Search

Актуальність зумовлена недостатнім вивченням стану протеолітичних реакцій за поєднання цукрового діабету (ЦД) iз гострим перитонітом (ГП), що дедалі частіше трапляється в практиці. Мета дослідження: вивчення особливостей протеолітичної активності плазми за ГП, що розвивається на тлі ЦД. Матеріали та методи. Сто білих нелінійних щурів. ГП моделювали шляхом черезстравохідної перфорації шлунка, ЦД — уведення 1,6% розчину алоксану. Вивчали протеолітичну активність плазми крові за азоказеїном (АзКз), азоальбуміном (АзАл), азоколагеном (АзКл). Тварини були поділені на групи: інтактні щури, тварини з модельованим ЦД, інтактні щури з модельованим ГП (перша група), тварини з модельованим ГП на тлі ЦД (друга група). Результати. Початковий рівень лізису АзКз і АзАл у тварин з модельованим ЦД був статистично вiрогiдно вищий. Рівень лізису АзКл майже не відрізнявся. Через 6 год з моменту моделювання ГП рівень лізису АзКз збільшився в обох групах, значно більше в першій, але цей показник все одно залишався меншим у першій групі. Значно збільшився рівень лізису АзАл. Рівень лізису АзКл у першій групі майже не змінився, а в другій групі значно зріс. Через 12 год рівень лізису АзКз у першій групі дещо знизився, а в другій групі продовжував зростати. Лізис АзАл суттєво зріс в обох групах, показники в другій групі були вищими. Рівень лізису АзКл у першій групі статистично вiрогiдно знизився, натомість у другій групі значно зріс. Через 24 год рівень лізису АзКз у першій групі суттєво не змінився, а у другій групі продовжував значно зростати. Рівень лізису АзАл у першій групі вірогідно зменшився, натомість у другій групі істотно зріс. Рівень лізису АзКл в обох групах істотно зріс. Через 48 год рівень лізису АзКз і АзАл зріс в обох групах, показники у другій групі були вищими. Рівень лізису АзКл у першій групі дещо знизився, а в другій групі продовжував зростати. Висновки. За експериментального цукрового діабету зростає активність лізису високомолекулярних і низькомолекулярних білків плазми крові. За експериментального гострого перитоніту активується протеолітична система плазми зі збереженням рівноваги між її ланками впродовж 24 годин. Розвиток гострого перитоніту у тварин iз модельованим цукровим діабетом вже через 6 годин суттєво відрізняється за кількісними характеристиками протеолітичної активності плазми крові, що проявляється її надмірним зростанням, розвитком дисбалансу між ланками протеолізу з ознаками виникнення неконтрольованого протеолізу через 24 год. Підґрунтям виявлених відмінностей є зміни функціональної активності протеолітичної системи, зумовлені впливом цукрового діабету, що створює передумови порушень механізмів регуляції запалення.

Objective. To determine the leading factor in the pathogenesis of intestinal anastomotic failure in peritonitis. Methods. The experiment was carried out on non-linear white rats (n=40), divided into 4 equal groups: with peritonitis (group 1), with hypovolemia (group 2), with peritonitis in combination with hypovolemia (group 3) and comparison (group 4). Colonic “end-to-end” anastomosis was performed in all rats. Peritonitis caused by injection of 10% unfiltered feces into the abdominal cavity. Hypovolemia was modeled during the operation by creating bleeding from the branch of the iliocolic artery.The rats were taken out of the experiment on the 3rd day after the operation, the state of the anastomosis and the abdominal cavity was assessed. The histological examination of the anastomotic sites was performed. The content of hypoxia biomarkers (HIF-1a, VEGF-C, VEGF-R1) in the intestinal tissue was also evaluated by ELISA. The experiment was approved by the local ethics committee. Results. In group 1, anastomotic failure was detected in rats characterized by a severe general condition due to peritonitis. In groups 2 and 3 statistically significant relationship was found between a decrease of rectal temperature (>2 °C) due to bleeding and colonic anastomotic failure (p

Summary. The aim is to determine the efficiency of diagnostics of the enteric insufficiency syndrome severity in peritonitis by phase mapping of microscopic images of histological sections of the laboratory rats’ small intestine. Material and methods. Seventy-eight white nonlinear rats of both sexes were selected, weighing from 180 to 220 g, underwent simulated mild, moderate and severe experimental peritonitis according to the standard method. Samples of optically thin histological sections of the small intestine of rats with different severity of the course of peritonitis were used as the research object. Results. As a result of the study, a structural and logical scheme for studying the effectiveness of differential diagnosis of the severity of peritonitis by means of statistical analysis of the structure of the distribution of phases of microscopic images of biological preparations of rats was developed, which helped to determine the relationships between the distribution of statistical parameters of the 1st–4th orders, which characterize phase maps depending on the severity of the peritonitis course. Conclusion. The revealed changes in the statistical structure of phase maps fully correlate with the measurement data for the polarization phase manifestations of the properties of the polycrystalline component of histological sections, both in the case of the phase measurement of polycrystalline blood films and the wall of the small intestine.

