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The current study assessed the association of eucalyptus-tree spacing with forest growth and yield, as well as with the floristic composition, diversity and yield of natural grassland grown in silvopastoral systems in Pampa biome. Data were collected in six family cattle-ranching area in Bagé County (RS). The effect of two different genetic materials (seminal-origin Eucalyptus dunnii plant and one Eucalyptus grandis clone) on shading features of plants grown in 3 planting-spacing dimensions (625, 312 and 208 trees ha-1) was assessed, as well as their association with herbaceous extract (bare soil; green cover; forage dry matter; floristic composition; species richness; and grass, legumes and winter - and summer-growth species rates) and forestry (litter accumulation, diameter at breast height, total height and volume per hectare) variables. Planting carried out at the highest tree density (625 trees ha-1) has increased forest yield. However, it reduced green cover, herbaceous extract dry-matter yield and species richness, mainly in grasses and legumes with greater forage potential. Conversely, it is possible combining forestry and animal yield to the preservation of native forage species at low tree densities (204 to 312 trees ha-1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RESUMO Nesta pesquisa, foram produzidas em laboratório, chapas de madeira aglomerada de Eucalyptus saligna, E. citriodora e E. pilularis e misturas destas espécies. As partículas de madeira foram obtidas a partir de costaneiras provenientes de desdobro de toras em serraria. A quantidade de resina aplicada foi de 8 e 12%. Foram avaliadas as seguintes propriedades: absorção de água e inchamento em espessura após 2 e 24 horas de imersão em água, módulos de elasticidade e de ruptura em flexão estática e ligação interna. As chapas demonstraram boa estabilidade dimensional e as propriedades de módulo de ruptura e ligação interna apresentaram valores médios bem acima do mínimo exigido pela norma CS 236-66. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se recomendar a utilização destas espécies de eucalipto para produção industrial de chapas de madeira aglomerada.

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Background: Wildfires have strong impacts on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, whose frequency, severity, and intensity are increasing with climate change. Moreover, the expansion of exotic monoculture plantations, such as those of eucalypts, increases this risk. When wildfires do not cause the disappearance of riparian vegetation, they still imply the fall of leaf litter exposed to the fire (i.e., crown scorch), which consequences for ecosystems are unknown. Experimental design: To explore how these leaf litter inputs may affect stream ecosystem functioning, we conducted a microcosm experiment where we quantified the decomposition of leaf litter from three tree species (alder, oak, and eucalypt) under two conditions (control litter simulating natural entries and litter subjected to 150 °C for 3 h mimicking exposure to fire). We also examined the interaction between this factor and a temperature rise (which is often associated to the loss of riparian vegetation caused by the wildfire) by manipulating water temperature (10, 12.5, and 15 °C). Finally, we explored the effects of these variables on the growth of a common detritivore, the caddisfly Sericostoma pyrenaicum. Results: Control alder presented the highest decomposition rates, which were notably reduced due to fire exposure. On the contrary, eucalypt litter decomposition was even slower than that of oak and hardly showed any effect derived from fire exposure. The different leaf litter types determined detritivore growth, to a greater extent than variation related to warming, which generally had negligible effects. Conclusions: Our study shows the negative effects of wildfires on stream ecosystem functioning even when they only involve brief exposure of leaf litter to the fire. Effects are greater on the most palatable native species, which represents the highest quality input in streams of the study area. Our results highlight the importance of protecting riparian forests, especially those composed of native species, against wildfires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa foi construir e testar oito vigas com 5,4 metros de comprimento, usando laminas de madeira de pinus spp e Eucalyptus citriodora. Quatro delas foram feitas somente com madeira de pinus, e as demais com madeira de Pinus spp e Eucalyptus citriodora. As camadas foram feitas mais longas pelo uso de emendas biseladas no lado tracionado e emendas de topo no lado comprimido das vigas. Nas vigas de pinus, estas juntas foram feitas simultaneamente à colagem das camadas, dispensando a adesão prévia. Em duas vigas de pinus-eucalipto a colagem das lâminas externa foi feita previamente.As vigas foram carregadas até a ruptura e descritas pelo módulo de ruptura (MOR), módulo de elasticidade (MOE) e o tipo de fratura ocorrida.As médias dos módulos de ruptura do primeiro e segundo grupo foram, respectivamente, 55,6 MPa e 70,7 MPa. As diferenças médias entre o modulo de elasticidade experimental e teórico foram de 4,1% e 3,5 % para vigas de pinus e pinus-eucalipto, respectivamente.Ainclusão da madeira de E. citriodora aumenta o MOE de 11.305 MPa para 18.382 MPa. Das quatro vigas testadas de pinus, duas apresentaram ruptura na emenda da lâmina mais solicitada à tração. Nas vigas de pinus-eucalipto, as lâminas das extremidades, que foram emendadas e coladas separadamente, não apresentaram falha por tração ou compressão. Isto sugere que nestas juntas, a colagem deva ser feita previamente.

