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BackgroundMethodsResultsConclusionsCognitive flexibility is a key factor underlying emotion regulation (ER) and mental health. However, the impact of cognitive flexibility on flexible deployment of ER strategies in changing contexts remains unknown. This study investigated the effects of cognitive flexibility on two noteworthy ER constructs (strategy use and flexibility) and examined downstream impacts on negative affect.Healthy adult participants (N = 202) completed a 10-day experience sampling protocol. Cognitive flexibility, daily ER (including flexibility and ten specific strategies) and negative affect in daily life were measured. We conducted multilevel regression and mediation models to examine associations among cognitive flexibility, daily ER, and negative affect in daily life.Higher cognitive flexibility predicted higher ER flexibility – indicated by strategy – situation fit, use of meta-ER skills and between-strategy variability – as well as higher use of reappraisal and problem solving, but lower use of worry. Mediation analyses suggested that enhanced ER flexibility and reduced use of worry linked cognitive flexibility to reduced negative affect.Overall, findings have important implications for understanding the effects of cognitive flexibility on rigid versus flexible ER in ever-changing situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript presents a novel geofencing method in behavioral research. Geofencing, built upon geolocation technology, constitutes virtual fences around specific locations. Every time a participant crosses the virtual border around the geofenced area, an event can be triggered on a smartphone, e.g., the participant may be asked to complete a survey. The geofencing method can alleviate the problems of constant location tracking, such as recording sensitive geolocation information and battery drain. In scenarios where locations for geofencing are determined by participants (e.g., home, workplace), no location data need to be transferred to the researcher, so this method can ensure privacy and anonymity. Given the widespread use of smartphones and mobile Internet, geofencing has become a feasible tool in studying human behavior and cognition outside of the laboratory. The method can help advance theoretical and applied psychological science at a new frontier of context-aware research. At the same time, there is a lack of guidance on how and when geofencing can be applied in research. This manuscript aims to fill the gap and ease the adoption of the geofencing method. We describe the current challenges and implementations in geofencing and present three empirical studies in which we evaluated the geofencing method using the Samply application, a tool for mobile experience sampling research. The studies show that sensitivity and precision of geofencing were affected by the type of event, location radius, environment, operating system, and user behavior. Potential implications and recommendations for behavioral research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study explores the associations among narcissistic traits, interpersonal behaviors, and aggression using repeated, situation‐based measurement. We examine narcissism's relations with aggression across three levels of its theorized hierarchy (level 1: narcissism; level 2: grandiose vs. vulnerable narcissism; level 3: antagonism, agentic extraversion, and narcissistic neuroticism). Methods: Using an experience‐sampling approach, the current study examined the effects of narcissism and its finer‐grained components on daily affective experiences and aggressive behaviors in the context of interpersonal interactions. Data were collected from 477 undergraduate students who were instructed to complete four prompts a day for ten consecutive days. Results: Narcissism at the global construct level positively predicted multiple indices of episodic aggression (i.e., aggressive temper, aggressive urge, verbal aggression). At the dual‐dimension level, grandiose narcissism specifically predicted aggression, and then at the trifurcated level, interpersonal antagonism predicted aggression by itself and in interaction with event‐level negative affect. Negative affect consistently exhibited both within‐ and between‐person effects on aggression. Conclusion: In real‐life social interactions, narcissism dimensions differentially affect the way individuals experience social interactions and process negative affect, and thus in both research and clinical practice, narcissism is best assessed as a heterogeneous, multidimensional construct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we present the findings of the pilot phase of the SmartCrisis 2.0 Randomized Clinical Trial. This pilot study aimed to explore the feasibility and acceptability of a safety plan contained in a smartphone app. Our sample consisted patients with a history of recent suicidal behaviour who installed a smartphone-based safety plan. To explore the satisfaction with of the safety plan, two patient satisfaction surveys were conducted: one qualitative and one quantitative. To explore the objective use of the safety plan, we gained access to texts contained in the safety plans completed by the patients. Participation rate was 77%, while 48.9% patients completed both satisfaction surveys at the end of the pilot phase. N = 105 successfully installed the safety plan. In a scale from 1 to 10, users rated the usefulness of the security plan at 7.4, the usability at 8.9, the degree to which they would recommend it to others at 8.6 and the overall satisfaction with the project including evaluations at 9.6. The most widely completed tab was warning signs. Feeling sad or lonely was the warning sign most commonly reported by patients. The second most completed tab was internal coping strategies. Walking or practicing any other