive correlations with CRL. The mean IFA values for fetuses with trisomy 21 and trisomy 18 were 74.11° (standard deviation (SD) 7.48) and 69.88° (SD 7.08), respectively, which were significantly smaller than the normal fetuses (p = 0.013; p = 0.003). The mean MNM angle of fetuses with trisomy 18 and CLP were 6.98° (SD 2.61) and 9.41° (SD 2.57), respectively, which were significantly greater than the normal fetuses (p = 0.005; p

Introduction: The smile appearance and final facial profile is often dramatic to individuals perception of the beautiful face and the position of the mandible is the characteristic of the patients inherent underlying bony pattern and is difficult to alter during treatment, so, it may be beneficial to consider the balance between the incisal inclination and different mandibular sagittal positions. The study aims to find out the preferable maxillary incisor inclination in the smile profile of a female subject with respect to altered mandibular positions and to elucidate whether the rater's profession plays a role in assessment of optimally esthetic facial profiles. Methods: A smiling profile photograph of a female patient with average facial profile was altered artistically to obtain 3 different mandibular positions in decrements, normal and increments of 4 mm and in each positions the incisors inclinations have been altered to different positive and negative inclinations. A total of 37 evaluators including panel of Professionals and Non-professionals were asked to score each photograph using a Likert-type scale. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests is done for statistical analysis. Results: In retruded mandible normal incisor inclination is favoured by the Professionals and +5° incisor inclination by the Non-professionals. In orthognathic mandible +5° of incisor inclination is favoured by Professionals and +10° by Non-professionals and in protruded mandible normal incisor inclination is favoured by Professionals and +10° by Non-professionals. Conclusions: There is a youthful quality of establishing a slight protrusive maxillary denture for a woman in cases of mandibular deficiency or excess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The facial profile is directly related to facial aesthetics, which has been known to be one of the factors that can affect interpersonal relationships and self-confidence. This makes facial harmony one of the objects considered in orthodontic treatment. The stability of the occlusion function can also be reflected through the harmony of the face. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between malocclusion and facial profile shape in the Javanese population. Cephalometric analysis using cephalometric radiographs of samples met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The variables measured in this study were SNA, SNB, ANB, FMA, FMIA, IMPA, Facial Axis, Y-Axis, Facial Angle, Angle of Convexity, Angle S-N-Ba, Angle N-Ba-S, Angle Ba-S-N, SN-Mandibular Plane, SN-Maxillary Plane, SN-Occlusal Plane, FH-Mandibular Plane, FH- Maxillary Plane, FH-Occlusal Plane, Gonial Angle, Upper Gonial Angle, Lower Gonial Angle, Maxilla Length, Mandibular Length, Wits Appraisal, Point A-Nation Perpendicular Distance, Pogonion-Nation Perpendicular Distance, U1-NA Angle, and Holdaway Soft Network Analysis. The data were analyzed using a descriptive test, then the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was carried out, and the correlation test was carried out with the Pearson Correlation test (p <0.05). There was a positive correlation between Holdaway Soft Tissue Analysis and Facial Axis, Facial Angle, SNA, SNB, ANB, IMPA, Wits Appraisal, U1-NA Angle. The shape of the facial profile of the Javanese population in malocclusion class I, II, and III has a convex facial profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Significant differences were found between attractive profiles and cephalometric norms. • Attractive males had greater soft tissue chin thickness compared with females. • Males with orthodontically normal profiles and thicker upper lips were more attractive. • Females with a slightly convex profile and less prominent noses were more attractive. The objective of this study was to assess the soft and hard tissue cephalometric indexes of facial profiles perceived as attractive. A total of 360 individuals (180 females and 180 males) with well-balanced faces and no history of orthodontic or cosmetic procedures were selected. Twenty-six raters (13 females and 13 males) rated the attractiveness of profile view photographs of the enrolled individuals. According to the total score, the rated top 10% of photographs were selected as attractive. Overall, 81 (40 soft tissue and 41 hard