Savytskyi І. V., Tsypoviaz S. V., Lenik R. G., Bilash О. V., Zashchuk R. H., Miastkivska I. V. Research of effects by donators nitrogen of oxygen in complex therapy during experimental peritonitis. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2019;9(12):282-297. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2019.09.12.029 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2019.09.12.029 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3893409 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2019; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 16.12.2019. Revised: 23.12.2019. Accepted: 28.12.2019. UDC. 616-092:616-036.8 RESEARCH OF EFFECTS BY DONATORS NITROGEN OF OXYGEN IN COMPLEX THERAPY DURING EXPERIMENTAL PERITONITIS І. V. Savytskyi1, S. V. Tsypoviaz1, R. G. Lenik2, О. V. Bilash1, R. H. Zashchuk1, I. V. Miastkivska1 1Odessa National Medical University, Odessa, Ukraine 2State Enterprise Ukrainian Institute for Medicine of Transport of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Odessa Abstract The research was conducted on 175 white rats of reproductive age (3 months), weight of animals - 180-220 g. Animals were divided into 4 groups: Group 1 - 20 intact animals. Group 2 - 50 rats with simulated fecal peritonitis. Group 3 - 50 rats with simulated fecal peritonitis with subsequent antibiotic correction and debridement by chlorhexidine solution. Group 4 - 50 rats with simulated fecal peritonitis with subsequent antibiotic correction, chlorhexidine debridement and endothelial dysfunction correction with the use of a nitric oxide donor.Fecal peritonitis was modeled using injection of 10% fecal suspension in a dose of 0.5 ml per 100 g of animal weight in the abdominal cavity of laboratory animals by puncture method (Lazarenko V.A., et al., 2016, patent No. 233826). The following results were obtained. Histologically confirmed the development of experimental peritonitis in all groups of the experiment. In the group №2 on the third day the deterioration of the studied structures was established. In the group in which the experimental peritonitis was corrected by antibiotic therapy and chlorhexidine remediation, the effectiveness of the correction was morphologically proven. In group 4, macroscopic and microscopic examinations of the intestine, liver, and abdomen did not reveal significant differences from the histological picture we observed in rats of the intact group. Keywords: peritonitis; experimental model; histological examination; correction; L-arginin

Background: To produce peritonitis experimentally in albino rats by creation of a necrotic loop of terminal Ileum. Study of peritonitis and gross changes in peritoniteal cavity and to study the effect of single dose heparin (Anticoagulant) in experimentally produced peritonitis. Also to study and compare the effect of repeated small dosage of heparin in peritonitis. Material and Methods The rats were divided into 6 groups, under the 2 experiments. So each group comprised of 8 rats. The peritonitis was proceduced by Rasto's method, in which the peritonitis was caused by a gangrenous loop of small intestine . two types of experiment were carried out: 1. Experiment 1 : The gangrenous loop which produced peritonitis was excised after 24 hours, normal saline was given in control group,whereas heparin as a single dose and heparin in small repeated dose were given by sub-cutaneous or intraperitoneal route for 3 days. No abdominal toilet or antibiotics were given during the time. The surviving as well as the dead rats during observation period were subjected to laparotomy and detailed pathology of peritoneum was studied. 2. Experiment 2 : In this group the gangrenous loop was not resected after 24 hours and normal saline was given in control group 0.2 ml., or heparin in a single dose 50 I.U. or heparin in small repeated dose 20 I.U. twice a day for three days.All the rats were continuously observed during the post-operative period for evidence of any complications. Results: The peritonitis produced by a necrotic bowel loop was severe & brino-purulent.The formation of inter-mesentric abscess in control group was much more evident than the heparinised rats. The size of inter-mesentric abscess was smaller in treated group of albino rats than in control.The incidence of adhesion formation was much more in control group, than in the heparin group, the adhesion were very less friable and easily breakable. The survival rate in heparin treatment group was 75% to 87.5% as compared to the control group, where the survival rate was 50% only.The mortality in the control group, where the necrotic loop, was not resected was as high as 87.5% and rats died within 8 days after operation whereas the mortality rate in treatment group was low that is, from 50% to 60% only. Conclusion: By comparison and contrast of the results of the difference treatment group, it become evident that survival in the treated group was signicantly better than control group. About the evidence of intra-peritoneal infection, it shows that in treated group clearance of peritonitis was much faster than the control group of albino rats:The number and size of intramesentric abscesses were also smaller in treated group. There was also a little benecial effect on adhesion in heparinised albino rats as compared to control group.So heparin in small repeated doses has denitely a signicant effect on secondary bacterial peritonitis and its subsequent results.

