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In the article "Two Coptic grammatical morphemes of unknown origin" Carsten Peust discusses the etymology of two Coptic morphemes whose origin has remained unclear until today. These are the n-prefix of the so-called adjective verbs and the particle ⲡⲉ, which often accompanies the preterite converter. It is suggested that both have arisen through a false segmentation of contexts in which their predecessors typically occurred. The use of these morphemes is a distinguishing criterion between Demotic and Neo-Egyptian Egyptian. [Extracted from the article]

The article "Divine Roots: The Etymology of Thoth" examines the etymology of the Egyptian god Thoth. It is suggested that the name Thoth is derived from an ancient Egyptian root meaning "bright" or "white" and represents lunar concepts. The analysis shows that the names of some gods can be found in lexical roots that become unproductive in later stages of the Egyptian lexicon. The article discusses various etymological theories about the origin of the name Thoth and explores the connections between the Egyptian word for Thoth and the Hebrew word for ibis. It also points out that wordplay and folk etymologies in Egyptian religious texts can have theological significance but do not explain the origin of a name. [Extracted from the article]

Despite many proposals for the etymology of " Šadday / Shaddai ," the form of the name as we have it requires deriving it from √ šdd "to destroy." It thus originally meant "Destroyer." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Descriptions, depictions and of imitations of the Roman triumph were ubiquitous in the early modern period, beginning in the mid-fifteenth century. Despite the considerable attention that has been paid to many facets of this topic, a curious detail has gone unnoticed—the prayers (long taken as genuine) that the triumphing general was supposed to have pronounced at the beginning and end of the ritual procession. Following the trail through erudite scholarship from the 15th to the 19th century I look into the mysterious origins of the words of these prayers as they were handed down and highlight some less predictable instances of their re-use over the centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the etymology of Beowulf's name, challenging the idea that it stems from a minor agricultural deity and proposing instead an Old Gotlandic origin. Topics include theophoric analysis, Old English personal names with the prototheme "beadu-", and the prevalence of Ing in Germanic theophoric names.

The word strawberry (Old English streawberige) is peculiar to English among the Germanic languages. There is no consensus on the etymology of the word. Several theories have been suggested: 1) the appearance of the achenes of the berry, supposedly looking like straw (= motes): 2) the runners of strawberry plants compared to straws; 3) strawberries supposedly growing where there is much straw (= grass or hay); 4) strawberries growing at ground level as straw spread as litter; 5) the practice of putting straw under strawberry plants to prevent the berries from rotting; 6) the custom of children to string wild strawberries on a straw of grass. This article favors the last of these explanations. This custom is still well known in Scandinavia and can, through various sources, be shown to have been practiced earlier in a large part of Europe, including Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the Biblical Hebrew grammatical morpheme טֶרֶם ṭɛrɛm 'before, not yet' is derived from a noun *tִVrm- meaning '(big) lip'.1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I endeavour to clarify the meaning of 'responsibility', which in the last decades has become a cornerstone of the ethical and political debate. To this end, I carry out an etymological enquiry into this notion with respect to antique and modern European languages. The thesis I argue is that language evidences a unique capacity to cherish, nurture, and foresee with a touch of wisdom an inexhaustible repertoire of existential meanings, which take the stage in human endeavours. As a result, this enquiry helps to understand the original relational and future-oriented significance of 'responsibility'. Additionally, the analysis steers clear of incorrect or incomplete interpretations, as well as of those willing to deal with the complex and multifaced meaning of 'responsibility' in a purely logical-analytical way, which results in moving to the background, if not disregarding altogether, its historical and linguistic stratifications, which are in fact relevant to the full comprehension of this notion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article extends the theoretical and applicative analysis of Zipf's law. We are concerned with a set of properties of Zipf's law that derive directly from the power law expression and from the discrete nature of the objects to which the law is applied, when the objects are words, lemmas, and the like. We also search for variations of Zipf's law that can help explain the noisy results empirically reported in the literature and the departures of the empirically obtained nonlinear graph from the theoretical linear one, with the variants analyzed differing from Mandelbrot and lognormal distributions. A problem of interest that we deal with is that of mixtures of populations obeying Zipf's law. The last problem has relevance in the analysis of texts with words with various etymologies. Computational aspects are also addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the part of human nature to explore new locations, to study interesting landscapes, archeology and cultures, and to visit holy and religious sites. Travelling and journey are highly recommended by the Glorious