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The usage of smart glasses in goods logistics and order picking has mainly been studied through cross-sectional experimental studies. Our longitudinal field study investigated the effects of smart glasses on the eyesight of 43 employees at two German companies. We combined ophthalmological examinations and questionnaire surveys at two points in time, six months apart. The vision of the employees was examined before and after each work shift. Mixed effects logistic regression was conducted to determine the associations between smart glasses use and effects on visual acuity. In the baseline examination, differences in eyesight before and after shifts were small and not statistically significant. However, some individuals experienced deteriorations, especially in visual acuity at near distances (n = 7 for the right eye, n = 6 for the left). Participants over 40 years of age had 16.1 times higher odds of deterioration compared to those under 40 years (95% CI: 2.7–95.9, p = 0.002). The most commonly reported eye strains were eye fatigue (n = 32), rubbing (n = 25), and burning (n = 24). If smart glasses are to be implemented in logistics companies, it is recommended to offer employees eye tests with an industrial physician in advance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to World Health Organization (WHO), 314 million individuals worldwide suffer from some degree of vision impairment. Yoga is an effective intervention for the purification and preparation of the body. The leading cleaning practices such as yoga postures, breathing control, and meditation, among others. These techniques include a yogic visual concentration technique known as Trataka. According to certain studies, yogic visual concentration improves eyesight. However, the immediate effect of trataka on visual acuity in adolescents with the visually impaired has not been investigated. Purpose. The present study investigated the effect of 6 weeks of trataka training on visual acuity in visually impaired adolescents. Material & Methods. The study used a single group, before/after design, with ten visually challenged adolescents (Mage=16.5 years; SD=1.5; range 15-18 years) participating in a 6-week trataka training. In clinical settings, the Snellen chart is the most used tool for determining a participant's level of visual acuity. Results. The outcome score for left eyesight (44.44 per cent) and right eyesight (50.43 per cent) improved significantly. Furthermore, paired t-test findings revealed significant improvement in both left eyesight (p

The usage of smart glasses in goods logistics and order picking has mainly been studied through cross-sectional experimental studies. Our longitudinal field study investigated the effects of smart glasses on the eyesight of 43 employees at two German companies. We combined ophthalmological examinations and questionnaire surveys at two points in time, six months apart. The vision of the employees was examined before and after each work shift. Mixed effects logistic regression was conducted to determine the associations between smart glasses use and effects on visual acuity. In the baseline examination, differences in eyesight before and after shifts were small and not statistically significant. However, some individuals experienced deteriorations, especially in visual acuity at near distances (n = 7 for the right eye, n = 6 for the left). Participants over 40 years of age had 16.1 times higher odds of deterioration compared to those under 40 years (95% CI: 2.7–95.9, p = 0.002). The most commonly reported eye strains were eye fatigue (n = 32), rubbing (n = 25), and burning (n = 24). If smart glasses are to be implemented in logistics companies, it is recommended to offer employees eye tests with an industrial physician in advance.