Introduction. The combined course of acute peritonitis and diabetes increasingly leads to the development of secondary immunodeficiencies, which contribute to an increase in the percentage of postoperative complications and fatalities, the emergence of complexity of treatment and diagnosis. The aim of the study – to learn the peculiarities of humoral link of the immune response in the organism of experimental animals during simulated acute common peritonitis on the background of diabetes mellitus compared with animals with experimental acute peritonitis alone. Reserch Methods. 56 white rats were used in this work. Diabetes mellitus was modeled by intraperitoneal administration of Srethosotocin from “Sigma” firm with the rate of 7 mg per 100 g of animal mass, acute peritonitis – insertion of 0.5 ml of 10 % of the captured fecal suspension into the abdominal cavity of the animals. The concentration of immunoglobulins in serum was determined. Observation time points: 1, 3, and 7 days from the beginning of the peritonitis modeling. Results and Discussion. Analyzing the results of studies, it can be stated that there were observed directed changes in the concentration of immunoglobulins in blood serum of rats of different groups. Thus, on the first day after simulating acute common peritonitis on the background of diabetes, the level of Ig G decreased by 1.5 times, Ig M – by 1.3 times and Ig A – by 1.4 times (p

Objective. To investigate hematological indices on the first, third and seventh day of the experimental peritonitis development. Маterials and methods. The investigation was conducted on 180 Wistar line rats with a body mass 180 - 200 g. The animals were divided into four Groups: Group I - 20 intact animals; Group II - 80 animals, in whom a biliary peritonitis was simulated without further correction; Group III - 40 animals, in whom the biliary peritonitis simulated was corrected, using abdominal cavity sanation with chlorhexidine solution and further application of standard antibioticotherapy; Group IV - 40 animals, in whom a simulated biliary peritonitis was corrected in accordance to combined scheme of detoxication. Results. While investigation of hematological markers in animals of Group IV, to whom complex treatment was applied, a positive dynamics of indices of the erythrocytes quantity, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and ERS were observed on the third day and preserved up to the seventh day. The indices of the leucocytes quantity more significantly had normalized on the first and third days. The leucocytic index of intoxication had lowered on the third day. Most pronounced positive dynamics of the AST activity was observed on the seventh day, and of the ALT - on the third. On the first and third day of experiment the least pronounced lowering of the general protein concentration was noted, and on the seventh day - its raise. Concentration of general bilirubin maximally approached the indices of intact animals on the third day. Conclusion. Investigation of hematological markers have proved the efficacy of our proposed method of the abdominal cavity sanation.

In our research we have investigated the effect of intraperitoneal introduction of silver nanoparticles solution (linear particle size of 10–20 nm) into intact animals and in the simulation of experimental peritonitis. We have evaluated the indices of nonspecific proteinases and their inhibitors in blood serum and peritoneum lavage. The intraperitoneal introduction of silver nanoparticles solution to intact animals leads to the minimal reaction of proteinase-inhibitor systems components in blood serum and peritoneum lavage. When modeling inflammatory process in peritoneum cavity by intraperitoneal injection of 10% filtered fecal suspension of rats, application of silver nanoparticles solution is accompanied by decrease in extent of activation of proteinases and preservation of inhibitory potential, both at systemic and local level, which can indicate antiinflammatory effects of nanosilver.

This dissertation research was aimed at conducting the analysis and evaluation of structural changes in the adrenal glands at the histological and ultramicroscopic levels that occurred with the administering of cryopreserved placenta, at the experimental peritonitis and during its correction with the administering of cryopreserved placenta. It was established that when administering of cryopreserved placenta, changes in theglomerular zone occurred due to an increase in the number of corticosterocytes from the 3rd to 10th days and due to their activity from the 3rd to 10th days. Zona fasciculata reacted with an increase in secretory activity of spongy corticosterocytes from the 3rd to 7th days during the enhanced synthesis throughout the study period. The secretory activity of medulla increased from 7th to 10th days, while the synthesis intensified in 3 days and in 14 days after the administering of cryopreserved placenta. In experimental peritonitis (EP) the expansion of the thickness of glomerular zone took place from the 3rd to the 14 th days. An increase in the thickness of zona fasciculata occurred from the 7th to the 14th days. The number of light spongiocytes in the EP increased from the 5th to the 14th days, and the number of dark spongiocytes significantly increased on the 3 rd and from the 10 th to the 14 th days (p<0.05). The size of reticular zone in the III group significantly increased on the 3rd and the 10th days, which indicates the reaction of reticular zone to inflammation (p<0.05). Reliable change in the size of epinephrocytes and norepinephrocytes during EP at the 3 and the 7 days and an increase in the number of epinephrocytes at the 3rd days and 7 to 14 days and norepinephrocytes at 7 and 10 days confirms the response of the medulla of the adrenal gland to inflammation. For the first time the corrective influence of subcutaneous transplantation of cryopreserved placenta on reactive changes of tissues in the adrenal glands during aseptic peritoni

This dissertation research was aimed at conducting the analysis and evaluation of structural changes in the adrenal glands at the histological and ultramicroscopic levels that occurred with the administering of cryopreserved placenta, at the experimental peritonitis and during its correction with the administering of cryopreserved placenta. It was established that when administering of cryopreserved placenta, changes in theglomerular zone occurred due to an increase in the number of corticosterocytes from the 3rd to 10th days and due to their activity from the 3rd to 10th days. Zona fasciculata reacted with an increase in secretory activity of spongy corticosterocytes from the 3rd to 7th days during the enhanced synthesis throughout the study period. The secretory activity of medulla increased from 7th to 10th days, while the synthesis intensified in 3 days and in 14 days after the administering of cryopreserved placenta. In experimental peritonitis (EP) the expansion of the thickness of glomerular zone took place from the 3rd to the 14 th days. An increase in the thickness of zona fasciculata occurred from the 7th to the 14th days. The number of light spongiocytes in the EP increased from the 5th to the 14th days, and the number of dark spongiocytes significantly increased on the 3 rd and from the 10 th to the 14 th days (p<0.05). The size of reticular zone in the III group significantly increased on the 3rd and the 10th days, which indicates the reaction of reticular zone to inflammation (p<0.05). Reliable change in the size of epinephrocytes and norepinephrocytes during EP at the 3 and the 7 days and an increase in the number of epinephrocytes at the 3rd days and 7 to 14 days and norepinephrocytes at 7 and 10 days confirms the response of the medulla of the adrenal gland to inflammation. For the first time the corrective influence of subcutaneous transplantation of cryopreserved placenta on reactive changes of tissues in the adrenal glands during aseptic peritoni