RESUMO Os objetivos desse trabalho foram: a) determinar o padrão de variação longitudinal da densidade básica; b) avaliar os principais métodos de amostragem longitudinal; e c) propor novas alternativas amostrais longitudinais representativas da densidade básica média. Foram retirados discos da base, 1,30 m (DAP) e, a partir deste ponto, de metro em metro até a altura comercial. Foram ajustados modelos lineares explicativos da variação longitudinal da densidade básica. O modelo polinomial de 5º ordem foi o que melhor explicou o padrão de variação longitudinal da densidade básica. Esse modelo foi utilizado na predição da densidade básica nas alturas relativas de 1 a 100% da altura comercial. A posição de 79% da altura comercial foi a mais precisa dentre as avaliadas. As alternativas amostrais A (5, 25, 27, 78 e 79%), B (5, 26, 27, 78 e 79%) e C (5, 26, 27, 78 e 80%) foram mais adequadas às amostragens comumente utilizadas.

RESUMO Estudos sobre novos adesivos ou resinas para colagem de madeira e derivados estão sendo realizados com a intenção de melhorar suas propriedades, levando em consideração um menor impacto ambiental. Por este motivo, novas formulações de adesivos de acetato de polivinila (PVA) vêm sendo desenvolvidas, pois estes não possuem em sua composição compostos químicos extremamente poluentes e prejudiciais à saúde, como é o caso de resinas à base de formaldeído, que, por sua vez, são as mais comumente utilizadas hoje em dia para a produção de painéis de madeira. Este trabalho testou três formulações diferentes de adesivos PVA, com duas combinações de tempo e temperatura de prensagem, para a produção de painéis compensados de Eucalyptus sp., obtendo bons resultados com relação à resistência ao cisalhamento na linha de cola, a qual foi superior para os adesivos PVA se comparados com painéis produzidos com ureia e fenol-formaldeído, encontrados na literatura.

Las especies de plantas exóticas invasoras causan graves impactos en la estructura y funcionamiento de los ecosistemas invadidos, dejando en desventaja a las especies nativas. Eucalyptus globulus y Pinus halepensis, son dos especies caracterizadas por su amplia distribución y alta habilidad competitiva. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el efecto alelopático del lixiviado de la hojarasca de E. globulus y P. halepensis sobre la germinación, crecimiento y diversidad de especies de plantas silvestres altoandinas. Se colectaron 30 muestras de suelo de los primeros 10 cm a partir de cuadrantes de 1 m2. Los lixiviados afectaron negativamente la germinación, crecimiento y diversidad de especies de plantas silvestres, particularmente el lixiviado de eucalipto. Al ser este uno de los pocos estudios hechos en zonas altoandinas, es necesario la realización de estudios en condiciones naturales y en mayores escalas temporales, para evaluar con mayor precisión los efectos sobre la biodiversidad.

In southern Brazil, Eucalyptus saligna is one of the most cultivated species within the Eucalyptus genus for forest plantations, thanks to genetic improvement programs. Among the primary vegetative propagation methods for recalcitrant genotypes is micropropagation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of two variables in the culture medium on the micropropagation of E. saligna. Nodal segments of 2 cm were introduced into a Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0, 15, 30, and 45 g L-1 of sucrose, considering two different medium consistencies: semi-solid (7.5 g L-1 of agar), and liquid with a spherical solid support. The experiment followed a completely randomized design, with eight treatments in a factorial scheme and four replicates, each containing 10 explants. After 30 days, several parameters were measured, including the mortality rate, number of shoots per explant, average shoot length, chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll content. The results indicated that the survival and multiplication rates of explants were higher in the semi-solid medium. In contrast, the liquid medium with solid support proved inefficient, as it failed to establish adequate contact between the explants and the culture medium, compromising the nutrient supply. Generally, survival rates were higher in treatments with increased sucrose concentrations, as higher sucrose levels provide metabolic energy and carbon skeletons essential for the biosynthesis of amino acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and other organic compounds required for growth. Furthermore, the higher sucrose concentration promoted shoot formation, although there was no statistically significant difference among the treatments supplemented with sucrose concentrations of 15, 30, and 45 g L-1. The higher sucrose concentration resulted in a significantly reduced chlorophyll content in the semi-solid medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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La contaminación por ozono (O3) troposférico en concentra- ciones elevadas afecta la salud de los árboles. En este estudio se analizaron las concentraciones de O3 y su efecto en la vitalidad de árboles en la zona metropolitana de la ciudad de Guadalajara. Se utilizaron datos de la red de monitoreo de la calidad del aire de Jalisco y registros de la fluorescencia de clorofila de Fraxinus uhdei, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, y Casuarina equiseti- folia. Se ajustó el modelo de valores extremos generalizado para estimar la distribución del O3 e identificar las zonas de mayor concentración.Se realizó un análisis de varianza para determinar diferencias en la condición de vitalidad causadas por la concentración de O3. Las regiones con mayor concentración de O3 se localizaron en Zapopan, Tlaquepaque, y en el noreste de Guadalajara. No se observó efecto significativo de las zonas con mayores concentraciones de O3 sobre la vitalidad del arbolado.

A Integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (ILPF) é uma estratégia de produção sustentável, onde há o cultivo de espécies agrícolas, florestais e/ou pecuária em uma mesma área, gerando sinergia entre os componentes. O Brasil possui vários fatores que beneficiam a implantação de sistemas integrados, como, condições edafoclimáticas favoráveis, área disponível, e perfil para produção agropecuária. Dentre as espécies mais utilizadas como componente arbóreo na ILPF, o eucalipto se destaca pelo rápido crescimento, boa adaptação as condições de solo e clima do Brasil, bom valor de mercado, baixo custo de implantação e facilidade de aquisição de mudas. O componente agrícola representa forma de diversificação da produção área na forma de grãos e/ou silagem, além de proporcionar a recuperação e/ou conservação do solo, uma vez que a área deverá ser mecanicamente e quimicamente preparada para implantação das culturas, além de contribuir com fornecimento de matéria orgânica para o solo e viabilizar a implantação da forrageira através do sistema de plantio direto. As forrageiras do gênero Brachiaria syn. Urochloa são adaptadas a maioria dos solos do bioma Cerrado, apresentando boa produção de massa seca e valor nutritivo, facilidade de aquisição de sementes, e resistência a cigarrinha das pastagens, já sendo utilizada por grande parte dos produtores rurais. No entanto, um dos grandes desafios da ILPF, é manter a produtividade da pastagem ao longo dos anos após o plantio com o avanço da idade das árvores e consequentemente aumento do nível de sombreamento. O nível de sombreamento ocasionado pelas árvores, que está relacionado com a quantidade e qualidade da luz que chega no sub-bosque e pode impactar na produtividade da forrageira cultivada no sub-bosque. Diante disso, objetiva-se descrever sobre o desenvolvimento forrageiro de Urochloa brizantha cultivar Marandu em sistemas de ILPF e suas alterações em diferentes modelos propostos.

The Resistograph has emerged as efficient non-destructive evaluation method, because it allows the fast assessment of mechanical resistance, density and other wood properties. The aim of the present study is to assess the influence of wood density and anatomy on resistance to resistographi drilling. Twenty trees of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla hybrids, at the age group of 6 years, whose chest height discs (CHD) were removed and subjected to diametrical strip drilling, were herein assessed. The critical locations of amplitude radius were selected after the visual analysis of the resistogram; it was done to remove samples for the anatomical analysis and density carried out to determine several moisture contents. Resistance to drill increased due to increased wood density. Person's correlation between resistance to drill and basic density reached 0.67; density in hygroscopic moisture was 0.65. There was moderate correlation between fiber wall amplitude and thickness (r=0.65). Cell wall thickness, fiber length and lumen diameter were the main anatomical features contributing to higher resistance to resistograph drilling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to select, in a greenhouse, associative bacteria that promote the growth and development of eucalyptus plants. For this, the selection experiment used the AEC 144 clone of Eucalyptus urophylla, the experiment was carried out from March to May 2017, lasting 30 days, the treatments were 17 bacterial isolates and 1 control without inoculation, 4 replications, arranged in DIC. The height, diameter, number of shoots, counting of the number of leaves of the plants, Spad Index and dry weight of aerial part were evaluated. Bacterial isolates JN32R, JN6R, JN5R, JN3R, JM6R, JM21R, JM5R, native to eucalyptus; and strains LGAM82, ZAE94, J11 and N15 promote growth and development in eucalyptus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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En la actualidad se hace necesario mitigar la concentración de gases con efecto invernadero, y son escasas las investigaciones realizadas en los Andes peruanos sobre captura de carbono en sistemas agroforestales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el potencial de almacenamiento de carbono de Eucalyptus viminalis instalado en un sistema silvopastoril junto con otros depósitos en Cajamarca, Perú. La biomasa forestal aérea fue determinada mediante ajustes de modelos, y la necrosada y herbácea mediante muestreos sistemáticos. El carbono almacenado en la biomasa se determinó con la fracción 0.5, y el almacenado en el suelo se estimó a partir de análisis en laboratorio. El Eucalyptus viminalis mostró potencial para capturar carbono en un sistema silvopastoril, debido a su alta capacidad de rebrote, derivada de una elevada densidad poblacional, así como a la efimeridad de sus componentes menores. La especie puede ser un importante reservorio de carbono en un sistema que logra hacer compatibles la producción y conservación.