Background: There is a scarcity of studies on the relationship between visual impairment (VI) and time spent in sedentary behavior (SB), especially from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Thus, we investigated the association of objectively and subjectively measured VI with SB in adults aged ≥18 years across 6 LMICs. Methods: Cross-sectional data from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) were analyzed. Objective and subjective visual acuity were measured. Information on self-reported SB was also collected. Multivariable multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess associations with time spent in SB as the outcome. Results: The sample consisted of 42,489 individuals (mean age = 43.8 [14.4] y; 50.1% females). Only severe objective VI (vs no VI) was significantly associated with ≥11 hours per day of SB (vs <4 h/d) (odds ratio = 4.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.57–12.92). Increasing severity of subjective VI was associated with greater odds for ≥8 hours per day of SB (vs <4 h/d) dose dependently. Conclusions: The present study identified an association of both objectively and subjectively measured VI with time spent in SB in adults residing in LMICs, with subjectively measured VI being a stronger predictor of time spent in SB. Targeted interventions to decrease SB especially in those who perceive themselves to have VI are needed in LMICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We systematically reviewed visual outcomes over the last three decades in patients undergoing treatment for base of skull (BOS) meningiomas and provide recommendations to preserve vision. Methods: In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews, a search was conducted from 6/1/2022–9/1/2022 using PubMed and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria included (1) patients treated for BOS meningiomas (2) treatment modality specified (3) specifics of surgical techniques and/or dose/fractions of radiotherapy (4) individual patient outcomes of treatment. Each study was assessed for bias based on study design and heterogeneity of results. Results: A total of 50 studies were included (N = 2911). When comparing improved vision versus unchanged or worsened vision, studies investigating surgery alone published from 2006 and onward had significantly better visual outcomes compared to pre-2006 studies (p = 0.02). When comparing improved vision versus unchanged or worsened vision, studies investigating combined therapy with surgery and radiation published from 2008 and onward had significantly better visual outcomes compared to pre-2008 studies (p < 0.01). Combined modality therapy was less likely to worsen vision compared to either surgery or radiation monotherapy (p < 0.01). However, surgery and radiation monotherapy were more likely to actually improve outcomes compared to combination therapy (p < 0.01). Conclusion: For over a decade we have observed improvement in visual outcomes in patients managed for meningioma of BOS, likely attributing the innovation in microsurgical and more targeted and conformal radiation techniques. Combination therapy may be the safest option for preventing worsening of vision, but the highest rates of improving visual function are achieved through monotherapy when indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serious vision loss occurs in patients affected by chronically raised intraocular pressure (IOP), a characteristic of many forms of glaucoma where damage to the optic nerve components causes progressive degeneration of retinal and brain neurons involved in visual perception. While many risk factors abound and have been validated for this glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON), the major one is ocular hypertension (OHT), which results from the accumulation of excess aqueous humor (AQH) fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye. Millions around the world suffer from this asymptomatic and progressive degenerative eye disease. Since clinical evidence has revealed a strong correlation between the reduction in elevated IOP/OHT and GON progression, many drugs, devices, and surgical techniques have been developed to lower and control IOP. The constant quest for new pharmaceuticals and other modalities with superior therapeutic indices has recently yielded health authority-approved novel drugs with unique pharmacological signatures and mechanism(s) of action and AQH drainage microdevices for effectively and durably treating OHT. A unique nitric oxide-donating conjugate of latanoprost, an FP-receptor prostaglandin (PG; latanoprostene bunod), new rho kinase inhibitors (ripasudil; netarsudil), a novel non-PG EP2-receptor-selective agonist (omidenepag isopropyl), and a form of FP-receptor PG in a slow-release intracameral implant (Durysta) represent the additions to the pharmaceutical toolchest to mitigate the ravages of OHT. Despite these advances, early diagnosis of OHT and glaucoma still lags behind and would benefit from further concerted effort and attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This is a report on the topic "Computer Vision". Its analysis examines issues related to the recognition of objects and the determination of their spatial organization. In order to recognize these objects that enter the image, it is necessary to have a system (biological or technical) and to train it. The computer vision system is a set of specialized devices for forming the image of the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo provide a reference for the prevention and control of myopia by analyzing and discussing the findings of an epidemiological survey of the prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents in Fuzhou City from 2019 to 2021.MethodsParticipants for this cross-sectional study were drawn from Gulou District and Minqing County in Fuzhou City using cluster random sampling to account for differences in population density, economic development, and other environmental variables.ResultsMyopia was more prevalent in 2020 than in 2019, but by 2021 it had dropped to about the same level as in 2019. Myopia was more prevalent among girls than boys during the course of the study period, with a three-year prevalence of 44.72% for boys and 52.16% for girls. Mild myopia accounted for 24.14% of all cases, followed by moderate myopia at 19.62%, and severe myopia at 4.58%. Students in urban regions had a prevalence of myopia equivalent to that of students in the suburbs, and this prevalence rose with age.ConclusionMyopia was quite prevalent among children and adolescents in Fuzhou City, and was shown to be steadily rising as students progressed through the school system. This suggests that all levels of government, educational institutions, medical facilities, and concerned parents in Fujian Province should focus on the issue of myopia and collaborate to reduce the risk factors for the development of myopia in school-aged participants.

