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The purpose of the study is to analyze the methods of modeling mandibular fractures available in the literature and to describe the authors' own methodology for modeling this pathology. The authors conducted a detailed analysis of the methods of modeling mandibular fractures in experimental animals (rats, mice, rabbits) available in international and domestic patent databases, scientometric databases Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, which allowed them to be divided into five groups. The first group included methods of modeling by applying force. The second group involved methods of modeling by using a bit and hammer. In the third group there were methods of modeling by using boron, saw, cutter, laser scalpel, osteotome. The fourth group included modeling methods using boron, saw, circular cutter with subsequent fracture of the bone manually or with the help of osteotome, tooth extractors, hemostatic clamp. The fifth group included modeling methods using specially manufactured instruments (C-shaped clamp, scissors). These methods differed from each other in the equipment required for their implementation, the technique of fracture, and were characterized by certain disadvantages and advantages. The authors described their own method of modeling mandibular fractures in rats of WAG population using a specially manufactured instrument, which allowed obtaining fractures as close as possible to the clinical situation and same type fractures in a group of animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the reports of the first cases of COVID-19, in less than 5 years, a huge number of documents regarding that disease and the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the infection, have been published. The tremendous number of scientific documents covers many topics on different issues directly related to COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2. The number of articles—including reviews—reporting adverse/side effects of the approved COVID-19 vaccines is considerable. A wide range of adverse/side effects have been reported in humans after COVID-19 vaccination: thrombotic events/thrombocytopenia, myocarditis/pericarditis, cutaneous reactions, immune-mediated effects, psychiatric adverse events, systemic lupus erythematosus, reproductive toxicity, and other miscellaneous adverse effects. In contrast, information on nonclinical studies conducted to assess the potential toxicity/adverse effects of the COVID-19 vaccines in laboratory animals, is comparatively very scarce. The present review was aimed at revising the scientific literature regarding the studies in laboratory animals on the toxic/adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines. In addition, the investigations reported in those specific toxicology journals with the highest impact factors have been examined one by one. The results of the present review indicate that most nonclinical/experimental studies on the adverse/toxic effects of the COVID-19 vaccines and/or potential candidates showed—in general terms—a good safety profile. Only in some animal studies were certain adverse effects found. However, a rather surprising result has been the limited number of available (in the databases PubMed and Scopus) nonclinical studies performed by the companies that have been the largest manufacturers of mRNA vaccines in the world. It is assumed that these studies have been conducted. However, they have not been published in scientific journals, which does not allow the judgment of the international scientific community, including toxicologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chongqing Medical University is the property of Journal of Chongqing Medical University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Veterinaria is the property of University of Sarajevo, Veterinary Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Laboratory Animal Science & Practices / Laboratuvar Hayvanlari Bilimi ve Uygulamalari Dergisi is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The translation of animal-based biomedical research into clinical research is often inadequate. Maximizing translation should be central to animal research on human diseases, guiding researchers in study design and animal model selection. However, practical considerations often drive the choice of animal model, which may not always reflect key patient characteristics, such as sex and age, impacting the disease's course. Despite diseases affecting both sexes, researchers frequently use male mice. To address this imbalance, journals and funding agencies have begun questioning the sex of animals used in studies and issued new guidelines. Conversely, the age of rodents is rarely discussed, even though many diseases primarily affect older patients. Young mice are commonly used, even in studies of diseases affecting older adults. Systematic comparisons between the age of rodents used and the age of patients in clinical trials are lacking. In this review, we systematically analyze the age and sex of mice used to model the five leading causes of global disability-adjusted life-years over the age of 75. We compare the results with the age and sex of patients in clinical trials focusing on Alzheimer's disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We also analyze whether the age of the mice used has changed over the past decade. By systematically assessing the age and sex of the mice, we aim to initiate a discussion on the appropriate choice of animal model to improve the translatability of research results.

Dental implant is currently one of the treatment options for replacing lost tooth function. However, there is a potential for osseointegration failure or loss which can trigger various complications, underscoring the need to evaluate supporting bone imaging. A crucial parameter usually observed in this regard is density and trabecular pattern, which includes fractal dimension, particle count, and trabecular particle area. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate potential differences in density and trabecular patterns between osseointegration times when observed through two-dimensional (2D) animal radiography. A descriptive observational cross-sectional design was used, and the sample consisted of 45 2D radiography figures of rabbit tibia bone sections before and after placement of dental implant on days 0, 3, 14, and 28. Data were obtained by measurements using ImageJ 2.14.0 software through the "Histogram" feature for density, "FracLac" for fractal dimension, as well as "Analyze Particle" for particle count and particle area. Additionally, analyses were carried out using One-way ANOVA test and t-test in SPSS 18.0 software. The results showed that ANOVA test obtained a p-value > 0.05 for density, fractal dimension, and trabecular particle count, indicating no significant difference. Meanwhile, the trabecular particle area showed a significant difference with a p-value <0.05. Post hoc test of the particle area showed a p-value <0.05 on days 14 and 28. Based on the results, there was a significant difference in trabecular particle area but not with other variables. In general, there was a trend towards an increase in overall variable values in the short term after the placement of dental implant up to day 28 of the healing phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Ecology is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The translation of animal-based biomedical research into clinical research is often inadequate. Maximizing translation should be central to animal research on human diseases, guiding researchers in study design and animal model selection. However, practical considerations often drive the choice of animal model, which may not always reflect key patient characteristics, such as sex and age, impacting the disease's course. Despite diseases affecting both sexes, researchers frequently use male mice. To address this imbalance, journals and funding agencies have begun questioning the sex of animals used in studies and issued new guidelines. Conversely, the age of rodents is rarely discussed, even though many diseases primarily affect older patients. Young mice are commonly used, even in studies of diseases affecting older adults. Systematic comparisons between the age of rodents used and the age of patients in clinical trials are lacking. In this review, we systematically analyze the age and sex of mice used to model the five leading causes of global disability-adjusted life-years over the age of 75. We compare the results with the age and sex of patients in clinical trials focusing on Alzheimer's disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We also analyze whether the age of the mice used has changed over the past decade. By systematically assessing the age and sex of the mice, we aim to initiate a discussion on the appropriate choice of animal model to improve the translatability of research results.

