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This article makes the claim that experiences of feminised work are represented through literary forms that recur across disparate genres, periods, and media. Drawing on Caroline Levine's concept of form and taking a transhistorical approach to the study of literary representations, the article compares the 1952 novel Excellent Women by Barbara Pym and the Instagram comics of Liana Finck. While these texts do not invite immediate comparison, the article demonstrates that Pym and Finck use similar formal strategies in their depictions of feminised labour. Comparing these case studies reveals recurring forms of circularity, incompletion, and ironic comedy, which are used to represent the working lives of women. In both cases, the female protagonists are caught up in feminised experiences of work resulting in resignation to seemingly endless repetition. The article argues that the affordances of these forms capture transhistorically occurring traits of feminised work, thus giving shape to experiences that are not limited to a particular historical moment. Since contemporary working conditions are becoming increasingly feminised, the article concludes that looking to representations of feminised work across time can illuminate experiences of feminisation today, in waged as well as unwaged contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how gendered divisions of labour manifest across species lines. It applies a feminist, more-than-human intersectional approach, building on previous work on animal labour. The vital labour donkeys do with and for humans and their contributions to multispecies societies have been under-recognised and under-theorised. Drawing on empirical research conducted in central Ethiopia on the human-donkey relationship, findings reveal the multiple ways human gender and class coalesce to shape the kinds of labour performed and social relations among women, men, and donkeys across urban and rural environments. At the nexus of these intersecting forces, equivalence is drawn, by research participants themselves, between women and donkeys. Women and donkeys are aligned and othered, differentiated from men, a dynamic that results in the feminisation of donkeys and mutual marginalisation of women and donkeys and exposes male violence perpetrated on both groups. The article contributes empirical insights into human-donkey relations and interspecies labour and offers theoretical considerations of more-than-human intersectionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of elementary schools in Sweden (and elsewhere) in the mid-nineteenth century required the quick hiring of many new teachers, which in turn posed challenges about their financing. This paper analyses school inspectors' reports and teachers' journals to illuminate local strategies to provide affordable teaching in the Uppsala region in central Sweden from 1861 to 1910. The feminisation of the teacher's role and the secondary occupations undertaken by (usually) male teachers during this time have not previously been studied together in this context. The main aim of studying these areas together was to contribute to social and economic research in the history of education. The methods were historical and statistical analyses of source materials, with a particular focus on local and regional school developments. The results show that hiring more women to teach in the lower school forms and providing or encouraging side occupations for male teachers were common strategies to make teaching affordable in Sweden during the period studied. In conclusion, it would have been very difficult to implement the elementary school model in Sweden without these strategies. The study confirms the notion of the local character of school funding and provides new empirical evidence of the limitations of state intervention during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Teorija in Praksa is the property of Teorija in Praksa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article offers a critical appraisal of institutionalised knowledge production and exchange on the history and philosophy of geography in the United Kingdom. We examine broad epistemic trends over 41 years (1981–2021) through an analysis of annual conference sessions and special events convened by the History and Philosophy of Geography Research Group (HPGRG) of the Royal Geographical Society with the Institute of British Geographers (RGS-IBG). We show how organisational, sociocultural, and epistemic changes were coproduced, as expressed by three significant findings. Organisationally, the group emerged through shared philosophical interests of two early career geographers at Queen's University of Belfast in 1981 and received new impetus through its strategic plan 1995–1997, which inspired long-term research collaborations. Socioculturally, the group's activities contributed to national traditions of geographical thought and praxis in masculinist academic environments, with instances of internationalisation, increasing feminisation, and organisational cooperation. Epistemically, the group's events in the 1980s shaped contextualist, constructivist, and critical approaches, and coproduced new cultural geography, but the emphasis shifted from historically sensitive biographical, institutional, and geopolitical studies of geographical knowledges, via critical, postcolonial, and feminist geographies of knowledge-making practices in the 1990s, to more-than-human and