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Soil metabolomics is an emerging approach for profiling diverse small molecule metabolites, i.e., metabolomes, in the soil. Soil metabolites, including fatty acids, amino acids, lipids, organic acids, sugars, and volatile organic compounds, often contain essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur and are directly linked to soil biogeochemical cycles driven by soil microorganisms. This paper presents an overview of methods for analyzing soil metabolites and the state-of-the-art of soil metabolomics in relation to soil nutrient cycling. We describe important applications of metabolomics in studying soil carbon cycling and sequestration, and the response of soil organic pools to changing environmental conditions. This includes using metabolomics to provide new insights into the close relationships between soil microbiome and metabolome, as well as responses of soil metabolome to plant and environmental stresses such as soil contamination. We also highlight the advantage of using soil metabolomics to study the biogeochemical cycles of elements and suggest that future research needs to better understand factors driving soil function and health.

Cresol isomers are compounds known as environmental chemical contaminants, and they are widely distributed in smoked foods. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop a method based on solid–liquid extraction with low-temperature purification (SLE-LTP) and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) for quantification of three cresol isomers (o-cresol, m-cresol, and p-cresol) in smoked bacon samples. The SLE-LTP was optimized, validated, and compared with the QuEChERS method. The proposed method was selective after derivatization with BSTFA [N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide], which achieved a limit of quantification of 53.3 μg kg−1, recoveries between 90 and 116%, relative standard deviation lower than 13%, negative matrix effects, and linearity in the range of 53.3 to 1332.5 μg kg−1 with coefficient of determination higher than 0.99 in matrix-matched calibration. The method was applied to quantify cresol isomers in five commercial samples of smoked bacon and the results showed concentrations between 62.1 and 1204 μg kg−1. Finally, the developed methodology is suitable for monitoring cresol isomers, which are present in high levels in smoked bacon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing curiosity in foods that may be beneficial to human health in light of today's harsher environmental and food safety regulations. One of the newest edible oils to garner interest as a potential source of useful fatty acids is perilla seed oil(PSO). It has a high nutritional content and the greatest option for the food field in terms of sustainability and nutrition. PSO was an edible oil which had medicinal and edible properties. It has been shown through considerable research to have substantial nutritional and health benefits in vitro as well as in the human body. In recent years, PSO has been widely used in functional food and pharmaceutical industries, but the research on PSO lacks a systematic review and evaluation. This review contrasts the advantages and disadvantages of established and innovative methods of extraction, emphasizes on PSO extraction methods, and provides a brief explanation of the bioactive ingredients in PSO. The primary phytochemicals in PSO that had health-related properties include α-Linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 ω-3), plant sterols, and polyphenols. Besides, trace elements like ferulic acid and vanillic acid may also be advantageous to human health. The application of PSO was discussed based on its functional characteristics, but in practical application, its functional active substances cannot be effectively utilized, and these existing problems limit the application of PSO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmers aim to increase the yield of their crops by reducing their expenses. This prompts farmers to resort to smart farming practices. These practices facilitate the measurement and detection of nutrients in soil to maximize harvest with a low-cost sensor employing electrochemical and optical techniques. Potassium is a crucial macronutrient for the growth of plants. The excess or need for potassium in the soil can pose a risk to plants and the environment. Therefore, it is imperative to conduct soil monitoring to determine the quantity of soil fertilizer. ISFETs are among the most affordable and miniaturized sensors and are specific to one target ion. Although it is not time-consuming and requires an immediate response, the ISFET requires special calibration and sample preparation. This study tested ISFET on Moroccan soil potassium using a new technique of minimal sample preparation without needing a laboratory machine to extract soil using distilled water. The results indicate that the microsensor ISFET provided accurate results on solutions prepared in the laboratory with a correlation factor of 90%, and R² greater than 80% when estimating potassium levels in soil extracts. ISFET can therefore be used as an alternative method for potassium estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Semi-volatile organic contaminants (SVOCs) are known for their tendency to evaporate from source regions and undergo atmospheric transport to distant areas. Cold condensation intensifies dry deposition, particle deposition, and scavenging by snow and rain, allowing SVOCs to move from the atmosphere into terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in alpine and polar regions. However, no standardized methods exist for the sampling, laboratory processing, and instrumental analysis of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in snow. The lack of reference methods makes these steps highly variable and prone to errors. This study critically reviews the existing literature to highlight the key challenges in