Qur'an. Allah asked us to travel through the earth to take the lessons from His creation. Islam is a complete code of life. Islam spread due to the tourists from North Africa to the Middle East, and from Arabia to China. It is a well-established fact that Islam guide day-to-day activities whether at home or travelling.it recognizes people's right to move from one place to other and encourages travelling for beneficial purposes like health and medication, education, business, trade, entertainment, and fun. learning new things and personal enrichment have both been found to be motivators and desired benefits of travel But It has been proposed that all travel is educational because it broadens the mind and heart as people learn from and interpret experiences. Travelling improves person's knowledge gained from books. Ideas hit when people travel in different places. The mental prospect is broadened. It makes us open-minded in thought. It expands outlook of people. This paper will describe the educative outcomes and benefits of travel. First, meaning and etymology of travel will be defined. than link between traveling and learning benefits will be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is part of a larger project that seeks to understand the role of the etymological method in historical writings. I analyse the account of the Trojan origin of the Franks in the Chronicle of Fredegar and demonstrate that Fredegar uses the etymological method as an epistemological resource and a catalyst to the narrative, and that taking this into account sheds light on some of Fredegar's narrative choices. Particularly, the use of the etymological method explains the extraordinary association of the Franks with the Turks, which has long puzzled historians. My conclusions advocate for an inclusive and methodologically careful consideration of etymological stories to understand the internal logic of medieval historical narratives and the methods that shape their messages. My reading suggests that Fredegar's is not a story of ethnic uniqueness but a scholarly account of kinship between the peoples of Eurasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reconsider the classical equality 0.999 . . . = 1 with the tool of circular words, that is, finite words whose last letter is assumed to be followed by the first one. Such circular words are naturally embedded with algebraic structures that enlight this problematic equality, allowing it to be considered in Q rather than in R. We comment early history of such structures, that involves English teachers and accountants of the first part of the 18th century, who appear to be the firsts to assert the equality 0.999... = 1. Their level of understanding show links with Dubinsky et al.'s apos theory in mathematics education. Eventually, we rebuilt the field Q from circular words, and provide an original proof of the fact that an algebraic integer is either an integer or an irrational number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the first volume of Etymologica Macedonica (2023), a new scholarly journal of etymology initiated by the Krste Misirkov Institute for the Macedonian Language in Skopje, North Macedonia. In this context, the author also points out some particular issues of Slavonic etymology and etymological lexicography (etymological journals published in Slavonic countries, treatment of Macedonian lexis in the academic Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary, need for a separate etymological dictionary of Macedonian, etymological dictionaries of the successor languages of Serbo-Croatian, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This note provides further arguments against a proposed Egyptian etymology of the divine name or title צְבָאוֹת (ṣᵉbāʾōt), as initially proposed by Manfred Görg, and expands a recent article by Giuseppina Lenzo and Christophe Nihan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminologies are used as a linguistic tool to convey knowledge in a precise and unambiguous manner in science. The guidelines of the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT) state that the names given to structures should be both descriptive and informative. This study analyses the linguistic roots of the term Neuron parvum valde fluorescens in Terminologia Histologica and the term Neuron parvum fluorescens in Terminologia Neuroanatomica. Small intensely fluorescent cells are neurons found in the autonomic nervous system, distributed in the sympathetic ganglia, they have afferent synapses with preganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals and efferent synapses with the dendrites of postganglionic neurons, whose function is to regulate ganglionic transmission, acting as interneurons with paracrine and endocrine signalling. They are also characterized as fluorescent cells, producing the catecholamines: serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine. A search was carried out in Terminologia Histologica and Terminologia Neuroanatomica, with a translation of the terms into Spanish. This was complemented by a search in an English etymological dictionary for the corresponding terms. This research found a difference between the Latin to English translation of the term fluorescens, which has a very different etymological origin to its English meaning. The term Neuron parvum valde fluorescens in Terminologia Histologica and the term Neuron parvum fluorescens in Terminologia Neuroanatomica identify the same structure. The proposal is to replace both terms with Cateconeuron ganglionare, thus affording an accurate description of this type of neuron, considering its location and function. Moreover, it would also be a concordant term in Latin for its incorporation into the Terminologia Neuroanatomica and Terminologia Histologica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terms fossa and fovea are found in Terminologia Anatomica, however, there is no clear difference between both terms. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the coherence between the lexical, morphological and etymological relationship of the term's fossa and fovea with their use in Terminologia Anatomica. The terms fossa and fovea were consulted in Terminologia Anatomica (Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, 2019) and in International Anatomical Terminology (Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology, 2001). Subsequently, a search for both terms was carried out in Latin-Spanish and English-Latin dictionaries. Finally, the terms fossa and fovea were consulted in the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española and in the Diccionario panhispánico de términos médicos de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina de España to know the definitions in the medical area. The search reported that the term "fossa" comes from the Latin fossa, which means "excavation, ditch, ditch; hole, hole." For its part, "fovea" comes from the Latin fovea, which means "small hole." Therefore, the difference between fossa and fovea is determined by their size according to their definitions. However, in Terminologia Anatomica, structures have been described with the diminutive of fossa and fovea, which makes the differentiation of the terms according to their size more complex. Furthermore, the lack of unification in the nomenclature between fossa, fovea and their diminutives generates great confusion and inconsistencies in the translations from Latin to English and Spanish in Terminologia Anatomica that reduce the precision of the nomenclature. Therefore, we propose the unification of the terms fossa and fovea based on the size of the anatomical depression and clarify their translation into English and Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the formation and meaning of the Avestan personal name of Zarathuštra's father, pourušaspa -. Taking side with the current scholarly view on the etymology and meaning of the word, i.e., * pourušāspa - → pourušaspa - 'one who has grey horses', it is argued here that the shortening of the vowel can be explained by an analogical model in Wištāsp Yašt 1.2, where pourušaspa - m. is described as pouru.aspa - 'having many horses'. The article also challenges the view that Wištāsp Yašt 1.2 is a recent text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines a new etymology that has recently been proposed for Arm. gerezman and Caucasian "Albanian" garazman , both meaning 'grave, tomb', and the relationship of the latter to modern Udi gärämzä 'id.'. It shows that the peculiar shape of the Udi word can only be explained on the basis of a morphological restructuring that involved the genitive suffix - in -. Concerning the proposed etymology of gerezman and garazman , which builds upon an Iranian ("Median") phrase * gṛ δ a- zmani - 'house of clay', it refutes the hypothesis of a "mirroring effect" influencing vowels in the neighbourhood of r in Albanian and points out further problems in the assumed developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve ecumenical unity, the church catholic must settle the question of authority. In this essay, I propose the concept of Sola Apostolica. I argue that the sole infallible norm and source of doctrine for the church catholic is the apostolic teaching—the joint teaching of the prophets and apostles in their integral unity. First, I sketch the history and theology of the Word of God. Next, I define and defend Sola Apostolica by situating it within the theology and domain of the Word. Then, I argue that Prima Scriptura follows as a logical consequence alongside a robust view of the evidential weight of tradition. By coordinating Prima Scriptura and the evidential weight of tradition with Sola Apostolica as their foundation, I hope to move the dialogue forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States courts are at a loss for what qualifies as religious for protections under the First Amendment. And it makes sense. Who wants to delineate a precise definition distinguishing the religious from the non-religious when an over-inclusive or under-inclusive definition stands to shake the legal landscape? Make it too broad, and religious exemptions may swallow the law or the state may be accused of establishment for pursuing legitimate legal ends. But define religion too narrowly, and you risk removing legal protections from diverse, nontraditional, or non-conventional religious beliefs and opening opportunities for state coercion to engage in arguably religious activities. Must the courts remain silent? With the recent abolition of the Lemon test and the calls for expanding free exercise protections, we need guidance on what exactly the Religion Clauses protect. This Article will do just that. By tracing (non-exhaustively) the origins of the word "religion" from its Latin and philosophical roots to its political usage in the Founding Era, this Article will argue for a starting definition that is faithful to the text and practical in application. Other authors have limited themselves to analogy, engaged in apparent ad hoc and outcome-oriented reasoning, or provided little substantive justification for their offered definitions. None looked for a distinguishing component of the "religious," and few looked to historical usage or philosophical origin. This Article will provide a definition of religion composed of distinct elements rooted in the Founding Era's understanding of the concept "religious." It is meant to give a faithful yet clear way to discern the religious from the non-religious, or at a minimum, serve as a springboard for a serious inquiry