This research evaluates subchronic toxicities and analgesic effects of Stephania tetrandra S. Moore (S. tetrandra) liquid extract through oral administration in experimental animals. Over 4 weeks of subchronic toxicity research, S. tetrandra was administered to Wistar rats at a dose of 1.6 g/kg body weight (BW) (the dose is equivalent to the expected human dose) and 4.8 g/kg BW (three times the human expected dose), based on World Health Organization (WHO) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) recommendations. The analgesic effect was assessed using three models: hot plate, tail-flick, and acetic acid-induced writhing in Swiss mice. Regarding the subchronic toxicity test, after oral administration of S. tetrandra liquid extract, haematological parameters, hepato-renal functions, and microscopic images of the liver and kidney were unchanged compared with the control group. As a result, S. tetrandra liquid extract at both doses of 3.2 g/kg/day and 9.6 g/kg/day tended to reduce pain in the models. The low dose significantly showed peripheral analgesic effects, while the high dose demonstrated better analgesic activity at both central and peripheral sites. In conclusion, S. tetrandra liquid extract did not produce subchronic toxicities in Wistar rats, and has shown experimental analgesic effects.

Abstract Background Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) from several tissue sources has been proposed as a promising alternative to conventional scaffolds used in regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs). This systematic review aimed to evaluate the histological outcomes of studies utilizing dECM-derived scaffolds for REPs and to analyse the contributing factors that might influence the nature of regenerated tissues. Methods The PRISMA 2020 guidelines were used. A search of articles published until April 2024 was conducted in Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science databases. Additional records were manually searched in major endodontic journals. Original articles including histological results of dECM in REPs and in-vivo studies were included while reviews, in-vitro studies and clinical trials were excluded. The quality assessment of the included studies was analysed using the ARRIVE guidelines. Risk of Bias assessment was done using the (SYRCLE) risk of bias tool. Results Out of the 387 studies obtained, 17 studies were included for analysis. In most studies, when used as scaffolds with or without exogenous cells, dECM showed the potential to enhance angiogenesis, dentinogenesis and to regenerate pulp-like and dentin-like tissues. However, the included studies showed heterogeneity of decellularization methods, animal models, scaffold source, form and delivery, as well as high risk of bias and average quality of evidence. Discussion Decellularized ECM-derived scaffolds could offer a potential off-the-shelf scaffold for dentin-pulp regeneration in REPs. However, due to the methodological heterogeneity and the average quality of the studies included in this review, the overall effectiveness of decellularized ECM-derived scaffolds is still unclear. More standardized preclinical research is needed as well as well-constructed clinical trials to prove the efficacy of these scaffolds for clinical translation. Other The protocol was registered in PROSPERO database #CRD42023433026. This review was funded by the Science, Technology and Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) under grant number (44426).

Abstract Background Osteoarthritis OA is a common progressive disabling disease. Current research aims at finding therapies to prevent its progression. In this work, we assessed the therapeutic role of intra-articular injection of stromal vascular fraction SVF in collagenase induced knee OA in rats. Results Post right Knee OA induction in 42 Wistar rats, histopathological examination and quantification of articular cartilage degeneration using Mankin’s score revealed degenerative changes were significantly higher in untreated Group II compared to SVF treated Group III at 1 month (10.75 ± 0.50 and 2.50 ± 0.53, P = 0.001) and 2 months (8.50 ± 0.58, 0.50 ± 0.53, P = 0.001), respectively. Morphometric computerized image analysis revealed a significant difference between treated, untreated and healthy control group I regarding chondrocyte cellular count, articular cartilage thickness and optical density OD of the cartilage (P

The translation of animal-based biomedical research into clinical research is often inadequate. Maximizing translation should be central to animal research on human diseases, guiding researchers in study design and animal model selection. However, practical considerations often drive the choice of animal model, which may not always reflect key patient characteristics, such as sex and age, impacting the disease's course. Despite diseases affecting both sexes, researchers frequently use male mice. To address this imbalance, journals and funding agencies have begun questioning the sex of animals used in studies and issued new guidelines. Conversely, the age of rodents is rarely discussed, even though many diseases primarily affect older patients. Young mice are commonly used, even in studies of diseases affecting older adults. Systematic comparisons between the age of rodents used and the age of patients in clinical trials are lacking. In this review, we systematically analyze the age and sex of mice used to model the five leading causes of global disability-adjusted life-years over the age of 75. We compare the results with the age and sex of patients in clinical trials focusing on Alzheimer's disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We also analyze whether the age of the mice used has changed over the past decade. By systematically assessing the age and sex of the mice, we aim to initiate a discussion on the appropriate choice of animal model to improve the translatability of research results.

