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High rates of faculty turnover can be costly to the reputation of an institution and to the quality of instruction. Community colleges may expect high rates of faculty turnover as an aging workforce retires. Other sources of attrition, however, can be attributed to organizational characteristics and the structural properties of faculty work. This study examined non-retirement turnover intent in an urban community college. Specifically, the study utilized an expectancy theory framework to explore the relationship between turnover intent and faculty perceptions of autonomy, organizational support for innovation, and collegial communication. The study population included all full-time faculty members employed by an urban community college in the southeastern U.S. Survey responses from 66% (N=149) of the invited population revealed that organizational support for innovation had the strongest effect on turnover intent. Faculty who reported higher levels of support for innovation were less likely to indicate intentions to leave. Findings suggest that community colleges can target innovation and organizational change as vehicles for enhancing faculty retention rates. Change initiatives related to curriculum, governance, and faculty development can be designed in ways that facilitate faculty commitment to the institution.

The contribution of placebo effects can be measured by manipulating psychological factors, such as positive expectations for exercise outcomes, without the need for traditional placebos (such as inert substances). While placebo effects are well known, research has revealed intriguing findings suggesting that placebos can have beneficial effects even when studies are performed without deception. Open-label placebo (OLP) interventions (prescribed honestly), which harness the power of belief, may represent another effective method for enhancing the benefits of exercise effects. This study compared the efficacy of a conventional placebo intervention, an OLP intervention, and a control group among 89 individuals. Participants’ levels of affective response after exercise and exercise behaviour were assessed during the intervention period (4 weeks) and at follow-up (4 weeks). The results revealed similar levels of improvement in all outcomes across the three conditions. Both the conventional placebo and OLP intervention groups exhibited greater enhancements in postexercise enjoyment. OLP interventions demonstrated distinct advantages in terms of remembered affect and expectation fulfilment. Nonetheless, neither intervention directly stimulated postintervention exercise behaviour. Future studies should continue to explore the impact of OLP interventions on adherence to exercise behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brief exercise bouts can have positive effects on the affective state, which in turn could affect the intention for future exercise. Such benefits may be enhanced by manipulating expectations. The aim of this study was to examine whether the affective state after physical activity or the intention for future exercise can be influenced by manipulating expectations. Furthermore, the relationship between affect and intention was investigated. In an online experiment, 121 persons completed either a 10‐minute workout (PA), a workout after manipulation of expectations (PA + EM), or a control intervention (CG) after randomized group allocation. Data on affective state, expectations, and intention were collected before and after the intervention using questionnaires. After intervention, PA groups showed significantly more positive values than CG in several affective parameters, in other affective parameters, only PA + EM differed from CG. Affect was positively associated with intention alongside outcome expectations. No difference was found in intention. Although no significant effects of expectation manipulation on affective state or intention were found, latent effects cannot be ruled out. Further exploration of the importance of word choice in describing physical activity in the context of interventions to increase physical activity is necessary. Here, affect should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although intergroup contact is effective at reducing prejudice, avoidance of intergroup contact often creates a barrier to prejudice reduction. The present study aimed to reduce majority members' desire to avoid intergroup interactions by devising an intervention aimed at altering cognitive appraisals. Majority group participants (156 Anglo Australians) were assigned to either the intervention or one of two control conditions. The intervention educated majority members about evidence-based techniques to improve interactions with minority members. Participants were provided with two interaction scenarios, one involving an outgroup minority and one involving an ingroup majority member. As predicted, the intervention reduced threat appraisal for the scenario involving outgroup minority member, but not for one involving ingroup majority member. The intervention similarly reduced avoidance desire, but this reduction was not restricted to the minority partner scenario; it was independent of the partner group. The importance of cognitive appraisals in improving intergroup relations is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION: Previous reviews have reported the efficacy of acupuncture in managing cancer-related symptoms. However, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews examining how patients' expectancy regarding acupuncture influences treatment outcomes in the context of cancer survivorship. LITERATURE SEARCH: 9 databases were searched for articles published through August 2023. The authors included acupuncture studies that reported on patient expectancy for the effectiveness of acupuncture. DATA EVALUATION: 10 studies were included in this review. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and the ROBINS-I (Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies-of Interventions) tool. SYNTHESIS: 5 studies explored the relationship between expectancy and cancer-related outcomes, and in 3, expectancy was significantly associated with reduced pain, frequency of bowel movements, and severity of insomnia. Male and older patients, nonresponders to acupuncture, and those with lower education levels had lower expectancy regarding acupuncture. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Healthcare providers should assess patient expectancy to comprehensively understand its role in improving acupuncture outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Credibility and expectancy are important aspects of therapy/treatment processes. We aimed to perform cross-cultural validation and examine the psychometric properties of the Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ). Ninety-one patients with opioid use disorder from Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drug Addiction Treatment Program were included in the study. Sociodemographic data form, CEQ, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Attitudes Toward Seeking Psychological Professional Help Scale-Short Form (ATSPPHS-SF) were filled out by participants. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that CEQ has two factors in our sample, similar to the original version. Reliability analyses showed that CEQ has a high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Regarding convergent validity results, CEQ was correlated with ATSPPHS-SF. No significant correlation was found between CEQ and BDI and STAI regarding discriminant validity results. In conclusion, the Turkish version of CEQ is a valid, reliable scale and could be used in patients with opioid use disorder. In patients with opioid use disorder, we contributed to the addiction literature by adapting a short and effective survey that measures trust and expectation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nocebo hyperalgesia is a pervasive problem in which the treatment context triggers negative expectations that exacerbate pain. Thus, developing ethical strategies to mitigate nocebo hyperalgesia is crucial. Emerging research suggests that choice has the capacity to reduce nocebo side effects, but choice effects on nocebo hyperalgesia have not been explored. This study investigated the impact of choice on conditioned nocebo hyperalgesia using a well-established electrocutaneous pain paradigm where increases in noxious stimulation were surreptitiously paired with the activation of a sham device. In study 1, healthy volunteers (N = 104) were randomised to choice over (nocebo) treatment administration, nocebo administration without choice, or a natural history control group. Nocebo hyperalgesia was greater for those with choice than no choice, suggesting that choice increased rather than diminished nocebo hyperalgesia. Study 2 tested whether providing positive information about the benefits of choice in coping with pain could counteract heightened nocebo hyperalgesia caused by choice. A different sample of healthy adults (N = 137) were randomised to receive nocebo treatment with choice and positive choice information, choice only, or no choice. The positive choice information failed to attenuate the effect of choice on nocebo hyperalgesia. The current results suggest that, rather than decreasing nocebo hyperalgesia, treatment choice may exacerbate pain outcomes when a painful procedure is repeatedly administered. As such, using choice as a strategy to mitigate nocebo outcomes should be treated with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Blinding is thought to minimise expectancy effects and biases in double‐blind randomised‐controlled trials (RCTs). However, whether blinding integrity should be assessed and reported remains debated. Furthermore, it is unknown whether blinding failure influences the outcome of RCTs in anxiety disorders. We carried out a systematic review to understand whether blinding integrity is assessed and reported in anxiolytic RCTs. A secondary aim was to explore whether blinding integrity is associated with treatment efficacy. Method: Our protocol was pre‐registered (PROSPERO CRD42022328750). We searched electronic databases for placebo‐controlled, randomised trials of medication in adults with generalised and social anxiety disorders, and in panic disorder, from 1980. We extracted data regarding blinding integrity and treatment efficacy. Risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Where possible, we subsequently calculated Bang's Blinding Index, and assessed the association between blinding integrity and treatment effect size. Results: Of the 247 RCTs that met inclusion criteria, we were able to obtain assessments of blinding integrity from nine (3.64%). Overall, blinding failed in five of these trials (55.56%), but blinding was intact in 80% of placebo arms. We found a significant association between reduced blinding integrity among assessors and increased treatment effect size (betas < −1.30, p's < 0.001), but this analysis involved only four studies of which two were outlying studies. In patients, we saw a non‐significant trend where reduced blinding integrity in the placebo groups was associated with