more-than-representational geographies in the early twenty-first century. • Analyses (the) history and philosophy of geography through the lens of a UK research group. • Examines 41 years of the group's RGS-IBG annual conference sessions and special events. • Reveals epistemic developments that shaped the wider discipline of geography. • Traces gradual diversification of contributors via internationalisation and feminisation. • Stresses close links between histories, methodologies, and philosophies of geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of women working in occupations that lay claim to professional status has increased markedly in recent decades, but the speed and extent of the 'feminisation' of the probation service in England and Wales render it unique. Such change has occurred against the backdrop of attempts to present the service in more 'masculine' terms, to increase punitiveness while maximising its efficiency. This article seeks to move explanations for feminisation beyond gender stereotypes about care work. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 38 members of staff from across the probation estate, and with particular regard to the unification of services, it explores the demographic and cultural dynamics of feminisation. The article argues that the sustained (and ongoing) devaluation of probation's professional project, pay and working conditions have impacted retention and recruitment in such a way that has filtered into the gender composition of the service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The increase in molecular data and the use of computer technologies in biology have led to the emergence of professional biocurators, who populate biological databases and knowledgebases with high-quality information. Although crucial to life science knowledge production, biocuration is, to a large extent, invisible labour that takes place behind the scenes of data-centric life science. The field suffers from a lack of recognition and status that has been linked to a language of service and a scientific system that is not equipped to recognise and reward new types of scientific practices. However, as the majority of biocurators are highly educated female biologists, biocuration is also reproducing the problematic pattern of women leaving the scientific tenure track in favour of less prestigious positions. Instead of viewing the issue as just another example of 'the leaky pipeline,' the gendering of biocuration could be seen as an interplay of gendered structures in science, organisations and society which makes a career in biocuration attractive for female scientists while at the same time positioning the activity as non-scientific low-status work. By illuminating some of the ways gender works in the processes which render certain kinds of technoscientific work invisible, biocuration serves as an example of how existing social structures influence the emerging data-centric science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In over 40 factories in Tunisia, female sorting workers transform container loads of imported Western used clothing into comparable value categories that are packaged for re-export or sale on the local market. The dominance of women on these factory shopfloors indicates the feminisation of sorting work, typically implying a process of devaluation of labour power. However, this article shows how feminisation has situated outcomes and meanings that are specific to a given labour process. Through an ethnographic account of a Tunis sorting factory, it argues firstly that feminisation cannot be understood separately from the particular production process of used clothes sorting, in which the heterogeneity of used commodities requires female sorters to engage in highly contingent practices of value creation. Situated knowledge is necessary to separate the valuable from the valueless, and to assemble new product categories. Second, the article holds that these hierarches of skill in the factory result in processes of gendered identity construction associated with the vernacular profession 'farazat' (pl. sorters). Derived from the activity of sorting, and used exclusively in its feminine form, the identity is collectively asserted to convey a sense of professional pride and authority. Despite the lack of formal recognition, this professional designation is then used to mobilise a language of 'respect' that positions the farazat as both 'workers' and 'women'. Far from devaluation, the feminisation of sorting here opens possibilities for women to assert their indispensability to the production process and to challenge the formal bounds of factory work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the process of social visibilisation and empowerment carried out by French popular music artists and professionals in the first two decades of the twenty first century, as they challenge the cis- and heteropatriarchal gender system. Using the concept of feminisation in a non-essentializing way, not restricted to women, this article explores the songs, symbols and discourses that popular music artists use to question traditional gender and sexuality roles, in France and in French-speaking Switzerland and Belgium. The article historicizes the minority position of female and LGBTQIA+ artists in twentieth century French popular music, both in commercial and critical terms. It shows that a new generation of music professionals break down musical and gender hierarchies through their aesthetic and militant practice.