Background: Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) from several tissue sources has been proposed as a promising alternative to conventional scaffolds used in regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs). This systematic review aimed to evaluate the histological outcomes of studies utilizing dECM-derived scaffolds for REPs and to analyse the contributing factors that might influence the nature of regenerated tissues. Methods: The PRISMA 2020 guidelines were used. A search of articles published until April 2024 was conducted in Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science databases. Additional records were manually searched in major endodontic journals. Original articles including histological results of dECM in REPs and in-vivo studies were included while reviews, in-vitro studies and clinical trials were excluded. The quality assessment of the included studies was analysed using the ARRIVE guidelines. Risk of Bias assessment was done using the (SYRCLE) risk of bias tool. Results: Out of the 387 studies obtained, 17 studies were included for analysis. In most studies, when used as scaffolds with or without exogenous cells, dECM showed the potential to enhance angiogenesis, dentinogenesis and to regenerate pulp-like and dentin-like tissues. However, the included studies showed heterogeneity of decellularization methods, animal models, scaffold source, form and delivery, as well as high risk of bias and average quality of evidence. Discussion: Decellularized ECM-derived scaffolds could offer a potential off-the-shelf scaffold for dentin-pulp regeneration in REPs. However, due to the methodological heterogeneity and the average quality of the studies included in this review, the overall effectiveness of decellularized ECM-derived scaffolds is still unclear. More standardized preclinical research is needed as well as well-constructed clinical trials to prove the efficacy of these scaffolds for clinical translation. Other: The protocol was registered in PROSPERO database #CRD42023433026. This review was funded by the Science, Technology and Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) under grant number (44426). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following long-term hypertension, mechanical stretching and neuroendocrine stimulation, cause multiple heterogeneous cells of the heart to interact, and result in myocardial remodeling with myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. The immune system, specifically macrophages, plays a vital role in this process. Macrophages are heterogeneous and plastic. Regulated by factors such as microenvironment and cytokines, polarization can be divided into two main forms: M1/M2, with different polarizations playing different roles in left ventricular structural remodeling associated with hypertension. However, descriptions of macrophage phenotypes in hypertension-induced myocardial hypertrophy models are not completely consistent. This article summarizes the phenotypes of macrophages in several models, aiming to assist researchers in studying macrophage phenotypes in hypertension-induced left ventricular structural remodeling models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Osteoarthritis OA is a common progressive disabling disease. Current research aims at finding therapies to prevent its progression. In this work, we assessed the therapeutic role of intra-articular injection of stromal vascular fraction SVF in collagenase induced knee OA in rats. Results: Post right Knee OA induction in 42 Wistar rats, histopathological examination and quantification of articular cartilage degeneration using Mankin's score revealed degenerative changes were significantly higher in untreated Group II compared to SVF treated Group III at 1 month (10.75 ± 0.50 and 2.50 ± 0.53, P = 0.001) and 2 months (8.50 ± 0.58, 0.50 ± 0.53, P = 0.001), respectively. Morphometric computerized image analysis revealed a significant difference between treated, untreated and healthy control group I regarding chondrocyte cellular count, articular cartilage thickness and optical density OD of the cartilage (P < 0.001). Group II contained the least chondrocyte cellular count. Also, articular cartilage thickness at 2 months was significantly less in Group II compared to SVF treated group (P < 0.001). The OD in Safranin-stained slides, as an indicator of proteoglycan content of the matrix, was highest in Group I followed by Group III and lowest in Group II with a highly significant difference between untreated and treated groups at 1 month (67.32 ± 4.25, 81.77 ± 3.09, P = 0.000) and 2 months (71.60 ± 3.49, 83.26 ± 5.47, P = 0.000), respectively. Conclusion: Treatment with adipose-derived SVF decreased the development of articular cartilage degenerative changes at early stages of induced OA in rats. Later, on follow-up, the preserved articular cartilage thickness, cellular count and increased proteoglycan content rendered SVF a promising regenerative therapy for Knee OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Experimental high-fat diets are useful models for assessing the physiological impacts of high-fat diets on humans, as well as, for assessing the impacts of bioactive compounds on these conditions. Thus, the objective of this study is to identify the models of experimental high-fat diets presented by the literature and to verify the bioactive compounds used to attenuate the effects promoted by these diets. Materials and Methods: A literature review was carried out, using the databases "Google academic", "Pubmed", "Scielo" and "Cochrane". The keywords used in the search were "High fat diet" and "Hyperlipidic diet". Results: The results showed that the high-fat diet models showed an important variation in relation to the levels of lipids used, as well as in relation to the lipid components used. There was also great variability in relation to the bioactive compounds tested to mitigate the effects of these diets, these compounds being obtained from fruits, spices, mushrooms and a wide variety of plants. Conclusion: Therefore, the models of experimental high-fat diets do not present standardization, which makes it difficult to interpret and compare different results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El uso de animales en experimentación científica está regulado por normativas diseñadas para garantizar la ética y el bienestar de los animales. A nivel mundial las regulaciones varían, pero muchos países como Argentina adoptan directrices establecidas por organizaciones internacionales como la Oficina de Protección de los Derechos de los Animales, EE.UU. (Animal Welfare Office) y el Instituto Nacional de Salud, EE.UU. (National Institute of Health). Los protocolos que se elaboran teniendo en cuenta las recomendaciones de estas entidades deben ser revisados por comités de ética para asegurarse que se cumplan con los estándares internacionales. En resumen, las pautas actuales buscan equilibrar el avance científico con la ética, asegurando que el uso de animales en investigación sea racional, humanitario y respetando el bienestar animal. Palabras clave: Animales de experimentación, bienestar animal, ética, investigación preclínica. Abstract The use of animals in scientific experiments is regulated by guidelines designed to ensure ethics and welfare of animals. Regulations vary around the world, but many countries, such as Argentina, follow guidelines established by international organizations such as the US Office of Animal Welfare and the US National Institutes of Health. Protocols developed using the recommendations of these entities must be reviewed by ethics committees to ensure that they follow international standards. In summary, the current guidelines seek to strike a balance between scientific progress and ethics, ensuring that the use of animals in research is rational, humane and respects animal welfare. Key words: Animal welfare, ethics, experimental animals, preclinical research.