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Currently, it is necessary to mitigate the concentration of greenhouse gases, and there is little research on carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems which has been conducted in the Peruvian Andes. The objective of this research was to determine the carbon storage potential of Eucalyptus viminalis installed in a silvopastoral system together with other deposits in Cajamarca, Peru. The aerial forest bio-mass was determined by model adjustments, and the necrotic and herbaceous biomass by systematic sampling. The carbon stored in the biomass was determined with the 0.5 fraction, and the one stored in the soil was estimated via laboratory analysis. Eucalyptus viminalis showed potential to capture carbon in a silvopastoral system, due to its high regrowth capacity, which stems from a high population density, and the ephemerality of its minor components. The species can be an important carbon reservoir in a system that manages to make production and conservation compatible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Planalto da Conquista, located in the Southeast of Bahia, Brazil, has a strong demand for wood for industrial and civil construction activities, leading to the consumption of part of the native forest leading to the adoption of containment policies through reforestation projects implemented in two models: fostered and independent. The article presents the models, evolution, expansion, current situation and future prospects. The methodology deals with old and recent plantations mapped by satellite images with the areas of the models. In spite of the environmental and social issues that involve eucalyptus farming, such as the concentration of land, the equalization of the landscape and the very short production chain, offering low employability, we seek to point out that the current situation is based on the current situation in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Since 2007, there has been a significant increase in eucalyptus planting in the eastern region of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil. Eucalyptus planting takes the place of extensive livestock farming by the leasing or purchasing of land from farmers in the region. The "green desert" is growing to the point of having a direct impact on the social and spatial organization of the two main rural communities in the region, Arapuá and Garcias, which were established with the families of rural workers on cattle farms and on the settlers of the districts. With the territorialization of the eucalyptus-pulp-paper complex in the region, there has been a major rural exodus, impacting the social and cultural characteristics that made the communities' identity, generating a notable environmental imbalance. This paper proposes to understand these changes, based on the reading made by the residents themselves regarding the arrival of eucalyptus and on how these transformations in land use and capitalist appropriation of the territory changed the territorial identity of these rural communities. The study is based on the theoretical and methodological approach of social geography, which considers the subject at the center of territorial productions. Therefore, qualitative research methodologies are used, based on semi-structured interviews, to identify the extent of the changes that have occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argentina cuenta con 1.3 millones de hectáreas de bosque implantadas, siendo lasprovincias de Misiones, Corrientes y Entre Ríos las de mayor superficie, en total el 78,2%de la superficie nacional. A partir de datos relevados por el INTA EEAConcordia, el objetivo es analizar el comportamiento estacional de precios de monte enpie de eucalipto y pino con corteza en el período 2001-2020. La serie de precios forestalpara monte en pie de eucalipto y pino en pesos históricos fue calculada en dólares deacuerdo al tipo de cambio de ese día y luego se ajustó por el Índice de Precios alConsumidor -Estados Unidos, obteniéndose así una serie nominal y otra real. Al realizar elanálisis de tendencia que muestra la serie de largo plazo, se observa un movimientocreciente con pendiente 0,081 en eucalipto y 0,029 en pino, que se mantiene en toda laserie. El período estudiado se compone de 5 ciclos con una duración entre 3 y 5 años. Losciclos no poseen periodicidades iguales. El componente estacional muestra lasfluctuaciones de un precio forestal dentro de un año calendario. Finalizando, elcomponente estacionalidad, formado por variaciones sin patrón regular o identificable. Latendencia no muestra un patrón regular de comportamiento, ya que los precios suben, semantienen o bajan imprevistamente.

Comparou-se os estoques de C e N em Latossolo Vermelho sob Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FN), pastagem convencional (P) e sistema de integração pecuária-floresta (IPF). Coletaram-se amostras de solo em subcamadas até 100 cm de profundidade, após 5 anos da implantação dos sistemas produtivos. O solo do IPF apresentou estoque de C, na camada de 0 a 30 cm, 39% e 23% menor do que no solo da FN e da P, respectivamente. Com 3,2 Mg ha-1 de N o solo do IPF continha menor estoque na camada de 0 cm a 30 cm em relação ao solo da P (4,7 Mg ha-1 de N). Na camada de 0-100 cm não houve diferença nos estoques de C entre os tratamentos, mas o IPF apresentou o menor estoque de N. Os sistemas produtivos necessitam de medidas adicionais de manejo para potencializar o acúmulo de C e N no solo, entre as quais, reposição de nutrientes, adequado manejo da pastagem e melhores práticas silviculturais no IPF, visando reduzir o grau de sombreamento. Isto trará sustentabilidade aos sistemas, minimizando a perda de C e N para a atmosfera, na forma de GEE, um dos fatores que colabora para as mudanças do clima.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el perfil polínico de mieles de tréboles y de eucalipto de la Provincia Fitogeográfica Pampeana Argentina, con el fin de contribuir a su caracterización palinológica. Se realizó un análisis polínico cualitativo y se aplicaron técnicas estadísticas descriptivas y multivariadas, para conocer la distribución de frecuencia de los pólenes y caracterizar cada origen floral, según los pólenes acompañantes y los años de cosecha. Se analizaron 81 muestras de miel, de cuatro cosechas diferentes. Se encontraron 41 tipos morfológicos de polen, cuya variación por muestra osciló entre dos y ocho. El taxón presente en más del 80% de las mieles fue Eucalyptus sp. Los principales pólenes acompañantes encontrados pertenecieron a los tipos Helianthus annuus y Carduus sp., para ambos orígenes florales estudiados, y a la familia de las Brassicaceae, para las mieles de tréboles. Los años de cosecha estudiados mostraron diferentes espectros polínicos.

A matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) exerce papel fundamental para a sustentabilidade de ecossistemas florestais. O estudo das frações da MOS possibilita avaliar a qualidade do solo sob florestas nativas ou plantadas. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi comparar o carbono orgânico sob mata nativa e florestas plantadas, em longo prazo. Foram avaliados os estoques de carbono orgânico total (COT), as frações leve (COL) e pesada (COP) e o índice de manejo do carbono (IMC) da camada superficial de Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, sob plantios de quatro espécies de eucaliptos australianos - Eucalyptus grandis, E. pilularis, E. cloeziana e Corymbia maculata - e Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, com 40 anos de idade, e sob Floresta Estacional Semidecidual. C. maculata manteve estoques de COT, COP e de COL e o IMC em níveis similares aos encontrados sob a mata nativa, sendo considerada a espécie mais eficiente na ciclagem e estocagem de carbono no solo, seguida por E. cloeziana. E. pilularis e o pinus apresentaram os menores estoques de carbono e IMC.

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Copyright of Montes is the property of Colegio y Asociación de Ingenieros de Montes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Montes is the property of Colegio y Asociación de Ingenieros de Montes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to the positive impact that the eucalyptus species has on the Brazilian economy, it is currently the most used forest essence. The objective of this work was to evaluate different hypsometric and volumetric models for Eucalyptus urograndis clones (Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blak and Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden) in a Crop-Forest Integration (CFI) system. The trees were evaluated at 7 years of age and arranged in double rows, occupying 20.76% of the total system area. The individuals were subjected to rigorous volumetric cubing according to the Smalian method at intervals of one meter up to full height. The following models were evaluated for the collected height data: Linear, Trorey, Stofels, Curtis, Henriksen, Prodan, Chapman & Richards, Petterson and Bailey & Clutter. Furthermore, the Spurr, Hohenald-Krenn, Stoate, Schumacher Hall, Meyer, Husch, Ogaya and Takata models were used for volume data. The results were determined through the coefficient of determination (R²), standard error of the estimate in percentage (Syx%), significance of the regression coefficients (β) and graphical distribution. The hypsometric model which best fit the database among tested models was the Prodan equation, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.89, while the best result for volumetric models was found using the Meyer model, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.99. All evaluated models were efficient in estimating the height and volume of the Crop-Forest Integration (CFI) system, thus demonstrating that GG100 eucalyptus is a good option in integrated systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the impact of neo-extractivism and the eucalyptus monoculture in the municipality of Aracruz, in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The arrival of Aracruz Celulose S.A. has transformed the landscape and generated socio-environmental impacts on local communities, including fishermen, riverside dwellers, and indigenous peoples. This neo-extractivist model is based on the extraction and exportation of natural resources and has generated dependence and domination in the region. The article reflects on the consequences of this model and the reactions of the affected communities. It also mentions the illegal appropriation of indigenous lands by the company Aracruz Florestal S.A. and the resistance of some families to sell their lands. Additionally, it highlights the destruction of nature, the reduction of soil fertility, water pollution, and the disappearance of wildlife caused by eucalyptus plantations. The text also discusses sociocultural transformations and the resistance of the local culture against international capital. Finally, a list of bibliographic references related to the disaster in the Doce River Valley in Brazil is provided, offering different perspectives on the topic. [Extracted from the article]