This article discusses the phenomena of the migration of women as individuals seeking work away from home, which is relatively new. In the Indian context, an increase in education has not prepared women to enter the labour market. Rural areas have seen the lowest level of female labour participation (LFPR) and the urban regions the highest level (LFPR). The prime factor is the nature of the labour market at the destination. Bhagat (2017) observed that more illiterate women migrate for employment than illiterate men. An increase in employment opportunities in specific job categories resulted from the feminisation of work. The gendered nature of the labour market at the destination can be a deterrent factor for women choosing a specific type of sex-based workforce. Official documentation records more than half of women in urban India as associational migrants. Women reproduce on "reasons for migration", but many women cannot state clearly their reasons for migration. These structural changes have changed the social-economical symmetry of Indian villages. The factors of the agrarian crisis, along with the neo-liberal economic policies of the Government, brought up the relationship between reduced female labour participation in the workforce. The jobless growth of the Indian economy cannot absorb migrant women/low-skill labour. Lack of job creation and unavailability of jobs in rural areas led to the migration of people from poor regions. Migrant women's labour is sought to replace/supplement the labour of the women members of the household unit. Gender equality comes into question when a class of women (or men) whose services are now in the marketplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigated cultural practices and the exclusion of girls from access to education in southern Tanzania using mixed methods. Primary data was collected using key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Purposive sampling was followed to sample 39 participants, including primary school students, teachers, parents, initiation ritual trainers, and education officers. The research found that the age of initiation rites changed from 12 to 18 years to 5 to10 years. Although the age for participation in initiation rituals was reduced, training content remained the same. Training content focused on preparing the passage from childhood to adulthood, focusing on sexuality and marriage. Initiation rituals resulted in girls as early as five years old being detracted from classroom instructions. The research recommends two sets of training related to initiation rites: that the first training be conducted before puberty for girls to navigate adolescence, fine-tuning the contents to focus on menstrual hygiene management and self-efficacy, while discouraging early engagement in sexual conduct; Second, that another training be conducted at age eighteen, or just before marriage, to prepare girls for family life. Finally, the research recommends policy action to set a minimum age for participation in initiation rites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Fomento Social is the property of ETEA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The phenomenon of feminisation of migration, characterized by the increasing participation of women in international migration flows, has gained attention recently. This paper explored the interplay between feminisation of migration and religion, shedding light on the experiences of migrant women. It investigated how religion serves as a cultural anchor, resilience-building mechanism, and identity negotiator for female migrants. The paper thus outlined the global trend of rising female migration, discusses gender dynamics in migration, and highlights the challenges faced by migrant women in balancing faith practices and integration. It further examined the intersectionality of gender and religious identity, emphasizing the need for a nuanced analysis. The article explored how religious beliefs and practices contribute to the resilience and adaptation of migrant women, and how religion shapes their sense of self. It also explored the role of religious communities in providing support and facilitating community building among migrant women. The study showed that female migration empowers women, increases their control over mobility and rights, and their remittances can contribute significantly to economies. It revealed the multidimensional nature of feminisation of migration and the need for policy recommendations to improve the living and working conditions of migrant women. The paper increases understanding of the challenges faced by women during migration and highlights the importance of protecting and promoting women’s rights. It also notes the impact of women’s absence from home on gender roles and social dynamics.

The dissection of work based on biological sex orientation amid non-remunerated and remunerated work reduces females frugally and socially to become extra susceptible towards remaining poor and poorer in the society. This division is engineered by family, individual, communal and financial predicaments, especially those emanating from the cultural background, partisan and racial struggle circumstances or disasters like the COVID-19 pandemic. In Africa, particularly in Zimbabwe, women are marginalised and excluded by social discrimination and poverty, hence the call for action by the 1995 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. Action is required specifically from the areas, such as education and environment, among others, to empower women to improve their situations or to develop communities and the country as a whole. Actions aimed at reducing impoverishment in society are perilous; hence, the Zimbabwean government decided to give preference to women in economic empowerment strategies and to advance acts that support monetary constitutional rights. While both men and women are susceptible to poverty, gender discrimination makes women to be more vulnerable to poverty and have meagre incomes to survive impoverishment. Women are always the last to feed, they are also usually the last to sleep and the first to wake up, they are the disadvantaged to get healthcare facilities and they are stuck in laborious, voluntary household chores from time to