Search

Rationale: Over the last two decades, sports economists and management scholars alike have increasingly begun modeling the tv demand for professional sports, most notably association football. However, there as yet exists no empirical study on whether the observed mechanisms are robust across different distribution channels. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, we add to this still-emerging literature stream by analyzing the robustness of otherwise well-explored determinants of tv demand across different distribution channels (free-to-air and pay-tv), also distinguishing between male and female tv audiences. Findings/research contribution: Interestingly, exploring the German tv demand for F1 racing at two different tv channels holding non-exclusive media rights between 2011 and 2017, we note that the effects of most (e.g. the starting time, weather), though not all, determinants are robust across the two different channels and the two audience groups. Practical implications: Our results thus suggest that media right holders interested in maximizing television audience demand for a sport broadcast are well-advised to add nuance to their communication efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effects of export tariff liberalization on women’s marriage and fertility choices in China. Utilizing a shift-share design that combines industry-level variation in export tariff reduction with differences in industry composition across cities, we discover that women in areas with greater export tariff reductions exhibit a reduced inclination to marry, postpone marriage, and have a higher likelihood to marry well-educated partners. Moreover, these reductions in export tariffs negatively impact women’s fertility primarily through altering marriage formation and timing, and marginally affect newborn sex ratios. We further explore potential channels and highlight the role of improvements in women’s absolute and relative economic status. Our results underscore the influence of global trade on demographic trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the relationships among Industry 4.0 technologies, their application areas, and the involvement of Russian manufacturing firms in global and domestic value chains. We apply logit and multinomial logit regressions using an original survey dataset of approximately 1700 Russian manufacturing firms. We make a novel contribution to the literature by uncovering an asymmetry in adopting Industry 4.0 technologies among Russian industrial firms in domestic value chains (DVCs) and global value chains (GVCs). This asymmetry has the potential to impede GVC localization and DVC internationalization. Based on our results, software automation solutions are the only ones demonstrating statistical significance for firms participating simultaneously in GVCs, DVCs, and both GVCs and DVCs. Companies in DVCs demonstrate a broader utilization of Industry 4.0 technologies across various application areas. We also identify evidence of reshoring in DVCs, indicating that Industry 4.0 adoption encourages firms to establish enduring relationships with domestic suppliers. Highlighting that differences in technology adoption are influenced by external factors, including adherence to international standards and regulatory principles, we propose policy implications for developing countries. Recommendations encompass reducing entry barriers to DVCs, improving procurement transparency, and promoting competition in the digital solutions market to empower firms for seamless GVC integration.

This study examines whether a country's trade significantly increases industry-level output and whether this impact is greater for industries with higher levels of differentiation. To empirically answer these questions, the Frankel and Romer [(1999). “Does Trade Cause Growth?” American Economic Review 89 (3): 379–399] method, which uses the geographical component of trade as an instrument, is extended in two ways. First, the study examines the impacts on industry-level output instead of country-level output. Second, an index of industry differentiation based on Rauch [(1999). Networks Versus Markets in International Trade.” Journal of International Economics 48 (1): 7–35] is introduced. Using a two-stage least squares estimation and data for 20 manufacturing industries and 99 countries in 2015, it is found that the impact of a country’s trade on industry-level output and output per worker is heterogeneous across industries. A one-percentage-point increase in the trade/GDP ratio results in a larger effect for industries with higher degrees of differentiation, ranging from 0.340% to 1.736% for industrial output and from 0.754% to 1.566% for industrial output per worker. This heterogeneity with respect to industry differentiation is robust even when controlling for latitude and institutional variables. These results suggest that a country’s trade affects industry-level output differently depending on the industry’s level of differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the influence of exchange rate fluctuations on the informal economy within the BRICS countries from 2010 to 2019. Employing linear and nonlinear analytical methods, this research utilizes linear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models to analyze the relationship between exchange rate variations and the shadow economy in each BRICS nation. The study consistently reveals significant evidence of the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on the informal economy across both short-term and long-term timeframes. Moreover, employing a nonlinear ARDL model uncovers distinct and uneven effects of exchange rate volatility among the BRICS nations, emphasizing