This dissertation research was aimed at conducting the analysis and evaluation of structural changes in the adrenal glands at the histological and ultramicroscopic levels that occurred with the administering of cryopreserved placenta, at the experimental peritonitis and during its correction with the administering of cryopreserved placenta. It was established that when administering of cryopreserved placenta, changes in theglomerular zone occurred due to an increase in the number of corticosterocytes from the 3rd to 10th days and due to their activity from the 3rd to 10th days. Zona fasciculata reacted with an increase in secretory activity of spongy corticosterocytes from the 3rd to 7th days during the enhanced synthesis throughout the study period. The secretory activity of medulla increased from 7th to 10th days, while the synthesis intensified in 3 days and in 14 days after the administering of cryopreserved placenta. In experimental peritonitis (EP) the expansion of the thickness of glomerular zone took place from the 3rd to the 14 th days. An increase in the thickness of zona fasciculata occurred from the 7th to the 14th days. The number of light spongiocytes in the EP increased from the 5th to the 14th days, and the number of dark spongiocytes significantly increased on the 3 rd and from the 10 th to the 14 th days (p<0.05). The size of reticular zone in the III group significantly increased on the 3rd and the 10th days, which indicates the reaction of reticular zone to inflammation (p<0.05). Reliable change in the size of epinephrocytes and norepinephrocytes during EP at the 3 and the 7 days and an increase in the number of epinephrocytes at the 3rd days and 7 to 14 days and norepinephrocytes at 7 and 10 days confirms the response of the medulla of the adrenal gland to inflammation. For the first time the corrective influence of subcutaneous transplantation of cryopreserved placenta on reactive changes of tissues in the adrenal glands during aseptic peritoni

This dissertation research was aimed at conducting the analysis and evaluation of structural changes in the adrenal glands at the histological and ultramicroscopic levels that occurred with the administering of cryopreserved placenta, at the experimental peritonitis and during its correction with the administering of cryopreserved placenta. It was established that when administering of cryopreserved placenta, changes in theglomerular zone occurred due to an increase in the number of corticosterocytes from the 3rd to 10th days and due to their activity from the 3rd to 10th days. Zona fasciculata reacted with an increase in secretory activity of spongy corticosterocytes from the 3rd to 7th days during the enhanced synthesis throughout the study period. The secretory activity of medulla increased from 7th to 10th days, while the synthesis intensified in 3 days and in 14 days after the administering of cryopreserved placenta. In experimental peritonitis (EP) the expansion of the thickness of glomerular zone took place from the 3rd to the 14 th days. An increase in the thickness of zona fasciculata occurred from the 7th to the 14th days. The number of light spongiocytes in the EP increased from the 5th to the 14th days, and the number of dark spongiocytes significantly increased on the 3 rd and from the 10 th to the 14 th days (p<0.05). The size of reticular zone in the III group significantly increased on the 3rd and the 10th days, which indicates the reaction of reticular zone to inflammation (p<0.05). Reliable change in the size of epinephrocytes and norepinephrocytes during EP at the 3 and the 7 days and an increase in the number of epinephrocytes at the 3rd days and 7 to 14 days and norepinephrocytes at 7 and 10 days confirms the response of the medulla of the adrenal gland to inflammation. For the first time the corrective influence of subcutaneous transplantation of cryopreserved placenta on reactive changes of tissues in the adrenal glands during aseptic peritoni

This dissertation research was aimed at conducting the analysis and evaluation of structural changes in the adrenal glands at the histological and ultramicroscopic levels that occurred with the administering of cryopreserved placenta, at the experimental peritonitis and during its correction with the administering of cryopreserved placenta. It was established that when administering of cryopreserved placenta, changes in theglomerular zone occurred due to an increase in the number of corticosterocytes from the 3rd to 10th days and due to their activity from the 3rd to 10th days. Zona fasciculata reacted with an increase in secretory activity of spongy corticosterocytes from the 3rd to 7th days during the enhanced synthesis throughout the study period. The secretory activity of medulla increased from 7th to 10th days, while the synthesis intensified in 3 days and in 14 days after the administering of cryopreserved placenta. In experimental peritonitis (EP) the expansion of the thickness of glomerular zone took place from the 3rd to the 14 th days. An increase in the thickness of zona fasciculata occurred from the 7th to the 14th days. The number of light spongiocytes in the EP increased from the 5th to the 14th days, and the number of dark spongiocytes significantly increased on the 3 rd and from the 10 th to the 14 th days (p<0.05). The size of reticular zone in the III group significantly increased on the 3rd and the 10th days, which indicates the reaction of reticular zone to inflammation (p<0.05). Reliable change in the size of epinephrocytes and norepinephrocytes during EP at the 3 and the 7 days and an increase in the number of epinephrocytes at the 3rd days and 7 to 14 days and norepinephrocytes at 7 and 10 days confirms the response of the medulla of the adrenal gland to inflammation. For the first time the corrective influence of subcutaneous transplantation of cryopreserved placenta on reactive changes of tissues in the adrenal glands during aseptic peritoni