time. Unfortunately, some are left with no option and engage in prostitution as a means to survive. Using purposive sampling and cultural feminist lens, this study problematises the feminisation of poverty in Zimbabwe, using Mutasa community, particularly villages 4 and 30, as a case study to see how women alleviate poverty through mukando/marounds. The main argument presented in this study is that poverty must not have a feminine face; hence, the labels that synonymise scarcity with femininity must be eradicated. Contribution: This study contributes to the ongoing academic studies on the feminisation of poverty, using Mutasa district in Zimbabwe as a case study. It concludes by restating that the feminisation of poverty is a product of a flawed cultural system that denies women opportunities for realising their full potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The last few decades have witnessed increased entry of women in the medical workforce both in High and Low income countries. This increased female participation in medicine is often called as 'feminisation of medicine'. There is not much research available on medical workforce feminisation and its potential consequences in resource constrained countries. This paper analyses Pakistani physicians' perceptions regarding feminisation of medical workforce and its implications for human resources for health policies and practice in Pakistan. Materials & Methods: A phenomenological research design was used to conduct thirteen semi-structured telephone interviews with Pakistani physicians to explore their perceptions regarding feminisation of medical workforce and its implications. Both purposive and snow-ball sampling techniques was used. Data analysis was done by using thematic analysis technique. Results: The main reasons for feminisation are open-merit policy for admission in medical schools, to get good matches and medicine as an acceptable profession for females. There was a difference of perceptions about medical workforce feminisation on the accessibility of medical services in Pakistan. Majority did not agree that more female doctors will increase Pakistani women's accessibility to doctors, especially in rural areas. This may not happen unless the feminised medical workforce is properly managed and incentivised. Conclusion: The volume of female doctors in Pakistan is gradually increasing which have important implications for policy and practice of medicine. Research is needed to understand these reasons and to know Pakistan health system's ability to meet the needs and requirements of females as the main healthcare providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Orientation Scolaire et Professionnelle (OSP) is the property of Institut National d'Etude du Travail et d'Orientation Professionnelle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In snakeskin gourami (Trichopodus pectoralis), females are generally larger than males, and estradiol-17β (E2)-sex reversal to produce female monosex has gained interest in this species. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of E2-induced sex reversal on growth, physiological and immune parameters, and gonadal gene expression in adult snakeskin gourami. Fry (7 days posthatching) were divided into different experimental groups based on the dose of E2: control (no E2 (0 mg kg−1) supplementation), E2-100 (100 mg kg−1), E2-200 (200 mg kg−1), and E2-300 (300 mg kg−1), fed with the E2 doses for 90 d and cultured for 11 months (adult stage). The findings revealed that E2 supplementation produced 88.89–100% of female population. After 11 months of culture, the effects of sexual dimorphism on the growth performance of the E2-100 group were not significant compared to that on the growth performance of the control male and female groups; however, it improved significantly in the E2-200 and E2-300 groups (P

This article explores the interconnectedness of the earth, gender and food security in the Zambian context using the narrative of Maria Zaloumis (a female Zambian farmer) in the public sphere. It draws on a narrative research design by the restorying of Maria’s trajectory in Agric-business as informed by the African ecofeminist theory. The study shows that Maria was described as an emerging young farmer and an emblem of female entrepreneurship. Her trajectory mirrored the intersection of the earth, gender and food security through her portrayal as a woman who endured life tragedies of losing a child, and being a victim of gender-based violence in her marriage. She drew inspiration from her mother (venturing into farming was linked to her mother), the earth (farming was an outlet for healing from her marital challenges) and religion (attributed her success to God as a member of the Baptist church). Maria’s account which resonates with the injustice suffered by the earth and shared by women through the environmental crises affirms that in the midst of suffering, women could still contribute to food security by turning a crisis into an opportunity and fostering a life-affirming theology. Contribution: The article contributes to scholarship on the earth, gender and food security by bringing to the fore the ways in which women have contributed to changing the Agric-business landscape through the intersection of the earth, gender and religion from the Zambian context. It also adds a new perspective to women’s empowerment and the preservation and stewardship of mother earth.