the sampling phase, aiming to develop a reliable, consistent, and easily reproducible technique. The goal is to simplify this crucial step of the analysis, allowing data to be shared more effectively through standardized methods, minimizing errors. Additionally, an innovative method for laboratory processing is introduced, which uses activated carbon fibers (ACFs) as adsorbents, streamlining the analysis process. The extraction method is applied to analyze polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides (α-HCH, γ-HCH, p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDT, HCB, and PeCB). The entire procedure, from sampling to instrumental analysis, is subsequently tested on snow samples collected on the Svalbard Islands. To validate the efficiency of the new extraction system, quality control measures based on the EPA methods 1668B and 1699 for aqueous methods are employed. This study presents a new, reliable method that covers both sampling and lab analysis, tailored for detecting POPs in snow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3‐Deoxyanthocyanidins, a rare class of anthocyanins, have gained increasing popularity due to their notable stability and bioactive properties. The enhanced stability of these colorants is attributed to the absence of a hydroxyl group at the C‐3 position. This absence leads to unique response mechanisms to environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, and light exposure. It also results in different interactions with biopolymers and co‐pigments. Sorghum is the only dietary source of 3‐deoxyanthocyanidins, which predominantly accumulate in the bran where the cell walls are extensively cross‐linked. This restricts their extraction, which is the premise of application. Therefore, this review compares the extraction efficiencies of 3‐deoxyanthocyanidins using conventional and innovative methods, discusses the qualification and quantification of such colorants, and summarizes factors affecting their stability, highlighting the differences in the behavior of anthocyanins and 3‐deoxyanthocyanidins influenced by these factors. This work provides insights for extracting and stabilizing 3‐deoxyanthocyanidins and proposes their potential applications in the food system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pectin, a heteropolysaccharide derived from plant cell walls, is essential in the food, pharmaceutical, and environmental industries. Currently, citrus and apple peels are the primary sources for commercial pectin production. The yield and quality of pectin extracted from various plant sources significantly differ based on the extraction methods employed, which include physical, chemical, and biological processes. The complex structures of pectin, composed of polygalacturonic acid and rhamnogalacturonan, influence its physicochemical properties and, consequently, its functionality. As a common polysaccharide, pectin finds applications across multiple sectors. In the food industry, it acts as a gelling agent and a packaging material; in pharmaceuticals, it is utilized for drug delivery and wound healing. Environmentally, pectin contributes to wastewater treatment by adsorbing pollutants. Current research focuses on alternative sources, sustainable extraction methods, and multifunctional applications of pectin. Ongoing studies aim to enhance extraction technologies and broaden the applications of pectin, thereby supporting sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UV filters and parabens, as ingredients of cosmetics, are commonly occurring water pollutants. In our work, nutshells were used as biosorbents in the developed analytical procedure for the determination of UV filters and parabens in water samples. The shells obtained from walnuts, hazelnuts, peanuts and pistachios were applied as biosorbents. The proposed analytical method can be used as a powerful alternative to other methods for the analysis of UV filters and parabens in water samples. A method of carrying out the sorption step and its parameters, i.e., the effect of time, pH, and salt addition, was developed. A method for the desorption of analytes was also developed, in which the type and volume of solvent, and the desorption time, were established. The recoveries were in the range of 59–117% for benzophenones and lower recoveries from 14 to 75% for parabens. The results showed that nutshells can be used as low-cost, efficient and eco-friendly biosorbents for the determination of parabens and UV filters in water samples. These materials can be used as a 'greener' replacement for the commercially available adsorbents for the extraction of cosmetic ingredients from the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collagen peptide is the product of complete hydrolysis of collagen, which has a relatively small molecular weight and is more easily absorbed than proteins and amino acids. Collagen peptide not only has unique nutritional value, but also has certain physiological functions, which makes it has great potential value in various fields, so it has set off a wave of research on collagen peptide in the biological world. This paper describes the sources and extraction methods of collagen peptides, and describes the research progress and application of collagen peptides in the medical, food, material and skin care industries according to their physiological functions, which will provide new ideas for the future research of collagen peptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern society, the use of bioactive compounds in various foods and cosmetic industry sectors through the development of general foods, functional foods, cosmetics, customized cosmetics and several pharmaceuticals has become one of the key technological sources. The most critical step in isolating and purifying bioactive compounds from natural plant materials is the extraction process. Over the past five years, there has been a reasonable compromise between economic, social, and environmental requirements, resulting in safer and more efficient traditional and non-traditional extraction methods. This literature review aims to comprehensively review green extraction technologies for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials from 2020 to 2024. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Forest Products Industry is the property of China Forest Products Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, the effects of hot water extraction (HWE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UE), cellulase assisted extraction (CE), pectinase assisted extraction (PE), and ultrasonic microwave assisted extraction (UME) on the physicochemical properties and activities of polysaccharide from Apocinae venetiana (AVP) were studied. The results showed that the extraction rate in the order of AVP-PE (13.6%)>AVP-CE (13.4%)>AVP-UME (12.4%)>AVP-UE (12.1%)>AVP-HWE (9.2%). The polysaccharides obtained by different extraction methods were mainly composed of arabinose, glucose and galactose in a different molar ratio, however, the proportion of each monosaccharide was different. The arabinose was the predominant monosaccharide for AVP-HWE and AVP-CE, and glucose for the others. Different polysaccharides exhibited typical infrared absorption peaks of polysaccharide compounds without a triple helix structure, and showed different surface structures. The polysaccharides demonstrated strong antioxidant activity, among which AVPHWE had the strongest DPPH and ABTS+ free radicals scavenging ability, with half inhibition concentrations (IC50) of 0.219 and 0.072 mg/mL, respectively. AVP-UE had the strongest hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, with IC50 of 0.298 mg/mL. AVP-CE had the strongest ferrous ion chelating ability, with IC50 of 0.107 mg/mL, and there were few differences for the total reducing power between different polysaccharides. In summary, different extraction methods have a significant impact on the structure and activity of AVP, and UE and CE are more suitable for the extraction of AVP. This paper may be providing reference for the development and utilization of polysaccharides resources from Apocynum venetum leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of different extraction methods on the physical and chemical properties and functional characteristics of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) from Polygonatum sibiricum residue were investigated. The complex enzyme method (CE), ultrasonic-assisted complex enzyme method (UCE) and enzyme-alkali method (CEA) were used to extract IDF. The composition, physicochemical properties, glucose adsorption capacity, cation exchange capacity and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of three IDFs were analyzed. Results showed that the yield of ultrasound-assisted compound enzyme method was the highest (84.68%). Three IDFs had a higher purity and mainly consisted of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The purity of UCE-IDF was up to 82.24%. UCE-IDF had the best water holding capacity (4.74±0.66) g/g, oil holding capacity (3.84±0.29) g/g, binding capacity (3.29±0.09) g/g, the highest total phenol content (7.77±0.07) mg/g, the best cation exchange capacity (0.40±0.003) mmol/g, and the antioxidant capacity. CEA-IDF had the highest swelling capacity (5.33±0.11) mL/g and flavonoid content (1.88±0.03) mg/g. CE-IDF had the best glucose adsorption capacity (19326.67±41.63) μmol/g. Physical and chemical characterization indicated that the structure of UCE-IDF was more irregular and had higher thermal stability. The infrared spectra suggested that the three IDFs had the characteristic absorption peaks of cellulose. The X-ray results revealed that the three IDFs were cellulose I crystal. In summary, there were differences in physical and chemical properties and functional characteristics among the three IDFs. UCE-IDF showed significant advantages in several physical and chemical properties, such as water holding, oil holding thermal stability, and antioxidant activity. CEA-IDF was distinguished by its high flavonoid content and the best swelling power. CE-IDF had the best glucose adsorption capacity. The results of this study could provide a theoretical basis for the application of IDF in food processing industry.

In this paper, honeysuckle was used as raw material to compare the effects of hot water extraction (HWE), enzyme extraction (EE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UE) and ultrasonic-enzyme extraction (UEE) on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of honeysuckle polysaccharides. The results showed that the yield of polysaccharide extracted by the four methods from high to low was UE-LJP (7.74%), EE-LJP (4.35%), UEE-LJP (3.38%) and HWE-LJP (2.13%). The polysaccharides obtained by different extraction methods all contain uronic acid, and the polysaccharide was an acidic polysaccharide. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharide from Lonicerae japonicae Flos had the lowest protein content (0.16%), the strongest water holding capacity and hydration characteristics. The total sugar content of polysaccharide extracted by enzymatic method was higher (38.68%). The antioxidant activity showed that the four polysaccharides had strong antioxidant activity. Among them, HWE-LJP, UE-LJP and EE-LJP had strong DPPH free radical scavenging ability, and the half inhibitory concentration was 0.067, 0.104 and 0.093 mg/mL, respectively. In terms of hydroxyl radicals, UEE-LJP showed strong scavenging ability, and the half inhibitory concentration was 0.390 mg/mL. Therefore, different extraction methods had significant effects on the physical and chemical properties and antioxidant activity of Lonicerae japonicae Flos polysaccharides. UE method and EE method could be used as the most suitable methods for extracting Lonicerae japonicae Flos polysaccharides. This paper would provide reference for the development of functional food and antioxidant and other functional drug raw materials.

