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Economic integration is an extremely important institutional structure for countries in international trade, which is highly competitive, with the level of globalisation, innovation and communication technology. Economic integration, which leads to the formation of a resilient economic wall, such as risk sharing, increasing investment opportunities, free trade structure, technology transfer opportunities, common competitiveness against countries outside the union, began in the modern world with the Second World War, and examples began to be seen around the world in the 1990s when globalisation accelerated. The analysis was carried out using the Todo-Yamamoto method in the SPSS program. Due to its geopolitical position (both historical and geographical proximity to Europe, Asia and the Middle East), Turkey is in a more advantageous position than other countries in the world in terms of establishing or becoming economically integrated. However, Turkey's history of economic integration has been rather unsuccessful. The fact that it has not made a sufficient contribution to the integration it has established or attempted to become a member of, and that it has become a unipolar rather than a multipolar integrator, means that it has not achieved sufficient efficiency in terms of international trade. For this reason, our study analyses Turkey's relationship with Eurasian economic integration, with the idea that Turkey is striving for multipolar integration. In our study, the impact of the Eurasian Economic Integration's foreign trade with Turkey on Turkey's economic growth and exports of high-tech products was analysed with the Todo-Yamamoto Co-Integration Test in two periods, 2002-2015 and 2015-2022. As a result of the analysis, it is found that Eurasian Economic Integration has a positive effect on Turkey's economic growth and exports of high-tech products. In the light of the data obtained, it has been assessed that the expansion of economic integration relations with the EEE and the benefits to be derived from the membership relationship will contribute to both Turkey's economic growth and its technological infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION. Documents on the pharmacovigilance system of the marketing authorisation holder (MAH), including the Pharmacovigilance System Master File (PSMF) and the PSMF-based summary of the pharmacovigilance system (SPS), are a mandatory component of the registration dossier for a medicinal product. Applicants must submit and update these documents in strict accordance with the legislation of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Systematisation of the requirements for drafting and submitting documents on the pharmacovigilance system will help applicants streamline the documentation process.AIM. This study aimed to analyse the requirements for submitting either the PSMF or the SPS, depending on the EAEU marketing authorisation procedure, and to describe typical errors made by applicants when submitting these documents.DISCUSSION. The content of dossier documents on the pharmacovigilance system is regulated by the Rules of Good Pharmacovigilance Practice of the Eurasian Economic Union (Decision No. 87 of the Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) dated 3 November 2016), and their submission is governed by the Rules of Marketing Authorisation and Assessment of Medicinal Products for Human Use (EEC Council Decision No. 78 dated 3 November 2016). MAHs are required to keep documents on the pharmacovigilance system and the corresponding registration dossiers up to date. This article summarises the specific requirements for submitting either the PSMF or the SPS, depending on the EAEU marketing authorisation procedure. Additionally, this article highlights typical errors made by MAHs when preparing documents on the pharmacovigilance system. According to the EAEU Rules of Good Pharmacovigilance Practice, the first application submitted for marketing authorisation of a medicinal product in the EAEU should include the PSMF, and subsequent applications should include the SPS as part of the registration dossier. Changes to the pharmacovigilance documents should be made in accordance with the classifier (EEC Council Decision No. 78 dated 3 November 2016).CONCLUSIONS. This analysis of the requirements for the PSMF or the SPS as part of various marketing authorisation procedures will facilitate compliance with the requirements of the EAEU legislative acts and ensure correct submission of necessary documents on the pharmacovigilance system by applicants. In addition, regulatory authorities will make fewer requests to submit missing information and grant more marketing authorisations.

Economic integration is an extremely important institutional structure for countries in international trade, which is highly competitive, with the level of globalisation, innovation and communication technology.

INTRODUCTION. The academic value of this article lies in augmenting the scientific understanding of the role of integration unions in healthcare and the methods and means of combating pandemics and epidemics at an integration level. This is achieved by addressing the research objective: to identify the legal and institutional structures and mechanisms existing at the level of integration unions for combating pandemics and their consequences, and to assess their effectiveness. The research objectives are defined as follows: to examine the actions of integration unions in combating the pandemic from legal and material- economic perspectives; to determine the actual role of integration unions in combating pandemics and similar threats to public health for the further improvement of international cooperation and Eurasian integration; to evaluate the compliance of the actions of integration union institutions with their founding documents; and to develop ways to improve integrations in the field of health protection based on the experience gained.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The methodological basis of the research is grounded in the general philosophical method of dialectics. Special and specific scientific methods applied include: the comparative legal method (comparing the legal systems and regulations of different integration unions, and the various measures taken in response to the pandemic), the sociological method (examining the impact of pandemic conditions on society in different integration environments), and the axiological method (studying values as the foundation of integration unions, their reflection, and influence on making internationally significant decisions).RESEARCH RESULTS. In determining the effectiveness of the institutions, structures, and mechanisms of integration unions in ensuring epidemiological wellbeing, a significant role of integrations in counteracting pandemic and epidemiological threats to health has been identified. This is evidenced by the actions and measures taken by the EU and the EAEU during the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Aspects of cooperation between member countries (transport communication, coordination of sanitary measures, support of the economy and social sphere, information and experience exchange) and the institutions of these integration unions (European Commission, European Parliament, Eurasian Economic Commission) were dictated by their founding acts (TEU, TFEU, Treaty on the EAEU) and other documents.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. During the crisis, not only challenges requiring solutions in ensuring well-being (balance of freedoms and restrictions, rational allocation of resources, balance of national and integration interests) emerged, but also prospects for the future development of integrations (NextGenerationEU Plan, the emergence of a Global Digital Health Certification Network). Judicial practice was formed (lawsuits by the European Commission, work of the EAEU Court). Conclusions highlight the need to increase the resilience and centralization of EU healthcare systems, prepare the budget for potential future threats, which serves as a useful experience for Eurasian integration, and the importance of deepening integration, reforming existing institutions, and establishing interstate dialogue for the EAEU. The crisis became a catalyst for the development of integrations, the cause of the emergence of new conflicts and contradictions, the solutions of which determined the direction of evolution in the future.