ObjectiveThe model uncertainty may result in inconsistency about the environmental factors of myopia among students, and the Bayesian model average (BMA) is an effective way to eliminate it. We aimed to explore the influencing factors of myopia in primary and middle school students by BMA.MethodsThe data came from the 2021 National Surveillance of Common Diseases and Health Influencing Factors of students. By stratified random cluster sampling, the physical and mental health status of students in Tianjin and the factors affecting their physical health, such as diet, exercise, mental stress, school bullying, sleep time, and internet use, were investigated. The sample consisted of 8,457 primary school students, 8,191 junior middle school students, and 5,901 senior middle school students. Besides the physical examination, we used computer optometry (non-ciliary paralysis) to screen myopia. And we used BMA to select the risk factors through the BMS package in R.ResultsThe exercise was the only factor that affected the eyesight of junior and senior middle schoolers by BMA, with the posterior probability of 0.9736 and 0.9762, but not for the primary students. And we failed to select variables that affected eyesight in grades 4–6 of primary school.ConclusionThe exercise was a strong influencing factor for the eyesight of students in Tianjin's junior and senior middle schools.

Serious vision loss occurs in patients affected by chronically raised intraocular pressure (IOP), a characteristic of many forms of glaucoma where damage to the optic nerve components causes progressive degeneration of retinal and brain neurons involved in visual perception. While many risk factors abound and have been validated for this glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON), the major one is ocular hypertension (OHT), which results from the accumulation of excess aqueous humor (AQH) fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye. Millions around the world suffer from this asymptomatic and progressive degenerative eye disease. Since clinical evidence has revealed a strong correlation between the reduction in elevated IOP/OHT and GON progression, many drugs, devices, and surgical techniques have been developed to lower and control IOP. The constant quest for new pharmaceuticals and other modalities with superior therapeutic indices has recently yielded health authority-approved novel drugs with unique pharmacological signatures and mechanism(s) of action and AQH drainage microdevices for effectively and durably treating OHT. A unique nitric oxide-donating conjugate of latanoprost, an FP-receptor prostaglandin (PG; latanoprostene bunod), new rho kinase inhibitors (ripasudil; netarsudil), a novel non-PG EP2-receptor-selective agonist (omidenepag isopropyl), and a form of FP-receptor PG in a slow-release intracameral implant (Durysta) represent the additions to the pharmaceutical toolchest to mitigate the ravages of OHT. Despite these advances, early diagnosis of OHT and glaucoma still lags behind and would benefit from further concerted effort and attention.

Penguins require vision that is adequate for both subaerial and submarine environments under a wide range of illumination. Here we provide a structured overview of what is known about their visual system with an emphasis on how and how well they achieve these goals. Amphibious vision is facilitated by a relatively flat cornea, the power in air varying from 10.2 dioptres (D) to 41.3 D depending on the species, and there is good evidence for emmetropia both above and below water. All penguins are trichromats with loss of rhodopsin 2, a nocturnal feature, but only deeper diving penguins have been noted to have pale oil droplets and a preponderance of rods. Conversely, the diurnal, shallow-diving little penguin has a higher ganglion cell density (28,867 cells/mm2) and f-number (3.5) than those that operate in dimmer light. In most species studied, there is some binocular overlap, but this reduces upon submergence. However, gaps in our knowledge remain, particularly with regard to the mechanism of accommodation, spectral transmission, behavioural measurements of visual function in low light, and neural adaptations to low light. The rarer species also deserve more attention.