Background There are varying opinions on the feasibility of the placement of synthetic materials in contaminated surgical fields. The aim of this study was to investigate the outcomes of the use of a commercially available composite mesh in the presence of abdominal infection. Methods Twenty-four hours after the induction of experimental peritonitis, 20 rats were randomized into 2 groups of 10 subjects. After abdominal cleansing with a second laparotomy, the abdomen was closed with running sutures in the control group and the composite mesh was applied in the experimental group before closure. The rats were followed up for findings of sepsis, mortality, and wound infection. On the 28th day, the rats were sacrificed and evaluated for abdominal infection, abdominal adhesions, and bacterial growth in the mesh and tissue cultures. Results The mortality rate was 0% and 30% in the control and mesh groups, respectively (p=0.21), and the wound infection rate was 20% and 57.1% (p=0.162). In the mesh group, the adhesions were significantly more intense (p=0.018) and significantly more microorganisms proliferated in the tissue cultures (p=0.003). Conclusion The significant increase in the intensity of adhesions and bacterial proliferation, as well as the higher rate of mortality and wound infection in the mesh group indicated that this composite mesh cannot be used safely in the repair of abdominal defects in the presence of abdominal infection.

In condition of the experimental peritonitis explored change the system factors fibrinolysis, proteolysis of the blood and tissue of the small intestine at peritonitis. It is revealed dysbalance between system and tissue factors fibrinolysis and proteolysis. The explored correlative relationship between change the factors fibrinolysis, proteolysis to activities of the plasma shelters and fabrics of the small intestine, which it is necessary to take into account at development pathogenesis motivated methods of the prophylaxis and treatments of dysfunction of the small intestine at peritonitis., В умовах експериментального перитоніту досліджено зміни показників систем фібринолізу, протеолізу крові та тканини тонкої кишки. Виявлено дисбаланс між системними та тканинними показниками систем фібринолізу та протеолізу. Виявлено кореляційні зв’язки між змінами показників фібринолітичної, протеолітичної активності плазми крові та тканини тонкої кишки, що потрібно враховувати при розробці патогенетично обгрунтованих методів профілактики та лікування порушення функцій тонкої кишки при перитоніті., В условиях экспериментального перитонита исследованы изменения показателей систем фибринолиза, протеолиза крови и ткани тонкой кишки при перитоните. Выявлен дисбаланс между системными и тканевыми показателями систем фибринолиза и протеолиза. Исследованы коррелятивные связи между изменениями показателей фибринолитической, протеолитической активности плазмы крови и ткани тонкой кишки, которые нужно учитывать при разработке патогенетически обоснованных методов профилактики и лечения нарушения функций тонкой кишки при перитоните.

Local immunity is formed due to the influence of a great number of infectious and noninfectious factors. It is a multifaceted process. Various immunocompetent cells take part in forming local immunological response.Therefore, in order to study in detail the mechanism of local immunological response during inflammatory diseases it is necessary to go beyond the use of mere immunological methods and use biochemical, morphological, and biophysical research methods as well. There is little information on such research methods found in literature today. However, using this approach would allow for evaluation of various aspects of immunological response in an organism to the introduction of an infectious agent. The purpose of this research was to conduct comparative analysis of local and systemic immunological responses during acute experimental peritonitis. Experiments were conducted on 80 inbred mice (C-57 Brown) by introducing acute peritonitis using intraperitoneal injections of enteropathogenic daily culture of E. coli, strain 0-111. Each animal received 0.15 ml of 1 ppb of the E. coli suspension. The control group of 20 animals included mice without intraperitoneal infection and they received 0.5 ml of aseptic peptic solution. The model used in this research was previously described. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) in mice was done. Phagocyte activity was evaluated based on two parameters: percentage of the phagocytic cells and the phagocytic index, subject being the cells of PEC and PBC. Saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) were studied using the method of gas chromatography. Results were obtained by measuring the area of peak values of methylated derivatives of FA and determinig their composition in percentages. Spleen tissue slices were stained with hematoxylin-eosin solution in the morphological study. All the obtained data was statistically analyzed using the standard evaluation method M±m and pro