This paper uses two empirical tools to quantify the impact of tariff changes on bilateral trade and welfare. Both tools are rooted in structural gravity literature. The first tool estimates the impact of tariff changes on bilateral trade for 5,020 products in a partial equilibrium framework. The second tool quantifies the impact on bilateral aggregate trade in a general equilibrium setup, allowing estimates of trade diversion and welfare changes. These tools are used to estimate the impact of tariff changes on Armenia with regard to (i) its alignment with the external tariff of the Eurasian Economic Union; (ii) free trade agreements between the Eurasian Economic Union and other economies, including Iran and the People’s Republic of China; and (iii) Armenia’s loss of beneficiary status under the Generalised Scheme of Preferences of the European Union.

The problematic field of political interaction between the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is constructed under the influence of actualizing national priorities of external political players in view of the strategic and resource significance of the post-Soviet space in general. Attention is focused on the contribution of extra-regional and transnational subjects to the development of political and economic space of the EAEU. Political presence of the United States, as well as Western and European states in this region is increased. In this context, we are talking about the intersection and competition of geostrategic, political, economic and other goals of existing political participants in the framework of interstate exchange. On the one hand, it creates some additional factors and mechanisms of manifestation and expansion of conflict-causing precedents, on the other hand, it leads to the emergence of qualitatively new opportunities for opening special political potential, strengthening the status-role positions, establishing the bilateral and multilateral ties, etc. In the end, real prerequisites are created for transformation the symbolic nature and activity significance of the EAEU in the context of domestic political and supranational processes. In this sense, the conceptual basis and tool of American media publications in the direction of actualization the US political agenda in relation to the EAEU countries are interesting. The ideological, semantic and technological features of The Washington Post publications on the topic of political relations between the United States and other foreign policy actors with the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Armenia are analyzed. As a result, it is determined that political participation of the United States in this region is built in the focus of creating the restraining factors for stabilization of political and economic partnership of the EAEU participant countries in the framework of the concept of Greater Eurasia. The existing institutional and functional potential of the post-Soviet states is used for negativization of political and regional role and strengthening of geopolitical opposition of the Russian Federation and the PRC. Particularly, the most frequently published topics in relation to political problems of the EAEU are the Russian participation in a special military operation on Ukrainian territory and foreign policy participation of foreign states in the main processes of Eurasian integration.

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in the context of the spread of new models of business organization, including foreign trade transactions with electronic commerce goods (ECG) purchased by individuals on foreign electronic trading platforms, it is necessary to develop issues related to the determination of tax consequences for persons — participants of such models. The term “goods” in this study means any movable property, including currency of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), securities and (or) currency values, travel cheques, electricity, as well as other movable things equated to immovable property. Since the value added tax (VAT) is one of the most significant for both the state and taxpayers (tax agents), the subject of the study is the mechanism for determining the tax consequences of VAT when foreign sellers sell to Russian individuals electronic commerce goods (ECG) purchased through foreign trading platforms (“marketplaces”), while being (stored) at the time of conclusion of the contract of sale in customs warehouses in Russia. The purpose of the study is to solve the problems related to the determination of VAT payment obligations in connection with the sale of ECG stored in a customs warehouse, namely: economic aspects related to the grounds for the emergence of VAT payment obligations, and the feasibility of changes in the current regulation with regard to the possible consequences. The methodology of the study is based on the use of classical for indirect taxation approaches to the determination of the place of sale of goods and, accordingly, to the decision on the occurrence in the territory of Russia of the object of taxation by the VAT. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the development of approaches to the determination of tax consequences on VAT on the sale of goods from the territories of customs warehouses within the framework of cross-border electronic commerce, as well as possible changes in the current regulation, based on the consideration of the economic sense of the considered business model. It is concluded that when a foreign seller sells goods to Russian individuals through a “marketplace” that are stored in a customs warehouse on the territory of Russia during the purchase period, the seller is subject to VAT. A person of an EAEU member state (Russian organization) — an e-commerce operator — who transfers goods to a purchaser is obliged to present to the purchaser the corresponding amount of VAT, performing the duties of a tax agent. Proposals on the establishment of VAT concessions for transactions on the implementation of ECG from the territory of the customs warehouse were elaborated, the results concluded that the discussion and insufficient economic justification of such proposals.