Introduction/Objective. Quality of life before and after mono- and bimaxillary surgery may vary from patient to patient depending on psychological assessment score. The aim of this study was to compare the quality of life before and six months after orthognathic surgery in correlation with a presurgical psychological assessment of patients with class III skeletal deformity, assuming that patients with low psychological assessment results might have a lower quality of life after surgery despite successful treatment results. Methods. For this prospective study, 30 patients (19 female,11 male) were included. Psychological assessment was obtained before, and quality of life before and after surgery in skeletal deformity class III patients. Statistical analysis was done with a statistical package for social science – SPSS. Results. The overall quality of life significantly improved in all the patients after surgery. Surgical correction of class III deformities provided a significant improvement independent of the type of surgery and the severity of the deformity, as well as gender and age. There were significant differences in post-surgical quality of life scores between patients with good and poor psychological assessment scores, related to social disability (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Patients with lower preoperative psychological scores experienced a lesser improvement in quality of life, particularly in the domain of social disability. This suggests that additional psychological treatment of these patients could further improve the beneficial effects of orthognathic surgery on postoperative quality of life.

Introduction. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most powerful and dangerous pollutants. Cd exposure is associated with multiple organ damage in both animals and humans. The mechanism of Cd toxicity is the disruption of the body’s antioxidant system (AOS), which leads to transformation of the functional integrity of the liver. The extent of target organ damage can be examined by measuring concentrations of key indicators of hepatocellular injury. The purpose of the work is to evaluate changes in the activity of enzyme markers of hepatotoxicity in the blood serum of laboratory animals after oral exposure to an aqueous solution of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) under the conditions of a subchronic experimental model with a period of remission. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 40 white outbred rats. Animals of three experimental groups were intragastrically administered a pollutant in various dosages for 3 months. The duration of the remission stage was 1 month. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was determined in the blood serum of animals. Results. When CdCl2 was administered to animals at a dose of 1 μg/kg, an increase in AST activity was observed by 45.9% relative to the control (p=0.006). An increase in the concentration of ALT and LDH is shown. A dose-dependent decrease in the level of alkaline phosphatase was revealed in three groups of animals by 24.7%, 37.5% and 55.4%, respectively (p=0.002). The noted trends indicate pathological processes occurring in hepatocytes. Conclusion. In the course of this study, it was found that under the conditions of a subchronic model of the experiment with a period of remission, cadmium, having a pronounced hepatoxic effect, induces liver damage in experimental animals.

Experimental animals have long been used for research and educational purposes. However, in recent years, ethical debates regarding the rights of animals to life have also become important. It is advocated that animal experiments can be carried out for scientific goals that can contribute to human and animal welfare in the long term and in cases where there are no alternative methods. The principles of "replacement", "reduction", and "refinement", known as the 3R rule, have been updated as 4R with the addition of the "responsibility" principle. These principles provide basic guidance for the ethical use of animals in scientific experiments. Techniques that can be alternatives to animal experiments in research and biological effect studies to test synthesized drug candidate compounds and various chemicals have been developed. In vitro cell culture techniques and bioimaging methods are very important alternatives to in vivo animal experiments. The micro-dose technique is another alternative method that reveals the effects of drug candidate compounds on volunteer individuals at very low doses without using animals. Software databases and in silico computer simulations are also gaining importance in research institutions as an alternative to animal experiments. In this review, the fundamentals of animal research ethics and emerging alternatives to reduce animal use in medical experiments were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational health and biosecurity terms include scientific approaches regarding ethical values, reliable methods, and a series of precautions to be taken against risks and hazards for employees and the living material being studied. Research and development activities carried out within the scope of biotechnology involve many risks under laboratory conditions, which are their own physical area. Many precautions and practices have been defined to analyze these risks and take precautions before they occur, and laboratory guides have been created in line with these definitions. During studies carried out with experimental animals under laboratory conditions, safe working rules may be violated due to physical conditions, equipment and materials, treatments applied to the subjects, negligence, or faulty practices caused by the researcher or expert. Biosafety in animal experiments consists of a set of ethical conditions and practices declared in the guidelines of specialized laboratories at their own level, protecting employees, subjects, and life outside the laboratory. In this review, possible risks and dangers that may arise at different biosafety levels and the precautions and practices that can be taken against them are evaluated. In this way, it was aimed to contribute to the development of laboratory and biosafety criteria in animal experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the reproducibility of biomedical research results is a major challenge.Researchers reporting their research process transparently and accurately can help readers evaluate the reliability of the research results and further explore the experiment by repeating it or building upon its findings. The ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines, released in 2019 by the UK National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), provide a checklist applicable to any in vivo animal research report. These guidelines aim to improve the standardization of experimental design, implementation, and reporting, as well as the reliability, repeatability, and clinical translatability of animal experimental results. The use of ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines not only enriches the details of animal experimental research reports, ensuring that information on animal experimental results is fully evaluated and utilized, but also enables readers to understand the content expressed by the author accurately and clearly, promoting the transparency and integrity of the fundamental research review process. At present, the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines have been widely adopted by international biomedical journals. This article is a Chinese translation based on the best practices of international journals following the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines in international journals, specifically for the complete interpretation of the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines published in the PLoS Biology journal in 2020 (original text can be found at https://arriveguidelines.org). The third part of the article includes the items 8-10 of ARRIVE 2.0 Essential 10, which covers "experimental animals" "experimental procedures" and "results". Its aim is to promote the full understanding and use of the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines by domestic researchers, enhance the standardization of experimental animal research and reporting, and promote the high-quality development of experimental animal technology and comparative medicine research in China.