the varied characteristics of currency fluctuations in the clandestine economy. The findings underscore the need for BRICS member states to develop and implement tailored fiscal strategies to mitigate the risks associated with exchange rate volatility. Recognizing these dynamics is crucial for policymakers and stakeholders to effectively address the unequal ramifications of the informal sector within each country. Considering these findings, policymakers must devise economic policies that account for the diverse attributes of each nation’s informal economy. Implementing measures to reduce and manage the impacts of exchange rate fluctuations can foster stability and resilience within the informal sector, ultimately contributing to broader economic development objectives. This study contributes to the existing literature by employing linear and nonlinear methodologies to explore the relationship between currency exchange rates and the informal economy within the BRICS context. The identification of varied impacts across nations underscores the importance of tailored policy responses to address the unique challenges of exchange rate volatility on informal economic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) method, the current study explores the effects of exchange rate variations on commodities trade between Pakistan and the United Kingdom. The current study contends that the limiting assumption of symmetry between the exchange rate and the trade flows may have hampered the empirical results, despite the fact that earlier studies primarily used the symmetric cointegration approach. From 1980 to 2020, the study examines the symmetric and asymmetries effects of exchange rate variations on 35 sectors in Pakistan that import from the UK and 35 industries that export to the UK. The findings suggest that there is evidence of a considerable influence of asymmetric exchange rate variations on trade flows in both the short and long term in over half of the importing and exporting industries that participate in trade with the UK. By highlighting the significance of taking into account asymmetry in the analysis and exposing the sector-specific effects of exchange rate changes on trade flows, the study adds to the body of current work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a two-country AK model of growth with cross-country knowledge diffusion and endogenous migration to study the relationship between migration, income inequality, and economic growth. In contrast with mainstream AK literature, the article shows that introducing knowledge diffusion from rich to poor countries makes AK models predict conditional convergence, but also that migration tends to cool the catching-up process of poorer economies. When testing the robustness of the policy implications of the AK literature in the presence of migration, we find that subsidizing capital accumulation in frontier countries stimulates migration and worldwide growth, but also that it increases cross-country inequalities in terms of both income and technology. On the contrary, subsidizing capital accumulation in non-frontier countries reduces migration and mitigates inequalities worldwide, but has no effects on the long-run pace of economic growth of the two countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We first compare several measures of import penetration and find that total imports, tariffs, and exchange rates are endogenous, while imports from China are largely exogenous. Then we examine the effects of Chinese import penetration on executive compensation of U.S. firms. We document that Chinese import penetration reduces executives' stock grants and wealth-performance sensitivity, suggesting that competition mitigates agency problems and the need for conventional alignment mechanisms. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix , which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study delves into dynamics and determinants of agricultural exports from India. India’s agricultural export basket is heavily reliant on a limited range of commodities, including basmati rice, buffalo meat, spices, tea, coffee, and marine products. Such concentration poses risks, making the sector vulnerable to price fluctuations, changes in global demand, and challenges in accessing specific markets. Furthermore, the declining ratio of export value to import value in recent years indicates an unfavourable trade imbalance. To address these challenges and foster sustainable growth in the agricultural export sector, policymakers must gain a comprehensive understanding about the determinants for agricultural exports. So, this study utilizes panel data encompassing 40 agricultural export items over an 11-year period. The researchers employ the system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation and the findings showed positive and significant impact of past export performance on current export decisions. Moreover, the study highlights the positive and significant influences of gross output of agriculture, value-added activities in agricultural sector, gross domestic product, trade openness, foreign direct investment, water use efficiency, corruption index and exchange rate dynamics on quantum of agricultural exports. However, higher consumer prices have a negative effect on export quantities, emphasizing the importance of price competitiveness in international markets. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for diversifying the export basket, enhancing productivity, value addition, and sustainability. Addressing challenges related to trade imbalances and price competitiveness is crucial for driving growth in India’s agricultural sector, benefiting farmers, the economy, and the nation as a whole.