into the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a tangle of threads made possible by theoretical and practical snags in my work with qualitative inquiry technology. One snag pulls at the term "technology" and its etymology to think about technology as a creative system used in the production of knowledge. That snag leads to a study of early anthropological work and technology to better understand the history that feeds into qualitative inquiry. And another snag considers who and what is involved in the making of technological tools used in research. These unraveling snags entangle together to consider technology as an open-ended system consisting of a variety of tools used to create political, cultural, and social realities. Such thinking offers a space to contemplate how technological advances have shaped qualitative inquiry's past, present, and future. The forceful snags studied in this article begin to ask the question, "Can we think of qualitative inquiry without technology?" [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present article, the concepts of "baqā" and "fanā" are analyzed in terms of diachronic semantics. First, the etymological analysis of the root b-q-y (ب ق ي) from which the concept of "baqā" derives and its cognates are analyzed to determine their various meanings. The same was done for the root f-n-y (ف ن ى) and its derivatives from which the concept of "fanā" derives. At this stage, early Arabic dictionaries were examined in order to determine the meanings correctly. In this context, ancient Arabic dictionaries were scanned to determine the meanings of the concepts of "baqā" and "fanā" with their various derivatives used by the Jahiliyyah Arabs in the pre-Qurʾānic period, especially the meanings derived from the poems of the Jahiliyyah poets, the proverbs of the Arabs and their various uses. By scanning the dictionaries in this way, the meanings in which the concepts of "baqā" and "fanā" were used by the Arabs in the historical process until the revelation of the Qurʾān and the various meanings they carried were revealed. While words have "essential meanings" that they always carry and do not lose no matter what system they enter, there are also "relative meanings" that do not come from the root of the words but arise from the system of relations in which they exist. Therefore, in the following stage, all possible tafsir sources have been reviewed in order to determine the range of meanings that the root b-q-y and its derivatives and the root f-n-y and its derivatives have in the Qurʾānic context, and which essential and relative meanings these roots and their derivatives contain in the context in which they appear. Our aim in doing so is to reveal the differences between the meanings of the aforementioned roots and concepts in the dictionaries and the Qurʾānic verses in which they appear. Finally, since the concepts of baqā and fanā are among the most discussed and debated terms in the history of Sufism, it was tried to determine the meanings in which these concepts were used in the period after the revelation of the Qurʾān. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on changes of surnames among Czech and Moravian Jews. The changes are tracked until the start of the German occupation in 1939. The source material is comprised of Jewish birth registers from 1867 to 1918 from Prague, as this was the most populous Jewish community of the region. These records are part of fund No. 167 stored in the Czech National Archive. More than 17,000 Jewish children were born in Prague during this period and only 350 of them changed their surnames. Surnames were mostly changed by young men under the age of 30. A large wave of renaming occurred mainly at the beginning of the 1920s shortly after the formation of Czechoslovakia (1918). Renaming was part of the assimilation process but was not connected to conversion to Christianity. The main goal was the effort to remove names perceived as ethnically stereotypical, which could stigmatize their bearers (e.g., Kohn, Löwy, Abeles, Taussig, Goldstein, etc.). Characteristic of the new surnames was the effort to preserve the same initial letter from the original surname. The phenomenon is compared with the situation in neighboring countries (Germany, Hungary, and Poland). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work looks at the term ksénos as an access point to the enacted model of hospitality— ksenía —in ancient Greece. It deduces the onomasiological and semasiological spread of the term across the model's participants, namely GUEST, STRANGER but also HOST, into a schematic prototypical core within a complex and dynamic conceptual integration model. Along the spatial continuum of DISTANCE-APPROACHING-PROXIMITY, the analysis looks into APPROACHING as an emergent space, where GIFT-EXCHANGE is interpreted as a process of mental-space shift on the part of a stable SELF confronting the incoming OTHER. POSSESSIONS EXCHANGE conceptualised as non-commodifiable and non-alienable to the giver activates the metaphorical relation HAVE as BE. Thus, the abrupt confrontation is accommodated as an ad hoc partial substitutability of each participant's identity by the identity of the other. Some Proto-Indo-European etymologies proposed in literature for the term are reviewed, and their compatibility with the present analysis is evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes that Horace's Epodes and Ovid's Metamorphoses open with significant acrostics that comprise the first two letters, in some cases forming syllables, of successive lines: IB-AM/IAMB (Epod. 1.1–2) and IN-CO-(H)AS (Met. 1.1–3). Each acrostic, it will be argued, tees up programmatic concerns vital to the work it opens: generic identity and the interrelation of form and content (Epodes), etymology