Copyright of Revista de la Asociación Odontológica Argentina is the property of Asociacion Odontologica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The primary objective of this work was to examine the potential neuroprotective properties of a seed extract derived from Asparagus racemosus for neurotoxicity in an acrylamide-induced zebrafish model. After ACR treatment, fish went through neurotoxic effects where glutathione reductase levels decreased by 3 times; lipid peroxidation activity increased by 3.4 times; nitrite levels increased by 1.7 times; acetylcholinesterase levels increased by 3.9 times, and total protein levels decreased by 1.4 times, compared to the wild-type zebrafish. Treatment with the standard drug vinpocetine showed a significant level of neuroprotective activity in ACR-induced zebrafish, where glutathione reductase level was increased by 2.7 times; lipid peroxidation activity decreased by 3.4 times; nitrite level decreased by 1.5 times; acetylcholinesterase decreased by 3.2 times, and total protein increased by 1.4 times. The results were comparable to those of a wild type of zebrafish. Therapy using different solvent seed extracts of Asparagus racemosus after ACR exposure restored glutathione reductase, lipid peroxides, nitrite, protein, and acetylcholinesterase activity, which was comparable to control group levels. Among the two solvent extracts, the ethanolic extract showed much better results for neuroprotective activity in ACR-induced zebrafish. After treatment with 440mg/l ethanolic seed extract, glutathione reductase level increased by 2.7 times; lipid peroxidation activity decreased by 3.1 times; nitrite level decreased by 1.4 times, and acetylcholinesterase decreased by 2.7 times. While, total protein increased by 1.3 times in ACR-induced zebrafish. The results were comparable to those of the wild type of zebrafish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) impairs the quality of life in elderly persons. ARHL is associated with comorbidities, such as depression, falls, or frailty. Frailty syndrome is related to poor health outcomes in old age. ARHL is a potentially modifiable risk factor for frailty. Oxidative stress has been proposed as a key factor underlying the onset and/or development of ARHL and frailty. Cocoa has high levels of polyphenols and provides many health benefits due to its antioxidant properties. Male and female C57Bl/6J mice were randomly assigned to two study groups: animals receiving a cocoa-supplemented diet and the other receiving a standard diet. Then, at the ages of 6, 14, and 22 months, hearing and frailty were measured in all mice. Auditory steady-state responses (ASSR) threshold shifts were measured to different frequencies. The frailty score was based on the "Valencia Score" adapted to the experimental animals. The total antioxidant capacity and total polyphenols in urine samples were also measured. Significant improvements in hearing ability are observed in the cocoa groups at 6, 14, and 22 months compared to the no cocoa group. The cocoa diet significantly retards the development of frailty in mice. Cocoa increases the concentration of polyphenols excreted in the urine, which increases the total antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, cocoa, due to its antioxidant properties, leads to significant protection against ARHL and frailty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the effects of peptide bioregulators on hemostasis in irradiated animals at low altitude conditions. The study found that radiation damage leads to disturbances in the hemostatic system, but the use of bioregulatory peptides can decrease the intensity of thrombohemorrhagic syndrome and increase antithrombin III levels in the blood. The document presents the results of experiments on irradiated animals, showing that peptide-1 and peptide-2 have positive effects on hemostasis, with peptide-2 causing hypocoagulation and increasing platelet count and fibrinolysis. The use of bioregulatory peptides shows promise in managing hemostatic disorders in irradiated individuals. Additionally, the document lists two books that may be helpful for research on hemostasis and biostatistics. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract Background Animal models are increasingly used in Nursing science to study care approaches. Despite the scientific relevance and the ethical debate surrounding the use of experimental animals, there is a scarcity of scholarly literature exploring this topic in Nursing Schools. Aim To evaluate perceptions and attitudes of nursing students enrolled in a Pharmacology course on the use of experimental animals and implementation of alternative methods, by comparing the experience for two academic years. An interdisciplinary collaboration has also been developed. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional, quantitative study was developed. Undergraduate nursing students were enrolled in the Pharmacology subject at the University of Leon (Spain). The study was carried out in the Pharmacology facilities. Students followed a two-session practical class regarding experimental animals and alternative methods in the Pharmacology course (Degree in Nursing) in two different academic years (2019–20/2020–21). At the end of the activity, they answered a questionnaire to assess their opinions on the use of experimental animals and alternative methods in Pharmacology and the 3Rs principle. Results A comparison of the students’ perception with and without direct participation in the evaluation of promazine effects in mice was made. A total of 190 students participated in the teaching experience, providing high scores in all items (4–5 out of 5 points) regarding the teaching experience. Students became also aware of the advantages and disadvantages on the use of experimental animals, as well as the ethical considerations to bear in mind for their use and the need for alternative methods. Conclusions In the students’ opinion, the total replacement of animals by alternative techniques was very difficult, and they preferred to do the practice face-to-face. The alternative method designed was useful for the students to accept the employment of experimental animals in biomedical research and education, and know the legislation applied in the protection of animals.