increased treatment efficacy, which was not present in active medication arms. [Correction added on 19 August 2024, after first online publication: Results of the RCTs and its assessment of blinding integrity have been updated.] Conclusion: Consistent with work in other psychiatric disorders, blinding integrity is rarely reported in anxiolytic RCTs. Where it is reported, blinding appears to often fail. We found signals that suggest unblinding of clinician assessors (driven by two studies with complete unblinding), and of patients in placebo arms, might be associated with larger treatment effect sizes. We recommend that data regarding blinding integrity, along with the reasons patients and assessors offer for their beliefs regarding group allocation, are systematically collected in RCTs of anxiolytic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students in technology majors such as Computer Science and Information Technology need to take a series of computer programming courses to graduate. Yet, not all students will persist in taking programming courses as required, and little is known about the factors influencing their enrollment intentions. Research is needed to better understand which factors predict students' enrollment intentions for programming courses. Based on Expectancy-Value Theory, we surveyed three hundred university students in China to measure their intentions of enrolling in future programming courses and factors influencing their enrollment intentions. Mediated Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes models were run to identify the relationships between these factors and enrollment intentions. Expectancies, intrinsic value, attainment value, and utility value of the courses directly predict enrollment intentions. Peer comparison, quality of teaching, and programming experiences were found to influence enrollment intentions through expectancies and values indirectly. No gender difference was found in expectancies and enrollment intentions. Qualitative data analysis confirmed the findings from the quantitative data analysis and further revealed that course difficulty is another major factor influencing enrollment intentions. These findings have implications for supporting students' expectancies and values in computer programming and curriculum design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the degree that optimism and hope predicted coping and perceived competence in counselling psychology practicum students. Masters students from a Northern California university (N = 74) completed surveys at four points during practicum year: (T1) baseline, (T2) one month, (T3) mid-year, and (T4) final month. Measures assessed dispositional optimism and hope, adaptive and maladaptive coping, and perceived clinical competence. Over time, self-reported competence increased. There was a T1 optimism X time Interaction predicting perceived competence, but no T1 hope X time interaction. This interaction continued to be significant when covarying adaptive and maladaptive coping and appeared driven by the fact that low-optimism trainees initially had worse perceived competence than high-optimism trainees. In the absence of previous counselling experience, there was a relationship between trainees' levels of optimism and their perceived clinical competence. Specifically, low-optimism students saw themselves as less competent at baseline than high-optimism students, but this perceived competence subsequently increased over time, with both groups seeing themselves as similarly competent by end of year. Past authors theorized that individuals with high levels of positive expectancies initially overestimate their abilities in novel situations. This may explain why high-optimism students rated their competence as relatively great at baseline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Developing mental health services which are accessible and acceptable to those from minority backgrounds continues to be a priority. In the United Kingdom, individuals who identify with a religion are underrepresented in Talking Therapies services as compared to those with no religion. This necessitates an understanding of how therapy is perceived. This online study explored the impact of explicitly acknowledging religion on anticipated alliance, treatment credibility and expectations of therapy in a non‐clinical sample of British Muslims. Methods: A video‐vignette experimental design was used in which participants who self‐reported as either high or low in religiosity were randomly allocated to receiving information about cognitive behavioural therapy either with or without an explicit mention of religion as a value in the therapeutic process. Results: One hundred twenty‐nine British Muslim adults aged 18–70+ years from various ethnic backgrounds participated in the study. Between‐subjects ANOVAs showed that scores on the perceived credibility of therapy and treatment expectations were significantly higher when religion was explicitly mentioned by the 'therapist', but that acknowledging religion did not impact upon anticipated alliance. Conclusions: These findings suggest that mentioning religion as a value to be considered in therapy has some positive impacts upon how therapy is perceived by British Muslims. Although video vignettes do not provide insight into the complexity of actual therapeutic encounters, acknowledging religion in mental health services more broadly remains an important consideration for improving equity of access and may bear relevance to other minoritized groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Dental schools need hands‐on training and feedback. Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies enable remote work and training. Education programs only partially integrated these technologies. For better technology integration, infrastructure readiness, prior‐knowledge readiness, expectations, and learner attitudes toward AR and VR technologies must be understood together. Thus, this study creates a structural equation model to understand how these factors affect dental students' technology use. Methods: A correlational survey was done. Four questionnaires were sent to 755 dental students from three schools. These participants were convenience‐sampled. Surveys were developed using validity tests like explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses, Cronbach's ɑ, and composite reliability. Ten primary research hypotheses are tested with path analysis. Results: A total of 81.22% responded to the survey (755 out of 930). Positive AR attitude, expectancy, and acceptance were endogenous variables. Positive attitudes toward AR were significantly influenced by two exogenous variables: infrastructure readiness (B = 0.359, β = 0.386, L = 0.305, U = 0.457, p = 0.002) and prior‐knowledge readiness (B = −0.056, β = 0.306, L = 0.305, U = 0.457, p = 0.002). Expectancy from AR was affected by infrastructure, prior knowledge, and positive and negative AR attitudes. Infrastructure, prior‐knowledge readiness, and positive attitude toward AR had positive effects on expectancy from AR (B = 0.201, β = 0.204, L = 0.140, U = 0.267, p = 0.002). Negative attitude had a negative impact (B = −0.056, β = −0.054, L = 0.091, U = 0.182, p = 0.002). Another exogenous variable was AR acceptance, which was affected by infrastructure, prior‐knowledge preparation, positive attitudes, and expectancy. Significant differences were found in infrastructure, prior‐knowledge readiness, positive attitude toward AR, and expectancy from AR (B = 0.041, β = 0.046, L = 0.026, U = 0.086, p = 0.054). Conclusion: Infrastructure and prior‐knowledge readiness for AR significantly affect positive AR attitudes. Together, these three criteria boost AR's potential. Infrastructure readiness, prior‐knowledge readiness, positive attitudes toward AR, and AR expectations all increase AR adoption. The study provides insights that can help instructional system designers, developers, dental education institutions, and program developers better integrate these technologies into dental education programs. Integration can improve dental students' hands‐on experience and program performance by providing training options anywhere and anytime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community-supported agriculture (CSA) has emerged as a viable solution for addressing the agricultural challenges faced by countries like Indonesia. This study uses the wellestablished unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) model to examine the interest in CSA of potential customers in Indonesia. A standardized questionnaire was distributed to 1200 respondents, and the data were analyzed using structural equation model-partial least square (SEM-PLS) in SmartPLS 4.0 software. The results capture potential CSA consumer interest and will help to improve CSA development strategies in Indonesia. The model explains 44.4% of customers' intentions, and identifies performance expectancy as the decisive factor in customers' willingness to participate in CSA. Performance expectancy (0.292), hedonic motivation (0.262), social influence (0.259), and facilitating conditions (0.086) positively influence customers' interest in participating in a CSA program. The adoption of CSA programs by both farmers and customers could be increased by implementing regulations that provide tax incentives and subsidies, offering training on sustainable farming practices, facilitating the establishment of distribution channels, and establishing guidelines for fair price and quality standards. This study shows the high potential for the implementation of CSA in Indonesia. It could also be used as a foundation for the development of new policies regarding sustainable agriculture markets in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Students in technology majors such as Computer Science and Information Technology need to take a series of computer programming courses to graduate. Yet, not all students will persist in taking programming courses as required, and little is known about the factors influencing their enrollment intentions. Research is needed to better understand which factors predict students’ enrollment intentions for programming courses. Based on Expectancy-Value Theory, we surveyed three hundred university students in China to measure their intentions of enrolling in future programming courses and factors influencing their enrollment intentions. Mediated Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes models were run to identify the relationships between these factors and enrollment intentions. Expectancies, intrinsic value, attainment value, and utility value of the courses directly predict enrollment intentions. Peer comparison, quality of teaching, and programming experiences were found to influence enrollment intentions through expectancies and values indirectly. No gender difference was found in expectancies and enrollment intentions. Qualitative data analysis confirmed the findings from the quantitative data analysis and further revealed that course difficulty is another major factor influencing enrollment intentions. These findings have implications for supporting students' expectancies and values in computer programming and curriculum design.