Definitive diagnosis of histoplasmosis relies on culture and/or cytology/histopathology; however, these procedures have limited sensitivity and cultures are time-consuming. Antibodies detection by immunodiffusion has low sensitivity in immunocompromised individuals and uses histoplasmin (HMN), a crude antigenic extract, as reagent. Novel protein antigen candidates have been recently identified and produced by DNA-recombinant techniques to obtain standardized and specific reagents for diagnosing histoplasmosis. To compare the analytical performance of novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for antibodies testing for diagnosing histoplasmosis using different Histoplasma capsulatum antigens as reagents. The H. capsulatum 100 kDa protein (Hcp100), the M antigen and its immunoreactive fragment F1 were produced by DNA-recombinant techniques. Galactomannan was purified from both the yeast and mycelial cell walls (yGM and mGM, respectively). The analytical performance of the ELISA tests for the serological detection of antibodies against these antigens was evaluated and compared with those obtained using HMN as reagent. Antibodies detection by the Hcp100 ELISA demonstrated 90.0% sensitivity and 92.0% specificity, versus 43.3% sensitivity and 95.0% specificity of the M ELISA, 33.3% sensitivity and 84.0% specificity of the F1 ELISA, 96.7% sensitivity and 94.0% specificity of the yGM ELISA, 83.3% sensitivity and 88.0% specificity of the mGM ELISA, and 70.0% sensitivity and 86.0% specificity for the HMN ELISA. In summary, Hcp100 is proposed as the most promising candidate for the serodiagnosis of histoplasmosis. The primary immunoreactive element in HMN proved to be GM rather than the M antigen. Nevertheless, a higher incidence of cross-reactions was noted with GM compared to M. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study evaluated the effect of specific seminal plasma fractions on the in vitro fertility parameters of Large White Yorkshire (LWY) boar sperm. Semen collected as separate fractions from four adult LWY boars as F1 (first 10 mL of sperm rich fraction), F2 (rest of the sperm rich fraction), F3 post sperm rich fraction, was used to harvest seminal plasma. The effect of these fractions on sperm preservability at 15°C was studied using cauda epididymal sperm. The sperm incubated in the seminal plasma of F1 had better in vitro fertility parameters during the stages of preservation. Thus, it could be inferred that the sperm of the F1 fraction are more suitable to preservation than sperm of other fractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper constructs a unique dataset of Chinese firm-level bilateral cross-border e-commerce exports using the back-end online logistics database of a famous Chinese logistics platform to study the impact of destination country’s institutional quality on Chinese cross-border e-commerce export. Our results show that the institutional quality of destination countries significantly boosts China’s cross-border e-commerce exports. Institutional quality has a more significant effect on the extensive margin than the intensive margin. Mechanism analysis shows that institutional quality significantly stimulates export entry, export survival, and continuous exports. Furthermore, destination country’s institutional quality has a greater impact on cross-border e-commerce export than on traditional export. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicoverpa armigera, the cotton bollworm moth, is one of the world's most important crop pests, and is spreading throughout the New World from its original range in the Old World. In Brazil, invasive H. armigera has been reported to hybridize with local populations of Helicoverpa zea. The correct identification of H. armigera-H. zea hybrids is important in understanding the origin, spread and future outlook for New World regions that are affected by outbreaks, given that hybridization can potentially facilitate H. zea pesticide resistance and host plant range via introgression of H. armigera genes. Here, we present a genome admixture analysis of high quality genome sequences generated from two H. armigera-H. zea F1 hybrids generated in two different labs. Our admixture pipeline predicts 48.8% and 48.9% H. armigera for the two F1 hybrids, confirming its accuracy. Genome sequences from five H. zea and one H. armigera that were generated as part of the study show no evidence of hybridization. Interestingly, we show that four H. zea genomes generated from a previous study are predicted to possess a proportion of H. armigera genetic material. Using unsupervised clustering to identify non-hybridized H. armigera and H. zea genomes, 8511 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) were identified. Their relative frequencies are consistent with a minor H. armigera component in the four genomes, however its origin remains to be established. We show that the size and quality of genomic reference datasets are critical for accurate hybridization prediction. Consequently, we discuss potential pitfalls in genome admixture analysis of H. armigera-H. zea hybrids, and suggest measures that will improve such analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study applies Keynesian macroeconomic theory in the ARDL model to compare the growth effects of the US's AGOA and China's FOCAC multilateral trading systems in South Africa from the first quarter of 2001 to the fourth quarter of 2022. The study uses South Africa's net exports with the corresponding partner as a proxy for each multilateral trading system. This quantification stems from the fact that South Africa's trade with the US and China has significantly improved since the establishment of AGOA and FOCAC in 2000. Our findings show that none of the multilateral trading systems contribute significantly to South Africa's economic growth. Rather, they appear to be used as strategic initiatives to gain access to mineral resources and facilitate the movement of mining machinery and other inputs into South Africa. To some extent, they are used as market-seeking initiatives, particularly FOCAC. It is worth noting, however, that the mineral resource preferences of these systems vary: while China prioritizes mineral products, the US prioritizes precious metals. This suggests that China and the US scramble for natural resources in South Africa, and possibly Africa in general, is complementary rather than competitive.