INTRODUCTION. A risk management plan (RMP) is an important document for assessing and managing risks when using a medicinal product. An RMP is provided as part of the marketing authorisation application for a medicinal product. The requirements for the need to submit an RMP and the information in its sections depend on the type of medicinal product and marketing authorisation procedure. Marketing authorisation holders will benefit from an expert systematisation of the requirements for RMP submission outlined in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) Rules for Marketing Authorisation and Expert Assessment of Medicinal Products for Human Use and Rules of Good Pharmacovigilance Practice (Eurasian Economic Commission Council Decisions Nos. 78 and 87 dated 03.11.2016, respectively), as this systematisation will contribute to a more accurate drafting of RMPs.AIM. This study aimed to analyse the requirements for submitting parts and modules of an RMP depending on the type of medicinal product being authorised according to the EAEU marketing authorisation procedures.RESULTS. This review analyses and systematises the requirements for the development of an RMP and the submission/non-submission of its main parts (I–VI) and Part II modules (CI–CVIII) depending on the type of medicinal product and marketing authorisation procedure. The article describes the principles for providing information in three main RMP sections: Safety Specifications (Part II), Pharmacovigilance Plan (Part III), and Risk Minimisation Measures (Part V). Flow charts illustrate summarised information on pharmacovigilance activities and risk minimisation measures that is included in an RMP. The article systematises the considerations for the analysis and evaluation of information for the main parts (I–VI) and Part II modules (CI–CVIII) of an RMP.CONCLUSIONS. The systematisation of the requirements of Eurasian Economic Commission Council Decisions Nos. 78 and 87 dated 03.11.2016, as well as the expert comments on considerations for RMP submission depending on the type of medicinal product and marketing authorisation procedure will help to improve the quality of RMPs and, in general, the safety of medicinal products authorised in the EAEU.

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in the context of the sanctions policy, the Russian Federation is interested in building a new paradigm of international relations focused on achieving economic and political advantages based on cooperation with friendly states. Azerbaijan, of course, acts as such a state, which, due to its geographical location, political stability and international cooperation with Russian manufacturers, is now able to become a strategically important partner, taking into account geopolitical and geo-economic realities. Despite the availability of scientific papers on the problem of economic cooperation between Russia and Azerbaijan, there is currently no comprehensive study of the possibilities of expanding economic partnership in the conditions of turbulence of global processes. The purpose of the study was to determine the priorities of economic cooperation between Russia and Azerbaijan in the context of the global transformation of modern international relations and the turn of the Russian Federation to the East. To achieve this goal, the methods of comparison, system analysis, synthesis, logical generalization, and economic analysis were used. As a result of the study, the current situation of the development of economic cooperation between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Russian Federation was studied, taking into account the political peculiarities of the development of the global community, which makes this study interdisciplinary. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the factors contributing to the deepening of the economic partnership between the two countries have been identified. It was noted that in the new conditions, the role of Azerbaijan as a strategic partner of the Russian Federation is growing. The role of Azerbaijan as an international transport and logistics center has increased due to global turbulences, and in 2023 alone, the volume of traffic through the territory of the republic from Russia has almost doubled. It is concluded that the countries are interested in expanding economic cooperation and creating conditions for the development of international cooperation. Azerbaijan is expected to cooperate more closely with the states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), including the process of deepening the integration partnership within the framework of the formation of a single economic space. In addition, new priorities for international economic cooperation and strategic directions for the development of international relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Russian Federation in the long term have been identified, taking into account the turbulence of global processes.

There is a strong relationship between regional integration and economic performance. This paper investigates the impact of regional integration on macroeconomic indicators in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) – a trade block created by the former Soviet republics in 2014. This study compares two types of regional collaboration strategies: first, unilateral trade liberalization with the one-sided opening of market access that does not imply any mutual concessions, and second, reciprocal regional liberalization evaluated as the degree of regional economic integration between the countries. We apply a random effect panel data analysis with the dataset over 25 years since 1995 covering five countries (Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia). We find that, under the current stage, the EAEU positively affects trade flows, negatively affects the level of employment, and has no impact on other economic performance indicators. We also conclude that despite the declared level of economic integration – customs union – Eurasian block functions mainly as a free trade area facilitating mutual trade, which is different from the broader objectives that regional integration aims to achieve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), despite being regarded as the most developed integration project in the post-Soviet area, has faced different hurdles in acquiring international recognition. Especially, the EU, the EAEU's Significant Other, has been reluctant to formally recognize it, in spite of close ties with EAEU member states as well as of its own self-image as a supporter of regional integrations. This paper focuses on this puzzle and examines how the EU has been discursively explaining its non-recognition of the EAEU at the institutional level. Based on the analysis of EU-articulated narratives since 2010, the paper reveals three dominant representations of the EAEU in the EU discourse: (1) Russia's geopolitical project; (2) a protectionist union; and (3) a dysfunctional union. These narratives have been used by Brussels to create the EAEU's image as a threatening Other, thus justifying why the EU cannot formally recognize the EAEU and officially engage with it. The paper also identifies five different stages of the EU's discursive representation of the EAEU since 2010, when its tone and content varied. The paper concludes that such non-recognition from the Significant Other still limits the EAEU's international agency despite its increasing interest in cooperation with non-Western actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the asymmetry of the development of the Eurasian Economic Union countries (hereinafter referred to as the EAEU). The objective of the work is to analyse the symmetrical development of countries within the framework of the EAEU and to formulate measures and recommendations for increase of the economic potential of the countries. In order to achieve the purpose, the objective of comparative assessment on the basis of three indicators was set and overcome. The three indicators include gross domestic product per capita, investments per capita and average accrued salary. The corresponding calculations were done for each indicator, and graphs were constructed showing the general state of the economic development. During the study, the methods of factor and system analysis were applied. The initial data for the study were the official sources of the statistical authorities of the EAEU countries, the Interstate Statistical Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States as well as publications and scientific articles related to this topic. The main problem is the uneven economic development of the EAEU member states which leads to negative consequences for strengthening the integration process. As a result of the study, some measures were proposed to achieve the symmetrical development of the countries within the framework of the EAEU, and recommendations were prepared for the effective development of interaction between the member countries of the integration association. Following the results of this work, a conclusion was formulated on strengthening ties between the countries by focusing on a mixed economy with government regulation, infrastructure development and increased investment activity.