exercise was the strategy most commonly resorted to. Our smartphone-based safety plan appears to be a feasible intervention. Data obtained from this pilot study showed high participation rates and high acceptability by patients. This, together with the general satisfaction with the project, supports its implementation in the clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Service employees' surface acting is exhausting, but it is unclear if exhaustion appears instantly after a single service episode. Moreover, evidence regarding the reversed causality in which exhaustion predicts surface acting is scarce and unequivocal. Our experience-sampling study investigates dynamic reciprocal relations between service employees' exhaustion and surface acting, and additionally deep acting, across two service episodes, the first one of the day and the last one before lunchtime. Drawing on conservation of resources theory, we hypothesised that exhaustion is an antecedent of episode-specific surface acting and that episode-specific surface acting is an antecedent of exhaustion directly following the service episode. During five days, 120 service employees answered three daily surveys between morning and lunchtime. Multilevel path analysis showed that exhaustion before work was not related to first-episode surface acting. First-episode surface acting was positively related to subsequent exhaustion, which was positively related to subsequent surface acting, which was positively related to subsequent exhaustion. Exhaustion experienced after the first service episode was also positively related to subsequent deep acting. Findings highlight the importance of integrating reciprocal relations between exhaustion and surface acting into the emotional labour literature and studying the direct well-being costs of surface acting in single service episodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Despite various methodological concerns, previous studies mainly use questionnaires to assess mindfulness. Following a multi-measurement approach, the present study aimed to evaluate the added value of an experience-sampling measure in the context of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Method: Data were collected in a PTSD group, depression group, and control group (each n = 33). The Mindful-Breathing Exercise (MBE) was used as an experience-sampling method and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) as a mindfulness questionnaire. Clinical variables included PTSD and depressive symptoms. Results: Scores from the MBE and the FFMQ were positively correlated in the control group (r = 0.48) and the depression group (r = 0.28), while a non-significant correlation emerged for the PTSD group. On the level of FFMQ facets, results were heterogeneous among the three groups. The MBE predicted hyperarousal (β = − 0.41) and intrusions (β = − 0.32) in the PTSD group, whereas the FFMQ predicted depressive symptoms in the depression group (β = − 0.41) and the control group (β = − 0.65). Compared to the control group, the PTSD group (d = 1.88) and the depression group (d = 1.67) demonstrated lower FFMQ scores. In terms of the MBE, there was a trend towards higher scores in the control group than either clinical group. Conclusions: Findings hint at conceptual overlaps and distinctive features of both measurement approaches. With respect to the clinical context, results suggest an added value of the MBE to questionnaire-based assessments of mindfulness with respect to its predictive value for hyperarousal and intrusions. Preregistration: This study is not pre-registered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescence is characterized by frequent emotional challenges, intense emotions, and higher levels of expressive suppression use than found in older populations. While evidence suggests that contingent expressive suppression use based on context is the most functional, it remains unclear whether adolescents use expressive suppression differentially based on social context. Because the peer relationship is highly salient in adolescence, the current study was designed to assess whether adolescents use expressive suppression differentially based on their social context. Adolescents (N = 179, Mage = 13.94, 49.2% female) reported emotional events using experience sampling via a smartphone application for 14 days. Multilevel modeling revealed that adolescents used less expressive suppression when they were alone compared with when they were with people, and used more expressive suppression when they were with their peers compared with when they were with family. In addition, more closeness with family predicted less overall expressive suppression use, while closeness with peers did not influence the level of expressive suppression use within the peer context. We discuss the importance of peer relations in adolescence and the relationship between closeness and emotional expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Notifications are an indispensable feature of mobile devices, but their delivery can interrupt and distract users. Prior work has examined interventions, such as deferring notification delivery to opportune moments, but has not systematically studied how users might prefer an intelligent system to manage their notifications. Hence, we directly probed Android smartphone users' notification preferences via a one-week experiencesampling study (N = 35). We found that users prefer mitigating undesired interruptions by suppressing alerts over deferring them and referred to notification content factors more frequently than contextual factors for explaining their preferences. Then we demonstrated the challenges and potentials of leveraging user actions to help predict notification preferences. Specifically, we showed that a model personalized using user actions achieved a performance gain of 39% than a generic model. This