Objective: To assess associations between physical, mental, and social well-being and suicide and self-harm in a community-based sample of older adults.Methods: Using a cohort design, questionnaire data from 102,880 individuals aged 65 years or older living in New South Wales, Australia during 2006-2009 were linked to hospital and cause-of-death databases until 2017. Poisson regressions obtained adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs).Results: One hundred nine suicides and 191 deliberate self-harm (DSH) events occurred. Compared to those reporting excellent/good overall health, older adults reporting fair overall health had higher suicide rates (IRR = 2.8, 95% confidence interval: 1.8-4.4). Also, suffering from physical limitations was associated with higher rates of suicide. A fair versus excellent/good memory was associated with higher rates of suicide (IRR = 2.0, 1.3-3.3). Male erectile dysfunction was linked to self-harm (IRR = 2.8, 1.0-7.7). Suicide rates were elevated with baseline Kessler-10 scores of 20-50 versus 10-15 (IRR = 5.0, 2.9-8.9); the corresponding IRR for DSH was 2.9 (1.8-4.8). Elevated rates were observed for both self-reported depression and anxiety. Poor versus excellent/good quality of life was associated with suicide (IRR = 4.3, 1.7-10.7) and achieving less than desired to due to emotional problems was linked to self-harm (IRR = 1.8 1.3-2.4). Rates of suicide ande DSH were lower in those with ≥5 people to depend on versus one (suicide: IRR = 0.5, 0.3-0.9; DSH: IRR = 0.5, 0.3-0.7).Conclusions: Older adults experiencing health problems, including those relating to overall health or memory, and those with psychological distress had elevated rates of suicidal behavior. Rates of subsequent self-harm and/or death by suicide were elevated in participants with small social networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Aristophanes' Clouds , Socrates vents his frustration at his new pupil Strepsiades' inability to see the eponymous chorus with the line 'You would see them unless you have drops of rheum in your eyes as big as gourds (κολοκύνταις).' This line is problematic, because gourds relate to eyesight in no obvious way. However, Aristophanes might have ended the verse by referring to Socrates' initiation of Strepsiades sixty-five lines earlier by a liberal sprinkling of barley, and written 'or you're blear-eyed with barley-groats (οὐλοχύταισι)'. If some reader added κρομ(μ)ύοις 'with onions' to his text as a more universally valid explanation for an eye-affliction, a later scribe might have thought this an attempted correction, and substituted κολοκύνταις , which is both metrically correct and palaeographically closer to οὐλοχύταισι than is κρομ(μ)ύοις. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work of John Dos Passos has been recognised for its acute visual qualities, and for the revolutionary use of the Camera Eye sections of his U.S.A. trilogy to capture subjective seeing. Most scholarship emphasises the role that cinema and modernist art played in the develop of Dos Passos's unique approach to vision, yet this essay argues there is a more fundamental source for vision in his novels: the author's treatment for visual impairment. The essay traces the influence that W. H. Bates's method for correcting visual impairment had on Dos Passos's novelistic craft, drawing on hitherto unexamined notes of the novelist on visual training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The importance of optimal and/or superior vision for participation in high-level sports remains the subject of considerable clinical research interest. Here, we examine the vision and visual history of elite/near-elite cricketers and rugby-league players. Methods Stereoacuity (TNO), colour vision, and distance (with/without pinhole) and near visual acuity (VA) were measured in two cricket squads (elite/international-level, female, n = 16; near-elite, male, n = 23) and one professional rugby-league squad (male, n = 20). Refractive error was determined, and details of any correction worn and visual history were recorded. Results Overall, 63% had their last eye examination within 2 years. However, some had not had an eye examination for 5 years or had never had one (near-elite cricketers 30%; rugby-league players 15%; elite cricketers 6%). Comparing our results for all participants to published data for young, optimally corrected, non-sporting adults, distance VA was ~ 1 line of letters worse than expected. Adopting α = 0.01, the deficit in distance VA was significant, but only for elite cricketers (p 0.02 for all comparisons). On average, near stereoacuity was better than in young adults, but only in elite cricketers (p

AIM:To analyze the clinical efficacy of Ranibizumab in the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration(ARMD).METHODS: Clinical data of patients with wet age-related macular degeneration received treatment of ranibizumab at our hospital from 2015 to 2017 were analyzed. At 1mo after treatment, the clinical efficacy, ocular hemodynamics and ocular inflammation were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 41 patients were analyzed. After treatment, patients got significantly increased in LogMAR(0.651±0.067 vs 0.321±0.049; t=25.460, Pvs 452.9±69.8μm; t=15.740, Pvs 16.1±3.5ng/L; t=3.563, Pvs 13.8±2.5ng/L; t=3.467, PP>0.05). CONCLUSION: In the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration, the ranibizumab shows a good therapeutic effect without serious adverse drug reactions.