and monumentality (Metamorphoses). Moreover, as befits their placement at the head of collections, both acrostics negotiate the challenge of literary commencement. The introduction reviews recent developments in acrostic studies and discusses important predecessors and parallels for Horace's and Ovid's 'two-letter' and syllabic acrostics. Two subsequent sections examine the acrostics singly, and a conclusion compares the dialogues that these acrostics open between author and reader, underscoring the welcome challenge which Ovid's acrostic offers to the prevailing scholarly view that this form of wordplay is a strictly visual affair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Jonathan Thambyrajah's thesis about a possible Egyptian loanword in the Old Testament. The word אֶלגְּבָיִשׁ is translated as falling stone or hail. Thambyrajah suggests that אֶלגְּבָיִשׁ means "black stone" and originates from Egyptian. The authors of the article criticize this thesis and argue that there is no clear evidence for it. They demonstrate that the proposed etymology does not correspond with the known Egyptian and Coptic forms. Furthermore, there are no further pieces of evidence for a connection between the Egyptian expression and the Hittite or Hurrian languages. [Extracted from the article]

Divergence and diversity at the level of phonology and lexicon in many of the Austronesian languages of Borneo are widely recognized and well studied. However, the source of this divergence is debated. In this paper, lexical items in the languages of Borneo which lack secure Austronesian etymologies are the object of study. Some of these words show potential semantic and phonological matches with Austroasiatic forms, suggesting a possible early period of in situ contact between Austronesian speakers and speakers of Mon-Khmer languages on the island of Borneo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the many phytonyms transmitted in the manuscript branch R of Dioscorides' De materia medica, 149 names can be found which are marked as Egyptian. With only a few exceptions (e.g. αἷμα ὄνου 'male fern'), almost all seem to be of foreign origin. The paper presents, on the one hand, the history of research in this field, and on the other, sheds new light on several glosses. Particular attention is paid to plant names for which some Egyptian or Coptic equivalents can be found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of phonology in bilingual word recognition has focused on a phonemic level especially in the recognition of cognates. In this study, we examined differences in metrical structure to test whether first language (L1) metrical structure influences the processing of second language (L2) words. For that, we used words of Romance origin (e.g., reptile, signal), which both German and English have borrowed extensively. However, the existing metrical patterns are not identical nor are the borrowed vocabularies the same. Rather, those identical words differ systematically in their foot structure. We conducted a cross-modal form fragment priming EEG experiment (auditory–visual) with German native speakers who were highly proficient in English. Both behavioral and ERP results showed an effect of the native phonology and the loan status, that is, whether the loan exists only in the speaker's L2 or is shared across languages. Priming effects (RTs) were largest for nonshared loanwords indicating some interference from German (L1). This was also evident in a reduced N400 but only if the metrical structure aligned with German patterns for Germanic words, that is, two light syllables as in pigeon. If the words exist in both languages, metrical structure also mattered shown by the modulation of different ERP components across conditions. Overall, our study indicates that metrical phonology plays a role in loanword processing. Our data show that the more similar a word is in terms of its metrical phonology across L1 and L2, the more effortful the processing of a word within a priming paradigm indicating interference from the L1 phonology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the historical toponymic system of the Russian Far North in the context of folklore traditions of Indigenous peoples of the North. Our methodology is narrative analysis, aimed at identifying the semantic features of toponyms, whose origins lie in traditional legends and tales. We treat toponyms as geocultural codes, which provide not only ethnocultural data but also geographic and spatial information. We present shared patterns in the naming practices of geo-objects among the Yukaghirs, Evens, and Yakuts (Sakha), and the ways that these practices are rooted in folklore. We also examine ethno-cultural differences in toponym naming among these three groups. We identify four broad strategies in the naming of geo-objects in northern regions: anthroponymic, commemoration of events, after sacred concepts, and after common household objects and concepts. In addition to linguistic information encoded by toponyms, it is also possible to establish extralinguistic information about the historical settlement of different peoples, contact among them, and their societal values. Such anthropological studies are relevant for onomastics and linguistic typology. Through the present study, we are able to gain a better understanding of Indigenous cultural development in the Russian Far North and the nature of inter-ethnic relations before written history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at the vowel harmony system of Ronghong Rma (Qiang). This system has previously been described in terms of synchronic vowel alternations. This paper takes a different approach to explore the diachronic element of vowel harmony. The finding is that 'harmonization' is epiphenomenal