improvement is similar to the 42% performance gain using labels solicited from the user while using observable user actions causes no extra disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Undertaking an experience-sampling study via smartphones is complex. Scheduling and sending mobile notifications often requires the use of proprietary software that imposes limits on participants' operating systems (whether iOS or Android) or the types of questions that can be asked via the application. We have developed an open-source platform—Samply—which overcomes these limitations. Researchers can access the entire interface via a browser, manage studies, schedule and send notifications linking to online surveys or experiments created in any Internet-based service or software, and monitor participants' responses—all without the coding skills usually needed to program a native mobile application. Participants can download the Samply Research mobile application for free from Google Play or the App Store, join a specific study, receive notifications and web links to surveys or experiments, and track their involvement. The mobile application leverages the power of the React Native JavaScript library, which allows it to be rendered in the native code of Android and iOS mobile operating systems. We describe Samply, provide a step-by-step example of conducting an experience-sampling study, and present the results of two validation studies. Study 1 demonstrates how we improved the website's usability for researchers. Study 2 validates the mobile application's data recording ability by analyzing a survey's participation rate. The application's possible limitations and how mobile device settings might affect its reliability are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Withdrawal from work by frontline employees (FLEs) is generally perceived by managers as counterproductive or anti-service behavior. However, there may be detrimental effects of continuing to provide a service, particularly after an FLE has experienced incivility. The possible beneficial effects of withdrawal on frontline service employees' well-being have rarely been investigated. In this article, we conducted two studies to examine the moderating role of on- and off-task withdrawal behaviors on the relationship between customer incivility and employees' emotional exhaustion. In Study 1, we examined parking officers' reactions to customer incivility. We found support for the role of off-task withdrawal as a resource-replenishing strategy, which mitigated the relationship between customer incivility and emotional exhaustion. In Study 2, we examined a sample of nurses in a large hospital to compare the replenishing potential of both on-task and off-task withdrawal strategies. We found that off-task withdrawal served a replenishing function, while on-task withdrawal aggravated nurses' feeling of emotional exhaustion as a result of customer incivility. These results highlight different resource implications, including recovery benefits of short-term withdrawal behaviors at work, and provide important theoretical and practical implications for the management of customer incivility and frontline service employees' well-being and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is based on the conservation of resources (COR) theory and the job demands-resources (JD-R) model and aimed to investigate the potential within-person relationships between self-efficacy, work engagement, and workplace deviance behavior on a daily level and the potential cross-level effect of job control among construction workers. Data were collected from 128 construction professionals and workers over five consecutive working days using the experience-sampling method. The hierarchical linear modeling results indicated that in construction professionals and workers, the daily experience of self-efficacy was positively associated with daily work engagement, which in turn negatively influenced daily deviance behavior at work. The results also revealed the cross-level moderating effect; job control strengthened the within-person suppressing impact of work engagement on deviance behavior. This study provides episodic evidence for the impact of self-efficacy on work engagement and deviance behavior in the workplace. These findings contribute to the positive psychology knowledge in construction projects by unveiling the psychosocial mechanism of construction professionals and workers through the daily diary survey method to capture the daily fluctuation of beliefs, engagement, and deviance behavior and by revealing the resource accumulation corollary of the COR theory and the motivation process of the JD-R model to highlight the facilitating function of personal and job resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowing yourself requires knowing not only what you are like in general (trait self-knowledge) but also how your personality fluctuates from moment to moment (state self-knowledge). We examined this latter form of self-knowledge. Participants (248 people; 2,938 observations) wore the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR), an unobtrusive audio recorder, and completed experience-sampling self-reports of their personality states four times each day for 1 week. We estimated state self-knowledge by comparing self-reported personality states with consensual observer ratings of personality states coded from the EAR files, which formed the criterion for what participants were "actually" like in the moment. People had self-insight into their momentary extraversion, conscientiousness, and likely neuroticism, suggesting that people can accurately detect fluctuations in some aspects of their personality. However, the evidence for self-insight was weaker for agreeableness. This apparent self-ignorance may be partly responsible for interpersonal problems and for blind spots in