The article examines the consequences of the Western states’ sanctions pressure on Russia for the EAEU. Special attention is paid to the position of the EAEU members amid two crucial events in the Ukrainian crisis: the reunification of Crimea with Russia (2014) and the beginning of a special military operation (SMO) in Ukraine (2022). Measures aimed at minimizing the damage from anti-Russian sanctions on the economies of the EAEU countries are considered, such as: customs, customs tariff and non-tariff regulation, protective measures; internal market and cooperation; financial and currency markets; international economic cooperation with third countries and integration associations. The priorities of Russia’s chairmanship in the EAEU in 2023 are analyzed. The prerequisites for the further development of the EAEU as a self-sufficient integration center in Eurasia and the prospects of the EAEU amid a confrontation between Russia and the West are examined. Among the negative factors slowing down the development of the EAEU the following stand out: the orientation of some members to the third countries’ markets, the modest pace of modernization and increasing the competitiveness of the economies of the EAEU countries, the insufficient level of development of transport infrastructure and logistics, the concerns of the EAEU members (Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan) of «secondary» sanctions, the absence of a consolidated position within the union regarding Western sanctions, the violation of transactional payments as an outcome of Russia’s disconnection from international payment systems.

Integration organizations exhibit variations in the extent of integration interaction, economic capacity, and global significance. The European Union (EU) stands out as the most successful in terms of regional integration, actively engaging in external relations with diverse regions, individual nations, and integration blocs. Particularly noteworthy is the EU's robust advancement of interregional policies in Latin America with the Common Market of South America (MERCOSUR) and in Asia with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Interregionalism is commonly construed as collaboration between two integration blocs, termed the "pure" or ideal form of interregionalism. However, another variant exists, involving interaction not with the integration bloc as a whole but with its individual member countries, known as quasi-interregionalism. Within Southeast Asia (SEA), a coexistence of various interregionalism types is observable, such as "pure" interregionalism between the EU and ASEAN, and quasi-interregionalism in dealings between the EU and countries like Indonesia, Singapore, and Vietnam within the association. This article focuses on the case of quasi-interregionalism in the EU-Indonesia context. The EU's interregional approach towards Indonesia aims to establish a bilateral free trade agreement (FTA). Similarly, the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) actively pursues interregional policies, fostering trade and economic cooperation with ASEAN members, having already finalized FTAs with Singapore and Vietnam. A key issue is the ongoing negotiations for an FTA agreement with Indonesia, initiated in the spring of 2023. The significance of this study lies in the limited exploration of interregional dynamics between the EAEU and Indonesia by both domestic and international scholars. Comparing this with the more extensively studied case of EU-Indonesia quasi-interregionalism can provide a foundation for a deeper examination of the topic. This article aims to compare the interregional experiences of the EU and EAEU with Indonesia, identify factors influencing interregional policy implementation in the region, and offer a forecast regarding the future of EU and EAEU agreements with Indonesia. Comparative analysis criteria include the status of trade relations, their institutionalization level, and obstacles to concluding FTA agreements.

To solve the integration tasks of forming a common labor market, interpenetration of values and ideas, ensuring mutual understanding and trust between peoples, the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) needs a single educational space, similar educational and professional standards, mutual recognition of diplomas, academic degrees and titles. The article considers academic mobility within the EAEU and current practices of cooperation between its member-states and observer countries in the field of higher education based on the data of the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) and the Russian Federal State Statistics Service (to assess the efficiency of promoting the ideas of Eurasian integration) and on the results of the authors’ empirical research (to identify potential for the development of cooperation between the EAEU member-states and observer countries in the field of education). The authors show a decrease in student exchange between universities of member-states and an increase in the number of students from non-CIS countries; Russia still accepts more students than its EAEU partners, which proves the inequality of student and teachers’ academic mobility and the need for changes in legislation and funding under the growing competition with Turkey, Europe and China in the field of education. The article considers the development of the structure and programs of educational cooperation, the expansion of branches of leading universities in other countries, the creation by leading universities of the Consortium, Eurasian Network University and Slavic Universities, and so on. The development of cooperation between the EAEU member-states and observer countries in the field of higher education requires an agreement between participants of integration at the highest level, classification of the higher education issues as a separate area of cooperation, expansion of legal regulation of cooperation issues and creation of an institutional form for the EAEU management in the sphere of higher education.