The influence of the dose of presowing γ-irradiation of tubers on the anatomical and morphological structure, yield, and tasting properties of potatoes of the Meteor variety has been studied. Morphological disorders—beak-shaped and heart-shaped tubers of a large fraction and small tubers in the form of embryos—were found in potatoes grown from tubers irradiated with doses of 500–600 Gy, although no external anatomical and morphological differences were noted in the stems and leaves of potato plants in the course of the vegetative development regardless of the presowing irradiation dose of tubers. Irradiation of seed tubers with doses of 200–300 Gy led to the highest yield and profitability and the best tasting qualities of grown potatoes. Experiments on the toxicity of potato tubers irradiated with doses of 100–1500 kGy and juice released during their radiolysis with doses of 1200–5000 kGy showed no negative effect on the animals that consumed them. At the same time, the physiological processes of digestion, excretion, and metabolism in experimental animals were not inhibited and the level of glucose in their blood remained within physiological reference values. The experimentally established highest doses of γ-irradiation of potatoes and the doses of introducing aqueous dispersions of the irradiated products into mice (gram of substance per 1 kg of live weight of the animal) that did not cause clinical manifestations were 10 g/kg for powdered potato tubers irradiated with a dose of 1500 kGy and 20 g/kg for dried juice powder released in the course of irradiation of potato tubers with a dose of 2000 kGy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Laboratory Animal & Comparative Medicine is the property of Laboratory Animal & Comparative Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Van Health Sciences Journal / Van Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Van Yuzuncu Yil University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this review, the histological structures of the skin are summarized for fundamental knowledge for toxicological assessment. The skin is composed of epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and associated adnexa. In the epidermis, keratinocytes comprise four layers, and three other cell types, besides keratinocytes, play various roles. Epidermal thickness varies with species and body site. In addition, it can be affected by tissue preparation procedures, which can render toxicity assessments difficult. Bulge stem cells are the origin of sebaceous glands, epidermal basal layer, and hair follicle formation, and they play an important role in the maintenance of the basic structure of the skin. Stem cells and appendages formed from stem cells sometimes become toxic targets, and it is useful to study the origins of the hair follicle/hair cycle to interpret their toxicity. Irritant contact dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis are the main adverse reactions in topical application studies. The mechanism involves direct chemical irritation of the skin, and histologically, epidermal necrosis and accompanying inflammatory cell infiltration. In allergic contact dermatitis, an inflammatory reaction and intercellular or intracellular edema, histologically represented by lymphocytic infiltration of the epidermis and dermis, are observed. Regional and species differences exist in the dermal absorption of compounds, and differences in the thickness of the stratum corneum substantially contribute to these differences. Learning the basic structures, functions, and possible artifacts will contribute to the evaluation of skin toxicity by topical and systemic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These studying of cellular structure of marrow of 69 rats of the line are given in work Vistar in day of a delivery. Activation of sprouts of a krovetvoreniye at physiological pregnancy is established. Distinctions of the marrowy answer are revealed at experimental hypo- and hyper coagulations at animals.

The macronutrient composition of food supply in China has altered dramatically in the past 70 years. Fat (oil) has increased more than 4.2-times while the carbohydrate content has declined by 34%. Vegetable oils are the major component of the fat intake and since these oils are rich in linoleic acid, there has been a significant rise in the consumption of this fatty acid (as much as a 4-fold rise). Linoleic acid has essential functions in the body in skin and as a precursor of prostaglandins and related compounds. The current intakes of linoleic acid are well in excess of the minimum requirements. In this review, the effects of a food supply rich in linoleic acid on pain in arthritis and headache, non-alcoholic fatty liver and neural function are explored, with emphasis on lipid mediators derived from linoleic acid and other long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The current world food systems have created an imbalance of dietary linoleic acid in relation to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and an imbalance in the lipid mediators derived from these polyunsaturated fatty acids which may be contributing to sub-optimal health status.

Drugs used in the treatment of alcohol intoxication can have a toxic effect on the cardiovascular, central nervous and digestive systems, which can lead to death, most often occurring at night, which is caused by the predominant tone of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, and needs experimental study using chronopharmacological methods. The inclusion of antioxidants in the scheme for the relief of alcohol intoxication contributes to a significant reduction in the pathological effects of depressants used in the standards of treatment of alcoholic disease. The study examined the effect of two groups of drugs and their combinations on pain sensitivity and behavioral reactions of aggression in rats with a formed model of chronic alcoholism. The process of selecting the most rational combinations of drugs for the treatment of patients with alcohol dependence has been carried out. Purpose of the study: To reveal the chronopharmacological features of the effects of certain psychotropic drugs and their combinations on the CNS of laboratory animals in a model of chronic alcoholism. Animals, after 10 days of alcoholization, received saturation with two drugs with a psychotropic effect and their combinations (droperidol, ethylmethyldihydrooxypyridine succinate (hereinafter, ethylmethyldihydrooxypyridine succinate), droperidol + ethylmethyldihydrooxypyridine succinate). Animal behavior was studied using the Hot Plate method. When studying the rhythm of sensitivity to electrothermal stimulation, desynchronization was noted against the background of Mexiprim, which has a direct physiological effect on the sensitivity of laboratory animals to changed conditions, bringing it closer to normal (as in intact animals), due to the fact that it refers to stimulants of the central nervous system, the fact of which is confirmed by the literature data. It was noted that droperidol has a depressant effect on the central nervous system, synchronizing pain sensitivity and aggression reactions, aggravating this process against the background of alcoholism. When conducting a histomorphological study of liver tissue, a negative effect on hepatocytes of droperidol was established against the background of chronic alcohol intoxication, in contrast to its use in combination with ethylmethyldihydrooxypyridine succinate, when a decrease in the affected areas of liver tissue can be observed with its gradual recovery and approach to a healthy structure.