tissue) cephalometric measurements were made on traced cephalograms of the attractive faces. The obtained values were compared with orthodontic norms and attractive Whites using Bonferroni-corrected t tests. They were also analyzed regarding age and sex effects using a two-way ANOVA test. Significant differences were found between the cephalometric measurements of attractive profiles and orthodontic norms. Among the most important parameters were greater H angle and basic upper lip thickness in attractive males, and greater facial convexity and smaller nose prominence in attractive females. Also, attractive male participants had greater soft tissue chin thickness and subnasale perpendicular to the upper lip compared with attractive females. According to the results, males with a normal profile and thicker protruded upper lips were perceived as more attractive. Also, females with a slightly convex profile, deeper mentolabial sulcus, less prominent nose, and shorter maxilla and mandible were perceived as more attractive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To date, there are no data available in the scientific literature about the diagnosis of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) in adults. We aimed to assess the MIH prevalence and clinical characteristics in adolescents and adults and its association with facial profile and occlusion. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, permanent teeth were evaluated in 275 patients between the ages of 12 and 49 at a dental clinic, using intraoral photographs. A calibrated examiner classified enamel hypomineralization using the MIH index. Statistical analyses were performed using chi-square, Fisher's tests, and ordinal logistic regression. Results: MIH was observed in 12.73% of all patients. The most commonly affected teeth were permanent molars, while incisors, premolars, and canines were less affected. MIH usually appears as demarcated opacities, with less than one-third of the tooth affected. There was no association between severe defects and facial profile and occlusion, but rather with the higher age of the participants. Conclusion: Enamel hypomineralization mainly affects the first and second permanent molars, but it could also be observed in the third molars, although it is not associated with the orthodontic characteristics investigated. Clinical relevance: This is the first study to highlight the prevalence of MIH in adults. This result showed the importance of other specialists beyond Pediatric Dentistry in the diagnosis of this defect. In addition, hypomineralization of other permanent teeth (canines, premolars, and second molars) has been described previously in other studies, but this is the first to identify MIH in third molars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Aesthetic improvement happens to be one of the main reasons for seeking orthodontic treatment in patients with Angle's Class II malocclusion. Prognathic maxilla, retrognathic mandible or a combination of both are the main aetiological factors for this malocclusion. Growth modification treatment with different methods can be performed in order to correct skeletal class II malocclusion. Appliance therapy to correct similar malocclusions should immaculately be directed towards addressing the dentoskeletal discord, in order to gain a favourable facial aesthetic result. Aim: To assess the effects of twin block on mandibular length, soft tissue profile and Oropharyngeal Airway (OAW) dimensions in skeletal class II malocclusion patients. Materials and Methods: An in-vitro study was carried out in the Department of Paedodontics at Sardar Patel Postgraduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, Lucknow from June 2018 to March 2021. Study was done on lateral cephalograms of 15 growing children with Angle's Class II Division 1 malocclusion in the age group of 9-12 years, who had undergone functional appliance therapy with twin block appliance. Standardised lateral cephalograms were evaluated at pretreatment (0 month) and postactive phase of twin-block therapy (9-12 months). Selected hard tissue, soft tissue and airway landmarks were marked and traced to evaluate hard tissue, soft tissue and airway changes. The data was analysed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in effective mandibular length (Condyle-Gnathion) and mandibular base length Gonion-Pogonion (Go-Pog) values (p<0.001). Significant decrease in the facial convexity Glabella-Soft tissue Nasion (G-Sn) Soft tissue Nasion-Soft tissue Pogonion (Sn-Pog) was observed and airway dimensions showed significant increase after twin block therapy. Conclusion: Correction of Class II malocclusion by twin block appliance resulted in significant cephalometric changes