Véronique Berthonaud, Philippe Fosse, Céline Bon, Frédéric Maksud, Bernard Gély, Johannes van der Plicht, Jean-Marc Elalouf, Michel Philippe, Renaud Vitalis, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Travaux et recherches archéologiques sur les cultures, les espaces et les sociétés (TRACES), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chambre Régionale d'Agriculture de Rhône-Alpes, Chambre d'Agriculture des Pyrénées Orientales (CA 66), Chambre Régionale d'Agriculture de Midi Pyrénées, Chambre Régionale d'Agriculture d'Occitanie (CRA Occitanie)-Chambre Régionale d'Agriculture d'Occitanie (CRA Occitanie), Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre de Conservation et d'Étude sur les Collections (CCEC), Muséeum d'Histoire Naturelle, Radiocarbon Laboratory, University of Groningen [Groningen], Leiden University, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, French Ministere de la Culture et de la Communication, Reserve Naturelle Nationale des Gorges de l'Ardeche, CEA, Isotope Research, École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Universiteit Leiden
Corresponding author; fax: þ33 1 69084712. E-mail address: jean-marc.elalouf@cea.fr; International audience; The Chauvet-Pont d'Arc and Deux-Ouvertures caves, located along the Ardèche River (France), contain abundant remains of the extinct cave bear (Ursus spelaeus). Because they also display a variety of Palaeolithic anthropogenic evidences, such as the earliest charcoal drawings recorded to date (Chauvet-Pont d'Arc), and delicate engravings (Deux-Ouvertures), they offer the opportunity of studying the interaction between animals and human beings during a key period for Pleistocene species extinctions. We characterized cave bear specimens from these two sites by radiocarbon dating, stable isotopes, and mitochondrial DNA analysis. In Chauvet-Pont d'Arc, we obtained radiocarbon ages that ranged between 29,000 and 37,300 years before present (BP). The Deux-Ouvertures cave bear specimens clustered to the bottom of this time frame, returning radiocarbon ages of 27,440–30,220 years BP. Cave bear nitrogen isotope values were all compatible with a vegetarian diet. Mitochondrial DNA analysis, carried out on a highly variable domain of the control region, evidenced only two cave bear haplotypes, including a new haplotype, and a common one which largely predominated. We detected both haplotypes in Chauvet-Pont d'Arc, but only recorded the predominant one in the Deux-Ouvertures Cave. Our data put forward the surprising observation that cave bears inhabited Ardèche over a short period of time, from about 37,000 to 27,400 years BP. They were notably present during the first (Aurignacian) phase of human intrusions in Chauvet-Pont d'Arc, 30,000–32,000 years BP. This points to the possible competition for cave sites, presumably on a seasonal scale considering the cave bear habit for hibernation. During this time period, the small number of haplotypes is at variance with the extensive genetic diversity reported elsewhere for much more ancient specimens.Highlights : ► We compare extinct cave bears from Chauvet and Deux-Ouvertures caves (France). ► Mitochondrial DNA analysis unveils a new cave bear haplotype. ► Comparison between the two caves shows strong genetic homogeneity. ► Radiocarbon dating reveals that the specimens date back to 27–37 ky BP