Earwax, a semi-solid substance, of both humans and non-human animals contains the stress hormone cortisol. Extraction of cortisol from earwax requires the use of organic solvents to eliminate interference factors. This study aimed to investigate the effects of organic solvents on the extraction efficiency of earwax cortisol from Hanwoo cattle. A factorial arrangement was used to determine the effects of solvent source (methyl alcohol [MA], diethyl ether [DE]) and assay diluent buffer (ADB) (0 and 1 mL) on earwax cortisol concentration (ECC) in Hanwoo cattle (parity 3, body weight = 462 kg). A 25 mg portion of the earwax sample was suspended in ADB, while another 25 mg portion was not suspended prior to extraction with MA and DE. The ECC was measured using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay cortisol kit. The results indicated that cortisol can be extracted from earwax with or without ADB. The extraction yield of cortisol from earwax was higher with MA than with DE (p < 0.05). In conclusion, MA is the preferred solvent for cortisol extraction owing to its high extraction yield, simple extraction process, and relatively low solvent consumption. Moreover, earwax cortisol can be used as a biomarker to evaluate the degree of chronic stress in Hanwoo cattle.

In this paper, the effects of hot water extraction (HWE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UE), cellulase assisted extraction (CE), pectinase assisted extraction (PE), and ultrasonic microwave assisted extraction (UME) on the physicochemical properties and activities of polysaccharide from Apocinae venetiana (AVP) were studied. The results showed that the extraction rate in the order of AVP-PE (13.6%)>AVP-CE (13.4%)>AVP-UME (12.4%)>AVP-UE (12.1%)>AVP-HWE (9.2%). The polysaccharides obtained by different extraction methods were mainly composed of arabinose, glucose and galactose in a different molar ratio, however, the proportion of each monosaccharide was different. The arabinose was the predominant monosaccharide for AVP-HWE and AVP-CE, and glucose for the others. Different polysaccharides exhibited typical infrared absorption peaks of polysaccharide compounds without a triple helix structure, and showed different surface structures. The polysaccharides demonstrated strong antioxidant activity, among which AVP-HWE had the strongest DPPH and ABTS+ free radicals scavenging ability, with half inhibition concentrations (IC50) of 0.219 and 0.072 mg/mL, respectively. AVP-UE had the strongest hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, with IC50 of 0.298 mg/mL. AVP-CE had the strongest ferrous ion chelating ability, with IC50 of 0.107 mg/mL, and there were few differences for the total reducing power between different polysaccharides. In summary, different extraction methods have a significant impact on the structure and activity of AVP, and UE and CE are more suitable for the extraction of AVP. This paper may be providing reference for the development and utilization of polysaccharides resources from Apocynum venetum leaves.

Gardenia fruit oil is an edible vegetable oil extracted from gardenia fruit, which possesses various health benefits including antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, anti-depressant, and liver protection. Its unsaturated fatty acids account for more than 70% of the total fatty acids, and it also contains phenolic acids, tocopherols, phytosterols and other active components. In this review, the extraction process, nutritional composition and health effects of gardenia fructus oil were systematically introduced, and the key work that should be focused on the high-value utilization of gardenia fructus oil in food, cosmetics and biomedicine was prospected.

Background: Different methods for the extraction of trypsin inhibitors in beans (Phaseolus spp.) were investigated. Two randomised complete laboratory experiments were performed, one on the seeds and one on the pods. In the first, the seeds of common bean variety KIS Marcelijan, breeding line Ref_316 × 498 and runner bean variety Bonela were examined. In the second, the fresh pods of five common beans (three breeding lines, two varieties) were analysed. Four extraction methods were used, including ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) for 15 and 30 min and shaking-assisted extraction for 60 and 180 min. Results: The results showed a significant increase in trypsin inhibitor activity-related traits in UAE compared to shaking extraction, with the 15 min ultrasonic process showing better efficacy than the one with 30 min duration. In the seed experiment, the breeding line Ref_316 × 498 showed the highest Trypsin Units Inhibited (TUI) and TUI/mg sample after a 15 min UAE. In the pod experiment, the breeding line 228_4aa_ca also showed the highest TUI and TUI/mg sample after a 15 min extraction with UAE. These results underline the potential of UAE to maximise trypsin inhibitor content. In addition, remarkable correlations between TUI, TUI/mg sample and the percentage of trypsin inhibition (%TIn) were observed in both experiments. Conclusions: These results provide valuable insights into the relationship between bean genetic resources, extraction methods and trypsin inhibitor content in bean pods and seeds and serve as a basis for refining extraction protocols. The study encourages further research on the practical implications of investigated protocols for breeding programmes and agricultural practices.How to cite: Tavakoli Hasanaklou H, Pipan B, Meglič V, et al. Trypsin inhibitors in seeds and pods of Phaseolus vulgaris/coccineus: A comparative study of shaking and ultrasonic extraction methods. Electron J Biotechnol 2024;71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2024.05.003.

