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Copyright of Integrated Intelligent Energy is the property of Editorial Department of Integrated Intelligent Energy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article argues that the Holy Qur'an is not in line with any of the three common beliefs about God's intervention in nature, including evolutionism, creationism, and intelligent design, and instead proposes a fourth approach and refers to it as the pleroma design. The pleroma design theory posits that God directly intervenes in the creation of life, while at the same time allowing evolutionary changes with the mechanism of natural selection. This theory provides an explanation that is both metaphysical and empirical in a way that is not contradicting. Unlike creationism, the pleroma design theory is unique in aligning with theological and philosophical principles without denying the evolution theory as the main contemporary scientific paradigm. It is also not committed to the naturalistic requirements imposed by evolutionists or relying on scientific and experimental evidence or pseudoscientific explanations advocated by intelligent design proponents. Ultimately, the theory of pleroma design illustrates that from one point of view, there is at the very least a complementary relationship between science and religion rather than conflict, and the other view would point to a compatible relationship between science and religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social and economic sciences are grounded on the basic assumption that social life, decision-making behavior, and consciousness are classical physical and therefore material phenomena. Quantum social science, a new research area, which refers to the knowledge and interpretations of quantum physics, is challenging this assumption. This paper gives an overview of quantum social science and explains quantum decision theory on the one hand with a focus on the cognitive biases first elaborated by Kahneman & Tversky, and on the other hand by Darwin´s theory of evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genome as a program and biological evolution as a computational process are discussed from the point of view of functional programming and the application of category theory in programming. Epigenetic code is considered as an imperative superstructure over genetics (functional programming). Biological evolution is discussed in relation to machine learning and non-deterministic computations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following evolutionary theory, this study defines the commodity consumption gene of the customer journey in retail transactions to discuss the distribution and evolution process of the consumer group. First, through relevant retail research, each transaction is defined as a data point in the SPC space (sales-product-customer). The customer journey is a pivot transformation of the transaction data points in the SPC space. Customer purchase products are defined as consumption genes in the customer journey, forming customer consumption species. Furthermore, evolutionary operations with probabilities between consumer species (genes) can be used to analyze the evolution of each customer’s purchase consumption over time in the retail database. An algorithm for the Customer Purchase Evolution Graph (CPEG) is proposed. To prove practicability, nearly 300,000 actual transactions from over 27,000 consumers are used to establish the CPEGs with evolutionary probabilities of the overall customers and the CPEG of the SVIP. The CPEG of all customers can be used to determine the main consumption distribution, main consumption starting point (first purchase) behavior, and repurchase behavior of all customers and new customers. The CPEG of SVIP customers can further reveal the main consumption genes of mature customers (species) and the evolution process of their consumption journey. These findings can be of specific help in a company’s commodity strategy and operational marketing.

Since the development of the Modern Sciences in the seventeenth century, religious leaders used them instrumentally to propagate their religion. Italian Christian scholars sent Pietro Della Valle (1586-1652) to achieve the original text of the Book of Jacob. They were curious to know if it is possible to interpret the verses about solid heavens in order to be conciliated with Tycho Brahe’s elimination of the orbs. He and other Christian missionaries brought modern astronomy to the East as an instrument for propaganda. As a reaction, Confucianists, Buddhists, Taoists, and Hinduist found several signs of modern astronomy in their religious texts. In their turn, the Muslim ulama presented the idea of the “scientific miracle” of the Quran. This idea became the source of inspiration for the new genre of the scientific exegesis of the Quran in the Islamic world. As a Shiite scholar, Hibat al-Dīn Shahristānī (1883–1967) put forward this idea about Quran and Shiite hadiths. Several Shiite great ulama, but not all of them, received this idea with the agreement. Muḥammad-Husayn Kāshif al-Ghiṭāʾ as a modernist Shiite scholar accepted heliocentrism and rejected old Ptolemaic astronomy. Nevertheless, he held that the literal understanding of the Quranic verses is more compatible with old astronomy than modern one. So he didn’t agree with the idea of a scientific miracle. In his opinion, only through a true interpretation, one may conciliate holy texts with modern science. He also accepted a non-materialistic account of the theory of evolution except for humans. He knew that even a literal interpretation of some hadiths may not be compatible with any of new and old astronomy. He suggested rejecting these hadiths or interpreting them metaphorically. These two suggestions should be applied to the hadiths about an anthropomorphic account of eclipses or the stability of the Earth on cow horns or a fish. Here I will examine Khāshif al-Ghiṭāʾ’s several works as well as some phrases of his al-Firdaws al-Aʿlā. It shows that he found a way to a new interpretation of the verses about God’s “chair and throne” (Kursī wa ʿArsh) by denying Ptolemaic solid orbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model of learning as a generalization of the Eigen's quasispecies model in population genetics is introduced. Eigen's model is considered as a matrix Riccati equation. The error catastrophe in the Eigen's model (when the purifying selection becomes ineffective) is discussed as the divergence of the Perron–Frobenius eigenvalue of the Riccati model in the limit of large matrices. A known estimate for the Perron–Frobenius eigenvalue provides an explanation for observed patterns of genomic evolution. We propose to consider the error catastrophe in Eigen's model as an analog of overfitting in learning theory; this gives a criterion for the presence of overfitting in learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