The current investigation examined multilevel models aimed at predicting two dimensions of homework emotion regulation: emotion management and cognitive reappraisal. Our models integrated key components from self-determination, expectancy-value, achievement goal, learning approaches, and self-regulatory or volitional perspectives. The investigation involved 1,282 Chinese middle school students. Results revealed that emotion regulation (i.e., emotion management or cognitive reappraisal) was associated with at least one variable for each of the five theoretical perspectives at the student level. Results at the class level revealed while cognitive reappraisal was positively linked to teacher autonomy support, it exhibited a negative association with homework quality. These findings underscore the significance of our models in unraveling the multifaceted nature of influences on emotion regulation during middle school homework. We discuss implications for both research and practice in homework in light of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the midst of the rising popularity of Subscription Video On Demand (SVOD), the industry faces significant challenges. The high churn rate and the abundance of competitors in the SVOD industry necessitate that service providers develop strategies to maintain consumer interest. Consumers who significantly contribute to the high churn rate are Generation Y and Generation Z, also known as digital natives. This study aims to analyze how factors within the Expectancy Confirmation Model can influence the Continuance Intention of SVOD users. This descriptive study employs a cross- sectional design. The respondents of this study consist of 159 active SVOD users. The findings reveal that confirmation and individual mobility significantly influence perceived usefulness. Additionally, confirmation, perceived usefulness, and perceived enjoyment significantly affect satisfaction. Furthermore, satisfaction, perceived usefulness, and habit are significant predictors of continuance intention. However, the influence of individual mobility and perceived enjoyment on continuance intention is not significant. Practically, this study provides insights for SVOD service providers to develop marketing strategies that enhance consumer habit and satisfaction. Academically, this study combines two models from previous researchs making the model and variables used more comprehensive in explaining the predictors of continuance intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self‐regulation is essential for maintaining harmonious social connections and sustaining groups, yet little research has examined how individuals regulate their actions for the benefits of groups and which self‐regulatory strategies promote effective self‐regulation (active engagement and disengagement) in group contexts. In three experiments, focusing on identity groups (family and friends in Study 1) and two distinct functional groups (workplace teams in Study 2; sports teams in Study 3), we investigated whether mental contrasting of a desired future with the obstacle of reality, compared to indulging in the desired future, facilitates expectancy‐dependent contributions for the benefits of groups. We assessed participants' expectancies of successfully contributing to their groups and varied the mode of thought (mental contrasting vs. indulging). Contributions to groups were measured 1 week (Studies 1 and 2) and 3 weeks later (Study 3). Results showed that mental contrasting guided people to align their actions with expectancy levels; the higher their expectancy, the more people contributed to their groups. In contrast, indulging resulted in insensitivity to expectancy levels. Our findings suggest the potential applicability of the mental contrasting strategy for promoting effective self‐regulation in various group settings and provide insights into designing interventions to enhance individuals' engagement in groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: To investigate the association between pre-trial expectancy, suggestibility, and response to treatment in a trial of escitalopram and investigational drug, COMP360, psilocybin, in the treatment of major depressive disorder (ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT03429075). Methods: We used data (n = 55) from our recent double-blind, parallel-group, randomized head-to-head comparison trial of escitalopram and investigational drug, COMP360, psilocybin. Mixed linear models were used to investigate the association between pre-treatment efficacy-related expectations, as well as baseline trait suggestibility and absorption, and therapeutic response to both escitalopram and COMP360 psilocybin. Results: Patients had significantly higher expectancy for psilocybin relative to escitalopram; however, expectancy for escitalopram was associated with improved therapeutic outcomes to escitalopram, expectancy for psilocybin was not predictive of response to psilocybin. Separately, we found that pre-treatment trait suggestibility was associated with therapeutic response in the psilocybin arm, but not in the escitalopram arm. Conclusions: Overall, our results suggest that psychedelic therapy may be less vulnerable to expectancy biases than previously suspected. The relationship between baseline trait suggestibility and response to psilocybin therapy implies that highly suggestible individuals may be primed for response to this treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Virtual Reality (VR) has demonstrated tremendous potential to transform the tourism industry, offering tourists immersive experiences in remote destinations with reduced costs. Drawing on the technology acceptance model (TAM) and expectancy theory, we investigated the intricate interplay between expectancy, valence, and instrumentality and tourists' VR tourism intention through perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. Methods: Our structural equation modeling results based on the survey of 282 VR tourists in China revealed that expectancy, valence, and instrumentality significantly impact perceived ease of use, which in turn affects VR tourism intention. Results: Perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness each mediate the relationship between expectancy, valence, instrumentality, and VR tourism intention. Conclusion: These results contribute to the VR tourism literature and offer practical insights for destination operators and marketers aiming to enhance VR tourism experiences and promote technology adoption in the tourism industry.