trait self-knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the importance of emotions in the professional life of teachers, there is not much research on daily emotions of mathematics teachers beyond general research on mathematics anxiety of mathematics teachers and pre-service teachers in elementary school. Using the theory of cognitive structure of emotions, this qualitative case study research starts filling this gap by pursuing the following goals: (1) identify the daily discrete emotions in classroom of a high school mathematics teacher, (2) identify the situations that trigger those emotions, and (3) identify the appraisal structure that supports those emotions. Data was gathered through audiotaped self-reports in which the participating teacher reported his emotional experiences during 13 mathematics classes and one interview performed after the receipt of all self-reports. Our results show that the teacher participant experienced diverse emotions, such as satisfaction, disappointment, appreciation, happy-for, sorry-for, reproach, and anger. The triggering situations for the cognitive appraisals are about the achievement of the planned activities for the lessons and student learning. The support of the appraisals is the participants' belief that the "good attitude" of students—students' "collaboration," "independence," and "participation"—is a necessary condition to achieve participant's goals in class and for the students to learn. Our results are, in general, consistent with the research on emotions of teachers from elementary to high-school levels which shows that students' behavior in the classroom has an important impact on teachers' emotional experiences. We propose the hypothesis, for future research, that the emotional experiences of other mathematics teachers in classroom are triggered by the perceived mathematical behavior and the perceived mathematical learning of their students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In an investigation with 133 undergraduate students, we measured affective, cognitive, behavioral engagement, and self-regulation with a pre-survey, a post-survey, and in the moment of studying using experience-sampling methodology (ESM). We compared within these self-report techniques and also between self-reports and objective measures afforded by ESM. We found similar patterns that differed in detail. Furthermore, the ESM surveys allowed for a more fine-grained exploration of engagement related to studying behavior. Importantly, we compared fixed sampling and event-based sampling and found that the latter significantly improved sampling accuracy. Finally, we posit that a new and useful way to assess student self-regulation is the relationship between when students predict that they will study and when students report actual studying in the moment using ESM, which we call implementation rate. We were able to capture and examine all three dimensions of engagement (behavioral, cognitive and affective engagement) and self-regulation in authentic settings and in the same study, allowing us to examine the relationships among these variables exactly when learning occurs, which has several theoretical and practical implications. Highlights • Experience-sampling method collects data in the moment and the context of learning. • ESM and traditional self-reports had similar patterns but differed in details. • Event-based sampling outperformed fixed sampling in sampling accuracy. • ESM-Mobile collects data about behavioral, cognitive, and affective engagement. • Implementation rates are new forms of evidence for self-regulation of learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has focused on differences in early life experiences that occur between families and their impact on children's development. However, less is known about the variations in early life experiences that occur within families. Here, 53 British mothers (mean age = 34.46 years; SD = 4.35) of newborn infants (mean age = 1.68 months, SD = 0.96) used a smartphone application (app) to repeatedly rate their wellbeing and support and to report their baby's and their own dietary and sleeping patterns (4 app alerts per week for 3 weeks; 12 assessments in total). We found that the app was a practicable tool for observing early life experiences, and that early life experiences differed on average to a greater extent within, rather than between families (59% versus 41% of the total variance). We also found preliminary evidence for meaningful associations among contemporaneous within-family variations in early life experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent personality psychology literature has coined the name of personality states to refer to states having the same behavioural, affective and cognitive content (described by adjectives) as the corresponding trait, but for a shorter duration. The variability in personality states may be the reaction to specific characteristics of situations. The aim of our study is to investigate whether specific situational factors, that is, different configurations of face-to-face interactions, are predictors of variability of personality states in a work environment. The obtained results provide evidence that within-person variability in personality is associated with variation in face-to-face interactions. Interestingly, the effects differ by type and level of the personality states: adaptation effects for Agreeableness and Emotional Stability, whereby the personality states of an individual trigger similar states in other people interacting with them and complementarity effects for Openness to Experience, whereby the personality states of an individual trigger opposite states in other people interacting with them. Overall, these findings encourage further research to characterize face-to-face and social interactions in terms of their relevance to personality states.