David Loye's concept of the hololeap describes how precognitive information "leaps" across the gap between organisms to enable future vision. This maps to Denis Gabor's energetic unit of information, the logon, wherein the spectral overlap among logons provides the means for future vision. In rediscovering Darwin's "lost" theory, Loye found that selfless love was Darwin's key principle in human evolution. Groundbreaking studies in psi research document love's subtle but crucial role in future vision and nonlocal agency, and point to an understanding of evolution theory in which love plays a primary generative role. Loye's intuition was right on the mark! [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to propose a new form of human development: informational development. Informational development, different from traditional human development, focuses on understanding, interpreting, and promoting human development in terms of information and informational relations. "Informational" here is not only a word denoting something related to data in information science & library science, but also a state, a way, or a form of human development opposing to "material". According to the Chinese philosophy of information, all things are composed of matter and information, so there are two forms of human development, i.e., material development and informational development accordingly, but we have never noticed the informational development before. In this paper, I have provided the philosophical arguments for informational development in five aspects, including ontology, epistemology, evolution theory, thinking theory, and value theory. The conclusion of the paper is, informational development is a new form of human development, which is suitable for humans to survive and develop in the future society, so we should focus on the informational changes, examine the informational contents, and grasp the informational state of human development, and understand, interpret, and promote human development in terms of information and informational relations, thus finally achieving the free, all-round, and sustainable development of all humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss analogies between ideas from three areas—statistical physics, machine learning theory, and biological Darwinian evolution. The temperature generalization of the learning problem is discussed, where instead of minimizing the risk functional, the statistical sum of the risk functional over the hypothesis space is considered. Darwinian evolution is considered as an example of temperature learning. Two examples of patterns of genomic evolution are considered as a manifestation of the Gibbs distribution of temperature learning, the universality of these patterns corresponds to a universal regularization in the learning problem. The relationship between the condition for effectiveness of purifying selection in population genetics and the condition for absence of overfitting in learning theory is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy conversion and heat production resulting from plastic deformation induced by microparticle impact affects a change in interface temperature, which varies with the initial state of the microparticle. Due to the instantaneous and microscopic characteristics of microparticle impact process, interface temperature has not been fully studied. Thus, evolution theory of the impact interface temperature with initial velocity is proposed based on the Hugoniot equation, and the predictive outcomes of the evolution theory are verified by numerical model. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that microparticle bonding occurs below the melting point by comparing theoretical bonding temperature with melting temperature. Notably, the trend of the difference between interface temperature and melting point with varying impact velocity reveals disparate driving mechanisms for bonding and melting. The interface temperature evolution theory and bonding characteristics analysis facilitate understanding the heat generation mechanism and temperature action of microparticle impact, and provides a new perspective for the interface regulation and bonding state determination. • Evolution theory of interface temperature with impact velocity is proposed. • The validity of simulation model is verified by the LIPIT results. • Test and simulation results verify the accuracy of the temperature evolution theory. • The verified theory reveals different temperature trend between bonding and melting. • Temperature evolution theory provides a new view for collision state prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hermenéutica is the property of Hermeneutic - Revista Digital de Arte, Critica y Filosofia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands were opposed to the theory of evolution, for theological reasons. However, at schools preparing for higher and secondary education biology belonged to the standard curriculum. Christian education was no exception, using textbooks which, even if avoiding any theological controversy, supplied an adequate overview of contemporary biological perceptions of evolution and emergence of species. Whatever the objections they might encounter in the Reformed Churches, pupils in Christian secondary schools in the interwar period would not remain ignorant about basic biological reasoning behind the concept of evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model of learning as a generalization of the Eigen’s quasispecies model in population genetics is introduced. Eigen’s model is considered as a matrix Riccati equation. The error catastrophe in the Eigen’s model (when the purifying selection becomes ineffective) is discussed as the divergence of the Perron–Frobenius eigenvalue of the Riccati model in the limit of large matrices. A known estimate for the Perron–Frobenius eigenvalue provides an explanation for observed patterns of genomic evolution. We propose to consider the error catastrophe in Eigen’s model as an analog of overfitting in learning theory; this gives a criterion for the presence of overfitting in learning.