Introduction & Purpose Research shows that even short exercise programs can have positive effects on affective state (Focht, 2009), which in turn could have a positive influence on the intention to exercise in the future (Finne et al., 2022). The state of research in recent years also indicates that such benefits can be enhanced by manipulating expectations (Helfer et al., 2015). However, most of these studies on expectation effects were conducted in laboratory settings, meaning that the results are transferable to a natural context or everyday situations only to a limited extent. The aim of this study was therefore to examine whether the manipulation of affective expectations can influence affective state after physical activity in a more naturalistic setting; in addition, it was investigated whether the expectation manipulation has an effect on the intention for future exercise. Methods In an online experiment, 121 physically active students (25.58 ± 5.11 years), 70.2% female, were randomly assigned to either a ten-minute, virtually-guided whole-body workout (PA), a ten-minute, virtually-guided whole-body workout after manipulation of affective expectations via audio file (PA + EM), or a sedentary control intervention (CG). In the audio file, a purported speaker for the research team highlighted that recent research indicates that brief workouts would have particularly positive effects on stress experience and affective state. Pre- and post-intervention data, including affective state and intention, were collected using questionnaires, such as the Mood Survey Scales by Abele-Brehm and Brehm (1986). Results After controlling for the baseline level before the intervention via analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs), PA and PA + EM showed significantly more positive scores than CG in several parameters of affective state (e.g., scale Activation, Elation, Fatigue) after the intervention, in some scales (e.g., Affective Valence, Depression) only PA + EM differed significantly from CG. The mean scores in intention after the intervention did not differ significantly between PA + EM (27.00 ± 4.57), PA (27.41 ± 6.79), and CG (27.70 ± 5.78), p = .836. Discussion Even a short, virtually-guided workout can have strong positive effects on affective state. No direct effects of the expectation manipulation on affective state or intention were found. Possible reasons for this include ceiling effects in the participants’ expectations, or that the form of expectation manipulation used was less suitable for influencing the outcomes. However, in some affective parameters, the expectation manipulation was the decisive factor for the differences to the control group, so that more latent effects of the manipulation cannot be ruled out. Conclusion Even though no significant effects of the expectation manipulation were found, the results do not appear to be entirely unaffected by it. Also, because the differences found in affect could have a long-term effect on physical activity behavior, further research is needed in this field in order to be able to make more reliable statements. From a practical perspective, when designing or implementing interventions to increase physically active behavior, practitioners should be aware of the importance of the wording used when describing physical activity to their clients. References Abele-Brehm, A., & Brehm, W. (1986). Zur Konzeptualisierung und Messung von Befindlichkeit: Die Entwicklung der „Befindlichkeitsskalen“ (BFS) [The conceptualization and measurement of mood: The development of the “Mood Survey“]. Diagnostica, 32(3), 209-228. Finne, E., Nigg, C., Weyland, S., Sauzet, O., Wienke, B., & Jekauc, D. (2022). Examining the role of affective states in relation to exercise intentions and participation in extra-curricular exercise classes at university: A repeated measurement observational study. Frontiers in Psychol, 13, Article 815466. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.815466 Focht, B. C. (2009). Brief walks in outdoor and laboratory environments: Effects on affective responses, enjoyment, and intentions to walk for exercise. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80(3), 611-620. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2009.10599600 Helfer, S. G., Elhai, J. D., & Geers, A. L. (2015). Affect and exercise: Positive affective expectations can increase post-exercise mood and exercise intentions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 49(2), 269-279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-014-9656-1

Many studies argue that synchronized movement increases prosocial attitudes and behavior. We reviewed meta-analytic evidence that reported effects of synchrony may be driven by experimenter expectancy, leading to experimenter bias; and participant expectancy, otherwise known as placebo effects. We found that a majority of published studies do not adequately control for experimenter bias and that multiple independent replication attempts with added controls have failed to find the original effects. In a preregistered experiment, we measured participant expectancy directly, asking whether participants have a priori expectations about synchrony and prosociality that match the findings in published literature. Expectations about the effects of synchrony on prosocial attitudes directly mirrored previous experimental findings (including both positive and null effects)-despite the participants not actually engaging in synchrony. On the basis of this evidence, we propose an alternative account of the reported bottom-up effects of synchrony on prosociality: the effects of synchrony on prosociality may be explicable as the result of top-down expectations invoked by placebo and experimenter effects.

AbstractPregnancy and becoming a parent are heavily gendered experiences, experiences which feminist geographers have convincingly situated as significantly spatial. This paper makes an important contribution by addressing the general absence of expectant fathers’ voices/experiences within geographical work on pregnancy/parenting. Drawing upon periodic in-depth interviews conducted during pregnancy and after the birth, it interrogates the manifold ways geographical notions of bodily borders, boundaries, and interior spaces mediate expectant fathers’ encounters with their unborn baby. It firstly examines how, whilst expectant motherhood is characterised by notions of interiority and (inter)connection with the growing foetus, expectant fathers’ experiences are heavily demarcated by the relentless dichotomy of ‘inside’/‘outside’. Fathers drew on this heavily spatial (though literal) metaphor when describing their interactions with the foetus ‘inside’ the womb and their excitement/anticipation of when (following the birth) their child will finally be on the ‘outside’. Secondly, the paper explores the array of multi-sensory inter-embodied interactions fathers had with their unborn child—literally through the body of another person—exploring how these constitute anticipatory acts of love/intimacy. Thus, it forges an agenda for greater consideration of the everyday ‘pre-parenting’ geographies of expectant fathering, calling for feminist geographers to more critically consider fathers’ care-ful emotional, embodied experiences during pregnancy/expectancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies indicate that deceptively administered placebos can improve pain outcomes. However, the deception involved presents an ethical barrier to translation because it violates informed consent and patient autonomy. Open-label placebos (OLPs), inert treatments that are openly administered as placebos, have been proposed as an ethically acceptable alternative. Early studies have suggested that OLP can improve pain outcomes, but important questions remain as to how to maximise OLP hypoalgesia to improve treatment outcomes in pain patients. This study investigated whether providing choice over when to administer an OLP treatment has the capacity to enhance OLP hypoalgesia using an electrocutaneous pain paradigm. One hundred thirty-two healthy volunteers were randomised to 3 types of treatment: OLP with choice, OLP without choice, and no treatment (natural history). The OLP groups were further randomised such that half were tested with a consistent pain intensity and the other half were tested with variable pain intensity to mimic day-to-day variability in pain intensity in health settings. The results indicated that treatment provided with choice exhibited greater OLP hypoalgesia than that provided without choice and that greater expectancy mediated this effect. Of interest, there was no evidence for OLP hypoalgesia without choice relative to natural history. Furthermore, variability in pain intensity did not affect OLP hypoalgesia. The current findings present novel evidence that choice over treatment administration may be a cheap and effective strategy for boosting the efficacy of OLPs in the clinical care of pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the alarming increase in the statistics of infidelity and divorce, this research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on depression and life expectancy of women affected by marital infidelity. This research was a semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of women affected by marital infidelity in Tabriz in 1401. 45 participants were selected by purposeful sampling method and placed in three groups (15/group). The experimental groups received the treatment specific to their group in 8 sessions. The measurement tools included Beck's depression and Schneider's life expectancy questionnaires. The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance and post-hoc Bonferroni test. The results showed that both treatments reduced depression and increased the life expectancy of women affected by marital infidelity in the post-test compared to the control group (P<0.001). Also, the effect of treatments on depression and life expectancy of women affected by marital infidelity in the post-test stage was not statistically different. The results proved that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy can reduce depression and increase the life expectancy of women affected by marital infidelity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces the Questionnaire of AI Use Motives (QAIUM), an instrument designed to measure motivation levels in individuals using artificial intelligence (AI) applications. Building on a theoretical framework that emphasizes motivation over dispositions and defines motivation as expectancy/value, the QAIUM aims to fill a research gap in understanding the motivational factors that govern AI application use. Previous studies have often overlooked this human aspect, focusing instead on technological facets while failing to provide a robust theoretical foundation for measuring motivation. The QAIUM, administered to 1068 university students across various degree programs, was evaluated for its factorial structure, reliability, discriminatory capacity, and correlation with the General Attitudes to Artificial Intelligence Scale (GAAIS). The results demonstrate that the QAIUM aligns with the Eccles and Wigfield motivation model, boasts good reliability levels, discriminatory capacity, and a significant correlation with GAAIS, confirming its validation and reliability. Hence, the QAIUM provides an effective tool for investigating motivational factors affecting