The purpose of the study is to develop main provisions of the concept of improving customs tariff mechanisms for regulating international trade. As the subject of the study, the fundamental elements of the customs mechanisms development concept have been defined: principles, tasks, tools, etc. In order to develop competitiveness in the world economy and international trade, it is relevant to adapt to the changing conditions of international business and identify the area where it is necessary to take measures to support it. The necessity of improving customs mechanisms for regulating international trade has been substantiated. The research methodology is based on the scientific literature analysis, comparative analysis, statistical data systematization and analysis. The main study result is the presentation of the concept of the processes of improving customs-tariff mechanisms of international trade and its elements regulation, aimed at increasing the effectiveness of customs-tariff measures for developing international trade in the Eurasian Economic Union member states. The concept proposes directions for systematization and improvement of supranational level customs regulation tools, which remains an important task for the near future, especially in view of changes in the foreign trade of Russian enterprises as a result of the trade conflicts aggravation caused by political and economic relations deterioration between the US, the European Union member states, and Russia. The study results application scope can be determined by a wide range of users, such as government executive authorities and customs service, logistics and commercial companies, as well as the scientific community. In the future, the proposed concept application in practical activities will ensure a business-friendly environment creation in accordance with the requirements of the general trade and customs policy and investments promotion related to the international trade development.

Introduction. In the whole world, all countries are involved to varying degrees in the process of digital transformation of the national economy. There is a global trend towards the use of the processes based on digital solutions. In addition, there are significant opportunities for the emergence of integration processes. Digital integration has an impact on international cooperation. The economic integration of countries becomes impossible without the digitalization of economic systems, legal frameworks, and technologies. The activities of supranational and national bodies of integration associations are adapting to the rapidly developing digital environment. Theoretical analysis. The main directions of legal support for integration processes of digitalization of the Eurasian Economic Union (the EAEU) space at the current stage is the creation of public administration mechanisms through the adoption of policies and programs at the national level. Future development of relations between the EAEU member states within the framework of legal integration on the path of digital transformation largely depends on consolidation and coordination decisions made by national governments in the field of information technologies introduced into the public administration system. This measure requires harmonization and unification of the fundamental legal documents of the member states of the Eurasian Union, which are responsible for the development of digital cooperation of the EAEU member countries in the long term. In addition, a special role is given to the convergence of mechanisms for the organization and functioning of national digital platforms and services towards the creation of a unified information system of the cross-border space of the EAEU. When identifying the fundamental problems of forming a common digital space within the Eurasian Union, the author studied foreign experience of building common digital platforms within the framework of integration associations using the example of the European Union. Results. The improvement of the current legal regulation of digital integration in the EAEU is due to the eff orts of the member states to implement close coordination and make agreed decisions to promote the common digital agenda of the Eurasian Economic Union.