Recent investigations highlighted the role of within-person pubertal changes for adolescents' behavior. Yet, little is known about effects on adolescents' daily affect, particularly regarding the hormonal changes underlying physical changes during puberty. In a study with 148 boys aged 10 to 20 years, we tested whether within-person physical and hormonal changes over eight months predicted everyday affect fluctuations, measured with experience sampling. As expected, greater within-person changes in testosterone (but not in dehydroepiandrosterone) were associated with higher affect fluctuations in daily life. Additionally, greater physical changes predicted higher affect fluctuations for individuals in the beginning of puberty. The findings demonstrate the relevance of physical and hormonal changes in boys' affective (in)stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incredible advancement in the ICT sector has challenged technology developers, designers, and psychologists to reflect on how to develop technologies to promote mental health. Computerized experience-sampling method appears to be a promising assessment approach to investigate the real-time fluctuation of experience in daily life in order to detect stressful events. At this purpose, we developed PsychLog (http://psychlog.com) a free open-source mobile experience sampling platform that allows psychophysiological data to be collected, aggregated, visualized and collated into reports. Results showed a good classification of relaxing and stressful events, defining the two groups with psychological analysis and verifying the discrimination with physiological measures. Within the paradigm of Positive Technology, our innovative approach offers for researchers and clinicians new effective opportunities for the assessment and treatment of the psychological stress in daily situations.

Background: Perception of bodily signals-or interoception-has been suggested to facilitate individuals' habitual use of emotion regulation (ER) strategies and to guide the flexible deployment of specific ER strategies. Previous research has shown that the emotional intensity of stimuli modulates regulatory choice between disengagement (i.e., distraction) and engagement strategies (i.e., reappraisal)., Method: This study used experience-sampling methods to investigate the role of interoceptive attention in dynamic changes in ER strategies. Healthy participants first completed one-time measurements of ER strategies, emotional awareness and interoceptive attention in the lab and then reported on negative events and use of strategies including reappraisal and distraction, throughout daily life., Results: Results showed that interoceptive attention was positively associated with habitual use of several ER strategies, and emotional awareness mediated the relations between interoceptive attention and these ER strategies. Results also suggested an interaction between interoceptive attention and intensity of negative events; individuals with higher interoceptive attention used distraction rather than reappraisal only during high intensity negative life events, but those with lower interoceptive attention used more distraction than reappraisal, regardless of event intensity., Conclusions: Overall, these findings suggest interoceptive attention may increase emotional awareness, which in turn facilitates application of certain ER strategies but also the flexible deployment of appropriate strategies tailored to a given situation. Training interoceptive attention may provide a promising way to improve ER and promote mental health., (© 2022 The Author(s).)

In the present study teacher students' contextual learning experiences were examined longitudinally in authentic study environments using the contextual activity sampling system, a means of mobile-supported experience sampling. The students' (n = 9) experiences were first recorded during a 2 week period in their first year of study. The same measurements were repeated again for a 2 week follow-up in the second year, accompanied by interviews before and after the follow-up. The first year of study consisted mostly of lectures and ordinary small-group work, whereas the second measurement period ran parallel to the completion of an intensive inquiry-based project, which was the focus of the present study. A multivariate analysis of variance revealed that studying during the inquiry-based period produced stronger experiences of being challenged as well as negative affects than the teacher-centered period. The participants' experiences of competence, commitment and positive affects did not differ during the two periods. However, interview data indicated that the participants enjoyed the inquiry-based period and that the work was intensive. Contextual data and interviews were also used to describe students' experiences during one particular study session during the inquiry-based project. The results suggest that negative affects may be an essential part of the process of gradually learning to take responsibility for both individual and collaborative learning processes. Possibilities for using experience-sampling methods to analyze collaborative learning are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the psychometric properties of an experience-sampling measure of affect (PANAS) using data from self- and peer reports. A multivariate multilevel model was used to assess the reliability of the latent PANAS scales at the within- and between-person level. Findings suggest satisfying internal consistencies for self- and peer reports of affective experiences at both levels of analysis. Convergent and discriminant validity of the two affect scales were examined by means of a multilevel multitrait-multimethod approach (MLM-MTMM) indicating distinct findings at the within- and between-person level. These findings provide further insights into the structural relations between the two PANAS scales: Whereas positive and negative affect were unrelated at the between-person level; they were negatively correlated at the within-person level. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although emotional dysfunction is an important aspect of major depressive disorder (MDD), it has rarely been studied in daily life. Peeters, Nicolson, Berkhof, Delespaul, and deVries (2003) observed a surprising mood-brightening effect when individuals with MDD reported greater reactivity to positive events. To better understand this phenomenon, we conducted a multimethod assessment of emotional reactivity to daily life events, obtaining detailed reports of appraisals and event characteristics using the experience-sampling method and the Day Reconstruction Method (Kahneman, Krueger, Schkade, Schwarz, & Stone, 2004) in 35 individuals currently experiencing a major depressive episode, 26 in a minor depressive (mD) episode, and 38 never-depressed healthy controls. Relative to healthy controls, both mood-disordered groups reported greater daily negative affect and lower positive affect and reported events as less pleasant, more unpleasant, and more stressful. Importantly, MDD and mD individuals reported greater reductions in negative affect following positive events, an effect that converged across assessment methods and was not explained by differences in prevailing affect, event appraisals, or medications. Implications of this curious mood-brightening effect are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an intensification of work in global health systems, a phenomenon that could increase work-family conflict, exhaustion, and intentions to leave among healthcare workers. The main objective of this study is to analyze if daily work-family conflict and burnout could explain the daily leaving intentions and vitality of healthcare workers. This is a diary study, which employs an experience-sampling methodology (ESM). A total of 56 physicians, nurses, and nursing aides from intensive care and nephrology units filled out various quantitative scales during 5 working days (56 × 5 = 280 observations). Multilevel hierarchical analysis showed that daily work-family conflict and burnout were significantly associated with higher daily intentions of leaving the profession, and with lower levels of daily vitality. In addition, those workers who experienced more work-family conflict and depersonalization on a daily basis were those who showed more intentions to leave and less daily vitality, showing an interactive effect. The results highlight the importance of examining the psychosocial risks experienced by healthcare workers by employing experience-sampling methodologies, which could help us to deepen our understanding of the proximal antecedents of their intentions to leave and their psychological well-being.

• Behavioral and cognitive engagement in mobile learning vary across time and context. • ESM-Mobile affords to exam in-the-moment and person-level processes of engagement. • Self-efficacy at various grain sizes influence engagement in context differently. • Contextual features are on a continuum from person-driven to environment-driven. • Contextual features interact with self-efficacy in influencing engagement. With the affordances of mobile devices and experience-sampling method, this study took a person-in-context research orientation and examined the interactive relationship between self-efficacy, contextual features, and behavioral and cognitive engagement in authentic mobile learning contexts. Participants include 52 college students in teacher education programs. They responded to experience-sampling surveys based on the study events that they planned for the two weeks prior to exams during the semester. Regression analysis revealed that students' course-specific self-efficacy and characteristics of planned study events were significantly associated with students' behavioral engagement related to how well students implemented their study plans. Hierarchical regression analysis also showed that contextual features of the study environment, including study location and reasons for studying, moderated the relationship between task-specific self-efficacy and cognitive engagement. The results highlight the critical roles of self-efficacy and contextual features in influencing engagement in authentic anywhere and anytime mobile learning. The affordances and hinderances of experience-sampling method and mobile technologies in supporting engagement research were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent personality psychology literature has coined the name of personality states to refer to states having the same behavioural, affective and cognitive content (described by adjectives) as the corresponding trait, but for a shorter duration. The variability in personality states may be the reaction to specific characteristics of situations. The aim of our study is to investigate whether specific situational factors, that is, different configurations of face-to-face interactions, are predictors of variability of personality states in a work environment. The obtained results provide evidence that within-person variability in personality is associated with variation in face-to-face interactions. Interestingly, the effects differ by type and level of the personality states: adaptation effects for Agreeableness and Emotional Stability, whereby the personality states of an individual trigger similar states in other people interacting with them and complementarity effects for Openness to Experience, whereby the personality states of an individual trigger opposite states in other people interacting with them. Overall, these findings encourage further research to characterize face-to-face and social interactions in terms of their relevance to personality states., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Mobile technologies are revolutionizing the field of mental health, and particular progress has been made in their application to addiction research and treatment. The use of smartphones and other mobile devices has been shown to be feasible with individuals addicted to any of a wide range of substances, with few biases being observed concerning the repeated monitoring of daily life experiences, craving, or substance use. From a methodological point of view, the use of mobile technologies overcomes longstanding limitations of traditional clinical research protocols, including the more accurate assessment of temporal relationships among variables, as well as the reduction in both contextual constraints and discipline-specific methodological isolation. The present article presents a conceptual review of these advances while using illustrations of research applications that are capable of overcoming specific methodological barriers. Finally, a brief review of both the benefits and risks of mobile technology use for the treatment of patients will be addressed.