AI application utilization in academic instruction and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past, students' participation in science competitions has been positively associated with their aspirations to pursue a career in science. Previous studies, however, were predominantly focused around successful competitors, overlooking the largest group of participants: those who are faced with early elimination. We therefore aimed to investigate the effects of elimination on the development of biology‐related study and career task values and expectancy of success in first‐round participants of the German Biology Olympiad (N = 381, mean age 16.5 years, 72% female). This study was the first of its kind to use a latent change score model approach to examine the effects of early elimination, with a particular focus on participants who placed great emphasis on succeeding in the competition. We found that, regardless of success or failure, participants' biology‐related study and career task value remained stable from the first to the second round of the competition, while their expectancy of success in biology‐related studies and career developed positively. Yet, for those participants who placed great importance on advancing in the competition, early elimination interfered with the development of study and career expectations, resulting in a weaker development. The outcomes of this study suggest that (1) science competitions should re‐envision themselves to more directly address participants' values about studies and careers, especially in earlier competition rounds, and (2) science competitions should find innovative ways to provide detailed feedback to students and teachers to improve post‐elimination performance. Our findings complement existing expectancy‐value research and can serve as a starting point for future studies exploring mechanisms behind early elimination in different science domains and cultural contexts, providing empirical insight into creating an inclusive and supportive environment for all science competition competitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our sensory system is able to build a unified perception of the world, which although rich, is limited and inaccurate. Sometimes, features from different objects are erroneously combined. At the neural level, the role of the parietal cortex in feature integration is well‐known. However, the brain dynamics underlying correct and incorrect feature integration are less clear. To explore the temporal dynamics of feature integration, we studied the modulation of different frequency bands in trials in which feature integration was correct or incorrect. Participants responded to the color of a shape target, surrounded by distractors. A calibration procedure ensured that accuracy was around 70% in each participant. To explore the role of expectancy in feature integration, we introduced an unexpected feature to the target in the last blocks of trials. Results demonstrated the contribution of several frequency bands to feature integration. Alpha and beta power was reduced for hits compared to illusions. Moreover, gamma power was overall larger during the experiment for participants who were aware of the unexpected target presented during the last blocks of trials (as compared to unaware participants). These results demonstrate that feature integration is a complex process that can go wrong at different stages of information processing and is influenced by top‐down expectancies. When exploring the brain dynamics of feature integration, previous studies have only explored one frequency band. We explore if and how different cognitive failures can lead to incorrect feature integration by exploring the modulation of different frequency bands. Our results support that feature integration can go wrong at different stages including pre‐stimulus attentional processes (alpha), perceptual representations (post‐stimulus, alpha and beta), and working memory (gamma). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interpretation of vaccine efficacy estimands is subtle, even in randomized trials designed to quantify the immunologic effects of vaccination. In this article, we introduce terminology to distinguish between different vaccine efficacy estimands and clarify their interpretations. This allows us to explicitly consider the immunologic and behavioral effects of vaccination, and establish that policy-relevant estimands can differ substantially from those commonly reported in vaccine trials. We further show that a conventional vaccine trial allows the identification and estimation of different vaccine estimands under plausible conditions if one additional post-treatment variable is measured. Specifically, we utilize a "belief variable" that indicates the treatment an individual believed they had received. The belief variable is similar to "blinding assessment" variables that are occasionally collected in placebo-controlled trials in other fields. We illustrate the relations between the different estimands, and their practical relevance, in numerical examples based on an influenza vaccine trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This research aims to delve into the intricate relationship between monetary rewards, expectations, and the quality of ideation. Traditional views in economics and management often posit a direct, positive correlation between monetary incentives and improved performance outcomes. However, recent insights from behavioral economics suggest this relationship may be more complex than previously understood. The primary purpose of this study is to explore how monetary rewards influence the quality of ideation, particularly in a professional setting, and to examine the mediating role of expectations in this dynamic. The study seeks to bridge the gap in understanding how reward systems impact creative ideation and whether expectations alter this impact. Method: The methodology adopted for this study is experimental in nature, involving a sample of 109 professionals from the information and communication technology sector in China. Participants were engaged in a computerized ideation test; wherein monetary bonuses were awarded at random intervals. The design of the experiment was rooted in Gassmann's business model, which provided a structured framework for idea generation and assessment. To collect data, a comprehensive questionnaire was used to gather demographic and control variable information from participants. This was followed by the ideation process, where participants' ideas were evaluated based on originality, novelty, feasibility, and potential economic value, using a 7-point Likert scale. The experts involved in the evaluation process ensured a robust assessment of ideation quality. The research employed a post-test method to mitigate potential biases such as training and fatigue effects, commonly observed in within-subject designs. A between-subjects design was chosen to further minimize confounding factors, ensuring any observed differences in ideation quality were attributable to the intervention (monetary rewards). Data analysis was conducted using SmartPLS software, utilizing Partial Least Squares (PLS) path modeling. This advanced statistical technique is particularly suited for new technology research due to its ability to model composites and factors, account for various forms of measurement error, and test entire theories. Results: The study’s findings present a nuanced view of the relationship between monetary rewards, expectations, and ideation quality. Key results include: Negative Correlation Between Reward and Ideation Quality: A significant, negative correlation was observed between monetary rewards and the quality of ideation, contradicting many traditional economic theories. This suggests that higher levels of monetary rewards are associated with lower levels of ideation quality. Role of Expectation as a Mediator: Expectation emerged as a crucial mediating factor in the reward-ideation quality relationship. While the indirect relationship through expectation was found to be weak, its presence induced significant changes in the direct path between reward and ideation quality. Statistical Significance and Practical Implications: The R2 value for ideation quality was found to be 0.263, indicating that a significant portion of the variance in ideation quality is explained by the independent variables in the model. This finding has substantial implications for human resource practices in organizations, especially in technology-driven industries. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study offers significant insights into the complex dynamics of monetary rewards, expectations, and ideation quality. It challenges the conventional wisdom that monetary rewards invariably lead to improved performance, particularly in creative tasks. The findings underscore the importance of understanding the psychological and behavioral nuances that govern employee motivation and performance, especially in contexts where creativity and innovation are crucial. The study suggests that organizations need to rethink their reward structures, considering the potential demotivating effects of monetary incentives on creative performance. A more holistic approach, acknowledging the role of expectations and intrinsic motivation, may be more effective in fostering a conducive environment for innovation. This research opens avenues for further exploration into how best to structure reward systems that enhance, rather than inhibit, creative ideation and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theory: The successful implementation of computational thinking into primary schools requires that primary school teachers feel safe and confident in teaching this topic to young learners. However, many student teachers face low expectancy of success and heightened anxiety towards computational thinking. Self-worth theory suggests that this may lead to a self-worth threat and in consequence to engagement in self-protective behaviours, hampering the successful acquisition of skills needed to implement computational thinking into their future classrooms. Aims: This study aims to investigate potential self-worth threats as amplifiers of student teachers’ resistance to engage in computational thinking. Method: 323 student teachers participated in the study. Participants filled out a questionnaire on expectancy of success and anxiety towards computational thinking, and rated how likely they were to engage in self-protective behaviours, i.e., self-handicapping, avoiding novelty, and academic cheating, when learning about computational thinking at the start of the semester. Results: Students showed heightened levels of anxiety and low levels of expectancy towards computational thinking. Further, they reported that they would be likely to engage in self-protective behaviours. A structural equation model showed that anxiety towards computational thinking was positively related to self-protective behaviours. Moreover, expectancy had a negative indirect effect via anxiety towards computational thinking on self-protective behaviours. Discussion: Student teachers might experience self-worth threats when learning about computational thinking and engage in self-protective behaviours that might hamper their success. Our findings caution the impact of possible self-worth threats on teaching methods, thus influencing children's learning in the 21st century.