Background: This article aims to examine the trademark rights exhaustion regime for Kazakhstan in the context of a high level of importation of goods and free trade in the Eurasian Economic Union1 (hereinafter “EAEU”). It addresses consumers’ interests and discusses business and intellectual property (hereinafter “IP”) law in relation to the exhaustion regime. It discusses trademark use in Kazakhstan, the prohibition of such use by trademark owners, and the limits of a trademark owner’s right to prohibit such use. While national and regional legislations introduce the regime of regional exhaustion of trademark rights in Kazakhstan, their legal constructions contain gaps and mutually exclusive provisions which create uncertainty for trademark owners and courts, thereby enabling infringement in the form of parallel import. Methods: To achieve the goal of this article, the authors applied a set of methods consisting of content analysis and case study. Particularly, the authors analysed the national and regional legislation applicable in Kazakhstan and examined the existing court practice that reveals certain problems with the exhaustion of trademark rights. Moreover, the article includes a comparative analysis of legislation from the United Kingdom (hereinafter “UK”), the European Union (hereinafter “EU”), and select Eastern European countries. Results: Thus, the paper provides an overview of the currently implemented regime of exhaustion in Kazakhstan and its application in the EAEU and examines the challenges created by uncertainties regarding which rights are being exhausted. Conclusions: Kazakhstan is upholding the regime of regional exhaustion of trademark rights. At the same time, local and regional legislation contradict each other when the regulation concerns the national identification of a trademark. With the national registration of a trademark, the exhaustion regime becomes national. In contrast, in the case of international trademark registration, subject to several conditions, the exhaustion principle is regional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of the Greater Eurasian Partnership (GEP) has gained increasing currency in Russian foreign policy. The Russia–China partnership has been presented as its bedrock through a partnership between the Eurasian Economic Union and the Belt and Road Initiative, further expanding to include other regional powers from across East Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, and Middle East as well as nonwestern multilateral groupings (SCO, ASEAN). Given the centrality of Asia‐Pacific to this expansive concept, GEP has to deal with the challenges posed by the evolving regional geopolitics of the East and the rise of the Indo‐Pacific amidst heightened US–China rivalry. The paper seeks to conduct a policy review of GEP and its proposed development format in light of ongoing changes in the East to determine the likely future of the concept in a contested region that also remains at the center of this expansive Russian vision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the climate agenda in the Eurasian Economic Union. Particularly, it analyzes the current stage of implementation of green finance principles in the member states of the EAEU. In the article, the authors identify the key problems for the social and economic development of the member states in the context of the global environmental transformation and examine most relevant policy documents to address climate challenges. At present, all EAEU member states are committed to the Paris Agreement. They are developing framework for sustainable finance system at the national levels and made efforts to introduce green finance principles within the organization. However, for the most part, little progress has been made. The authors stress that different timelines and trajectories will hinder the EAEU to achieve carbon neutrality, so, in the first place, the issue of the contingency of national climate policies within the Union should be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to undertake a systematic comparative analysis of how regional economic organizations (REOs) in the wider Eurasian region have strategically responded to the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative. The theoretical framework is based on the external actorness literature, comparative regionalism, and foreign policy analysis. The analysis links the distinctive features of the REOs to the shape and impact of their strategic responses to the Belt and Road Initiative. At the same time, it shows the extent to which REOs play a functional role vis-à-vis their member states and large firms in a macro-regional strategic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) established in 2015 has developed an institutional framework that on the paper largely mimics the European Union's. The article suggests that a closer examination of the economic interdependence in the region adds valuable knowledge regarding the development of the organization. The analysis follows a (post)-functionalist model and highlights how the integration process responds to economic interdependence, and that the integration process has the potential of generating spillovers. The Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) has initiated work targeting the removal of non-tariff barriers, and business associations in the region are paying attention to the organization. Yet, there are also several constraints to integration in the region linked to the member states' reluctance to delegate substantial powers to the EEC, and their insistence on the cooperation as being merely economic. These limitations are in line with previous suggestions in the literature regarding non-democratic regional organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: During the Soviet Union, as a result of accelerated industrialization policies and agricultural expansion, migration flows in Central Eurasia were mainly from the center of the Soviet Union to Central Asia. But at the beginning of the 1990s and after the collapse of Soviet Union, the situation changed. A large number of Russians living in Central Asian republics immigrated to Russia for fear of ethnic discrimination. In addition, due to poverty and unemployment, war (in Tajikistan) and environmental problems, Central Asians migrated to Russia. This is despite the fact that a significant part of the migrations were labor migrations, which were done with the motive of employment and earning money to cover the expenses of the families living in the republics. Even today, due to cultural and linguistic affinities, family ties, ease of travel as well as Russia's strong need for labor in the early 2000s, the large-scale labor migration from Central Asia to Russia is one of the main streams of migration to Russia. To the extent that today, the remittances sent by these immigrants to their countries of origin constitute a significant share of the GDP of the respective countries especially Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Therefore, it can be seen that the migration flow in the region has been reversed after the collapse of the Soviet Union. After the integration of some countries in the region in the form of the Eurasian Economic Union and facilitating the free movement of labor among the member countries, it seems that changes have been made in the migration process from member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union to Russia. Research question: In this research, focusing on the migrations to Russia from Central Asian countries, the main question is that: what effects has the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union had on the migration process from Central Asia to Russia? There are also a number of sub-questions, the answers to which can lead us to the answer to the main question. These questions are: What are the characteristics of Central Asian migrations to Russia? And what is the relationship between the economic theory of immigration and economic convergence? Research hypothesis: In response to the above question, the hypothesis is examined that" The membership of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia in the Eurasian Economic Union has increased the process of labor migration from the first two countries to Russia by influencing the costs of migrant workers." Methodology: Considering that several factors can be effective in determining the flow of migration from Central Asia, which cannot be controlled, in this article the qualitative method of bivariate correlation is used. In this method, an attempt has been made to evaluate the relationship between the two variables of the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union (independent variable) and the change in migration process from Central Asia (dependent variable) by qualitatively evaluating the available data. Although the effect of variable a on variable B is not measured in this method, the existence of a positive or negative relationship between the two variables is evaluated. Results and discussion: Surveys showed that firstly, most of the migrations from the Central Asian republics are work and temporary migrations, and therefore are carried out by the population of working age. Secondly, the ratio of the number of immigrants to the total population of each republic is higher in poorer countries than in richer regions and countries. Thirdly, migrations often have a male face and are related to unskilled and semi-skilled workers. Fourthly, the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union has eased the labor migration conditions between the member countries and reduced its costs, and this has affected the flow of labor migration. At the same time, the lack of accurate and reliable statistics, especially regarding the country of Turkmenistan, and the impossibility of assessing the volume of illegal labor migration, were the most important challenges for an accurate assessment of the migration process in the region. Examining the collected data and information and comparing the share of member and non-member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union in the period before and after the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union in work migration to Russia shows that after the membership of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, the migration of workers from these two countries to Russia has increased. Conclusion: In this article, changes in the nature and countries of origin and destination of immigration after the collapse of the Soviet Union were investigated. Studies have shown that, unlike the early years of the collapse, when migrations were ethnic or social in nature, since the early 2000s they have become more economic in nature, and the two countries of Kazakhstan and Russia, became the most important destinations for work migration due to economic growth. Also, the impact of immigration process from member countries and non-member countries in the Eurasian Economic Union was investigated. The comparison of statistics showed that there is a positive correlation between the membership of the republics in this union and the increase of work migrations to Russia. In other words, with the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union, the number of labor migrations from union member countries to Russia has increased compared to non-member countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific relevance. On 6 December 2022, an updated version of the Rules for Good Pharmacovigilance Practice of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU GVP) came into force. The greatest changes were made to the requirements for pharmacovigilance documents, particularly the risk management plan (RMP). In practice, the changed EAEU GVP has resulted in multiple errors, creating the need to thoroughly analyse their structure and causes and to develop recommendations for their prevention.Aim. This study aimed to identify, analyse, and collate inconsistencies between the information submitted by marketing authorisation holders in their RPMs and the updated EAEU GVP requirements.Materials and methods. The Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products analysed 50 RMPs received after 6 December 2022 as part of registration dossiers aimed to support marketing authorisation applications and/or align the registration dossiers with the EAEU requirements.Results. The errors made by applicants when preparing RMPs were categorised according to their influence on the interpretation of a medicinal product’s safety profile. The errors leading to incorrect safety profile interpretations were considered type 1 errors (63% of the cases). The errors affecting the perception of the RMP but not the interpretation of the safety profile (e.g., grammatical errors, notes and comments by applicants, incorrect translation of terms) were deemed type 2 errors (37% of the cases). The majority of EAEU GVP noncompliance cases were detected in Part II of the RMP, the section providing the most information on the safety profile of a medicinal product.Conclusions. There are several ways to improve the quality of RMP preparation. The information included in the RMP should be compared with the information provided in the registration dossier. The RMP should be incorporated into the integrated pharmaceutical quality system according to the requirements of good practices.A responsible employee of the marketing authorisation holder’s quality assurance system should control the final RMP version. Employees of pharmacovigilance departments should receive regular training.