Effective management of laboratory biosafety plays one of the most important roles in the national biosafety system. Laboratory animals have been widely used in the life science research field, including infection animal experiments, which have to be done in the animal biosafety laboratory (ABSL). The risk assessment and control related to laboratory animals and animal experiments are the most important affairs in ABSL, and the identification and traceability of laboratory animals detected by wireless tracking technology represent a developing tendency in ABSL management. From the perspective of biosafety, this paper summarized the development of laboratory animal identification and traceability technology,and described the application prospect in ABSL management of non-contact identification technology, especially radio frequency identification technology, which can provide reference for relevant practitioners to use the identification and traceability technology of experimental animals for biosafety control.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease, associated with chronic inflammation and the imbalance of Th17/Treg. Stanniocalcin‐1 (STC‐1), a glycoprotein, was found to have anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidative stress and anti‐apoptosis properties. The present study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of STC‐1 and its potential value in the treatment of RA. Here, a mouse model of collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) was established. Then body weight, joint erythema and swelling were measured in CIA mice with or without STC‐1 treatment. Haematoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining was performed to determine histopathological change. Moreover, the percentage of Th17 and Treg cells in the spleen and inguinal lymph nodes (ILNs) and the culture supernatant in polarizing conditions were examined by flow cytometry. Cytokines in serum were detected by ELISA. As a result, the arthritis score, histologic inflammation and cartilage destruction were decreased in CIA mice treated with STC‐1. STC‐1 increased the level of transforming growth factor‐β and inhibited the expression of interleukin‐17. In CIA mice, the percentage of CD4+IL‐17A+ cells in the spleen and ILNs were decreased after STC‐1 treatment, while the level of CD4+Foxp3+ cells did not change significantly. In vitro, STC‐1 inhibited Th17 cell differentiation and STAT3 phosphorylation in CD4+ T cells under Th17 cell‐polarizing conditions. Collectively, the results demonstrated that STC‐1 alleviated RA by inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation through regulating STAT3 phosphorylation. STC‐1 may be a potential drug for the treatment of RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Animal models are increasingly used in Nursing science to study care approaches. Despite the scientific relevance and the ethical debate surrounding the use of experimental animals, there is a scarcity of scholarly literature exploring this topic in Nursing Schools. Aim: To evaluate perceptions and attitudes of nursing students enrolled in a Pharmacology course on the use of experimental animals and implementation of alternative methods, by comparing the experience for two academic years. An interdisciplinary collaboration has also been developed. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional, quantitative study was developed. Undergraduate nursing students were enrolled in the Pharmacology subject at the University of Leon (Spain). The study was carried out in the Pharmacology facilities. Students followed a two-session practical class regarding experimental animals and alternative methods in the Pharmacology course (Degree in Nursing) in two different academic years (2019–20/2020–21). At the end of the activity, they answered a questionnaire to assess their opinions on the use of experimental animals and alternative methods in Pharmacology and the 3Rs principle. Results: A comparison of the students' perception with and without direct participation in the evaluation of promazine effects in mice was made. A total of 190 students participated in the teaching experience, providing high scores in all items (4–5 out of 5 points) regarding the teaching experience. Students became also aware of the advantages and disadvantages on the use of experimental animals, as well as the ethical considerations to bear in mind for their use and the need for alternative methods. Conclusions: In the students' opinion, the total replacement of animals by alternative techniques was very difficult, and they preferred to do the practice face-to-face. The alternative method designed was useful for the students to accept the employment of experimental animals in biomedical research and education, and know the legislation applied in the protection of animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, stressful situations are an unavoidable element of everyday life. Stressors activate a number of complex mental and physiological reactions in the organism, thus affecting the state of health of an individual. Stress is the main risk factor in the development of mental disorders, such as depression and other disorders developing as a result of addiction. Studies indicate that women are twice as likely as men to develop anxiety, depression and therefore addiction, e.g., to nicotine. Even though the data presented is indicative of significant differences between the sexes in the prevalence of these disorders, the majority of preclinical animal models for investigating stress-induced disorders use predominantly male subjects. However, the recent data indicates that this type of studies has also been launched in female rodents. Therefore, conducting research on both sexes allows for a more accurate understanding and assessment of the impact of stress on stress-induced behavioral, peripheral and molecular changes in the body and brain. In this manuscript we have gathered the data from 41 years (from 1981–2022) on the influence of stress on the development of depression and nicotine addiction in both sexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective　 To investigate the effect of interfering with the expression of VEGF-C on the radiosensitivity of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-2 cell transplanted tumor and related signaling pathways. Methods　The mice with transplanted tumors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-2 were randomly divided into tumor body group，siRNA-NC group， siRNA-VEGF-C group; irradiation group；siRNA-NC+ irradiation group; siRNA-VEGF-C+irradiation group. Tumor growth was observed，and the protein expression of VEGF-C，ATM and P65 were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results　Interference of VEGF-C expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-2 cell transplanted tumors showed significantly slower tumor growth after irradiation. Immunohistochemical test results showed that after tumor transplantation of mice interfered with VEGF-C，VEGFC and ATM were significantly decreased （ P < 0.05）， while P65 was increased （ P < 0.05） . After combined irradiation，VEGF-C and ATM were significantly decreased （P < 0.05）. Conclusion　In mouse nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-2 cell transplantation tumors，interfering with VEGF-C gene affects downstream ATM by activating NF-kB signaling pathway，thereby increasing the sensitivity of radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age-related hearing loss, or Presbycusis, is the most frequent sensory deficiency in older adults and is associated with comorbidities such as falls, cognitive decline, and frailty. Frailty is related to poor health outcomes in old age. Recent research suggested that age-related hearing loss may be a potentially modifiable risk factor for frailty, although inconclusive. The use of animal models to study the correlation between age-related hearing loss and frailty is important to test future interventions to be translated into clinical practice. The aim of this study was to determine if there is an association between age-related hearing loss and frailty in experimental animals based on the human frailty phenotype. This research studied male and female C57Bl/6J mice at different ages (6, 14, and 22 months). Auditory steady-state response threshold shifts were measured at different frequencies. To assess frailty status, we were based on the "Valence Score," which consists of measuring: weakness, weight loss, low level of activity, slowness, and little resistance. We found that hearing is significantly lower in older age groups. The mice become frail as they age. The worsening in auditory steady-state responses threshold shifts with age correlates significantly with an increasing frailty. No significant differences were found between both sexes. Our research is, to our knowledge, the first carried out in experimental animals to establish the association between age-related hearing loss and frailty, which would provide a useful tool to evaluate future interventions in mice before translating them into clinical practice., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Urea is an organic compound that has been reported to be effective against many pathological conditions. However, many other studies have reported the toxic effects of urea. These controversies on the biological roles of urea remain unresolved. This review aims to evaluate the biological roles of urea in experimental animals from data published in peer-reviewed journals. A PubMed search was conducted using the phrase, "urea application in experimental animals." A total of 13 publications that met the inclusion criteria were evaluated. The test substance, animal model, number of animals, doses, duration of treatment, and effects were recorded. Regarding the toxic effect, urea caused decreased excretion of other nitrogenous compounds, increased oxidative stress, decreased insulin, and impairment of beta-cell glycolysis. Furthermore, it caused endothelial dysfunction, loss of synapsis, and decreased olfaction. Regarding the therapeutic effects, urea caused increased growth, increased digestion, and decreased hepatic dysfunction. It also induced apoptosis of tumor cells and exerted neuroprotective properties. Products containing urea should be used with caution, especially in individuals with symptoms of chronic kidney disease. However, more studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our country, laboratories are working areas where there are many risks in terms of occupational health and safety. The knowledge levels, attitudes, and behaviors of employees in terms of OHS should be well known, especially in these work areas where biological, chemical, and physical risk factors are intense. Considering the researchers as well as employees in experimental animal laboratories, the OHS knowledge level of those employees in these centers is important not only for protecting themselves but also for the protection of incoming researchers and their families. With this review, it has been tried to give up-to-date information about the hazards that employees and researchers may encounter and the precautions to be taken according to the biosafety levels in laboratories where animal experiments are carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of the study. An analysis of indices of free radical oxidation and respiration of mitochondria of heart cells in a malignant process in presence of diabetes mellitus and chronic neurogenic pain in experimental animals.Materials and methods. The study included outbred female rats (n=32) and С57ВL/6 female mice (n=84). Experimental groups of rats were: intact group 1 (n=8), control group 1 (n=8) with diabetes mellitus (DM), comparison group 1 (n=8) with standard subcutaneous transplantation of Guerin’s carcinoma, main group 1 (n=8) with Guerin’s carcinoma transplanted after 1 week of persistent hyperglycemia. Experimental groups of mice were: intact group 2 (n=21), control group 2 (n=21) with a model of chronic neurogenic pain (CNP), comparison group 2 (n=21) with standard subcutaneous transplantation of melanoma (B16/F10), main group 2 (n=21) (CNP+B16/F10) with melanoma transplanted 3 weeks after the CNP model creation. Heart mitochondria were isolated by differential centrifugation. Levels of cytochrome C (ng/mg of protein), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) (ng/mg of protein), and malondialdehyde (MDA) (μmol/g of protein) were measured in mitochondrial samples by ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistica 10.0 program.Results. DM in rats upregulated 8-OHdG by 6.3 times and MDA by 1.9 times (р=0.0000) and downregulated cytochrome C by 1.5 times (р=0.0053) in heart cell mitochondria, compared to intact values. DM+Guerin’s carcinoma in rats increased 8-OHdG by 14.0 times and MDA by 1.7 times (р=0.0000) and decreased cytochrome C by 1.5 times (р=0.0000), compared to intact values. CNP in mice did not affect the studied parameters in mitochondria of the heart. CNP+B16/F10 in mice increased 8-OHdG by 7.1 times and MDA by 1.6 times (р=0.0000) and decreased cytochrome C by 1.6 times (р=0.0008).Conclusions. Comorbidity (diabetes mellitus, chronic neurogenic pain) together with malignant pathology aggravates mitochondrial dysfunction of heart cells with destabilization of the respiratory chain mediated by free radical oxidation processes.