in the hard tissue profile (increase in mandibular length), together with clinically favourable soft tissue changes and OAW dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare facial profile attractiveness according to orthodontists, dentists, and laypeople in pattern III patients treated with facial filling or orthognathic surgery., Materials and Methods: Thirty pattern III patients were retrospectively divided into two groups. Group 1 comprised 15 patients (10 females, five males; mean age 37.40 years, SD = 14.50) treated with a hyaluronic acid facial filling. Group 2 comprised 15 patients (seven females, eight males; mean age 31.76 years, SD = 9.85) treated with dental decompensation and orthognathic surgery. Facial profile silhouettes from photographs were evaluated by laypeople (n = 80), dentists (n = 60), and orthodontists (n = 68), who rated attractiveness on a scale from 0 (least attractive) to 10 (most attractive). Profile attractiveness was compared between groups using independent t-tests. Evaluator group scores were compared using one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests., Results: Both the facial filling and surgery groups significantly improved profile attractiveness. Initially (T1), both groups had similar profile attractiveness. Post-treatment (T2), the surgical group had a significantly more attractive profile than the facial filling group. Orthodontists recorded the highest profile attractiveness ratings, dentists gave intermediate scores, and laypeople recorded the lowest, both before and after treatment. Correct answer percentages were similar across the evaluator groups for both treatments., Conclusion: Both treatments significantly improved profile attractiveness, with the surgical group showing greater improvement., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interests The authors declare no conflicts of interest/competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To study the correlations between facial profile markers and crown-lump length (CRL) in a Chinese population, and to evaluate the clinical value of these markers for abnormal fetuses during the first trimester (11 to 13+6 gestational weeks).  METHODS: The facial profile markers were as followings: inferior facial angle (IFA), maxilla-nasion-mandible (MNM) angle, facial maxillary angle (FMA), frontal space (FS) distance and profile line (PL) distance. These markers were measured in facial mid-sagittal section through ViewPoint 6 software. The diagnostic value of these markers for abnormal fetuses was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.Results: According to the first-trimester scanning (FTS) and follow-up, 31 fetuses were enrolled in the abnormal group, including 14 cases of trisomy 21, 7 cases of trisomy 18, 10 cases with cleft lip and palate (CLP), and 1000 normal fetuses were selected. Among the normal fetuses, the IFA, FS distance and PL distance had negative correlations with CRL. The MNM angle and FMA had positive correlations with CRL. The mean IFA values for fetuses with trisomy 21 and trisomy 18 were 74.11° (standard deviation (SD) 7.48) and 69.88° (SD 7.08), respectively, which were significantly smaller than the normal fetuses (p = 0.013; p = 0.003). The mean MNM angle of fetuses with trisomy 18 and CLP were 6.98° (SD 2.61) and 9.41° (SD 2.57), respectively, which were significantly greater than the normal fetuses (p = 0.005; p < 0.001). The mean FMA values of trisomy 18 fetuses were 63.95° (SD 4.77), which was significantly smaller than the normal fetuses (p < 0.001). The mean FS distance of CLP fetuses was -0.22 mm (SD 1.38), which was significantly smaller than the normal fetuses (p < 0.001). The mean PL distance of trisomy 21, trisomy 18 and CLP fetuses were 2.89 mm (SD 0.41), 2.91 mm (SD 0.56) and 2.71 mm (SD 0.37), respectively. The difference with the normal fetuses had no statistical significance (p = 0.56; p = 0.607; p = 0.54).Conclusions: Fetal facial profile markers had excellent correlations with CRL during the first trimester. IFA had certain clinical significance in detecting trisomy 21. FMA, IFA and MNM angle were reliable indicators for screening trisomy 18. The abnormal MNM angle and FS distance could be used as sensitive indicators for CLP. However, PL distance was not the best markers for trisomy 21, trisomy 18 and CLP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To carry out both an objective and subjective assessment of the facial esthetics, clinical outcome, and quality of life evaluation in 25 OSAS patients treated with telegnathic surgery. Methods: Patients were analyzed using AHI, Legan and Burstone and airway cephalometric analysis for the objective study together with youthful and esthetic perception