This paper continues the discussion of genome as a functional program and biological evolution as learning for functional programs. Here we discuss gene regulation as monadic computation, in particular we consider Lac operon as an analogue of IO monad. This supports the idea of genome as a program written in Haskell-like programming language where recursive applications of lists of functions (genes) express parallel processes in a cell and gene regulation can be described by monadic computations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary studies on aging and longevity have largely overlooked the role that adaptation plays in lifespan variation across species. Emerging evidence indicates that the genetic signals of extended lifespan may be maintained by natural selection, suggesting that longevity could be a product of organismal adaptation. The mechanisms of adaptation in long-lived animals are believed to account for the modification of physiological function. Here, we first review recent progress in comparative biology of long-lived animals, together with the emergence of adaptive genetic factors that control longevity and disease resistance. We then propose that hitchhiking of adaptive genetic changes is the basis for lifespan changes and suggest ways to test this evolutionary model. As individual adaptive or adaptation-linked mutations/substitutions generate specific forms of longevity effects, the cumulative beneficial effect is largely nonrandom and is indirectly favored by natural selection. We consider this concept in light of other proposed theories of aging and integrate these disparate ideas into an adaptive evolutionary model, highlighting strategies in decoding genetic factors of lifespan control.

This article is configured as a documentary research with the objective of analyzing the comic book "Learn More about Charles Darwin". This publication was marketed in newsstands, and transits between the fantasy that seeks entertainment and the presentation of concepts on Biological Evolution. For the analysis of the object, on all pages of the magazine it was observed how the comic artist used visual resources in combination with verbal language, and how they complement each other contributing to the propagation of the scientific message expressed by the comics. The results indicated that most comics have entries. In some comics of the magazine, the abrupt change in style in the drawings reveals a certain difficulty for the entertainment industry to move through the genre of science communication for children. The written texts of the comics present very accentuated discursive marks such as definitions, examples and explanations. Thus, the work presents a stable, non-problematic, unquestionable knowledge, which contrasts with the scientific knowledge itself, which is admittedly provisional, problematic, debatable. The editorial seal opts for a stereotyped view of the scientist as someone who already announced himself as a scientist. However, the importance of "Learn More about Charles Darwin" is reiterated for the promotion of reading and the democratization of the science communication language for children. Because, the analyzed journal evidences one of the most important scientific theories, which significantly changed the way we observe the natural world, in a moment of great pressure to weaken the theory of evolution, through the attempt to validate creationism as a scientific theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avatars, as virtual humans possessing realistic faces, are increasingly used for social and economic interaction on the Internet. Research has already determined that avatar-based communication may increase perceived interpersonal trust in anonymous online environments. Despite this trust-inducing potential of avatars, however, we hypothesize that in trust situations, people will perceive human faces differently than they will perceive avatar faces. This prediction is based on evolution theory, because throughout human history the majority of interaction among people has taken place in face-to-face settings. Therefore, unlike perception of an avatar face, perception of a human face and the related trustworthiness discrimination abilities must be part of the genetic makeup of humans. Against this background, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment based on a multiround trust game to gain insight into the differences and similarities of interactions between humans versus human interaction with avatars. Our results indicate that (1) people are better able to predict the trustworthiness of humans than the trustworthiness of avatars; (2) decision making about whether or not to trust another actor activates the medial frontal cortex significantly more during interaction with humans, if compared to interaction with avatars; this brain area is of paramount importance for the prediction of other individuals' thoughts and intentions (mentalizing), a notably important ability in trust situations; and (3) the trustworthiness learning rate is similar, whether interacting with humans or avatars. Thus, the major implication of this study is that although interaction on the Internet may have benefits, the lack of real human faces in communication may serve to reduce these benefits, in turn leading to reduced levels of collaboration effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a brief flurry of attention following its introduction by Dawkins (1976), the concept of memes has largely disappeared from mainstream social and cognitive science discourse. A significant exception is Dennett's (1995; 2017) writings on the philosophy of mind. In his most recent book, Dennett (2017) develops what he presents as a comprehensive account of cultural evolution, based on the claims that memes, defined as a "way of behaving (roughly) that can be copied, transmitted, remembered, taught...," develop through evolutionary processes more or less identical to the processes through which biological organisms and their genes evolve, and that both memes and genes are active agents in their own evolution. Although Dennett presents some very interesting ideas about the co-evolution of culture and human brains, he couches his argument in a system of personification, organism, war, and object metaphors that implicitly assign mental activities including intending, competing, and planning to memes. In this paper I analyze Dennett's metaphors and argue that they effectively distract attention from the psychological and cultural processes that actually determine whether a behavior pattern (i.e. a meme) is learned, remembered, and reproduced (none of which Dennett acknowledges). I then show how the substance of Dennett's argument can be