Mushroom polysaccharides, key components of fungal cell walls, exhibit various biological properties and hold significant medicinal and industrial value. These polysaccharides are known for their medicinal properties like antitumor, antioxidant, anticancer, immunomodulatory, and antiviral properties. Mushroom polysaccharides, particularly β-glucans, α-glucans, and chitin, have been associated with various health benefits. β-glucans are well studied for their bioactivities, while α-glucans and chitin have gained attention for their prebiotic, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties. The therapeutic effects of these polysaccharides are closely linked to their chemical structures, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and glycosidic bond types. This work aims to review the studies on mushroom polysaccharides, with a particular focus on their structural composition to deepen medicinal properties of mushroom polysaccharides. Also, the extraction methods and the pharmaceutical application of polysaccharides will be revised in this work.

The natural vegetable oil known as Korean pine seed oil is well-known for its high content of being various unsaturated fatty acids, including oleic, linoleic and pinopuric acid. It has been proved that Korean pine seed oil has several physiological benefits such as lowering blood lipids, enhanceing immunity, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and anti-tumor. This review summarized the extraction methods and pharmacological effects of Korean pine seed oil in recent years, and put forward good suggestions for its application in edible oil and industrial production.

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mushroom polysaccharides, key components of fungal cell walls, exhibit various biological properties and hold significant medicinal and industrial value. These polysaccharides are known for their medicinal properties like antitumor, antioxidant, anticancer, immunomodulatory, and antiviral properties. Mushroom polysaccharides, particularly β-glucans, α-glucans, and chitin, have been associated with various health benefits. β-glucans are well studied for their bioactivities, while α-glucans and chitin have gained attention for their prebiotic, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties. The therapeutic effects of these polysaccharides are closely linked to their chemical structures, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and glycosidic bond types. This work aims to review the studies on mushroom polysaccharides, with a particular focus on their structural composition to deepen medicinal properties of mushroom polysaccharides. Also, the extraction methods and the pharmaceutical application of polysaccharides will be revised in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Different methods for the extraction of trypsin inhibitors in beans (Phaseolus spp.) were investigated. Two randomised complete laboratory experiments were performed, one on the seeds and one on the pods. In the first, the seeds of common bean variety KIS Marcelijan, breeding line Ref_316 × 498 and runner bean variety Bonela were examined. In the second, the fresh pods of five common beans (three breeding lines, two varieties) were analysed. Four extraction methods were used, including ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) for 15 and 30 min and shaking-assisted extraction for 60 and 180 min. Results The results showed a significant increase in trypsin inhibitor activity-related traits in UAE compared to shaking extraction, with the 15 min ultrasonic process showing better efficacy than the one with 30 min duration. In the seed experiment, the breeding line Ref_316 × 498 showed the highest Trypsin Units Inhibited (TUI) and TUI/mg sample after a 15 min UAE. In the pod experiment, the breeding line 228_4aa_ca also showed the highest TUI and TUI/mg sample after a 15 min extraction with UAE. These results underline the potential of UAE to maximise trypsin inhibitor content. In addition, remarkable correlations between TUI, TUI/mg sample and the percentage of trypsin inhibition (%TIn) were observed in both experiments. Conclusions These results provide valuable insights into the relationship between bean genetic resources, extraction methods and trypsin inhibitor content in bean pods and seeds and serve as a basis for refining extraction protocols. The study encourages further research on the practical implications of investigated protocols for breeding programmes and agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharides were extracted from Ononis natrix leaves using various methods, including hot water maceration (HWM), ultrasound-assisted extraction (USE), enzyme-assisted extraction (ENE), combined enzyme-ultrasound (EUS) and combined maceration-ultrasound (MUS) treatment. The extracted crude polysaccharides were characterized in terms of physicochemical, structural, techno-functional features, and biological activities. HWM extraction showed the highest yield (13.7 ± 0.3%), carbohydrate content (54.1 ± 1.4%), and uronic acid content (23.7 ± 0.8%) compared to other methods. The various polysaccharides were characterized using SEM, FT-IR, NMR, and TGA. All polysaccharides obtained using different methods present similar structural characteristics and exhibit outstanding techno-functional properties (solubility, water-holding capacity, and emulsifying properties). The antioxidant and antibacterial activities of polysaccharides were evaluated using DPPH radical-scavenging capacity, ferric reducing activity power (FRAP), iron chelating capacity, total antioxidant activity, and agar diffusion test, respectively. The results indicate that HWM polysaccharides present the best overall biological activities. It is thus concluded that polysaccharides from O. natrix leaves could be a promising natural source as functional foods or potential therapeutic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Condiment is the property of China Condiment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Inorganic Chemicals Industry is the property of Editorial Office of Inorganic Chemicals Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Remote Sensing for Natural Resources is the property of Remote Sensing for Natural Resources Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Polysaccharides derived from Auricularia auricula exhibit diverse biological activities and hold significant