and SF-36 health surveys for the subjective part. Results: Facial convexity, nasolabial and lower face-throat angle, upper lip protrusion, and vertical height-depth ratio improved the facial and neck esthetics, while the maxillary and mandibular prognathism increased. Eighty-eight percent considered an esthetic change on their facial profile and 52% a more youthful profile. FS-36 survey (pre- 48.86 and post-surgery 71.74) and AHI (pre- 41.32 and post-surgery 7.80) scores improved significantly. Discussion: Results after telegnathic surgery were both esthetically and clinically satisfactory. The FS-36 survey should be considered for monitoring treatment in OSAS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In facial aesthetics, soft tissue landmark recognition and linear and angular measurement play a critical role in treatment planning. Visual identification and judgment by hand are time-consuming and prone to errors. As a result, user-friendly software solutions are required to assist healthcare practitioners in improving treatment planning. Our first goal in this paper is to create a computational tool that may be used to identify and save critical landmarks from patient X-ray pictures. The second goal is to create automated software that can assess the soft tissue facial profiles of patients in both linear and angular directions using the landmarks that have been identified. To boost the contrast, we employ gamma correction and a client-server web-based model to display the input images. Furthermore, we use the client-side to record landmarks in pictures and save the annotated landmarks to the database. The linear and angular measurements from the recorded landmarks are then calculated computationally and displayed to the user. Annotation and validation of 13 soft tissue landmarks were completed. The results reveal that our software accurately locates landmarks with a maximum deviation of 1.5 mm to 5 mm for the majority of landmarks. Furthermore, the linear and angular measurement variances across users are not large, indicating that the procedure is reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: More than four million people today live with Hansen’s disease, and 200,000 new cases are diagnosed every year. Lifetime effects of Hansen’s disease manifest as changes to bones of the face, hands and feet, resulting in physical impairment, secondary complications and facial changes that can be detrimental to quality of life, particularly among the elderly. Aims: This study aimed to perform a detailed characterization of rhinomaxillary syndrome and its clinical manifestations in older persons treated in the past for Hansen’s disease. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study to characterize rhinomaxillary syndrome among older persons (age 60+ years) resident at Pedro Fontes Hospital, Cariacica, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Computed tomography images were examined with three-dimensional reconstructions to assess alterations to maxillofacial bones according to criteria for radiological rhinomaxillary syndrome. Participants were examined to assess facial alterations according to criteria for clinical rhinomaxillary syndrome. Results: Rhinomaxillary syndrome was investigated in 16 participants (ten females and six males), median age 70 (range 60–89) years, age at diagnosis 20 (6–43) years and time since diagnosis 46 (26–70) years. Four participants fully met radiological rhinomaxillary syndrome criteria, four partially. All participants with full radiological rhinomaxillary syndrome presented with facial changes which met criteria for clinical rhinomaxillary syndrome, including “saddle nose” (loss of nasal dorsal height and shortened length of nose, due to cartilaginous and/or bone collapse), concave middle third of the face with sunken nose, maxillary retrognathia and inverted upper lip. Limitations: Clinical histories were incomplete for some participants because records were lost at the hospital over time. Conclusion: Until Hansen’s disease is eliminated from endemic countries, persons affected will continue to present with rhinomaxillofacial alterations caused by Mycobacterium leprae infection. Clinical protocols for assessment and long-term care need to include otorhinolaryngological evaluation, mainly to prevent secondary complications. When rhinomaxillofacial bone changes are suspected, this evaluation should be supported by computed tomography imaging, if available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed whether preoperative class III patients could recreate their facial difference based on a profile photograph. Twenty class III pre-surgery bimaxillary orthognathic patients used CASSOS (SoftEnable Technology Ltd.) to