rephrased in language that avoids the obfuscating effect of his metaphors. In addition to countering a common metaphor-based misconception in evolution theory, this analysis illustrates the importance of close attention to the entailments of conceptual metaphors used as theoretical arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used a sequential exploratory mixed method to examine the effectiveness of using an electronic portfolio to assess the scientific literacy of evolution theory. As much as 135 university students majoring in biology education were involved as research participants. They were asked to create the electronic portfolio by using any learning artifacts produced during the classroom activities including direct and virtual practicums, reading activities, direct and online discussions, quizzes, and formative examinations. Evolutionary Scientific Literacy by electronic portfolio consists of Scientific Literacy skills namely Nominal, Functional, Conceptual, Multidimensional levels, and electronic portfolios skills namely beginner, intermediate, proficient and advanced level. The results depicted that the Evolutionary Scientific Literacy skills of students were at the beginner-nominal level (71.4%) and the advancedmultidimensional level (9.5%). Another finding disclosed was that students showed a positive response to the electronic portfolio creation. This study suggests that an electronic portfolio can be used as an assessment tool of the scientific literacy of evolution theory relevant to industrial revolution 4.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss a model of genome as a program with functional architecture and consider the approach to Darwinian evolution as a learning problem for functional programming. In particular we introduce a model of learning for some class of functional programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Seminare Learned Investigations / Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe is the property of Francis de Sales Scientific Society / Towarzystwo Naukowe Franciszka Salezego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents parts of two writings explaining the role and the levels of dissolution in the pathogenesis of nervous and mental disorders. A strong influence comes from modern theories about evolution, particularly Spencer. The model was developed starting from nervous diseases (It is particularly famous Jackson's study of epilepsy) but it had fruitful consequences also for psychiatric conditions. Here we focus more on the part on "insanities", with Jackson important ideas about the "constructive", or "positive" component of mental symptoms. Positive parts of symptoms are due to the liberation of normal-functioning centers, due to lack of inhibition rather than direct dysfunctions. The disturbances of consciousness and their role in illusions and hallucinations is also sketched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An early question in evolutionary theory asked why frequency distributions of taxonomic group sizes exhibit "hollow curves" so frequently. An answer to this question was provided by G. Udny Yule's seminal contribution introducing a discrete model for those distributions. But Yule observed that the fit of his model to observed distributions was sometimes imperfect, in particular for the class of reptiles. The present study introduces a multi-epoch extension of the discrete Yule model that accounts for unobserved extinction of ancient lineages. The multi-epoch model is described as a Pòlya urn embedded in a continuous-time branching process with an harmonic sequence of diversification rates. The main results include equivalent descriptions of multi-epoch models, their probability distributions, expected values, tail behavior and a self-similarity property. As an illustration of the theory, the multi-epoch model is applied to study the taxonomic diversity of reptile species, and provides a much better fit to the observed distribution of species than the original discrete Yule model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The approach "genome as a program" is discussed. We suggest that a genome is a functional program and biological evolution can be described by machine learning for functional programming. We introduce learning model for functional programming at non-zero temperature and discuss relation to scaling laws observed in genomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we propose a variant of a classical SIR epidemiological model where pathogens are characterized by a (phenotypic) mutant trait x. Imposing that the trait x mutates according to a random walk process and that it directly influences the epidemiological components of the pathogen, we studied its evolutionary development by interpreting the tenet of maximizing the basic reproductive number of the pathogen as an optimal control problem. Pontryagin's maximum principle was used to identify the possible optimal evolutionary strategies of the pathogen. Qualitatively, three types of optimal evolutionary routes were identified and interpreted in the context of virulence evolution. Each optimal solution imposes a different tradeoff relation among the epidemiological parameters. The results predict (mostly) two kinds of infections: short-lasting mild infections and long-lasting acute infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista HISTEDBR on-line is the property of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Portal de Periodicos Eletronicos Cientificos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An extension of neo-Darwinism, termed preassembly, states that genetic material required for many complex traits, such as echolocation, was present long before emergence of the traits. Assembly of genes and gene segments had occurred over protracted time-periods within large libraries of non-coding genes. Epigenetic factors ultimately promoted transfers from noncoding to coding genes, leading to abrupt formation of the trait via de novo genes. This preassembly model explains many observations that to this present day still puzzle biologists: formation of super-complexity in the absence of multiple fossil precursors, as with bat echolocation and flowering plants; major genetic and physical alterations occurring in just a few thousand years, as with housecat evolution; lack of precursors preceding lush periods of species expansion, as in the Cambrian explosion; and evolution of costly traits that exceed their need during evolutionary times, as with human intelligence. What follows in this paper is a mechanism that is not meant to supplant neo-Darwinism; instead, preassembly aims to supplement current ideas when complexity issues leave them struggling.