Women farmers' experiences are not necessarily homogeneous between contexts, and overall different social structures might have different spillover effects into agriculture. Despite the so‐called 'feminisation' of Greek agriculture—manifested as an increase in the proportion of officially registered farm heads being female and recognition of female contribution to farming—the question remains of how fast these changes do transform the role of women in Greek agriculture and how far they reach in terms of changing contested gender identities in a still male‐dominant sector. This article, inspired by the recent work on Feminist Agri‐Food Systems Theory (FAST), tries to shed light on these transformations by collecting official data, working with local experts–informants and conducting in‐depth qualitative interviews with 71 women farmers in Greece. We advocate for indicators of transformation by using women's life stories and the FAST as a theoretical lens. According to our results, the increasing visibility of women in agriculture did not activate any dynamic renegotiation of the hierarchical and pre‐defined gender roles within the family and local society. Overall, multiple roles and tasks remain still challenging in the daily routine of women farmers. However, in contrast to the past, there are different pathways to enter agriculture, and despite all barriers, women's self‐perception as farmers is quite empowered in the study area. They are younger than the national average, their farm size is larger than average, they prefer value‐added production and they seek tailored agricultural extension services and peer‐to‐peer knowledge through informal networks. For the further theoretical development of the FAST model, and advancing the state of the art, we reflect on some additional axes and indicators resulting from its application in the Greek context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern Foreign Language (MFL) education has long been described as being 'in crisis' by virtue of a long decline in the numbers of students being entered for exams at age 16 and 18. Whilst this decline is generally attributed to policy, harsh grading and the rise of global English, this paper challenges this view by positioning the decline at the intersection of the feminising of the subject and an othering of the speakers of the languages taught. Using a loosely Foucauldian form of discourse analysis, academic literature, published reports on language needs and language teaching, and original qualitative data from two studies are drawn together. A feminising discourse around the subject of MFL is identified, juxtaposed with a masculinising discourse around education more generally, leading to the devaluing of the subject. Edward Said's orientalism is explored as a framework for the discussion of the media and public 'othering' of the speakers of the languages commonly taught and the 'fetishisation' of less commonly taught languages. It is argued that overcoming the decline in uptake of modern foreign languages will require reconceptualising of the problem at policy level and a change in the media and public discourses surrounding the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the feminization of the medical profession, the academic world remains largely male-dominated. Several studies conducted in the English-speaking world have shown that women are published less than men. Our goal is to define the evolution of the role of women in five French medical journals. The articles from five French journals (Revue du Praticien, Bulletin du Cancer, Exercer, Presse Médicale, Cancer/Radiothérapie) published in February between 1983 and 2019 were included. We selected twelve years from that period of time. The analysis was completed using Cochran-Armitage tests with a significance level of < 0,05. Among the authors, 4397 were included in total and we were able to determine the gender of 4309 of them. The percentage of female authors went from 16% in 1983 to 36.4% in 2019 (p < 0.001). This rise is more significant for those specializing in surgery than for those specializing in medicine, with a percentage going from 14% to 38.5% (p < 0.001) against 16.8% to 35.4% (p < 0.001) respectively. In 2019, women still only represent 30.2% of the last authors, 27.6% of editorial authors and 30.6% of corresponding authors. Our study underlines a significant increase in the number of female authors and highlights that their position as authors remains on the margins of the most prestigious authorial positions. While we can celebrate this increase, we nevertheless notice that there are fewer female authors than female practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dans cet article, nous nous proposons, à travers l’exemple de la langue espagnole, d’expliquer, du point de vue grammatical, ce que l’on entend par genre et quel est son rôle dans la langue. Nous essaierons de montrer, dans un premier temps, que la langue n’est pas réellement sexiste mais que ceux qui la parlent le sont peut-être davantage. Ce sexisme apparent relève bien plus de nos schémas de pensée que de la langue elle-même. Dans un second temps, nous essaierons de montrer, à travers le cas de la féminisation des noms de métier que ces nouvelles formes doivent respecter les règles morphologiques de la langue et qu’il n’est pas certain que le fait de forcer celle-ci puisse d’une quelconque manière influer sur la façon de penser des locuteurs. La langue peut seulement traduire, a posteriori, la réalité.

Aujourd’hui, l’intégration des femmes dans la magistrature française n’est plus un projet ou une question, puisque celles-ci représentent 69 % du corps judiciaire en 2020 et 76 % des élèves magistrats de la promotion 2021. Issues de carrières scolaires brillantes, ces étudiantes réussissent donc un concours considéré comme très difficile. Cependant, les inscrits masculins au concours d’entrée sont trois fois moins nombreux que leurs homologues féminines. Par ailleurs, la répartition des postes au sein de ce corps montre que, malgré des impulsions gouvernementales très nettes en faveur de la féminisation des postes de responsabilités depuis le début des années 2010, la place des femmes reste restreinte. Les travaux sur la féminisation des professions pointent trois problématiques majeures : le lien entre féminisation et dévalorisation des professions ; les épreuves que subissent les femmes confrontées à des métiers où dominent des valeurs viriles et les transformations que cela entraîne chez celles-ci ; un clivage au sein des métiers entre d’une part un versant réservé aux femmes auxquelles on attribuerait des tâches associées à l’image traditionnelle et plus ou moins fondée de « vertus » féminines – le « care » -, et d’autre part un versant considéré comme plus viril qui resterait l’apanage des hommes. En parallèle, on observe le très fort développement des outils du New Public Management au sein de l'institution judiciaire, ce qui bouleverse les conditions d'exercice de ces fonctions et le rapport au métier. Dans quelle mesure peut-on lier féminisation et managérialisation ?