manipulate a distorted soft tissue image of them until they felt it resembled their current soft tissue profile. Patients were able to move their upper lip and lower chin backward and forwards, as well as the lower chin up and down. Differences in the mean absolute distance between the patient-perceived position of the upper lip (Labrale superious) and chin (Pogonion) and the actual position of their upper lip and chin were measured on two occasions. Intra-patient reproducibility was found to be excellent (ICC 0.93 to 0.98). All differences were statistically significantly greater than 3mm, and would be clinically significant. Patients were better at re-creating their AP chin position rather than their AP upper lip and vertical chin positions. Approximately half of patients undergoing surgical correction of their class III skeletal pattern were unable to correctly identify their pre-surgical facial profile. Given the lack of awareness of their profile, this questions the validity of using profile planning for informed consent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Facial soft tissue assessment in orthodontics influences diagnosis, treatment plan, treatment approach, and prediction of potential relapse. It is also paramount in facial aesthetics forethought and outcome. Thus, optimum assessment is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. This article aims to provide a broad overview of the evolution of profiles and soft tissue assessment methods established, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of techniques available in the field. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained by an electronic search through databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Results: Literature search in PubMed database using the free-text terms:“((facial profile) OR (soft tissue)) AND (methods orthodontic assessment)” presented with 811 articles from 1978 to August 2021. A search in the Scopus database under the same key words resulted in 1818 relevant primary documents indexed in Scopus from the year 1970 to 2021, whereby Web of Science database yielded 12 articles. A search on google scholar by “facial profile and soft tissue methods of orthodontic assessment” keywords gave out 24,200 articles published. Thirty-one significant articles were included in this review. Conclusion: This review provided simplified information on transformation of profile and soft tissue diagnosis techniques alongside technological advancement in orthodontic practice that has taken place over the years. The evolution from conventional to advanced techniques carries their own strengths and weaknesses. Cost)effectiveness, accessibility, and availability of two-dimensional methods superseded the three-dimensional systems in daily clinical practice providing practical and beneficial information as an adjunct to orthodontic diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background To establish reference ranges of fetal facial profile markers and study their correlations with crown-rump length (CRL) during the first trimester (11 ~ 13+ 6 weeks’ gestation) in a Chinese population. Methods Ultrasonographic images of measuring fetal nuchal translucency (NT) were retrospectively selected randomly in normal fetuses whose parents were both Chinese. The facial markers included inferior facial angle (IFA), maxilla-nasion-mandible (MNM) angle, facial maxillary angle (FMA) and profile line (PL) distance. These markers were measured through ViewPoint 6 software by two experienced sonographers. Results Three hundred and eighty fetuses were selected. The ICCs (95 % CI) of intra-operator 1 reproducibility of IFA, MNM angle, FMA, PL distance were 0.944 (0.886 ~ 0.973), 0.804 (0.629 ~ 0.902), 0.834 (0.68 ~ 0.918) and 0.935 (0.868 ~ 0.969), respectively. The ICCs (95 % CI) of intra-operator 2 reproducibility of IFA, MNM angle, FMA, PL distance were 0.931 (0.857 ~ 0.967), 0.809 (0.637 ~ 0.904), 0.786 (0.600 ~ 0.892) and 0.906 (0.813 ~ 0.954), respectively. The ICCs (95 % CI) of inter-operator reproducibility of IFA, MNM angle, FMA, PL distance were 0.885 (0.663 ~ 0.953), 0.829 (0.672 ~ 0.915), 0.77 (0.511 ~ 0.891) and 0.844 (0.68 ~ 0.925), respectively. The average ± SD of IFA, MNM angle, FMA and PL distance were 80.2°±7.25°, 4.17°±1.19°, 75.36°±5.31°, 2.78 ± 0.54 mm, respectively. IFA and PL distance significantly decreased with CRL, while MNM angle and FMA significantly increased with CRL. Conclusions It was feasible to measure fetal facial markers during the first trimester. In Chinese population, the reference ranges of IFA, MNM angle, FMA and PL distance were 80.2°±7.25°, 4.17°±1.19°, 75.36°±5.31°, 2.78 ± 0.54 mm, respectively, and the measurements were found to correlate with CRL.