This study was conducted to examine the opinions of teachers about the removal of unit of 'Beginning of Life and Evolution' from the 2018 biology curriculum. The study was conducted in the form of focus group interviews, and data were collected by asking 5 main questions to participant biology teachers. The data were analyzed with descriptive analysis technique which is included in the qualitative research methods. The data set of the study was firstly analyzed by the researchers separately, then the themes and categories were explained and the data analysis was finalized. Participant biology teachers evaluated the subject from the point of view of teachers, students and societies, and expressed their opinions about the place of the subject in the programs and reasons for being removed from the program. Findings from the interview were interpreted by establishing cause-effect relationship and quotations from participant biology teachers were made directly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In their observations, contemporary scientists have believed in transformism which claims whole natural world is always in evolvement. This paper investigates whether Mulla Sadra’s philosophical opinions are consistent with this theory or not. The method of this research is analytical-descriptive. The conclusion is that four fundamentals: the principality of existence, the analogical unity of existence, the substantial movement and gradual increase in intensity of existence, are the main foundations of Mulla Sadra’s philosophy. The first three principles justify the forth one which is ‘the evolutional movement of the natural creatures’. According to Mulla Sadra, nature is in-itself a movement and movement is not limited to accident, but he believes that movement is the mood of the nature. He believes that nature is, therefore, a continuous whole that moves from its inferiority to its superiority, in the same way as a child grows. In this paper it is also proved that the evolution of the creatures does not contradict the existence of God and religious texts.

Copyright of Sakarya University Journal of Education is the property of Sakarya University, Institute of Education Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Darwin's theory of evolution was shaken to the core by the discovery of the second law of thermodynamics and entropy. While it accentuates that the world has evolved from simple to complex, and it moves from disorder to order, the second law preaches the opposite totally. Such inconsistency remains unsolved until the advent of chaos theory, which emphasises that the universe has the capacity to renew itself from within through a process called selforganisation. As a new paradigm shift in science, it pushed scientists to re-read Darwinism from an entirely different perspective. The paper intends to trace the various interpretations of Darwinism in Timberlake Wertenbaker's After Darwin (1998) through characters' responses to evolution, utilising chaos theory as a theoretical and methodological framework. The play, which offers a Darwinian-Dawkinsian vision of competition, ends by embracing Margulis and Sagan's view of cooperation inspired by the new science of chaos. As the only species endowed with an independently functioning brain, Man is able to adapt and turn the table against the brutality of natural selection to establish his own values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection as espoused in his classic book,On the Origin of Species, constitutes one of the most important scientific advances of the last millennium. In his autobiography, Darwin apparently claimed to have ‘clearly conceived’ the theory in 1839, but theOriginwas not published until 1859, following a brief excerpt of his theorizing published in mid-1858. Much scholarship has been devoted to explaining this apparent gap. Yet, examination of Darwin’s explicit theorizing fails to support the generally accepted ‘clear conception’ by 1839 as an accurate reference to an immature version of theOrigintheory, a theory of continuous and universal organic change. However, by articulating both broad and narrow versions of the theory, as well as considering the inevitable theory development over decades, Darwin’s ‘clear conception’ is explained in relation to two distinct broad theories and the enduring core element, the mechanism of natural selection. This explanation casts the famous ‘gap’ in an entirely new light. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]