The concept of Eurasian integration has become a key and dynamic phenomenon in modern international relations. The present study is focused on assessing the potential of legal development of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), justification of measures for its adaptation to the changing social and legal reality. The current legal integration model of the EAEU is assessed. The focus of the study is on three interrelated issues: key aspects of legal integration, including the creation and development of legal frameworks, their principles, as well as the relationship between the national legal systems of the member states and EAEU law; the place of EAEU norms in the national legal system of Kazakhstan; and the justification of strategic paths and measures for the long-term integration evolution of the EAEU. In conclusion, this article offers findings on the legal complexities of Eurasian integration. The importance of legal cooperation and harmonization as essential components of the evolving project of regional integration is highlighted. The results of the study expand the potential of the theory of integration processes in Eurasia, fill it with new methodological content, and allow conceptualizing the implementation of further empirical studies of integration processes in the post-Soviet space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Actual Problems of Jurisprudence / Habaršy. Zan̦ Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To demonstrate the potential impact on population health if policies designed to reduce population trans fatty acid (TFA) intake are successfully implemented in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in line with the WHO's guidelines to lower intake of TFA as a percentage of total energy intake to less than 1 %.Design: A projection exercise was conducted to estimate reductions in CVD-related deaths in countries of the EAEU if TFA policies are implemented in the EAEU. Plausibly causal, annual effects (in %) of Denmark's TFA policy on the evolution of CVD mortality rates were applied to project the potential effects of recently announced TFA policies in Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the Russian Federation under three TFA exposure scenarios.Settings: Member States of the EAEU: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the Russian Federation.Participants: Data used for the projection exercise were based on estimates from natural experimental evidence from Denmark. National CVD mortality rates used were from WHO and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development datasets.Results: In all countries and in all scenarios, deaths averted were ≤ 5 deaths/100,000 in year 1 and rose in years 2 and 3. The highest projected impacts in the high-exposure scenario were seen in Kyrgyzstan (39 deaths/100 000), with the lowest occurring in Armenia (24 deaths/100 000).Conclusion: This study demonstrates the potential population health gains that can be derived from effective policies to reduce TFA in line with WHO guidance. Monitoring and surveillance systems are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the TFA reduction policies in a national context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay traces the evolution of the Eurasian regionalism over the last three decades. It focuses on the inherent contradictions between the centripetal market forces and the geopolitical clashes affecting the economic integration perspectives. In Eurasia, economic integration has been repeatedly reinterpreted in terms of geopolitical power; at the same time, economic interaction emerged across the politically motivated boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is strategically critical to secure pharmaceutical independence for Russia by developing the industry using the latest achievements in science and technology. The development of nationally and internationally competitive medicines calls for the harmonisation of national and international requirements for non-clinical and clinical studies.In this interview, Alexander A. Spasov, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Full Professor, Head of the Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics of the Volgograd State Medical University, voices his authoritative opinion on the changes to the regulatory requirements for non-clinical and clinical studies of medicinal products that are related to the transition of the Russian Federation to the Eurasian Economic Union marketing authorisation requirements. Alexander A. Spasov touches upon the development and application potential of cutting-edge research methods (in silico, human cell-based and alternative animal-based methods) for the creation and implementation of more reliable and rapid test systems for pharmacology and toxicity studies.