Background We aimed to determine whether late adolescent visual impairment is associated with later psychosis. Methods We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of Swedish male military conscripts aged 18 or 19 years from January 1, 1974, through December 31, 1997 (N = 1140710). At conscription, uncorrected and optometry-lens-corrected distance visual acuity was measured. Participants were then followed up to see if they received an inpatient diagnosis of non-affective psychotic disorder, including schizophrenia (N = 10769). Multivariable Cox modeling was used to estimate differences between groups. Results After adjustment for confounders, those with severe impairment before optical correction in their best eye (decimal fraction <0.3) had an increased psychosis rate compared to those with normal uncorrected vision (decimal fraction 1.0) (hazard ratio [HR] 1.26, 95% CI 1.16–1.37). Larger interocular visual acuity difference was associated with an increased psychosis rate (adjusted HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.37–1.63 in those with differences >0.5 compared to those with no between eye acuity difference). Individuals with impaired vision that could not be corrected to normal with lenses had highest rates of psychosis (best eye adjusted HR 1.56; 95% CI 1.33–1.82), those with imperfect, but correctable vision also had elevated rates (best eye adjusted HR 1.21; 95% CI 1.15–1.28). Individuals with visual impairment had higher rates of psychosis than their full siblings with normal vision (adjusted HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.07–1.35). Conclusions Impaired visual acuity is associated with non-affective psychosis. Visual impairment as a phenotype in psychosis requires further consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chemical trauma is one of the emergency cases in ophthalmology since it can lead to severe, permanent blindness if not immediately treated. This study aimed to reveal pre- and post-therapy visual acuity on patients with chemical trauma at theNational Eye Center, Cicendo Eye Hospital, Bandung. Methods: This study was performed on 40 patients’ medical records from the National Eye Center, Cicendo Eye Hospital Bandung from January 2010 to January 2011 as secondary data, using the descriptive retrospective method. The data were divided into two groups: acid and alkali trauma. The collected data were analyzed and presented in tables. Results: Chemical trauma cases were mostly caused by caustic soda (17/40) whereas the least were caused by vinegar (3/40) and commonly occurred on adult patients in the right eye on alkali trauma. Patients with chemical trauma generally had normal eyesight before therapy.The number of patients with acid and alkali trauma who experienced improved eyesight after therapy alkali were similar (3 patients) while worsening symptoms occurred in one patient with alkali chemical trauma from mild to medium low vision. Conclusions: There are some improvements of visual acuity after treatment in patients with chemical injuries.

Aim: justify the need for institutional arrangements for the provision of medical care to adults with non-productive eye injuries. Material and Methods: analytical, medical, statistical, and comparative analysis. Results. The problem of eye injuries is unresolved today and has not only medical, but also a great social importance. The study calls the structure revealed that the majority of the adult population is unevenly within 24 hours of the first day sought treatment. So, the peak of appeals noted in the first half of a day. Every fourth victim turned to a medical institution for the first two hours after the injury. Young people under the age of 18 years sought medical help almost half of the cases within two hours after injury (40.6%). In 7.4% of cases, the treatment of ocular injury was performed in a hospital. 99.3% of patients with eye injuries recovered. The outcome of treatment was significantly depended on the nature of the injury (p