At the local ambit, eucalyptus and vetiver are common plants in Colombia, which can consider by their stabilizing effect by local engineers. It was carried out an analysis of the effect on stability produced by eucalyptus and vetiver on different kinds of soils, varying the geometry, the inclination angle, and considering the water table effect. The method of analysis used is the limit equilibrium under the Mohr-Coulomb criteria. The root effect shown in cohesion added varies depending on soil depth, and plant type, as well as the weight of eucalyptus, are the parameters that are considered in the use of vegetation as a slope stabilizing agent. The effect of water on the slope can be seen in the results, being significant in the slope safety factor, especially when the inclinations angles are low and affected by the type of vegetation present. Finally, the effectiveness of eucalyptus in slope stability was demonstrated, the only negative factor being its weight on high slopes, while the contribution offered by the young vetiver to the stability of the slope is not very significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper analyzes the implications of the installation of the eucalyptus agribusiness groups in Low Parnaíba and to reflect on the sociocultural transformations that occur in the production of peasants. For the construction of the work was carried out a bibliographical review in books, theses, dissertations, academic works and specialized sites. As regards the specific aspects of the study area, fieldwork was carried out to analyze the impacts caused by the expansion of eucalyptus plantations, as well as their implications on the territories of family agriculture, its history and its cultural and socioeconomic aspects and natural resources. We also consider lifestyle and their variations based on the characteristics of the region, traditional communities and their specific productions. In the field we approached to the rural communities, their forms and socio-cultural contents and also analyze the territorialities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text aims to analyze the territorialization of the capital in Alagoa's agrarian space through the expansion of the wood-paper-cellulose complex. During a long period the monoculture of sugar cane occupied the best lands of the State, however within the last few years in the face of the sugar-ethanol sector crisis, extensive hectares of land, once designed to grasses, have been set as ide space to Eucalyptus monoculture. The phenomenon is inserted as part of the globalized accumulation of capitals context, in which capitalist stake possession of lands between the tropics for the monoculture of commercial trees, combining the trade of commodities, and to the financial capital. It is assumed that the extraordinary soil and climatic conditions found in Alagoas and the support offered by the State act as an incentive to the partial replacement the sugar cane for eucalyptus. The underlyingcontradictionsregardingthephenomenonfollowingtheexampleoftheState'sfoodsover eigntyweakeningandofenvironmentalimpacts, also are objects in the present reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composting and vermicomposting before addition to the soil is a viable alternative to the disposal of cattle manure. However, this residue has been used in the untreated form for seedling production. This study evaluated the use of cattle manure in natura, and the organic composted or vermicomposted variants of cattle manure on substrates used in the production of Eucalyptus urograndis seedlings. The treatments consisted of substrates formulated by mixing the organic fertilizers with washed sand in 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 (v/v) percentages, compared to a commercial substrate. The E. urograndis seedlings were grown in tubes in a greenhouse and evaluated after 120 days for shoot and root dry weights, plant height, stem diameter, shoot/root ratio, and Dickson quality index. The substrate formulated from a mixture of 80% (v/v) of cattle manure in natura and washed sand allows for better development in Eucalyptus seedlings. Substrate containing 100% bovine manure vermicompost or organic compost produced seedlings with lower quality than in natura bovine manure but superior to the commercial substrate. Due to the health risks associated with use of untreated bovine manure, organic compost and vermicompost are good alternatives for the production of E. urograndis seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El eucalipto y el vetiver son plantas comunes en Colombia, las cuales pueden ser tomadas en cuenta por su efecto estabilizador por los ingenieros locales. Se realizó el análisis del efecto en la estabilidad que produce el eucalipto y el vetiver sobre diferentes tipos de suelos, variando la geometría, el ángulo de inclinación y teniendo en cuenta el efecto del nivel freático. El método de análisis trabajado es el equilibrio límite bajo el criterio de Mohr-Coulomb. Los efectos de las raíces mostrados en cohesión añadida varían dependiendo de la profundidad en el suelo y del tipo de planta; estos junto con el peso del eucalipto son los parámetros que se tuvieron en cuenta en el uso de la vegetación como agente estabilizador de taludes. El efecto del agua sobre el talud se puede ver en los resultados, y tiene un impacto significativo en el factor de seguridad del talud, sobre todo cuando los ángulos de inclinación son bajos y dependiendo del tipo de vegetación presente. Finalmente, se demostró la efectividad del eucalipto en la estabilidad de taludes, cuyo único factor negativo es su peso en altas pendientes, mientras que el aporte ofrecido por el vetiver joven a la estabilidad del talud no es muy significativo.

A “abelha-cachorro”, “abelha-mirim” ou “irapuá” é uma abelha nativa e sem ferrão, conhecida cientificamente pelo nome de Trigona spinipes (Fabricius, 1793) (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Este himenóptero é abundante e possui ampla distribuição geográfica no Brasil, sendo referido do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul ao Amazonas.

O crescimento da área plantada de eucaliptos no Brasil vem sendo constatado por dados censitários, e a utilização de dados de sensoriamento remoto contribui para entender onde, quando e como este processo de crescimento acontece. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o desempenho de indicadores espectrais de dados LANDSAT, na classificação de coberturas de eucalipto em diferentes estágios de crescimento, utilizando como área piloto o estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foram utilizados descritores de máxima diferença espectral e NDVI, extraídos de imagens do sensor OLI/LANDSAT8, numa classificação orientada à objetos (GEOBIA). A matriz de confusão utilizando pontos de validação, indicou uma exatidão total de 83,6% e um índice kappa de 0,807. O classificador apresentou um erro de comissão de 17%, principalmente com coberturas homogêneas de florestas e cultivos. O erro de omissão de 9% está distribuído principalmente em áreas de encostas, atribuindo um melhor desempenho para o classificador nas áreas planas.

A vespa-da-galha do eucalipto (Leptocybe invasa) causa severos danos em suas plantas hospedeiras. Uma das principais estratégias para controlar sua dispersão é o controle biológico com himenópteros parasitoides. Existem espécies, como o parasitoide Megastigmus brasiliensis que apresentam potencial no controle biológico da vespa-da-galha na região Sul do Brasil. O trabalho teve como objetivo registrar a ocorrência de parasitoides associados à L. invasa bem como levantar informações a respeito de sua distribuição na região central do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As coletas foram realizadas em doze municípios na região central do Estado entre os meses de dezembro e março de 2015-2016 e 2016-2017. Ramos de eucalipto com galhas foram coletados e mantidos no laboratório em condições controladas de temperatura (28 ± 2°C). Após dois meses, foi feita a triagem e identificação dos indivíduos coletados. Em todos os municípios amostrados houve presença da vespa-da-galha com diferentes níveis de densidade, o que pode estar relacionado ao material genético da planta hospedeira e às condições meteorológicas locais. O único parasitoide coletado foi M. brasiliensis. Este trabalho apresenta o primeiro registro da ocorrência de M. brasiliensis no Rio Grande do Sul e o segundo registro no Brasil.