INTRODUCTION. The Eurasian Economic Union has been in existence for more than 8 years and during this time has achieved certain successes in economic integration. However, in order to continue progressive development, constant work is required to improve the institutional structure, including the reform of Eurasian Economic Commission (hereinafter referred to as the EEC), by using the experience of the European Union (hereinafter referred to as the EU). In this article explores the Eurasian Economic Commission’s right to apply to the Court of Justice of the EAEU.MATERIALS AND METHODS. This study uses the works of both Russian and foreign specialists in the field of European law and EAEU law, as well as analyses of the EU and EAEU legal acts. General scientific methods of knowledge - analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction - were used during the study. Special legal methods - formal-legal, technical-legal, the method of legal analogy, as well as the comparative legal method - were also used in the work.RESEARCH RESULTS. As follows from the analysis of the law enforcement practice of the EEC, almost every year during the monitoring of the implementation of the Union law by the member states, the Commission reveals various violations of the integration legal order, most often concerning the obligations in the field of the EAEU internal market. Based on the results of monitoring, the Commission sends notifications to member states in the form of decisions, which the member states are obliged to implement, but in the future the Commission cannot influence them if they do not implement the Commission's decision. Thus, the Eurasian Economic Commission, as a regulatory body of the Union, at this stage of development of Eurasian integration does not have enough power to perform the tasks assigned to it by the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union and other legal acts. In this connection, it is necessary to amend the legal acts governing the activities of the EEC, in particular to give the Commission the right to appeal to the EAEU Court on cases of non-compliance by member states with the prescriptions of the law of the Union. At the same time, it is important to note that the European Commission (hereinafter – the EC) has the relevant right, which allows it to more effectively perform the tasks assigned to it by the EU constituent treaties – this, in turn, allows the EAEU to adopt the positive features of the EC functioning, thereby improving the activities of the Eurasian Economic Commission.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. As part of the research, the authors analyse the legal status of the EEC, its powers, the grounds for the Commission's application to the EAEU Court, the competence of the EAEU Court, as well as the prospects of the EEC's right to apply to the Court of EAEU. The authors conduct a brief comparative legal analysis of the powers of the Eurasian Economic Commission and the European Commission, as well as the competence of the European Court of Justice and the Court of EAEU. The main problem is highlighted - the lack of EEC's competence to apply to the Court of EAEU to resolve a dispute. As a result of the study, it is proposed to grant the Commission the right to apply to the Court, as well as expand the competence of the EAEU Court.

Inspections of pharmaceutical market participants to verify their compliance with good practice requirements are integral to good regulatory practices of the Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The framework for Good Clinical Practice (GCP) inspections is outlined in Decision No. 78 of the Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission of November 3, 2016.This interview with Alla A. TRAPKOVA, Deputy General Director of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, provides information on the importance, objectives, and rules of conducting GCP inspections.

Abstract Objective: To demonstrate the potential impact on population health if policies designed to reduce population trans fatty acid (TFA) intake are successfully implemented in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in line with the WHO’s guidelines to lower intake of TFA as a percentage of total energy intake to less than 1 %. Design: A projection exercise was conducted to estimate reductions in CVD-related deaths in countries of the EAEU if TFA policies are implemented in the EAEU. Plausibly causal, annual effects (in %) of Denmark’s TFA policy on the evolution of CVD mortality rates were applied to project the potential effects of recently announced TFA policies in Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the Russian Federation under three TFA exposure scenarios. Settings: Member States of the EAEU: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the Russian Federation. Participants: Data used for the projection exercise were based on estimates from natural experimental evidence from Denmark. National CVD mortality rates used were from WHO and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development datasets. Results: In all countries and in all scenarios, deaths averted were ≤ 5 deaths/100,000 in year 1 and rose in years 2 and 3. The highest projected impacts in the high-exposure scenario were seen in Kyrgyzstan (39 deaths/100 000), with the lowest occurring in Armenia (24 deaths/100 000). Conclusion: This study demonstrates the potential population health gains that can be derived from effective policies to reduce TFA in line with WHO guidance. Monitoring and surveillance systems are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the TFA reduction policies in a national context.

This article examines Armenia’s agency in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). It argues that, despite being the smallest member and facing huge power asymmetry inside the organization, Armenia has been able to influence the decision-making in the EAEU in numerous ways. The research will examine three different strategies Armenia used to protect its interests: a) instrumentalizing the opportunities emanating from the institutional settings of the organization, b) negotiating exemptions from the EAEU legislation and securing core interests in the external relations of the union, and c) promoting specific ideas with the purpose of tailoring EAEU’s policy in a particular field to its economic needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Applied Biotechnology is the property of National Center for Biotechnology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with the philosophical and legal foundations of the formation of single information and digital area as one of the contemporary objectives in the Eurasian Economic Union. It is pointed out, that the concept of information society spreads over the integration processes and makes to go beyond traditional approaches to the common market and its four freedoms of movement of goods, services, capital, labor. Freedom of information is the fifth freedom of the common market, and digital agenda is included currently in strategies of many integration associations. However, economic issues are not the only that should be referred to, while implementing the latter. The following elements should shape any information and digital strategy of an integration such as security and data protection, trade and competitiveness, management transparency and accessibility, dispute resolution. To regulate the processes of implementing the digital agenda in the EAEU by 2025, member states have chosen the method of coordination. It is justified to harmonize national policies for the digitalization of the economy and governance, while it is necessary to ensure the digital sovereignty of EAEU states as well as to create a market for their own digital solutions in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]