potential for commercial utilization as functional food ingredients. In this investigation, polysaccharides from A. auricula were obtained using six extraction techniques (ammonium oxalate solution extraction, sodium hydroxide solution extraction, hot water extraction, pectinase and cellulase-assisted extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction). Subsequently, a comprehensive comparison was conducted to evaluate their physicochemical properties and biological functionalities. The ammonium oxalate solution extraction method yielded a higher extraction rate (11.76%) and polysaccharide content (84.12%), as well as a higher uronic acid content (10.13%). Although the six Auricularia polysaccharides had different molecular weight distributions, monosaccharide molar ratios, similar monosaccharide compositions, and characteristic functional groups of polysaccharides, they exhibited different surface morphology. In vitro assays showed that polysaccharides extracted by ammonium oxalate solution possessed good scavenging ability against DPPH free radical, hydroxyl free radical and superoxide anion free radical as well as reduction power of iron ion. At the same time, both polysaccharides extracted by ammonium oxalate solution and sodium hydroxide solution promoted NO production in mouse macrophages along with the secretion of cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. These results indicated significant differences in the structure and characteristics among Auricularia polysaccharides prepared by various extraction methods, which may be related to the variety or origin of A. auricula; furthermore, their bioactivities varied accordingly in vitro assays where the ammonium oxalate solution extraction method was found more beneficial for obtaining high-quality bioactive Auricularia polysaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intrusion of objects into track areas is a significant issue affecting the safety of urban rail transit systems. In recent years, obstacle detection technology based on LiDAR has been developed to identify potential issues, in which accurately extracting the track area is critical for segmentation and collision avoidance. However, because of the sparsity limitations inherent in LiDAR data, existing methods can only segment track regions over short distances, which are often insufficient given the speed and braking distance of urban rail trains. As such, a new approach is developed in this study to indirectly extract track areas by detecting references parallel to the rails (e.g., tunnel walls, protective walls, and sound barriers). Reference point selection and curve fitting are then applied to generate a reference curve on either side of the track. A centerline is then extrapolated from the two curves and expanded to produce a 2D track area with the given size specifications. Finally, the 3D track area is acquired by detecting the ground and removing points that are either too high or too low. The proposed technique was evaluated using a variety of scenes, including tunnels, elevated sections, and level urban rail transit lines. The results showed this method could successfully extract track regions from LiDAR data over significantly longer distances than conventional algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For their use in polymer and composite materials engineering, and with a view to sustainable development, a great deal of work has been carried out with the aim of describing the properties of plant fibers. This work presents the effects of the extraction method on the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of oil palm petiole fibers (OPPF). To this end, the FPPH to be analyzed were obtained by water retting and chemical retting with soda (5% solution). Their physico-chemical and mechanical characteristics were then studied and compared. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the existence of the main components of lignocellulosic fiber (lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose). Lignin was reduced by 22.74%, hemicellulose by 27.33% and cellulose by 16.87% compared to water retting. XRD revealed a crystallinity index of 58.66% for fibers extracted with a 5% sodium solution and 58.51% for fibers extracted with water retting. Soda retting reduces density by 3%. Tensile tests revealed an average tensile strength of 156.082 MPa for water-rubbed fibers and 205.875 MPa for soda-rubbed fibers, Young's modulus of 3.432 GPa for water-rubbed fibers and 5.346 GPa for soda-rubbed fibers. Elongation at break for FPPH extracted by water retting was 5.178% and 4.41% respectively. This shows that the extraction method affects mechanical properties (flexibility and stiffness) and should be chosen according to the desired characteristic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, consumer preferences have begun to turn back to natural dyes, whereas synthetic dyes have been pushed into the background over the previous 60 years. This is a result of increased knowledge of the potential hazards associated with the creation of synthetic dyes, which use raw materials derived from petrochemicals and involve intense chemical interactions. Such dyes need a lot of energy to produce, and their negative effects on the environment increase pollution. It has been discovered that several of these dyes, particularly the azo-based ones are carcinogenic. On the contrary, natural dyes are getting more attention from scientists and researchers as a result of their several advantages like being eco-friendly, biodegradable and renewable, sustainable, available in nature, having no disposal problems, minimizing the consumption of fossil fuel, anti-bacterial, insect repellent, and anti-allergic, anti-ultraviolet, intensify dyeing and finishing process efficiency, less expensive, and no adverse effects on human health and environment. However, there are also some drawbacks, like poor fastness properties, natural dye printing for bulk production, difficulties in reproducibility of shades, and so forth. Despite all these limitations, the demand for natural dyes is increasing significantly in textile industries because they offer far more safety than synthetic dyes. This study provides an overall concept of the natural dyes in textile printing. It illustrates parameters of printing performance, methods, and techniques of extraction of natural dyes, printing methods, and printing of natural and synthetic