Background: Outcome expectancy is an important component of non-specific effect that may play an important role in pain research and clinical care. We sought to evaluate whether pretreatment expectancy predicts pain reduction in cancer survivors receiving electroacupuncture (EA) or battlefield acupuncture (BFA). Methods: We analyzed data from a randomized clinical trial that compared EA and BFA versus wait list control (WLC) for chronic musculoskeletal pain in cancer survivors. Expectancy was measured by the Acupuncture Expectancy Scale (AES) at baseline. Pain severity was assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) at baseline and week 12. For each treatment arm, multivariable regression models were used to evaluate the association between pretreatment expectancy and week 12 pain severity, controlling for baseline pain severity, age, sex, race, and education. Results: Among 360 participants enrolled, the mean age was 62.1 years (SD 12.7), with 251 (69.7 %) women and 88 (24.4 %) non-white survivors. Pretreatment expectancy was similar for all groups at baseline (EA: 13.9 ± 3.6; BFA: 13.2 ± 3.7, WLC:12.8 ± 3.3, p = 0.14). Greater pretreatment expectancy was not significantly associated with greater pain reduction in any group, after adjusting for co-variates (EA: Coef. = -0.05, 95 % CI = -0.14 – 0.04, p = 0.28; BFA: Coef. = -0.07, 95 % CI = -0.16 – 0.02, p = 0.15; WLC: Coef. = -0.09, 95 % CI = -0.25 – 0.06, p = 0.23). Conclusions: Pretreatment expectancy did not predict pain reduction for either EA or BFA in cancer survivors. Our study contributes to the interpretation of analgesic effects of EA or BFA, beyond the notion of a mere 'placebo effect'.

The Learning Management System (LMS) has been established in a number of Universities worldwide to help connect students and lecturers without the confines of the traditional classroom. The recent advancements in information and communication technologies have altered instructional contexts and re-shaped them into smart learning environments. Due to increasing number of available smart learning features, it has become indispensable to manage these features for effective and organized instructional processes. Currently, it is commonly seen that educational institutes operate their own LMS and provide various online smart learning features for a diverse group of students. This study aims to analyze key factors that can influence users’ preferences on LMS use and gain a deeper understanding of how to maximize the learning outcomes through LMS by considering six constructs, namely, Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Social Influence, Institutional Initiatives, Individual Motives and Behavioural Intension. This study involved 120 of the undergraduate and postgraduate students of a Private University of West Bengal and utilized the validated Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to predict learners’ perceptions towards LMS adoption. Four essential success factors for LMS implementations have been emerged from the perceived dataset of the students of the University who have implemented LMS in their system. The study explores the potentiality of the acceptance of the Learning Management Systems perceived by the end users in the higher education system of West Bengal.

Background: Evidence shows that online interventions could prevent depression. However, to improve the effectiveness of preventive online interventions in individuals with subthreshold depression, it is worthwhile to study factors influencing intervention outcomes. Outcome expectancy has been shown to predict treatment outcomes in psychotherapy for depression. However, little is known about whether this also applies to depression prevention. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of participants' outcome expectancy in an online depression prevention intervention. Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted using data from two randomised‐controlled trials (N = 304). Multilevel modelling was used to explore the effect of outcome expectancy on depressive symptoms and close‐to‐symptom‐free status postintervention (6–7 weeks) and at follow‐up (3–6 months). In a subsample (n = 102), Cox regression was applied to assess the effect on depression onset within 12 months. Explorative analyses included baseline characteristics as possible moderators. Outcome expectancy did not predict posttreatment outcomes or the onset of depression. Results: Small effects were observed at follow‐up for depressive symptoms (β = −.39, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [−0.75, −0.03], p =.032, padjusted =.130) and close‐to‐symptom‐free status (relative risk = 1.06, 95% CI: [1.01, 1.11], p =.013, padjusted = 0.064), but statistical significance was not maintained when controlling for multiple testing. Moderator analyses indicated that expectancy could be more influential for females and individuals with higher initial symptom severity. Conclusion: More thoroughly designed, predictive studies targeting outcome expectancy are necessary to assess the full impact of the construct for effective depression prevention. Patient or Public Contribution: This secondary analysis did not involve patients, service users, care‐givers, people with lived experience or members of the public. However, the findings incorporate the expectations of participants using the preventive online intervention, and these exploratory findings may inform the future involvement of participants in the design of indicated depression prevention interventions for adults. Clinical Trial Registration: Original studies: DRKS00004709, DRKS00005973; secondary analysis: osf.io/9xj6a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expectation is crucial for our enjoyment of music, yet the underlying generative mechanisms remain unclear. While sensory models derive predictions based on local acoustic information in the auditory signal, cognitive models assume abstract knowledge of music structure acquired over the long term. To evaluate these two contrasting mechanisms, we compared simulations from four computational models of musical expectancy against subjective expectancy and pleasantness ratings of over 1000 chords sampled from 739 US Billboard pop songs. Bayesian model comparison revealed that listeners' expectancy and pleasantness ratings were predicted by the independent, non-overlapping, contributions of cognitive and sensory expectations. Furthermore, cognitive expectations explained over twice the variance in listeners' perceived surprise compared to sensory expectations, suggesting a larger relative importance of long-term representations of music structure over short-term sensory–acoustic information in musical expectancy. Our results thus emphasize the distinct, albeit complementary, roles of cognitive and sensory expectations in shaping musical pleasure, and suggest that this expectancy-driven mechanism depends on musical information represented at different levels of abstraction along the neural hierarchy. This article is part of the theme issue 'Art, aesthetics and predictive processing: theoretical and empirical perspectives'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze the placebo effect associated with caffeine ingestion on running performance. Methods: Thirteen recreationally trained males in long-distance running (age: 38.5 ± 11.9 years, 11.0 ± 8.8 years of running experience) performed a 6 min time trial test in each experimental condition (caffeine-informed/placebo ingested (placebo) and non-ingested (control)) separated by 7 days. The total distance covered was measured, and partial times of each 400 m were used to analyze the pacing strategy. Heart rate and kinematic variables were recorded for each split. In addition, the rate of perceived exertion and prevalence of caffeine side effects was measured using questionnaires. Results: Placebo ingestion improved running performance in the 6 min time trial test (1668 ± 139 m placebo vs. 1642 ± 158 m control, t = 2.49; p = 0.03; moderate ES = 0.69), while pacing, heart rate, RPE, and kinematic variables were similar between conditions (p > 0.05 in all cases). Minor side effects were reported. Conclusions: Beliefs of caffeine ingestion can improve running performance at speeds around maximal aerobic speed in recreationally trained runners without affecting pacing strategy so this "nutritional" strategy could be useful in competition scenarios. As a practical application, recreationally trained runners could improve ≈5 s in 1500 m or mile competitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation and anxiety are two crucial factors influencing learning outcomes, yet limited empirical research on expectancyvalue theory can be found within previous literature about Chinese undergraduate students studying English as a foreign language (EFL). Moreover, few studies have examined the interaction between motivation and skill-specific anxiety. Thus, the present study explored dimensions of task values of English