In malting plants, eucalyptus wood and agribusiness residues, such as grains and bark, are used as boiler fuel, generating ashes, whose properties are little known, which limits their correct disposition or application. In order to reduce the amount of this residue in the environment, the present study analyzed the feasibility of using the boiler ash (CC) collected during the cleaning process. The WCs were characterized physically and chemically and to evaluate their effect, air masses of proportion 1: 3, in mass, were produced, with contents of substitution of ash in relation to the fine aggregate of 0%, 5%, 10 %, 15% and 20%, and water / cement ratio set at 0.7. The properties evaluated in mortars in the fresh state were consistency index, mass density and incorporated air content, and in the hardened state, water absorption, voids index, resistance to axial compression and tensile strength in flexion. The results showed that with the increase in the content of substitution of sand by CC, there was a reduction in the workability of mortars, an increase in the content of incorporated air and a consequent decrease in the mass density. There was also an increase in water absorption and porosity for all mortars, maintenance of mechanical properties in the replacement contents of 10 and 15% and an increase in strengths, in the content of 20%, when compared with mortar without addition, thus demonstrating the viability of using this ash as a mineral addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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En este supuesto concreto, la Sala se pronuncia sobre el recurso contencioso-administrativo formulado por el Ayuntamiento de Teo (A Coruña) contra la Resolución de la Secretaría General Técnica del Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente de 5 de junio de 2018, que desestimó el recurso de alzada contra la Resolución de 9 de febrero de 2018 de la Dirección General de Calidad y Evaluación Ambiental y Medio Natural, que a su vez denegó la solicitud de inclusión del género eucalipto en el Catálogo Español de Especies Exóticas Invasoras. Además del Ministerio, han sido codemandados la Confederación de Organizaciones de Selvicultores de España, el Gobierno de Cantabria, la Junta de Andalucía, el Principado de Asturias y la Xunta de Galicia. La pretensión principal del ayuntamiento recurrente se centra en la inclusión de las especies E. nitens, E. globulus, E. carmaldunensis y todas las pertenecientes al género Eucalyptus, en el Catálogo Español de Especies Exóticas Invasoras. Solicita que la Administración General del Estado adopte las medidas administrativas que sean necesarias para llevarlo a efecto. El objetivo principal que persigue la entidad local es frenar el agotamiento y desertización del suelo y la amenaza que dicha especie supone para los ecosistemas. Una vez incluida la especie en el Catálogo, considera necesario adoptar medidas de carácter urgente a través de la correspondiente normativa autonómica, con el fin de paralizar nuevas plantaciones o eliminar las especies en determinados espacios. Hasta llegar a la resolución impugnada, se destaca el Dictamen de fecha 1 de diciembre de 2017 del Comité Científico del Ministerio emitido a instancia del Subdirector de Medio Natural y en base al artículo 5.2 del RD 630/2013 por el que se regula el Catálogo español de especies exóticas invasoras, y su disposición adicional décima. La conclusión del dictamen es que se deben “incluir en el Catálogo Español de Especies Exóticas Invasoras a todas estas especies: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. globulus, E. gomphocephala, E. gunnii, E. nitens y E. sideroxylon, así como cualquier otra especie de este género cuyo destino sea la explotación forestal”. Asimismo, recomienda extremar la precaución con nuevas introducciones y plantaciones de Eucalyptus sp y, siempre que se observe naturalización de cualquier especie de este género en nuestro territorio, se recomienda un seguimiento local y llevar a cabo medidas de erradicación antes de que se produzca la invasión. La otra cara de la moneda viene representada por el informe de la Dirección General de Desarrollo Rural y Política Forestal fechado el 5 de diciembre de 2017. A lo largo de su contenido no se considera que se haya acreditado el carácter invasor de las citadas especies. Insiste en la necesidad de lograr un equilibrio entre conservación y producción, y destaca el papel fundamental que en el desarrollo rural de la Cornisa Cantábrica representan las plantaciones de eucalipto Nitens. Explica el interés maderero de la especie forestal que aporta el 32% de madera a nivel nacional. Y, sobre todo, cuestiona el contenido del dictamen anteriormente citado a través de observaciones sobre las “bases científicas” que lo sustentan, recogiendo datos empíricos que demuestran la naturalización de varias especies de eucalipto en nuestro territorio, y poniendo en entredicho la metodología o los criterios de puntuación tomados en consideración para los análisis de riesgo. La Administración demandada considera que el informe del Comité Científico no aporta evidencias claras y precisas. Puntualiza también que ninguna especie de eucalipto ha sido incluida en la lista de especies invasoras preocupantes para la UE de acuerdo con el Reglamento 1143/2014, del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 22 de octubre de 2014. Por su parte, la mayoría de las representaciones de las Comunidades Autónomas muestran su disconformidad con la petición del recurrente. Para ello, se basan en evidencias científicas o técnicas que rechazan la naturaleza invasora de la especie y apelan a la falta de consenso de la comunidad científica sobre el tema, entendiendo, en opinión del Gobierno de Cantabria, que los informes favorables a la catalogación carecen de rigor. La mayoría aportan informes respaldando su postura. En el mismo sentido, la Confederación