Local immunity is formed due to the influence of a great number of infectious and noninfectious factors. It is a multifaceted process. Various immunocompetent cells take part in forming local immunological response.Therefore, in order to study in detail the mechanism of local immunological response during inflammatory diseases it is necessary to go beyond the use of mere immunological methods and use biochemical, morphological, and biophysical research methods as well. There is little information on such research methods found in literature today. However, using this approach would allow for evaluation of various aspects of immunological response in an organism to the introduction of an infectious agent. The purpose of this research was to conduct comparative analysis of local and systemic immunological responses during acute experimental peritonitis. Experiments were conducted on 80 inbred mice (C-57 Brown) by introducing acute peritonitis using intraperitoneal injections of enteropathogenic daily culture of E. coli, strain 0-111. Each animal received 0.15 ml of 1 ppb of the E. coli suspension. The control group of 20 animals included mice without intraperitoneal infection and they received 0.5 ml of aseptic peptic solution. The model used in this research was previously described. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) in mice was done. Phagocyte activity was evaluated based on two parameters: percentage of the phagocytic cells and the phagocytic index, subject being the cells of PEC and PBC. Saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) were studied using the method of gas chromatography. Results were obtained by measuring the area of peak values of methylated derivatives of FA and determinig their composition in percentages. Spleen tissue slices were stained with hematoxylin-eosin solution in the morphological study. All the obtained data was statistically analyzed using the standard evaluation method M±m and pro

Local immunity is formed due to the influence of a great number of infectious and noninfectious factors. It is a multifaceted process. Various immunocompetent cells take part in forming local immunological response.Therefore, in order to study in detail the mechanism of local immunological response during inflammatory diseases it is necessary to go beyond the use of mere immunological methods and use biochemical, morphological, and biophysical research methods as well. There is little information on such research methods found in literature today. However, using this approach would allow for evaluation of various aspects of immunological response in an organism to the introduction of an infectious agent. The purpose of this research was to conduct comparative analysis of local and systemic immunological responses during acute experimental peritonitis. Experiments were conducted on 80 inbred mice (C-57 Brown) by introducing acute peritonitis using intraperitoneal injections of enteropathogenic daily culture of E. coli, strain 0-111. Each animal received 0.15 ml of 1 ppb of the E. coli suspension. The control group of 20 animals included mice without intraperitoneal infection and they received 0.5 ml of aseptic peptic solution. The model used in this research was previously described. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) in mice was done. Phagocyte activity was evaluated based on two parameters: percentage of the phagocytic cells and the phagocytic index, subject being the cells of PEC and PBC. Saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) were studied using the method of gas chromatography. Results were obtained by measuring the area of peak values of methylated derivatives of FA and determinig their composition in percentages. Spleen tissue slices were stained with hematoxylin-eosin solution in the morphological study. All the obtained data was statistically analyzed using the standard evaluation method M±m and pro

Local immunity is formed due to the influence of a great number of infectious and noninfectious factors. It is a multifaceted process. Various immunocompetent cells take part in forming local immunological response.Therefore, in order to study in detail the mechanism of local immunological response during inflammatory diseases it is necessary to go beyond the use of mere immunological methods and use biochemical, morphological, and biophysical research methods as well. There is little information on such research methods found in literature today. However, using this approach would allow for evaluation of various aspects of immunological response in an organism to the introduction of an infectious agent. The purpose of this research was to conduct comparative analysis of local and systemic immunological responses during acute experimental peritonitis. Experiments were conducted on 80 inbred mice (C-57 Brown) by introducing acute peritonitis using intraperitoneal injections of enteropathogenic daily culture of E. coli, strain 0-111. Each animal received 0.15 ml of 1 ppb of the E. coli suspension. The control group of 20 animals included mice without intraperitoneal infection and they received 0.5 ml of aseptic peptic solution. The model used in this research was previously described. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) in mice was done. Phagocyte activity was evaluated based on two parameters: percentage of the phagocytic cells and the phagocytic index, subject being the cells of PEC and PBC. Saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) were studied using the method of gas chromatography. Results were obtained by measuring the area of peak values of methylated derivatives of FA and determinig their composition in percentages. Spleen tissue slices were stained with hematoxylin-eosin solution in the morphological study. All the obtained data was statistically analyzed using the standard evaluation method M±m and pro

Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) act as potential contaminants of infusion solutions boosting inflammation in experimental sepsis. HSA preparations for i.v. use are administered in critically ill patients. Although increasing intravascular osmotic pressure seems to be a pathophysiologically orientated treatment, clinical trials do not indicate a benefit for mortality in HSA–treated patients. Instead, there is evidence for inflammatory reactions upon infusion of different HSA batches. A neglected issue concerning the safety and quality of these therapeutics is processing–related post–transcriptional protein modifications, such as AGEs. We therefore tested the hypothesis that commercially available infusion solutions contain AGEs and studied whether these protein modifications influence outcome and inflammation in a murine model of sepsis induced by CLP. Screening of different HSA and Ig preparations in this study revealed an up to approximate tenfold difference in the amount of AGE modifications. Application of clinically relevant concentrations of CML–modified HSA in CLP led to increased inflammation and enhanced mortality in wild–type mice but not in mice lacking the RAGE. Lethality was paralleled by increased activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor NF–κB, NF–κB–dependent gene expression, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the peritoneal cavity. This study implies that infusion solutions containing a high load of the AGE–modified protein have the potential to activate RAGE/NF–κB–mediated inflammatory reactions, causing increased mortality in experimental peritonitis.