fibers. Finally, this study describes the challenges and future prospects of natural dyes in textile printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) is an essential enzyme that plays a vital role in plants by regulating carbon assimilation rate and the process of photorespiration. It is responsible for about 15% of soluble leaf proteins in C4 plants like maize and sorghum, while making up over 50% of total nitrogen in C3 plants such as wheat, tobacco, and alfalfa. RuBisCO has a molecular weight of approximately 560 kDa and consists of 8 large subunits and 8 small subunits. Its shape can be either spherical or cylindrical, and it can undergo subunit dissociation under specific conditions. However, the current methods for extracting RuBisCO have several issues, including high cost, low efficiency, and complex technology. To address these problems, it is important to ensure strict control over the quality of raw materials, develop extraction and purification methods that are both economically viable and of high quality, and explore the possibility of developing additional by-products. From a physicochemical perspective, RuBisCO exhibits excellent solubility, emulsifying capacity, foaming capacity, and can even form brittle gels allow concentrations, highlighting its significant application potential. In terms of nutritional and functional characteristics, RuBisCO is rich in essential amino acids, and its derived peptides have demonstrated health-promoting functions in laboratory studies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the sources, structure, extraction process, physicochemical properties, nutritional and functional characteristics of RuBisCO. It also suggests future research directions and discusses the potential applications of RuBisCO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, for the extraction of polyphenolic compounds found in high amounts in aronia fruit, three different extraction methods (classical, ultrasound, and ultrasonic), three different traditional solvents (water, ethanol, acidified 80% methanol) as well as five different natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) were used. Color indices as L*, a*, b*, C*, and H° values, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA), total antioxidant capacity (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, and ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential assays), and phenolic compounds of the aronia fruit extracts were analyzed. There were significant differences in the measured parameters depending on the extraction method and solvent type. Extracts in ultrasound and classical extraction had similar and higher TPC than those in ultrasonic extraction. The highest TFC (66.87 mg of QE/g) was determined in the extracts obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction, and the highest TMA content (1551.08 mg of Cyn-3-glu/kg) was determined in the extracts by ultrasonic extraction. In the statistical evaluations, the highest average TPC (66.71 and 60.97 mg of GAE/g, respectively) was determined in the aronia extracts prepared with choline chloride:acetic acid and choline chloride:citric acid. Using NADES increased the TPC, and TFC while providing results close to methanol in the TMA content. Based on these results, better results will be obtained using these solvents in obtaining extracts used in the production of functional foods in the food industry with high TPC, TFC, and monomeric anthocyanin content. The present study shows the potential for creating ecofriendly solvents with enhanced extraction capabilities compared to classical solvents for the extraction of bioactive compounds from aronia fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To maximize the reuse of citrus fruit processing waste, which is generated in large amounts due to juice production, this work shows the results of a new renewable approach for the extraction of high‐added‐value compounds present in orange biomass, specifically in orange peels (OP). The method is based on the use of diluted Ca2+, acid, and base solutions for the extraction of hesperidin (HSD), pectin, lignin, and cellulose sequentially, without generating any organic solid waste at the end, and without the need for air drying the starting biomass. Good yields of hesperidin were recovered (~1.56%), with excellent purity (up to 95%), as well as lignin (yield ~2.2%) and cellulose (yield ~12%). Pectin obtained by this process showed a high amount of galacturonic acid (~88%) and a low degree of methylation (~16%). All products were thoroughly characterized by applying Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and solid‐state cross‐polarization/magic angle spinning carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (CP/MAS 13C‐NMR). The products recovered from OP can be applied in a wide array of fields, such as food, medicine, and pharmaceuticals, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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During mango (Mangifera indica) processing, significant by-products like peel and kernel are generated. Mango seed kernels are cost-effective and readily available materials for starch extraction. This study explores low-cost methods to extract mango kernel starch (MKS) from Surjapuri (X) and Amrapali (Y) varieties using distilled water and alkaline solution. Proximate analysis revealed starch yield variations from 44.49 % to 62.11 %, with moisture content between 4.32 % and 5.89 %, protein content from 0.067 % to 0.069 %, fat content from 0.22 % to 0.24 %, and ash content from 0.12 % to 0.14 %. X-variety starch extracted using distilled water had a higher yield (62.11 %), foaming capacity (5.94 %), and emulsion capacity (6.36 %), while alkaline extraction showed higher water absorption (0.16 %) and oil absorption (0.15 %). Y-variety starch showed higher amylose content (23.50 %) with distilled water extraction and higher pH (7.94) with alkaline extraction. X-variety starch had higher swelling power (11.35 g g-1) with distilled water extraction and higher solubility (0.27 %) with alkaline extraction at 90 °C. Principal component analysis (PCA), Heat map, and Pearson correlation analyses highlighted significant relationships between proximate and physicochemical properties. These results suggest that distilled water extraction is an effective, low-cost method for isolating high-quality MKS, with potential applications in various industries.