de Organizaciones de Selvicultores de España aporta un informe sobre el eucalipto, en concreto en Galicia, que examina aspectos concretos de la especie. Rechaza su naturaleza invasora y afirma que su expansión se debe a que se considera rentable y constituye una alternativa viable de inversión forestal. A sensu contrario, el Informe de la Consejería del Gobierno de Canarias se muestra favorable a la inclusión en el Catálogo de las especies globulus y camaldulenisis y desfavorable al resto de especies. La actora aporta un informe favorable de la Junta de Extremadura, que no aprecia inconveniente en incluir en el Catálogo algunas de las especies. En esta misma estela, el informe del Colectivo A Rula, sobre el carácter invasor y pirofítico del eucalipto en Galicia, que se acompaña de datos aportados por la “Asociación para la defensa ecológica de Galiza”, datos que a su vez son rebatidos en otros informes. Con carácter previo, los vicios procedimentales alegados por el ayuntamiento en orden a que la Dirección General no ha elaborado la memoria técnica justificativa con análisis de riesgos ni ha convocado a la Comisión para el estudio de esa memoria, son rechazados por el Tribunal. Sobre el fondo del asunto, la Sala parte de la normativa aplicable al caso: La Ley 42/2007 de Patrimonio Natural y Biodiversidad (artículos 3, capítulo III del Título III sobre regulación y control de especies exóticas invasoras) y el Decreto 630/2013 (artículos 2, 4 y 5). Puntualiza que el Comité actúa como órgano consultivo no vinculante. Y lo esencial para que la especie pueda ser incluida en el Catálogo es, a su juicio, la existencia de información científica y técnica de que el género eucalipto constituye una amenaza grave en los términos precisados en esta normativa. Teniendo en cuenta la gran diversidad de criterios y las contradicciones existentes entre los informes aportados en el expediente administrativo, la Sala apunta a una clara falta de consenso dentro de la comunidad científica y a la ausencia de conclusiones determinantes que aconsejen la inclusión de la especie en el Catálogo. Es más, considera insuficiente el informe del Comité frente a la evidencia de los otros informes que rebaten las conclusiones a las que llega. Tampoco existe una base científica clara sobre las conclusiones de los trabajos tenidos en cuenta por el propio Comité en su dictamen. A ello se añade que en el ámbito de la UE no se ha adoptado una medida de esta naturaleza. En definitiva, “no existe un criterio científico determinante para considerar el eucalipto como especie exótica invasora y para su inclusión en el Catálogo correspondiente. Las resoluciones dictadas han examinado cuidadosamente todos estos aspectos, adoptando una decisión que se considera plenamente conforme con el ordenamiento jurídico”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eucalyptus essential oil has been used in the natural medicine and it has been investigated the medicinal properties of these species that include a wide range of biological activities. The composition of an essential oil can be affected by several factors, such as genetic, ontogenic, morphogenetic and environmental factors. The present work investigated the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the leaf essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. plants, which grow in Moyancón and Chorocópte regions (1347 and 3191 m height above sea level, respectively) in the canton Cañar, Ecuador. The essential oils were isolated by means of hydrodistillation during two hours and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to flame ionization and mass selective detectors. The essential oil yields of leaves from Moyancón and Chorocópte regions were 0.17 % and 0.15 % (v/m), respectively. A total of 99 volatile compounds were identified and quantified, where 1,8-cineol and α-pinene were the major compounds. No significant differences in the composition were found by effect of the growth region. The essential oil from Moyancón region showed moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococus aureus, Streptococus pyogenes and Eschericha coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of leaf extracts to reduce pesticide applications that harm the environment and cause environmental disorder can be an alternative to the control of fungi during propagation of eucalyptus. The experiment tested the effect of leaf extracts from two species of espinheira-santa on Cylindrocladium clavatum. The extraction of plant material was carried out through percolation at 28 °C for 7 days using column liquid chromatography with hexane, chloroform, and methanol as solvents. Evaluations of antifungal activity were performed with a fixed extract concentration of 2,000 mg L-1. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts, sporulation, and control of C. clavatum in eucalyptus leaves were evaluated using concentrations of 500, 250, 125, and 100 mg L-1 after 5 and 15 days of incubation. The concentration of 500 mg L-1 of chloroform extract from leaves of M.ilicifolia and M.aquifolium resulted in a better control of Cylindrocladium clavatum. In the evaluation of sporulation, the crude and methanolic extracts obtained the best performances, with emphasis on the concentrations of 500 and 250 mg L-1, which resulted in the lowest number of spores. For the evaluation of the minimum inhibitory concentration, it was observed that the fungus is not 100% controlled, but that the greatest effect lies on the reduction of fungus growth. In the image tests with eucalyptus leaves, the crude extract resulted in the smallest lesion area at concentrations of 500 and 250 mg L-1. The extract was more effective when applied in its raw form and with greater concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Ciência Florestal (01039954) is the property of Ciencia Florestal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)