Superheroes, such as Iron Man, Captain America, Wonder Woman, Batman, and Hawkeye, have appeared in numerous films, displaying their range of incredible superpowers and abilities. Therefore, it is unsurprising that many people would not only wish to attain these powers, but also to learn about scientific accessibility to these powers. Popular culture characters such as superheroes can provide a unique platform for the communication of difficult scientific concepts. In the classroom, these characters can be used to communicate learning objectives to students in an interesting, fun, and accessible manner by taking advantage of student familiarity with the characters. Hawkeye, a member of the Avengers, is one such superhero who can be utilized by educators. His powers can be attributed in part to his advanced eyesight, which has physiological aspects in common with many birds of prey. Hence, Hawkeye can instigate discussion on the physiology of the human eye, while also allowing for comparison with other species, such as birds of prey, and reflection on advancements related to genetic engineering and wearable technologies. In addition, in my experience, Hawkeye has proven to be a highly suitable popular culture character for use in scientific communication and outreach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The importance of optimal and/or superior vision for participation in high-level sports remains the subject of considerable clinical research interest. Here, we examine the vision and visual history of elite/near-elite cricketers and rugby-league players. Methods: Stereoacuity (TNO), colour vision, and distance (with/without pinhole) and near visual acuity (VA) were measured in two cricket squads (elite/international-level, female, n = 16; near-elite, male, n = 23) and one professional rugby-league squad (male, n = 20). Refractive error was determined, and details of any correction worn and visual history were recorded. Results: Overall, 63% had their last eye examination within 2 years. However, some had not had an eye examination for 5 years or had never had one (near-elite cricketers 30%; rugby-league players 15%; elite cricketers 6%). Comparing our results for all participants to published data for young, optimally corrected, non-sporting adults, distance VA was ~ 1 line of letters worse than expected. Adopting α = 0.01, the deficit in distance VA was significant, but only for elite cricketers ( p < 0.001) (near-elite cricketers, p = 0.02; rugby-league players, p = 0.03). Near VA did not differ between subgroups or relative to published norms for young adults ( p > 0.02 for all comparisons). On average, near stereoacuity was better than in young adults, but only in elite cricketers ( p < 0.001; p = 0.03, near-elite cricketers; p = 0.47, rugby-league players). On-field visual issues were present in 27% of participants and mostly (in 75% of cases) comprised uncorrected ametropia. Some cricketers (near-elite 17.4%; elite 38%) wore refractive correction during play, but no rugby-league player did. Some individuals with prescribed correction choose not to wear it when playing. Conclusions: Aside from near stereoacuity in elite cricketers, the basic visual abilities we measured were not better than equivalent, published data for optimally corrected adults; 20-25% exhibited sub-optimal vision, suggesting that the clearest possible vision might not be critical for participation at the highest levels in the sports of cricket or rugby league. Although vision could be improved in a sizeable proportion of our sample, the impact of correcting these, mostly subtle, refractive anomalies on playing performance is unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Performing self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is a clinical challenge for elderly people with low dexterity. An all-in-one-type SMBG device that can simply and easily puncture and monitor would be useful for them. We developed an automatic skin-puncturing and blood-sampling (APS) system for introducing of an all-in-one-type SMBG device. The aims of this study were to determine if the developed APS system, which has automatic puncturing, squeezing, and application functions, could provide sufficient blood sample volumes for SMBG and to determine the factors associated with failure in the use of the system by adult volunteers.Methods: We investigated the success rate of obtaining a 0.8-μL sample volume using the APS system and determined the factors associated with failure in 140 adult volunteers. The participant characteristics, induration of puncturing sites, and states of finger grip conditions were evaluated as factors of a puncturing failure. The participant characteristics, skin hydration, states of finger grip, skin elasticity of the finger pad, and blood flow were evaluated as factors of a squeezing failure.Results: The success rate was 61.9%. Puncturing failure was 21.6%, and squeezing failure was 16.5%. Automatic puncturing factors associated with failure were male sex, larger finger diameter, and thicker finger pad. The only squeezing failure factor was lower peripheral skin temperature.Conclusions: Improvement of the finger station groove shape to prevent ischemia and the squeezing angle would be useful developments of the all-in-one-type SMBG device for elderly people with decreased dexterity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Descartes's work as a philosopher was inspired by three dreams he had on November 10, 1619, and yet the philosophy that Descartes produced in response to this inspiration included an argument that all dreams are deceptive. This particular incongruity is indicative of a more general ambivalence and anxiety in Descartes's thought concerning images, which creates a tension that is never fully resolved. In this essay I focus primarily on one side of that tension: the part of Descartes's philosophy that is distrustful of images. To do this I first reconstruct Descartes's theory of images, drawing from several of his lesser-known writings on optics, and then I consider how that theory of images leads Descartes to conceptualize true vision as a matter of "insight" rather than "eyesight" and to argue that the blind actually see better than those with working eyes. In the final part of the essay I briefly consider some of the consequences of Descartes's theory of vision and the suspicion of images that animates it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triclocarban (TCC), is an antimicrobial component in personal care products and it is one of the emerging contaminants since it has been detected in various environmental matrices. Its presence in human cord blood, breast milk, and maternal urine raised issues about its possible impact on development and increased concerns about the safety of daily exposure. This study aims to provide additional information about the effects of zebrafish early-life exposure to TCC on eye development and visual function. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to two concentrations of TCC (5 and 50 μg/L) for 4 days. TCC-mediated toxicity was assessed in larvae at the end of exposure and in the long term (20 days post fertilization; dpf), through different biological end-points. The experiments showed that TCC exposure influences the retinal architecture. In 4 dpf treated larvae, we found a less organized ciliary marginal zone, a decrease in the inner nuclear and inner plexiform layers, and a decrease in the retinal ganglion cell layer. Photoreceptor and inner plexiform layers showed an increase in 20 dpf larvae at lower and both concentrations, respectively. The expression levels of two genes involved in eye development (mitfb and pax6a) were both decreased at the concentration of 5 μg/L in 4 dpf larvae, and an increase in mitfb was observed in 5 μg/L-exposed 20 dpf larvae. Interestingly, 20 dpf larvae failed to discriminate between visual stimuli, demonstrating notable visual perception impairments due to compound. The results prompt us to hypothesize that early-life exposure to TCC may have severe and potentially long-term effect on zebrafish visual function. [Display omitted] • TCC induces microphthalmia in zebrafish larvae at environmentally relevant concentrations. • Microphthalmia is accompanied with alterations in retinal structure. • Molecular analysis revealed a change in the transcript abundance of genes required in eye development. • Early life exposure to TCC has long-term effects, acting on visual discrimination abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To provide a reference for the prevention and control of myopia by analyzing and discussing the findings of an epidemiological survey of the prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents in Fuzhou City from 2019 to 2021., Methods: Participants for this cross-sectional study were drawn from Gulou District and Minqing County in Fuzhou City using cluster random sampling to account for differences in population density, economic development, and other environmental variables., Results: Myopia was more prevalent in 2020 than in 2019, but by 2021 it had dropped to about the same level as in 2019. Myopia was more prevalent among girls than boys during the course of the study period, with a three-year prevalence of 44.72% for boys and 52.16% for girls. Mild myopia accounted for 24.14% of all cases, followed by moderate myopia at 19.62%, and severe myopia at 4.58%. Students in urban regions had a prevalence of myopia equivalent to that of students in the suburbs, and this prevalence rose with age., Conclusion: Myopia was quite prevalent among children and adolescents in Fuzhou City, and was shown to be steadily rising as students progressed through the school system. This suggests that all levels of government, educational institutions, medical facilities, and concerned parents in Fujian Province should focus on the issue of myopia and collaborate to reduce the risk factors for the development of myopia in school-aged participants., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2023 Zhu, Lin, Lin and Wen.)