This is a pilot study dealing with the reduced femoral bone structure in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats following a 10 weeks treatment with bee bread and Cornelian cherries. The adult ZDF rats were divided into 4 groups: the E1 group received bee bread (500 mg/kg b.w. daily), the E2 group received Cornelian cherries (500 mg/kg b.w. per day), the E3 group was simultaneously supplemented by bee bread and Cornelian cherries (500 + 500 mg/kg b.w. daily), and the C group served as an untreated diabetic control. A non-significant decrease in the blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride concentrations, ALP activity and a non-significant increase in the insulin, total body weight of the ZDF rats, femoral length and weight were observed in the E1, E2, and E3 groups. The treatments had no impact on the relative volume of the cortical bone, bone mineral density, bone surface and cortical bone thickness. On the contrary, the relative volume of the trabecular bone, trabecular thickness and trabecular bone surface were significantly increased in the E1 group. The relative volume of the trabecular bone and trabecular thickness were significantly elevated in the E2 group. In the E3 group, the trabecular thickness was found to have significantly increased. Single administrations of either bee bread or Cornelian cherries had more positive effects on the trabecular bone microarchitecture in the ZDF rats than the simultaneous supplementation.

The KiiM retreat took place in Lidingö, Stockholm and gathered 150 immunologists from Karolinska Institutet (KI) including faculty, postdocs and PhD students. Keywords: diseases; experimental animals; humans; immunity; in vitro; infections; inflammation; tissues EN diseases experimental animals humans immunity in vitro infections inflammation tissues 1 4 4 06/14/22 20220601 NES 220601 INTRODUCTION Karolinska Institutet Inflammation and Immunology Network (KiiM) has, for more than a decade, gathered immunologists at the annual KiiM retreat. [Extracted from the article]

Dental microwear is used to investigate feeding ecology. Animals ingest geological material in addition to food. The full effect of geological abrasives on tooth wear is unknown. To evaluate mineralogical abrasives as tooth wear agents, rats were fed food manufactured with quartz silt, diatomaceous earth, and calcium carbonate. Rats were assigned to treatments and fed for 15 days. Molars were scanned with a Sensofar Plu Neox confocal microscope and evaluated using ISO-25178-2 parameters and traditional microwear variables using light microscopy. Using a pellet-diet as the control, all treatments had influence on microwear and discriminant function analyses indicated that unique surface textures had been produced. ISO variables with high discriminatory values were correlated to scratch and pit frequencies, but more ISO parameters identified changes associated with numbers of scratches than changes associated with pits. The microwear changes associated with the abrasive inclusions were co-dependent on the type of diet that the abrasives had been added to. The abrasives had less effect with pellets but produced more modified and more differentiated microwear when added to the transgenic dough. Although abrasives produce distinctive surface textures, some knowledge of the properties of food with the abrasives is needed to identify the abrasive agent.