(1) Background: This study explored the effects of modified anterior maxillary subapical osteotomy (AMSO) on facial profile changes in patients with bimaxillary protrusion. (2) Methods: Cephalograms of patients were collected preoperatively and over 2 months postoperatively. The following landmarks were recorded: pronasale (Prn), subnasale (Sn), labrale superius (Ls), anterior nasal spine (ANS), and incisor superius (Is). The following distances and angles were measured: ANS–Prn, ANS–Sn, ANS–Ls, Is–Sn, Is–Ls, SNA angle, and nasolabial (NLA) angle. (3) Results: Is and ANS were significantly retracted by 7.3 and 2.3 mm, respectively. Soft tissue landmarks (Prn, Sn, and Ls) were significantly retracted (1.2, 1.6, 4.4 mm, respectively). Postoperative changes in soft/hard tissue ratios were 0.54, 0.72, 0.31, and 0.60 for Prn/ANS, Sn/ANS, ANS/Is, and Ls/Is, respectively. The NLA angle was increased significantly by 7.1°. (4) Conclusions: The horizontal soft/hard tissue ratios of Sn/Is, ANS/Is, and Ls/Is were 0.22, 0.31, and 0.60, respectively. The NLA angle was increased significantly by 7.1°. The modified AMSO provides an increased blood supply, allows for direct vision, and results in fewer complications than other AMSO methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pendahuluan: Diskrepansi ukuran gigi dan profil wajah merupakan dua faktor yang membantu dalam proses penegakan diagnosis dan penentuan rencana perawatan ortodonti. Pengukuran diskrepansi ukuran gigi dapat dilakukan dengan analisis Bolton, analisis ini dapat menunjukkan rasio lebar mesiodistal antara gigi pada maksila dan gigi pada mandibula. Profil wajah dapat digunakan sebagai guideline dalam menentukan estetik wajah yang ingin dicapai setelah perawatan. Tipe profil wajah dapat diinterpretasi dari hasil fotografi ekstraoral, pada penelitian ini analisis Bolton yang dilakukan hanya meliputi rasio anterior saja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara diskrepansi ukuran gigi rahang atas dengan ukuran gigi rahang bawah berdasarkan analisis Bolton terhadap profil jaringan lunak wajah pada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Padjadjaran. Metode: Penelitian analitik observasional diawali dengan pengambilan sampel dengan teknik purposive sampling dan didapatkan 50 orang sampel mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi angkatan 2016 kemudian dilakukan analisis rasio anterior Bolton pada model studi dan interpretasi hasil foto profil ekstraoral. Uji korelasi Pearson dilakukan untuk mengetahui korelasi dari kedua variabel tersebut. Hasil: Rata-rata anterior ratio dari 50 orang sampel sebesar 79,53% ±2,61 dengan profil wajah lurus sebanyak 33 orang (66%) dan profil wajah cembung sebanyak 17 orang (34%) dengan rata-rata derajat konveksitas 172,11°. Uji korelasi Pearson menghasilkan nilai p-value (0,896) yang lebih besar dari α=0,05. Tidak ada korelasi yang signifikan antara diskrepansi ukuran gigi dan profil wajah. Simpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan antara diskrepansi ukuran gigi dan profil wajah. Kata kunci: Analisis Bolton, diskrepansi ukuran gigi, profil wajah. ABSTRACT Introduction: Tooth size discrepancy and facial profile are two crucial factors for helping diagnosis and treatment planning of orthodontic treatment. Bolton analysis could measure tooth size discrepancy; and the analysis result shows the ratio of mesiodistal width between maxillary and mandibular teeth. The facial profile could be used as a guideline for aesthetic result in orthodontic treatment. The facial profile can be analysed from an extraoral profile photograph. In this research, we only calculate the anterior ratio of the sample. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between maxillary and mandibular anterior size discrepancy and soft tissue facial profile of the students of the Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Padjadjaran based on Bolton analysis. Methods: The research was conducted with observational analytic methods. The sampling method was conducted using the purposive sampling method, which resulted in 50 samples taken from students of the Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Padjadjaran batch 2016. Analysis of the sample’s anterior ratio was measured on the study cast with Bolton analysis and interpretation of the extraoral profile photograph. Both variables (tooth size discrepancy and facial profile type) were then analysed with Pearson’s correlation test to determine the correlation between the two variables. Results: The average anterior ratio from 50 samples was 79.53% ± 2.61, and the most common facial profile type was straight/orthognathic, which was found in 33 samples (66%) followed by convex in 17 samples (34%) with average facial convexity was 172.11°. The result of Pearson’s correlation test showed that the p-value was 0.896, which was higher than α = 0.05. There was no significant correlation between tooth size discrepancy and soft tissue facial profile. Conclusion: There is no correlation between tooth size discrepancy and soft tissue facial profile. Keywords: Bolton analysis, tooth size discrepancy, facial profile.