Studies on the effect of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on the export of the manufacturing industry, as disaggregated into the low-, medium-, and high-technology intensity, were lacking. However, the trade impact of ICT is mixed and relies on countries’ development and adoption of technology. To this end, this study explicitly contributes to this strand of literature. By using some key and popular ICT indicators we examined the comparative influence of ICT on the manufacturing industry exports defined by their technology intensity/adoption in OECD and non-OECD countries. A panel data technique with the PPML (Pseudo-Poisson Maximum Likelihood) covering the period 2010–2018 was applied for the analysis. Our empirical strategy indicates that internet use only promotes manufacturing exports of high-technology intensity in OECD countries. Low-technology intensity manufacturing exports were negatively affected by an increase in the use of the internet in all the samples of non-OECD and OECD economies. Except for high-technology, an increase in mobile phone subscribers is associated with increased manufacturing exports in all categories of industries and all sample countries. Broadband subscriptions only positively affect exports of low-technology intensity in OECD countries and negatively affect exports of medium-technology in non-OECD countries. The economic complexity index shows a positive influence on exports in OECD and non-OECD countries except for low-technology intensity. Human capital has been found to influence manufacturing exports in OECD countries and reduce exports in non-OECD countries. In both the OECD and non-OECD countries, positive and significant effects of GDP and trade were observed in all categories of technology adoption. These findings imply that in OECD and non-OECD countries ICT is an important aspect worth considering in trade policy making due to its significant influence on exports. ICT services need to be checked by the government to ensure quality, efficient, and effective delivery for better export. Findings also support the practical significance of ICT especially in developing OECD countries.

Energy production plays a major role in the Saudi Arabian economy, but energy production can lead to an increase in environmental pollution.

AbstractThe study unravels the relationship between trade and connectivity and presents a narrative to re-energise the South Asian regional economic integration in the post-pandemic period. In addition, the study also examines the effect on conflicts and institutional factors in South Asian trade. The study uses the bilateral gravity analysis in 2SLS (Two-Stage Least Squares) framework to address the endogeneity issues. The study finds that South Asia may gain enormously if they reduce the conflicts across the border and secure improvement in both hard and soft infrastructure. Given that the trade is a dynamic concept, connectivity disruption costs cause havoc to the region, which then promotes dis-integration. Facilitating business beyond the border in post-pandemic requires an enhanced trade facilitation and connectivity in the region. The renewed and shared agenda of the South Asian regional cooperation in post-pandemic should, therefore, aim to reduce both intra- and inter- regional trade facilitation gaps as well as to expand the connectivity. The process of South Asian regional integration has to contribute to narrowing the gaps by providing resources for the development of trade infrastructure. Therefore, South Asia has to enhance its own connectivity and trade facilitation arrangement to take forward the agenda of South Asian integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how regional extreme weather events (REWE) affect a country's participation in supply-chain trade (SCT) using comprehensive country-pair data spanning from 1995 to 2018, resulting in 26,720 observations. SCT participation is measured as the value-added contained in exports, considering both backward and forward linkages from the perspective of a reference country. REWE, in this context, refers to storms that impact multiple countries simultaneously. Through rigorous robustness checks, the primary findings indicate that REWE play a critical role in shaping SCT, as they disrupt the regional value chain among the affected countries. However, the impact of REWE is less pronounced when countries are geographically distant or have strong economic connections with regional trade blocs. These effects of REWE are transmitted through sourcing costs. The results remain consistent across various model specifications, alternative measures of REWE, and when addressing endogeneity concerns. The findings of this study carry important implications for both managerial practices and policy-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the relationship between China and the United States’ trade with sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and the region's economic growth (EG). The research analyzes trade dynamics, distinguishing between the effects of exports and imports, while highlighting the significant role of institutional quality (IQ) in shaping EG within the context of China–US trade with Africa. Despite increasing trade with China and the US, SSA’s growth has lagged, prompting exploration into the specific trade forms contributing to EG and the role of IQ. Using data from 30 SSA countries from 2002-2020, we employed AMG and IV-2SLS estimations for our analysis. The study reveals that IQ complements Chinese and US trade to promote EG. Importantly, Chinese and US imports from Africa consistently boost growth, with the impact of exports diminishing. Chinese trade proves influential in countries with strong institutions but lacks impact in those with weaker institutions at higher levels of IQ. In contrast, US trade benefits growth in both strong and weak institutional contexts. These findings are instrumental for policymakers, offering insights into the specific trade activities that drive growth in SSA. Additionally, we emphasize the pivotal role of robust institutions in ensuring the positive impact of trade on growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relationship between globalisation and mental health by using the global dataset of high-, middle-, and low-income countries for the period 1970–2020. Although the consequences of globalisation on general health have been extensively studied, limited attention has been paid to investigating the implications on mental health. To show robustness, globalisation has been divided into three main dimensions such as economic globalisation, political globalisation, and social globalisation while, mental health has been classified through various indicators, i.e., mental