We here deal with a few particular aspects of the eyesight as represented in Plautus’s comedies, notably the relation it entertains with madness, love and painting: the point has in each case to do with an altered, distorted eyesight, producing some other reality, a fiction within that fiction which the theatre is already by itself. The feigned alteration of the eyesight through which the allegedly mad character represents and deconstructs on stage the mechanisms of perception is impregnated thus with madness, recalls that vision is relative. Everything is a matter of point of view: sight on stage is thus metaphorically reduplicated with Plautus by the contemplation of painting, opening the way to a manipulation of the eyesight by the character of the slave.

Purpose: to fulfill comparative analysis of foot support-spring indicators of schoolchildren with weak eyesight. Material: in the research 7-10 years’ age children (n=76) with weak eyesight participated. The children learn in specialized boarding school. Results: we found statistically confident differences between some foot support-spring indicators of primary school children with weak eyesight and their practically healthy children. It was registered that primary school children had weaker muscles and ligaments of lower limbs. The reason can be insufficient motor functioning and muscles’ stiffening in moving in space as well as the absence of exercises for prophylaxis of foot functional disorders. Conclusions: we determined that there is demand in working out and implementation of practical recommendations in physical education process of schoolchildren with weak eyesight. Physical education process shall be oriented on educational aims, on application of health related correcting and compensatory-prophylaxis physical exercises. Such approach will positively influence on correction of foot support-spring disorders.

Structural changes in eyes are present in all patients with chronic kidney disease. A study to detect ocular patho- logy in patients with end-stage chronic renal failure after kidney transplantation in the early and late postopera- tive period compared with patients receiving replacement therapy with hemodialysis. Revealed that in the early post-transplant period in recipients of kidneyas in patients on hemodialysis, continued angioretinopatiya, 40% of patients had «dry eye syndrome». In the delayed post-transplant period, patients showed significant impro- vement in the retina and retinal vessels, the improvement of spatial-temporal parameters of visual perception. However, a decrease of visual acuity on the background of the development of posterior subcapsular cataract caused by prolonged corticosteroid, and an increased incidence of viral and bacterial conjunctivitis.

Noninfectious posterior uveitis (NPU) comprises a heterogeneous group of vision-threatening, immune-mediated ocular and systemic diseases. It is predominantly bilateral and recurrent and, if not treated properly, leads to severe tissue damage that threatens the eyesight. In industrialized countries ca. 10-20% of all cases of blindness are caused by NPU. An NPU can occur at any age but is most common between the ages of 20 and 50 years. Laboratory diagnostic and imaging procedures enable an increasingly better differentiation of the disease spectrum. This makes it possible to better assess the course and prognosis of individual disease entities. An increasing repertoire of systemic and intravitreal forms of treatment has already led to more favorable long-term treatment outcomes. It can be expected that further progress can be achieved with better knowledge of the pathophysiology of the different clinical disorders and appropriate, targeted treatment., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)