Beauty is most expressed by the face than any other part of the body. The beauty and uniqueness of the face is determined by the sizes and shapes of various parts of the face and various facial angles. The aim of this study was to characterize the angular facial profiles of the Indigenes of Anam, for application in aesthetics. It was a cross sectional study. Sample size was 500 (250 males and 250 females) and age range was between 18 to 40 years. Facial photographs were taken with a digital camera. A computer software was used to measure the following angles: nasofrontal (NF) angle, nasomental (NM) angle, nasofacial (NFa) angle, nasolabial (NL) angle and angle of facial convexity (AFC). Means of the angles were determined and test of significance was done using student t - test. The mean age for the sample was 22.09 ± 0.46 years (females) and 23. 87 ± 0.44 years (males). Females had significantly higher values ​​than males in NF angle (females-134.00 , males-131.0 0 ), NM angle (females-129.0 0 , males-127.0 0 ), NL angle (females-78.9 0 , males-73.4 0 ) and AFC (females-165.0 0 , males-163.0 0 ). There was no significant sex difference in the value of NFa angle (females-40.9 0 , males-40.4 0 ). Some of the facial angular parameters correlated with each other in males and females but the strength of the correlations were small. This study shows that there was significant sex difference in NF, NM, NL angles and AFC, but not in NFa angle. There was mild correlation between the various facial angles in both sexes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the impact of facial profile on young adults’ oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) item levels. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with a population-based sample of 205 young adults, with a mean age of 23.1 years. The individuals answered questions about OHRQoL (OHIP-14) and self-esteem (Global Negative Self-Evaluation). The Dental Health Component (DHC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) was used to evaluate normative orthodontic treatment needs and define dental malocclusion clinically. Facial profile was analyzed using photographs and dichotomized into two levels: normal (straight) and altered facial profile (convex or concave). A calibrated researcher performed the clinical examination. Association between the independent variables and the outcome (OHRQoL) was established by hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis for each item level. Considering the variable of interest (facial profile), the psychological incapacity domain was the most affected item. Results: Individuals with changed facial profile had 2.47 (1.04-5.85) times higher chances of reporting impacts on psychological incapacity than those with a normal profile (p> 0.05). The association was modulated by dental malocclusion and self-esteem. Conclusions: The convex and concave facial profile showed a negative impact on the psychological aspects of young adults’ quality of life.

Objectives: To develop and validate a nomogram based on fetal nuchal translucency thickness (NT) and ultrasonographic facial markers for screening for trisomy 21 in the first trimester of pregnancy.Methods: This was a retrospective case-control study using stored two-dimensional midsagittal fetal profile images captured at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation in singleton pregnancies. We included images from 302 trisomy-21 pregnancies and 322 euploid pregnancies. Cases were divided into a training set (200 euploid + 200 with trisomy 21) and a validation set (122 euploid + 102 with trisomy 21) at a ratio of approximately 2:1. For each, the maternal age, gestational age, fetal NT and karyotype were noted, and 12 ultrasonographic fetal facial markers were measured. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method and multivariable analysis were used to select automatically the discriminative markers. Logistic regression was used to develop a LASSO model, based on the selected markers, to screen for trisomy 21 in the first trimester of pregnancy. Furthermore, 60 of the 624 images were selected randomly as a retest set to evaluate the model's robustness. The predictive performance of screening for trisomy 21 of a model based on fetal NT and maternal age and of the LASSO model was assessed using the area under the receiver-operating-characteristics curve (AUC). A nomogram was developed as an individualized tool to predict patient-specific probability for trisomy 21, which is a more visual presentation of the LASSO model. The performance of the nomogram was assessed using the C-index and calibration curve.Results: Into the LASSO model were incorporated eight markers, including fetal NT, prenasal-thickness-to-nasal-bone-length ratio, facial profile line, frontomaxillary facial angle, frontonasal facial angle, mandibulomaxillary facial angle, maxilla-nasion-mandible angle and d2 (distance between the anterior edge