The antifibrotic effect of heparin, an anticoagulant used routinely in the treatment of peritonitis, is unknown, whereas antithrombin III (AT-III) has both anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory actions. The aim of this study was to compare the antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects of AT-III and heparin in rats with experimentally developed peritonitis while on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Sixty-four Wistar albino rats (in four groups of 16) were used in the study. Group 1 received PD solution only, group 2 had experimentally developed peritonitis in addition to PD solution; group 3 received heparin intraperitoneally for 3 days, in addition to group 2; and group 4 received AT-III intraperitoneally for 3 days, in addition to group 2. Plasma and dialysate levels of tissue-plasminogen activator were similar in heparin and AT-III groups on both day 3 and day 14. The inflammation scores of heparin and AT-III groups were also similar in both early and late phases. The fibrosis score of the AT-III group was low compared with both peritonitis and heparin groups in the early phase (p = 0.03), though it was similar in the late phase. The effects of AT-III are comparable with that of heparin in PD peritonitis in rats with experimentally developed peritonitis while on PD.

Our aim was to evaluate effect of etanercept on oxidative stress parameters in rats with experimental peritonitis and investigate the availability of etanercept usage in the treatment of peritonitis in the future. Twenty-eight rats were divided into four groups as control (group 1), peritonitis (group 2), peritonitis + cefazolin sodium (group 3), and peritonitis + cefazolin sodium + etanercept (group 4). Peritoneal tissue and blood samples were taken from all of the rats for histopathological and biochemical examination. The oxidative stress parameters were examined in blood and tissue samples. It was observed that rats with peritonitis benefit from cefazolin sodium treatment. Evaluating the effectiveness of etanercept was our main objective for this study. In this perspective, we compared group 3 and group 4 and found statistically significant decreases in oxidative parameters and statistically significant increases in antioxidants in serum and tissue samples in group 4. It is observed that there was a significant contribution of etanercept on biochemical and also histopathological results. As a result, the TNF-αinhibitor, etanercept, in addition to antibiotics given in the early treatment of peritonitis results in more significant improvement of histopathological and oxidative parameters as compared to antibiotics alone.