Soil metabolomics is an emerging approach for profiling diverse small molecule metabolites, i.e., metabolomes, in the soil. Soil metabolites, including fatty acids, amino acids, lipids, organic acids, sugars, and volatile organic compounds, often contain essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur and are directly linked to soil biogeochemical cycles driven by soil microorganisms. This paper presents an overview of methods for analyzing soil metabolites and the state-of-the-art of soil metabolomics in relation to soil nutrient cycling. We describe important applications of metabolomics in studying soil carbon cycling and sequestration, and the response of soil organic pools to changing environmental conditions. This includes using metabolomics to provide new insights into the close relationships between soil microbiome and metabolome, as well as responses of soil metabolome to plant and environmental stresses such as soil contamination. We also highlight the advantage of using soil metabolomics to study the biogeochemical cycles of elements and suggest that future research needs to better understand factors driving soil function and health.

As the main by-product of rice processing, rice bran is rich in many nutriments, such as oil, protein, and bioactive substances. The protein content in rice bran accounts for about 15%~17% of rice bran, which is divided into albumin, globulin, gliadin and glutenin with the amino acid composition close to the pattern recommended by FAO/WHO. It is a high-quality plant protein source with low allergenicity and high bio-efficacy. The acquisition of rice bran protein can increase the added value of rice and has broad application prospects in the fields of food and medicine. Therefore, this paper reviewes the extraction methods, functional properties and functional complexes of rice bran protein, and the application status of rice bran protein and its complexes in the fields of bioactive peptides, infant food, food additives, nutrition delivery system are also introduced. Finally, the challenge of future research on rice bran protein is proposed. This review provides certain ideas and references for the industrial production and high-value utilization of rice bran protein.

Abstract In order to obtain the best mass spectrometry identification results for using the most appropriate methods in clinical practice, we explore the optimal pretreatment methods for different species and morphologies of filamentous fungi. 98 fungal strains were treated with formic acid sandwich method, dispersion method, extraction method, and other methods using a medium element mass spectrometer (EXS3000) as a platform. Each strain had three targets, and the identification rates and confidence differences under different pre-treatment methods were compared to evaluate the identification effects of these methods. The mass spectrometry identification rates of 98 filamentous fungi obtained after pre-treatment with formic acid sandwich method, dispersion method, and extraction method were 85.71%, 82.65%, and 75.51%, respectively. The identification rate of the formic acid sandwich method was significantly higher than the other two methods (P

Abstract Background Phytophthora sojae, a soil-borne oomycete pathogen, has been a yield limiting factor for more than 60 years on soybean. The resurgence of P. sojae (Phytophthora sojae) is primarily ascribed to the durable oospores found in soil and remnants of the disease. P. sojae is capable of infesting at any growth periods of the soybean, and the succeed infestation of P. sojae is predominantly attributed to long-lived oospores present in soil. Comprehending the molecular mechanisms that drive oospores formation and their significance in infestation is the key for effective management of the disease. However, the existing challenges in isolating and extracting significant quantities of oospores pose limitations in investigating the sexual reproductive stages of P. sojae. Results The study focused on optimizing and refining the culture conditions and extraction process of P. sojae, resulting in establishment of an efficient and the dependable method for extraction. Novel optimized approach was yielded greater quantities of high-purity P. sojae oospores than traditional methods. The novel approach exceeds the traditional approaches with respect to viability, survival ability, germination rates of new oospores and the pathogenicity of oospores in potting experiments. Conclusion The proposed method for extracting P. sojae oospores efficiently yielded a substantial quantity of highly pure, viable, and pathogenic oospores. The enhancements in oospores extraction techniques will promote the research on the sexual reproductive mechanisms of P. sojae and lead to the creation of innovative and effective approaches for managing oomycete diseases.

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Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)