Jusqu’à l’avènement de la République turque en 1923, l’emprise de la religion dans l’exercice de la fonction de juge était un facteur d’exclusion des femmes. Dans cette configuration, tous les rites principaux musulmans écartaient la femme de la fonction, sauf quelques rares exceptions. C’est pourquoi, l’accès des femmes turques à la magistrature interviendra dans un contexte de rupture avec le droit musulman et de sécularisation de la société portée par la révolution d’Atatürk, créateur de la République. C’est ainsi qu’à la fin des années vingt, les premières femmes deviennent magistrates, avant même qu’elles obtiennent le droit de vote qui interviendra en 1934 et bien avant les femmes françaises. Toutefois, passé le symbole, la féminisation de la magistrature est un phénomène relativement récent. C’est principalement à partir des années 2000 qu’elle connaît une accélération sensible. Aujourd’hui, sur 22820 juges dans toute la Turquie, 8326 sont des femmes. Ces dernières représentent 36,5 % alors qu’en 2012, on comptait seulement 3020 femmes dans la magistrature sur 12201 (c’est-à-dire 24, 2 %). Leur nombre a donc plus que doublé en une décennie. Cette progression de la féminisation de la magistrature turque, due à de multiples facteurs dont la féminisation des études de droit et la création de nombreux postes de magistrats qui a ouvert de nouvelles opportunités pour les femmes, suscite encore aujourd’hui des réactions assez paradoxales. D’un côté, la présence de femmes ne devrait, en théorie, pas poser de problème en raison de la neutralité même du juge, symbolisée par le port de la robe. D’un autre côté, l’emprise des mœurs dans un pays fortement marqué par la religion explique que, dans la justice, il y a des fonctions implicitement réservées aux femmes et surtout compatibles avec leurs obligations familiales. C’est ainsi qu’à peine 16 % des procureurs sont des femmes et les postes hiérarchiques sont généralement exercés par les hommes. L’étude de la manière dont les femmes ont pris leur place dans la magistrature turque et des stratégies d’exercice qu’elles ont pu développer face à une société imprégnée de codes patriarcaux doit permettre de mieux cerner cette ambivalence entre une banalisation de la place occupée par les magistrates aujourd’hui et ses particularités. Ce sujet, qui n’en est qu’à ses prémices, mérite certainement des études complémentaires et plus régulières.

Poverty statistics in many countries of the developing world, with Zimbabwe being no exception, continue to show a gender-skewed trend, with women more than men increasingly being more affected. This is worrying, considering the fact that it is women who are the majority, and they carry the brunt of the burden for most household duties. Zimbabwe adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and yet women continue to be hit hard by poverty. This was a qualitative study involving interviews and focus group discussions with 58 purposively sampled participants from Muchadziya village to determine the extent to which women in Muchadziya village are contributing towards sustainable development in Zimbabwe. The aim of this article, was to explore the ways in which women in Muchadziya village are contributing towards the alleviation of poverty. In the process, they will be contributing towards the attainment of some of the SDGs, such as the ones focusing on ending poverty in all its forms everywhere (SDG 1) and ending hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition and promoting sustainable agriculture (SDG 2). Using Africana womanism theoretical framework, the article maintained that African women should be perceived as agents, not subjects, of development and transformation in their communities. Findings indicated that women in Muchadziya village are selling various products and have sought markets in Beitbridge, Gweru and Zvishavane to sell them; others have set up shops and flea markets, and others make use of the land even though they do not own it to produce farm products to fight against poverty. The study concluded that women, despite being in difficult circumstances, are capable of contributing towards the achievement of the SDGs, particularly SDG 5 focusing on women’s empowerment and attaining gender equality. It is therefore recommended that women be given the necessary support to achieve more. Contribution: In a context where women are the most affected by poverty, Ndau women have proven that they can be agents of change by contributing towards the achievement of SDGs such as ending poverty in all its forms, zero hunger, education, gender equality and women’s empowerment and water and sanitation. Not much scholarly attention has been paid to the agency of women in Chimanimani in enhancing Zimbabwe’s sustainable development. This gap in literature might be influenced by the fact that African women, particularly women in rural areas, are perceived as beneficiaries or recipients of aid or development initiatives. As such, most programmes mainstreamed by aid or donor agencies in Africa have a specific focus on distributing aid to women and girl-children. Unfortunately, such programmes rarely seek to capacitate or empower their beneficiaries; hence, their interventions eventually disempower the intended beneficiaries.