Purpose: substantiation of health related training influence of basketball and volleyball elements on functional state of 1 st year students’ visual analyzers in period of adaptation to learning loads with expressed visual component. Material: in experiment 29 students of 17-18 year age without visual pathologies participated. Indicators of visual performance were determined by correction table of Tagayeva and processed by Weston methodic. Accommodative function was tested by method of mechanical proximetry. Results: the authors worked out and tested two programs of visual training. Influence of visual trainings on visual performance’s main components (quickness, quality, integral indicators) was studied as well as eye’s accommodative function (by dynamic of position of the nearest point of clear vision). Conclusions: Application of visual trainings at physical education classes permits to improve indicators of visual analyzer’s performance as well as minimize negative influence of intensive learning loads on eye’ accommodative function.

Penguins require vision that is adequate for both subaerial and submarine environments under a wide range of illumination. Here we provide a structured overview of what is known about their visual system with an emphasis on how and how well they achieve these goals. Amphibious vision is facilitated by a relatively flat cornea, the power in air varying from 10.2 dioptres (D) to 41.3 D depending on the species, and there is good evidence for emmetropia both above and below water. All penguins are trichromats with loss of rhodopsin 2, a nocturnal feature, but only deeper diving penguins have been noted to have pale oil droplets and a preponderance of rods. Conversely, the diurnal, shallow-diving little penguin has a higher ganglion cell density (28,867 cells/mm 2 ) and f-number (3.5) than those that operate in dimmer light. In most species studied, there is some binocular overlap, but this reduces upon submergence. However, gaps in our knowledge remain, particularly with regard to the mechanism of accommodation, spectral transmission, behavioural measurements of visual function in low light, and neural adaptations to low light. The rarer species also deserve more attention.

Nowadays heavy metals in the environment and everyday life are very common. Their usage and influence in industry is essential. Quite often not only the environment but also general human health might be impacted by their use and presence. Metal poisoning and its effect on living structures and tissues impacts their condition. The environment and every living species in it are heavily vulnerable to any heavy metal exposure and might lead to catastrophic natural disasters. In humans skin irritations and general diseases are not so common, but they do appear, and everyone should be aware of this. In this paper we focus on a very special topic related to heavy metal exposure to eyesight and their influence on this important organ. Lead and cadmium are the most common heavy metals used almost everywhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers how people in the past were able to see how they looked in clothes before large mirrors were available. For a clothing historian this is a fascinating question, so this paper is concerned with the practicalities of viewing your own clothed figure, not with the metaphysics or psychological aspects of it. It probably asks more questions than it answers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This exploratory research project was aimed at developing baseline data on computer habits and behaviours among preschool children in Singapore. Three sets of data were collected from teachers, parents and children which are (1) why and how young children use computers; (2) what are the key physical, social and health habits and behaviours of children when using the computer and (3) what is the role of adults during children's computer use. The information gathered from the study can be used to inform teachers, parents and other stakeholders on preschool children's computer habits and behaviours and if necessary, to develop preventive programmes to protect preschool children against potential physical, health and social risks of computer use as well as address any potential negative habits or behaviours as early as possible and before they have an impact on their later schooling years. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective: The model uncertainty may result in inconsistency about the environmental factors of myopia among students, and the Bayesian model average (BMA) is an effective way to eliminate it. We aimed to explore the influencing factors of myopia in primary and middle school students by BMA., Methods: The data came from the 2021 National Surveillance of Common Diseases and Health Influencing Factors of students. By stratified random cluster sampling, the physical and mental health status of students in Tianjin and the factors affecting their physical health, such as diet, exercise, mental stress, school bullying, sleep time, and internet use, were investigated. The sample consisted of 8,457 primary school students, 8,191 junior middle school students, and 5,901 senior middle school students. Besides the physical examination, we used computer optometry (non-ciliary paralysis) to screen myopia. And we used BMA to select the risk factors through the BMS package in R., Results: The exercise was the only factor that affected the eyesight of junior and senior middle schoolers by BMA, with the posterior probability of 0.9736 and 0.9762, but not for the primary students. And we failed to select variables that affected eyesight in grades 4-6 of primary school., Conclusion: The exercise was a strong influencing factor for the eyesight of students in Tianjin's junior and senior middle schools., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Liu, Zhao, Ma, Li, Sun and Gao.)