of the prefrontal skin and the mandibulomaxillary line) (all P < 0.05). The AUCs of the LASSO model for screening for trisomy 21 were 0.983 (95% CI, 0.971-0.994) in the training set and 0.979 (95% CI, 0.966-0.993) in the validation set, and these were higher than the AUCs of all eight individual ultrasonographic markers included in the model. The AUC of the LASSO model in the retest set was 0.997 (95% CI, 0.990-1.000), indicating good robustness of the LASSO model. The AUC of the LASSO model was significantly higher than that of the model based on fetal NT and maternal age in both training and validation sets (P < 0.001 for both). The nomogram of the LASSO model showed good discrimination of trisomy 21, with C-indices of 0.983 in the training set and 0.981 in the validation set.Conclusions: We present an individualized nomogram which incorporates fetal NT and a series of ultrasonographic facial profile markers selected by the LASSO method and multivariable analysis. This nomogram can potentially be utilized as a convenient and effective tool in screening for trisomy 21 in the first trimester of pregnancy. © 2020 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the effects of deviations in the nose and chin prominence on facial attractiveness. In this study, a reference digital photograph was taken from the facial profile view of an adult female model. Some changes were made in the nose and chin prominence in Photoshop software using the Crumley's analysis. Changes made in the nose prominence yielded a prominent nose (2:11 ratio), a normal nose (3:53 ratio) and a small nose (4:61 ratio). Changes made in the chin prominence were protrusion by +2 and 0 mm and retrusion by −2, −4 and −6 mm (distance from the pogonion to the vertical reference line). In total, 18 orthodontists, 18 oral and maxillofacial surgeons, 18 art students and 18 laypeople evaluated the photographs (n = 15) and expressed their opinion regarding the facial profile attractiveness using a visual analogue scale (0−100). Data were analysed using SPSS version 18. A significant difference was noted in the ratings of photographs (Greenhouse-Geisser, P < 0.001). Orthodontists gave a significantly higher score than laypeople to photographs with a small nose and deviations of the chin prominence (P = 0.015). Art students gave a significantly higher score than laypeople to photographs with a prominent chin and deviations in the nose prominence (P = 0.012). Facial profile with a normal (3:53 ratio) or small (4:61 ratio) nose and chin protrusion/retrusion by 2 mm (pogonion-vertical line) is considered attractive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Facial types may interfere in the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and masticatory performance of implant-retained mandibular overdenture (IMO) wearers.Purpose: Investigate the medium-term changes in the masticatory function (MF) and OHRQoL parameters of IMO users, as a function of facial pattern, anteroposterior skeletal discrepancy, and sex.Methods: Forty IMO users, most of them Caucasian (90%) with average age of 69.17 years were classified according to their facial pattern and antero-posterior discrepancy prior to rehabilitation. MF was evaluated by the multiple sieves method to determine the average particle size (X50), heterogeneity (B) and masticatory efficiency (ME, calculated as the percentage of material retained in the 5.6 and 2.8 mm sieves), using Masticatory performance (MP) and swallowing threshold (ST) tests. OHRQoL was measured by applying the dental impact on daily life (DIDL) questionnaire. The data were analyzed by Wilcoxon-paired tests to analyze changes in MF parameters over time, and mixed-effect multilevel regression models were employed to verify differences between groups.Results: Significant changes were still observed in the 3rd year for the ST test with improvements in B for Mesofacial and in time for Dolichofacial individuals, while ME_2.8 deteriorated for Brachyfacial participants. B values of Class I and male individuals improved and brachyfacial individuals still presented worse homogenization (B) than Mesofacial participants in both masticatory tests. Class II and III participants still showed improvements in ME_5.6 and time compared to Class I despite increases in X50. Class II individuals needed less cycles than Class I in the 3rd year. Brachyfacial participants scored lower in the Appearance domain than Mesofacial ones in the 3rd year. Dolichofacial participants and Class III patients scored lower in the Oral Comfort domain than Mesofacial and Class I, respectively. In addition, age influenced the Pain, Oral Comfort and General Performance domains in the 3rd year.Conclusions: Differences in facial morphology continue to influence the MF and OHRQoL outcomes in the 3rd year, and age influenced some OHRQoL domains. Brachyfacial individuals continue to benefit least from rehabilitation with IMO according to masticatory parameters.