The Maghreb countries share a similar demographic profile: around 40% of the population is under twenty-five years of age. The recent upsurge in the birth rate also implies, in the medium term, a large and lasting proportion of young people being in post-school phase and at the point of entry into working life. Considering these structural similarities, is the evolution of higher education going the same path among countries of North Africa? This article explores this question by examining detailed statistics for Algeria and Morocco. They reveal that the two countries have made different university policy choices, but that they are both affected by comparable transformations: the massification and feminisation of their enrolments; a relative emergence of the private sector, occurring recently but at different times; and substantial investments to generalise access for young people to university education, which is considered essential for development. These observations lead to a regional perspective with a prospective vision. A projection of recent trends over the coming decades, linked to demographic forecasts, is proposed. This exercise proves to be highly instructive in assessing the challenges that the situation poses to policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis: Folia Litteraria Romanica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos de Filología Clásica: Estudios Griegos e Indoeuropeos is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper is dedicated to issues related to designations of women in the Polish language from the second half of the 19th century until the present time. The socio-cultural history of a group of Polish feminine personal nouns (referred to as feminitives or feminatives) which denote women's social and/or occupational status is discussed. It is argued that feminine personal nouns have been directly dependent on various ideologies: women's emancipation, socrealism and feminism. Ideologies have impacted the use of feminatives, by intensifying or limiting their use in discourse during a particular period, and the attitude of language users to ideologies has influenced the way in which feminatives are perceived. While presenting the richness of the repertoire of gender exponents in contemporary Polish, the possibility of the incorporation of feminine personal formations into dictionaries of general Polish in a scientific and objective manner is investigated. A similar idea was proposed at Wrocław University, as a result of which a group of female lexicographers compiled Słownik nazw żeńskich polszczyzny [Dictionary of Polish Female Nouns]. Some of its innovative lexicographical assumptions (description, not prescription, a discourse-centred method) are discussed in this article. The text corpus presented in the article enables the reader to trace the history of feminine personal nouns in Polish, i.e. their disappearance and re-appearance in the language.

Copyright of XVIIe Siècle is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this article is to discuss the phenomenon called linguistic sexism, i.e. a lack of symmetry between the sexes in a language. The focus lies on comparing Norwegian and Polish, which with regard to feminist language reform follow two different strategies for a more inclusive use of language. While Norwegian speakers aim at replacing gender-marked forms with gender-neutral ones, in Polish there is a clear tendency to differentiate between nouns referring to men and women in order to increase the visibility of the latter. The article outlines how the lack of symmetry between the sexes in both languages is manifested in various areas, such as generic use of masculine forms, word formation of gender-related nouns, lexical gaps in the case of women together with titles and address forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arenal.Revista de Historia de las Mujeres is the property of Arenal. Revista de Historia de las Mujeres and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the article, the authors examine the different phases of feminisation of the horse racing field in Poland, starting from the early communist times up to the present. The empirical material for the article is comprised of 20 in-depth interviews with women riders whose careers spanned different decades and is supplemented by field observation and statistics. Following the nationalisation of horse racing in 1950, women were excluded due to the employment policy pursued by the State Horse Racetrack Company and the traditional apprenticeship system. Things changed in 1968, when the status of amateur riders was formally established. After 1989, along with the privatisation of horse racing stables, a new influx of women riders was observed, although only a few have achieved the jockey status so far. The analysis of the social context and class background of women in horse racing is supplemented with the investigation of stereotypes on women's attributes internalised by female riders. The main claim of the article is that although the socio-economic conditions for horse racing in Poland changed dramatically over many decades, women invariably played 'rescue roles', which placed them on the fringes of the world of horse racing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on platform labour has been growing during recent years, encompassing a wide range of themes and perspectives, including gender. Despite efforts to address gender issues in the study of platforms, however, there is still a gap in the relevant literature. This article is an attempt to address this gap by discussing some of the theoretical and methodological implications of gendering platform research. At the same time, it is an attempt to think of gender as a perspective that sheds light on the feminisation and racialisation of precarious labour more broadly and platform labour more specifically. The article explores current research strands on gender and platforms. First, it discusses how gender is and can be integrated into the collection of statistical data on platforms. Then it considers recent research on domestic and care work platforms, which constitutes an area of interest for many researchers. The concept of work-life balance in platforms is raised next and the role of reproductive and affective labour as part of platform labour. The article