learning, the relationship between expectancy, values and English language speaking anxiety (ELSA) among Chinese undergraduate EFL learners and their predictive power on spoken English proficiency. Two hundred twenty-three Chinese undergraduates completed a questionnaire about their spoken English proficiency, expectancy-value and ELSA items. The following results came to light: (1) task values in English learning had four facets; (2) different types of value were significantly positively correlated with each other, both expectancy and ELSA were significantly linked to cost value, and expectancy bore a significantly negative correlation with ELSA; (3) expectancy, ELSA and attainment and cost value separately predicted learning achievement, whereas only expectancy and value additively predicted learning achievement, where expectancy exerted a greater impact. These findings suggest that teachers should guide students to aim high and provide more opportunities for spoken English practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adverse nocebo responses can cause harm to patients and interfere with treatment adherence and effects in both clinic practice and clinical trials. Nocebo responses refer to negative outcomes to active medical treatments in clinical trials or practice that cannot be explained by the treatment's pharmacologic effects. Negative expectancies and nocebo effects are less known than placebo responses. Nocebo effects can be triggered by verbal suggestions, prior negative experiences, observation of others experiencing negative outcomes, and other contextual and environmental factors. As research advances over the years, mechanistic knowledge is accumulating on the neurobiological mechanisms of nocebo effects. This review summarizes studies on different facets of nocebo effects and responses and discusses clinical implications, ethical considerations, and future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Nonmedical prescription stimulant use (NPS; use without a prescription or in ways other than prescribed) is common among college students. Despite the potential for negative consequences, students continue engaging in NPS for cognitive enhancement purposes, which may be maintained by expectancy and placebo effects. Objectives: This study examined if a placebo administered under the guise of Adderall influenced subjective mood/drug effects and cognitive performance. Furthermore, this study examined if concurrent caffeine ingestion incrementally enhanced Adderall-related placebo effects. Methods: Undergraduate students with features that put them at elevated risk for NPS (N = 121) completed measures of mood and drug effects and cognitive assessments on two separate laboratory visits in this parallel randomized controlled trial. Visit 1 was a baseline control visit, on which no drug was expected or received. On visit 2, subjects were randomized to: (1) expect/receive no drug (control); (2) expect Adderall/receive placebo; or (3) expect Adderall/receive 200 mg caffeine. Results: There were several significant condition × visit interactions for subjective effects, including amphetamine effects, energy and efficiency effects, and feeling high. In most cases, participants who expected Adderall reported greater positive subjective effects on visit 2 compared to controls; however, there were generally not incremental enhancements for those ingesting caffeine compared to placebo. There were no significant effects for any cognitive tests. Conclusions: Expectation for prescription stimulant effects influenced subjective outcomes in a sample of high-risk college students. These findings may inform expectancy challenge interventions to reduce NPS. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03648684. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extinction training has proved effective to diminish the expectancy of the aversive unconditioned stimulus (US). However, the negative valence of the conditioned stimulus (CS) may still stay intact. In fact, several studies have suggested that the CS negative valence may be a factor that promotes the return of fear. Our study focuses on the role of changes in the CS valence as a potential mechanism to reduce the spontaneous recovery of threat expectancies. To do that, we evaluated counterconditioning (CC), a technique aimed to reduce the CS negative valence by paring it with a positive stimulus and compared its efficacy to that of a novelty-facilitated extinction (NFE) and a standard extinction interventions. Using a 2-day protocol, participants first learned the relationship between a figure and an aversive sound, using a differential conditioning paradigm, and were then randomly assigned to one of three different groups. For the CC group, CS+ or cue A was paired with a positive US. The standard extinction group was exposed to cue A alone. For a third NFE group, cue A was followed by a neutral US. Finally, on the second day, spontaneous recovery was tested. Our findings did not provide evidence to suggest that CC could be more effective to prevent or reduce the return of threat expectancies or influence valence ratings when compared with NFE and standard extinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Drinking expectancies, the perceived consequences of alcohol consumption, are noted to predict drinking behaviours. However, there is comparatively little research of drinking expectancies in non‐Western populations. This study aimed to develop and validate a Chinese Drinking Expectancy Questionnaire (CDEQ‐Adult) for Chinese young adults. Methods: Face and content validity were first assessed of items generated from literature review and previously conducted focus groups. Exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted with split‐half samples from a random telephone survey that was conducted on Hong Kong Chinese adults between the ages of 18–34 (n = 675). The instrument's convergent validity and internal reliability were also examined. Results: The preliminary instrument items showed good content validity (Item Content Validity Index range: 0.8–1.0). The EFA yielded a 31‐item, five‐factor model consisting of five domains: Negative Consequences, Interpersonal Benefits, Increased Confidence, Health Benefits and Tension/Stress Reduction (variance explained 63.7%). The CFA revealed that the fit indices for the five‐factor model using diagonal weighted least squares estimator were χ2 (256, N = 338) = 394.04, p < 0.001, comparative fit index 0.97, SRMR 0.07, RMSEA 0.06 (95% confidence interval 0.06, 0.08), suggesting a good fit of the model. The Cronbach's α coefficients were 0.94, 0.90, 0.86, 0.77 and 0.57, respectively for each of the five domains (n = 675). Significant associations with past month drinking behaviours and future drinking intentions give strong support for convergent validity. Discussion and Conclusions: The CDEQ‐Adult is a culturally relevant instrument for assessing drinking expectancies in Chinese young adults for use in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Psychological research has shown that, among other variables, affective state, expectancy, and behavioral intention influence whether or not a (physically active) behavior is performed. Environmental effects during physical activity on affective state have been well studied; however, research regarding environmental effects on expectancy or intention is limited. Sport climbing is a form of physical activity that is performed both indoors and outdoors and is therefore considered as suitable to study environmental effects. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate environmental effects during sport climbing on affective state, expectancy, and intention. The nature of the relationship between some of these parameters should also be explored. Methods: Using a within-subjects design, 48 participants were to climb both once indoors in a climbing gym and once outdoors at a crag. The design included questionnaire-based surveys at multiple time points. Affective state, expectancy, and behavioral intention were measured at different test time points. Results: Two-factor repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed significant main effects of the factors environment (indoor - outdoor) and time (T1 - T2 - T3) for affective state, indicating more positive affective state during outdoor climbing. No environment*time interactions were found. Furthermore, significantly higher intention (d = 0.32; p = 0.032) was measured after the outdoor condition (M = 32.5, SD = 4.1) compared to the indoor condition (M = 31.2, SD = 4.7). Multiple linear regressions revealed that expectancies (measured before and after the session) significantly predicted post-climbing intention only indoors. Conclusion: The results at least partly suggest environmental effects on behaviorally relevant variables during climbing. Outdoor climbing might provide more favorable characteristics for physically active behavior compared to indoor climbing. Health