disorder, anxiety disorder, and depressive disorder. The study used panel fixed effect techniques to demonstrate the quadratic effects of globalisation on mental health. A U-shaped curve relationship between globalisation (including economic, political, and political globalisation) and mental disorders, anxiety disorders, and depressive disorders was identified. However, findings also indicate an inverted U-shaped curve relationship between globalisation and mental health for high-income countries and a U-shaped curve relationship for middle- and low-income countries. Prioritizing mental health is crucial for overall well-being and productivity. Furthermore, a comprehensive policy implementation is strongly recommended to protect societies from mental distress when a country plans to expand globalisation worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides a comprehensive analysis of global economic and geopolitical developments. It discusses the implications of tensions between the USA and China, the internationalization of the Chinese currency, and the impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on energy markets and climate policies. The document also explores the economic impact of foundational artificial intelligence on various sectors and emphasizes the importance of international cooperation and effective regulation to maximize benefits and mitigate risks. Overall, it offers valuable insights into these complex issues and the need for effective governance mechanisms. [Extracted from the article]

Foundational artificial intelligence (AI) is a general purpose technology that will affect economic activity across industries, with potentially significant impacts on jobs and international trade. This could include automation of routine and nonroutine white‐collar jobs, which reduces international trade where these jobs are on‐shored. However, where AI compliments existing jobs and leads to higher productivity, this could open up new opportunities for international trade in services. How foundational AI affects international trade will also depend on how it is regulated. Governments are moving to regulate AI, which could become a barrier to international trade. Geopolitics could also undermine opportunities for AI to deepen globalization and trade in AI as the USA and China restrict trade in the technology needed to build and run foundational AI systems. Regulating the impact of AI on international trade is an increasing focus in free trade agreements (FTAs) and digital economy agreements (DEAs). The World Trade Organization (WTO) Joint Statement Initiative (JSI) e‐commerce negotiations could also support trade in AI. Yet, there is much more that trade policy could do to minimize barriers to trade in AI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper documents a robust empirical regularity: higher trade openness is associated with a lower unemployment rate. This paper also examines whether or not the effects of trade liberalisation depend on countries' income levels. Further, the dynamic causation between trade openness and unemployment is also examined. Design/methodology/approach: In order to obtain insight into the openness–unemployment nexus, following empirical methods were utilised - static panel models, dynamic panel models and a novel panel Granger causality approach proposed by Juodis et al. (2021). Findings: Results suggest that openness negatively affects unemployment; the extent to which trade liberalisation affects unemployment depends on the income level of each country. The Juodis, Karavias, and Sarafidis (JKS) test confirmed that the past values of trade openness, inflation, foreign direct investment and gross domestic product per capita contain information that helps to predict unemployment in a more robust manner. To simply put, opening upto trade may eventually become a requirement for creating more job opportunities, but this alone may not be enough. The extent to which nations benefit from trade liberalisation is largely dependent on the overall economic conditions and their capability to move up the income scale. Originality/value: A major difference between this study and those performed previously is that this study does not only examine the impact of trade openness on unemployment, but also investigates whether the unemployment effect of liberalisation is affected by countries' income levels – an issue that has received little attention in the past. Additionally, the unique panel non-causality approach put forth by Juodis et al. (2021) is used in the first instance to look into the causal link between trade openness and unemployment. This method has advantages in that the method enables capturing Granger-causality in homogeneous or heterogeneous panels amongst multiple variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study examines whether the gains from export sophistication is conditional on the level of globalisation. Previous studies have shown that the impact of export sophistication on growth varies depending on the level of a country's economic development. The authors argue that globalisation plays an important role in influencing the gains from export sophistication, mainly through the competition and scale effects. The competition effect disincentivises domestic firms to engage in export markets, while the scale effect incentivises knowledge accumulation and innovation. Design/methodology/approach: The authors employ data from 163 economies from 1995 to 2018. The authors re-estimate values for export sophistication using ordinary goods from 1995 to 2018 and estimate a growth model using the generalised method of moments (GMM) to control for endogeneity and simultaneity issues. Findings: The results show that the gains from export sophistication and globalisation is greater for economies with higher levels of economic development compared to economies with low levels of economic development. Moreover, the authors find that the gains from export sophistication are conditional on the level of globalisation. The authors' results show that the marginal impact of export sophistication diminishes as developing economies become more globalised, while advanced economies gain more from export sophistication when globalisation precedes at a higher level. Originality/value: Previous studies have generally examined the conditional growth effects of export sophistication on trade, economic development and other structural factors. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to examine the impact of globalisation, and the authors exploit the multidimensional concept of globalisation to test the hypothesis. Peer review: The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-01-2023-0001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]