addresses the question of affect in platforms, especially the ways in which it can provide a valuable theoretical framework for research shedding light on the subjectivity of platform workers. Overall, the article analyses both the recent literature on the topic and possible future research directions on gender in platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The implications of the feminisation of medicine, which is characterised by a growing proportion of female doctors, is a topic currently being debated worldwide. To date, however, there has been no systematic survey of the viewpoint of present and future doctors on this subject. The aim of the present study is to determine how future and present doctors view this trend in terms of its relevance to the medical profession and its present impacts. Methods Of a total sample of 3813 people, 181 applicants for the winter term 2014, 590 medical students and 225 doctors of the UMG participated in this cross-sectional electronic questionnaire. The answers were analysed by means of the statistics program IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Open answers were qualitatively evaluated and categorised using the “Basiswissengeleitete offene Kategorienfindung” (Werner Früh) and coded for statistical analysis. Results The majority of our participants favoured a balanced gender-ratio among doctors: 77% of applicants, 68% of students and 61% of doctors rated this as important or very important. The results from the student and applicant groups differed concerning female gender. When answering in the role of a patient, the doctor’s gender was found to be more relevant than when the participants were answering in the role of the doctor. The majority of the respondents opined that feminisation had had an impact on their workplace: particular factors included part-time work, work-related organisation and the diversity of the medical profession. Commentaries were mostly categorised as negative. Conclusions The feminisation of medicine was viewed largely critically by the participants of this study. The respondents evaluated gender as being relevant for the medical profession and favoured a diverse workforce; however, the significance of one’s own gender in medical practice was underrated in comparison, implying a need for more awareness of the effect of a doctor’s gender on the patient-doctor-relationship. The mainly negative comments concerning the impact of feminisiation on work organisation, work satisfaction and patient care show the need for further research and action to adapt current medical work practices to the changing demographics in order to improve work satisfaction and quality of care.

Facial feminisation surgery (FFS) is integral to the management of transgender adult females. Literature detailing the conduct and outcomes of FFS is lacking. The aim of this project was to review surgical practices in NHS Scotland. We identified Gender Identity Clinics throughout Scotland. These clinics were then contacted to discuss which services were available regarding FFS and to whom they refer patients. Retrospective review of electronic case notes between June 2014 and June 2019 was carried out and data was recorded on patient demographics, procedures employed, surgical complications, and postoperative outcome. FFS was carried out in two centres. Sixty patients received FFS during the study period, in 160 separate surgical procedures. Patients were all transitioning from natal biological male to female gender, with an average age of 36 years. The most common procedure was rhinoplasty (n = 36). Surgical complications occurred in eight procedures, and negative outcomes were recorded in 12/88 operating sessions. Increasing demand for surgery was noted throughout the study period. These results suggest that a wide variety of procedures are used, and that FFS is well accepted with relatively few surgical complications and negative outcomes. In depth understanding of patient's perceptions and views of their experiences, alongside objective measures, are essential to determine the impacts of FFS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender data are presented from a study into sociology PhD completions and student research outputs during enrolment at Australian 'Group of Eight' interdisciplinary schools of social science. Findings confirm views and impressions offered by Australian sociology academic leaders. The present data contributes to this wider discussion by describing patterns in the contemporary cohort of sociology PhD students. First, we document a stable gender composition of the discipline in Australia reflective of the literature across several decades rather than a recent feminisation process. Second, we report for this cohort of contemporary PhD sociology completions in Australia women and men publish at similar rates during candidacy. Third, there is no significant gendered difference between students at any level of research output production. Fourth, methodological approaches used by sociology doctoral students confirm the epistemological domination of qualitative analysis in this current cohort of sociology PhD theses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Makueni County, Kenya, an area experiencing intensifying migration flows, we investigate the aspired futures of rural men and women using a novel methodology combining a narrative-based survey tool, focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews. Our findings indicate that, in the absence of men and presence of norms restricting women's movement out of rural life, women are becoming increasingly engaged in farm management. Women's aspirational narratives focused on commercialising farm activities, likely reflecting their changing agricultural opportunity space and new realities as farm managers. We highlight that only considering aspirations at the household level overlooks differing individual contributions, agency over various household income streams and individuals' changing roles throughout life. Based on our findings, we make recommendations for further aspirations research including explicit consideration of intrahousehold heterogeneity and how individual strategies and aspirations interrelate and are negotiated at the household level to build an overall livelihood strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]