psychologists or public health professionals who focus on increasing physical activity for their clients could recommend outdoor climbing over indoor climbing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Recent research has emphasized that achievement motivation is context-sensitive and varies within individual students. Ubiquitous temporal landmarks such as exams or deadlines are evident contextual factors that could systematically explain variation in motivation. Indeed, research has consistently found that university students increase their study efforts as exams come closer in time, indicating increasing study motivation. However, changes in study motivation for a specific exam as it comes closer have rarely been investigated. Instead, research on developmental changes in expectancy and value beliefs has consistently founds that achievement motivation declines over a semester. Surprisingly, declining motivation thus apparently coincides with increasing study efforts for end-of-semester exams. Methods: The present research investigates this apparent contradiction by assessing how exam-specific motivation and study behavior change under equal methodological conditions as an exam draws closer. Using parallel growth curve models, we examine changes in expectancy-value beliefs, performance approach and avoidance motivation and study behavior as well as motivational want- and should-conflicts among 96 students over eight weekly measurement points. Results and discussion: Results show that students study more for their exam as it comes closer and increase their use of surface learning strategies more rapidly than their use of deep learning strategies. However, even exam-specific expectancy and attainment value beliefs decline while performance-avoidance motivation increases over time, indicating that students increasingly study out of fear to fail as exams come closer. Consistent with these findings, students' experience of should conflicts decreases while their want conflicts increase over time. We discuss several possible mechanisms underlying our findings in addition to potential theoretical consequences and suggest future research opportunities to better understand students' changes in situative motivation and study behavior in the context of temporal landmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CLASSICAL MUSIC IS CHARACTERIZED BY ITS standardized practices and established patterns of audience behavior. Recent advancements in digital musical instrument (DMI) and mobile technology may potentially offer a means by which the art form can further evolve. This paper presents a study that aims to examine the audience's perception of classical music concerts performed by ensembles using DMI mobile apps and tablets. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including a questionnaire survey administered to audiences (N = 141) attending a classical music concert featuring repertoire performed by DMI mobile apps ensembles, as well as semi-structured interviews conducted with a subset of participants (n = 13). The survey results revealed significant, strong, and positive correlations between participants' enjoyment of listening to classical music, frequency of attending classical music concerts, expectancy, and authenticity. The interviews addressed relevant issues, such as differences in ensemble and instrumental practices, timbral quality, and the capabilities of DMI mobile apps. While there were negative perceptions regarding expressive body movements, emotional expression, and interaction among performers, positive feedback regarding the use of DMI mobile apps affirmed the potential to introduce innovative pedagogical approaches in school music education, cultivate a younger audience base, and bring fresh ideas to this genre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the theoretical prominence of expectancy and anxiety as potential mechanisms of the nocebo effect, not all studies measure expectancy and/or anxiety, and there are inconsistent findings among those that do. The present study sought to systematically review and meta-analyse available data to evaluate the relationship between expectancy, anxiety and the nocebo effect. The two key questions were: (1) whether nocebo manipulations influence expectancy and anxiety; and (2) whether expectancy and anxiety are associated with the subsequent nocebo effect. Fifty-nine independent studies (n = 3129) were identified via database searches to 1st August 2021. Nocebo manipulations reliably increased negative expectancy with a large effect (g = .837) and state anxiety with a small effect (g = .312). Changes in expectancy and state anxiety due to the nocebo manipulation were associated with larger nocebo effects (r = .376 and .234, respectively). However, there was no significant association between dispositional anxiety and the nocebo effect. These findings support theories that rely on situationally-induced expectancy and anxiety, but not dispositional anxiety, to explain nocebo effects. Importantly, being malleable, these findings suggest that interventions that target maladaptive negative expectancies and state anxiety could be beneficial for reducing the harm nocebo effects cause across health settings. Recommendations for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two of the most important variables in coaching and goal attainment are (goal attainment) expectancy and (goal) commitment. The present study examined how these variables relate to age, gender and solution-focused scaling. 130 participants -- randomly assigned to a binary or scaling condition -- were asked to identify an aspect of their lives with which they were dissatisfied. In the binary condition, participants indicated whether they were succeeding in the area that they had identified. In the scaling condition, participants rated the amount of success that they were having on a scale. Dependent variables were expectancy and commitment. Results indicated that age was negatively associated with expectancy (especially amongst males), whilst expectancy was positively associated with commitment. Scaling apparently did not enhance expectancy or commitment but scaling scores did predict expectancy. Amongst participants under the age of 30, females had lower expectancy than males. Results have important implications for coaching psychologists. Coaches would do well to consider clients' age and gender when working on expectancy. In addition, if clients can be led to consider current performance as (at least partially) successful then they may be more likely to expect further success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Evidence shows that online interventions could prevent depression. However, to improve the effectiveness of preventive online interventions in individuals with subthreshold depression, it is worthwhile to study factors influencing intervention outcomes. Outcome expectancy has been shown to predict treatment outcomes in psychotherapy for depression. However, little is known about whether this also applies to depression prevention. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of participants' outcome expectancy in an online depression prevention intervention. Methods A secondary data analysis was conducted using data from two randomised‐controlled trials (N = 304). Multilevel modelling was used to explore the effect of outcome expectancy on depressive symptoms and close‐to‐symptom‐free status postintervention (6–7 weeks) and at follow‐up (3–6 months). In a subsample (n = 102), Cox regression was applied to assess the effect on depression onset within 12 months. Explorative analyses included baseline characteristics as possible moderators. Outcome expectancy did not predict posttreatment outcomes or the onset of depression. Results Small effects were observed at follow‐up for depressive symptoms (β = −.39, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [−0.75, −0.03], p = .032, padjusted = .130) and close‐to‐symptom‐free status (relative risk = 1.06, 95% CI: [1.01, 1.11], p = .013, padjusted = 0.064), but statistical significance was not maintained when controlling for multiple testing. Moderator analyses indicated that expectancy could be more influential for females and individuals with higher initial symptom severity. Conclusion More thoroughly designed, predictive studies targeting outcome expectancy are necessary to assess the full impact of the construct for effective depression prevention. Patient or Public Contribution This secondary analysis did not involve patients, service users, care‐givers, people with lived experience or members of the public. However, the findings incorporate the expectations of participants using the preventive online intervention, and these exploratory findings may inform the future involvement of participants in the design of indicated depression prevention interventions for adults. Clinical Trial Registration Original studies: DRKS00004709, DRKS00005973; secondary analysis: osf.io/9xj6a.