Giriş: Peritonit, visseral ve/veya parietal peritonu içine alan bir inflamasyondur. Peritonit uygun tedavi edilmezse sistemik inflamatuar yanıta ve sepsise neden olabilmektedir. Sepsis morbiditesi ve mortalitesi yüksek olan ciddi bir tablodur. TNF-α, IL-1 gibi proinflamatuar sitokinlerin üretimi ile karakterize sepsiste, sitokinler doku hasarını sınırlamak için lokal koagulasyonu aktive edici yararlı inflamatuar yanıtı tetiklemektedirler. Ancak proinflamatuar sitokinlerin aşırı üretimi, immün yanıtın normal düzenini bozmakta ve patolojik inflamatuar bozukluk oluşturmaktadır. Genellikle sepsisteki aşırı sitokin üretiminin kapiller kaçak, doku hasarı ve multiorgan yetmezliği ile sonuçlanmakta olduğu bilinmektedir. Etanercept, TNF-α’nın kompetitif inhibitörü olarak hücre yüzeyi reseptörlerine bağlanmasını engelleyen ve biyolojik aktivitesini önleyen bir ajandır. Oksidatif stres, herhangi bir nedenle oksidan üretiminde artış ve antioksidan savunma mekanizmasında yetersizlik nedeniyle aradaki dengenin bozulması sonucunda oluşan doku hasarını gösteren bir parametredir. Amaç: Deneysel Peritonit oluşturduğumuz ratlarda intraperitoneal etanercept uygulamasının oksidatif stres göstergeleri üzerine olan etkisini değerlendirerek doku hasarlanması üzerindeki etkisini görmek ve gelecekte peritonit tedavisinde etanerceptin kullanılabilirliğini araştırmaktır. Materyal Metod: Çalışmamızda toplam 28 adet erişkin dişi 200 – 250 gram ağırlığında olan Wistar Albino cinsi rattan oluşan 7 şerli 4 grup oluşturuldu. Deney Grupları: Kontrol grubu( Herhangi bir madde enjeksiyonu yapılmadı), Peritonit grubu (İntraperitoneal E.Coli süspansiyonu 1,5 ml (107 CFU/ml) enjeksiyonu yapıldı), Peritonit + Sefazolin Sodyum grubu (E.Coli enjeksiyonundan 1 saat sonra 50 mg/kg dozunda intraperitoneal sefazolin sodyum verildi), Peritonit + Sefazolin Sodyum + Etanercept grubu (E.Coli enjeksiyonundan 1 saat sonra 50 mg/kg dozunda intraperitoneal sefazolin sodyum verildi.1 ve 4 saat sonra intraperitoneal etanercept uygulandı). Etanercept uygulandıktan 24 saat sonra deney sonlandırıldı. Tüm gruplardaki ratlardan histopatolojik ve biyokimyasal inceleme için periton dokusu ve kan örnekleri alındı. Oksidatif stres parametreleri olarak kanda ve dokuda: PON, MDA, NO, TAK, TOS ve TNF-α çalışıldı. Bulgular: Peritonit grubunda kontrol grubuna göre serum ve doku oksidatif parametreler artmış, antioksidatif parametreler azalmıştı. Peritonit olan ratlara Sefazol verildikten sonra oksidatif parametrelerde azalma, antioksidatif parametrelerde artış gözlendi. Ratların Sefazol tedavisinden fayda gördüğü gözlendi. Sefazol + Etanercept verilen grupta sonuçlar sadece sefazol verilen gruba göre daha olumluydu, oksidatif parametreler sefazol grubuna göre daha fazla azaldı, antioksidan parametrelerde daha fazla artış gösterildi. Histopatolojik olarak; kontrol grubuna ait kesitlerin inclenmesinde periton epiteli ve lamina propriada herhangi bir değişikliğe rastlanmadı. Periton grubunda epitelde dökülme, lamina propriada yaygın nötrofil infiltrasyonu, ödem ve kapiler damarlarda konjesyon izlendi. Sefazol grubunda periton grubuna oranla lezyonların azaldığı gözlendi. Sefazol + Etanercept grubunda epiteldeki deskuamasyonun ortadan kalkması, nötrofil infiltrasyonun oldukça azalması, lamina propriada ödemin şiddetinin azalması dikkat çekiciydi. Sonuç: Yaptığımız araştırma sonucunda, peritonit tedavisinde antibiyotik tedavisine ek olarak verilen Etanercept’in, sadece antibiyotik ile tedavi edilen gruptan daha olumlu sonuçlar verdiğini gördük. Bu sonuç doğrultusunda Etanercept’in inflamasyonu baskılayarak, sepsise gidişi azaltacağını düşünmekteyiz. Ancak peritonit tedavisinde kullanılabilirliği için daha kapsamlı hayvan deneylerine ve insan çalışmalarına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Deneysel peritonit, Etanercept, Oksidatif Stress Introduction: Peritonitis is an inflammation which involves visceral and/or parietal peritoneum. Without a proper treatment, peritonitis may cause a systemic inflammatory response and sepsis. Sepsis is a serious situation which has high morbidity and mortality. Cytokines trigger benefical inflammatory response to activate local coagulation to limit tissue damage in sepsis which characterized by production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL – 1. However excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines break the layout of the normal immune response and constitutes inflammatory disorder of the immune response. Generally, excessive production of cytokines in sepsis results capillary leak, tissue damage and multiorgan failure is well known. Etanercept is an agent which blocks the TNF-α’s binding to its cellular surface receptors as a competitive inhibitor and inhibits its biological activity. Oxidative stress is a parameter indicating tissue damage as a result of deterioration of the balance between antioxidant defense and oxidant production for any reason. Aim: to evaluate effects of etanercept administration on oxidative stress parameters in rats with induced peritonitis and to see effects on tissue injury and to investigate availability of etanercept in peritonitis in future. Matherials and Methods: In the study 28 adult female Wistar Albino rats which weights 200 - 250 grams were divided into 4 groups consisting 7 rats in each group. Experiment Groups: Control Group (Any injection of a substance was made), Peritonitis group (1,5 ml suspension of E.Coli (107 CFU/ml) was injected intraperitoneal in order to create experimental peritonitis), peritonitis + cefazolin sodium group (1 hour after injection of E.Coli for experimental peritonitis, 50mg/kg dose of cefazolin sodium was injected intraperitoneally), Peritonitis + cefazolin sodium + etanercept group (1 hour after injection of E.Coli for experimental peritonitis, 50mg/kg dose of cefazolin sodium was injected intraperitoneally. 8mg/kg/dose etanercept was injected intraperitoneal to rats with experimental peritonitis after 1 hour and 4 hours after injection of E.Coli for experimental peritonitis). 24 hours after etanercept injection experiement was ended. Peritoneal tissue samples and blood samples were taken from all groups of rats for histopathological and biochemical examinations. As oxidative stress parameters in blood and tissues: paraoxonase (PON), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant stress (TOS), TNF-α were studied. Results: Peritonitis group compared to the control group, oxidative parameters of serum and tissue were increased, antioxidative parameters were decreased in peritonitis group. after cefazolin injections to rats with peritonitis, reduction in oxidative parameters and increase in antioxidative parameters were observed. sefazolin + etanercept group results were more positive than the group given only cefazolin, oxidative parameters were decreased and antioxidative parameters were increased in cefazolin + etanercept group according to the cefazolin group. Histopathological changes; there was no changes in the study of section of control group peritoneal epithelium and lamina propria. In the section of peritonitis group epithelial shedding, widely neutrophil infiltration in the lamina propria, edema and capillary vascular congestion was viewed. İn the cefazolin group lesions was observed to decrease according to the peritonitis group. İn the cefazolin + etanercept group, dissappearence of epithelial desquamation, decrease of neutrophil infiltration and decrease of the severity of the edema in the lamina propria was remarkable. Conclusion: As a result of our research, we found that etanercept treatment in addition to antibiotic treatment in peritonitis gave more positive results than treatment with antibiotics alone. In accordance with these results, we consider that etanercept reduces the progression to sepsis by supression of inflammation. However more comprehensive animal experiements and human studies are needed for availability of Etanercept in treatment of pertonitis. Keywords: Experimental peritonitis, Etanercept, Oxidative stress