and that the vowel alternations are the results of regular sound changes from an earlier stage in the language. This diachronic perspective brings into focus a chain shift in the vowel system and clarifies the etymologies of forms that have undergone these changes. It also reveals the importance of uvular consonants as conditioning environments for vowel changes in Ronghong Rma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coining of scientific names for newly described species is one of the most creative acts in science. We briefly review the history of species naming, with an emphasis on constraints and freedoms in the choice of new names and how they came to be. We then consider patterns in etymologies and linguistic origins of scientific names across clades and through time. Use of 'non-classical' languages (those other than Latin and Greek) in naming species has increased, as has the use of eponymous names (despite recent controversy around the practice). Finally, we consider ways in which creativity in naming has consequences for the conduct and outcome of scientific work. For example, sale of naming rights has funded research and conservation, while naming species after celebrities has increased media attention to the science of species discovery. Other consequences of naming are more surprising, including a strong effect of species-name etymology on the kinds of scientific studies conducted for plant-feeding arthropods. Scientific naming is a clear example of how science and scientists are socially situated, and how culturally influenced decisions such as what to name a new species can affect both public perception of science and the conduct of science itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a privilege to recognize a new species and immortalize it with a name. Taxonomists may use etymologies recalling the sampling locality, habitat, species morphology, people (actor, writer, singer, politician, scientist), culture (customs, beliefs), fictional characters (gods, demons, cartoons), brands, ancient names, and others. Naming a species is a creative act that allows scientists to express their love for nature. By drawing on personal and cultural associations, species names are often imbued with far greater meaning than one might initially assume. Unconventional names for species can be an effective way to capture the imagination of the public and make the species memorable. In other words, species names can be both meaningful and whimsical. The central focus of this study was to pinpoint species in the subfamily Microgastrinae that share the same specific epithet that often creates confusion regarding which species is being referred to. The findings showed that 153 specific epithets were repeated representing 340 species in 52 genera, while the remaining 2,823 species have unique epithets. Three of the five categories proposed accommodate the majority of the etymologies: people (42%), morphology (27%), and geography (15%) whereas the categories of other (9%) and biology (7%) achieve the least representation. Approximately 95% of the same specific epithets had a single clear meaning, while for the remaining 5%, it was not possible to trace etymology. The study revealed that the average length of specific epithets was 9.01 letters, the longest contains 18 (eliethcantillanoae) while the shortest four (eros and erro). Additionally, most identical specific epithets were repeated two times (85.25% of the occurrences), although three (12.82%), five, six, and even nine (each one with 0.64%) repetitions were also found. Finally, a list of recommendations for taxonomists when faced with the task of naming a new species is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a new etymology for the Nuristani word family of Katë lod ~ lot , Nuristani Kalasha lād , etc. It is argued that these are best understood as early borrowings from Bactrian λαδο "law". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research concentrates on investigating the etymological relationship between the Polish term pieszy 'pedestrian, on foot', and the English word foot, both tracing their origins back to a common Proto-Indo- European root *ped-. The objective of this study is to recognize and document the various morphological, phonological, and semantic changes that this shared ancestral word has experienced throughout its evolution. The study intends to prove that the Polish word pieszy and the English word foot represent cognates by demonstrating their shared elements and explaining changes that affected them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to trace the development and relationship between Polish wydra and English otter in a broader Indo-European context. The methodology of the research involves three steps: gathering cognates (to determine the time and place of attestation), identifying morphological structure and describing the sound changes that have occurred in two descending lines of development: one, from Proto- Indo-European *ud-r-eh2 leading to Polish wydra, and the other, from Proto-Indo-European *ud-r-o- to English otter. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the word for 'otter' in Proto-Indo-European must have had distinct masculine and feminine forms and, structurally, represents a substantivized adjective meaning 'aquatic': its root was the zero-grade form of PIE *uod-r/n- 'water' and the -r- suffix used to perform the adjectival function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a possible relationship between the Proto-Germanic term for 'shoulder' (ON. herðr f., Far. herðar f. pl.; Elfd. erde f.; OHG. harti, herti f., MHG. herte f. < PG. *hardīz f.) and the unexplained Greek gloss attested in the lexicon of Hesychius of Alexandria: ... ("korsís: behind, buttocks, ass"). It is suggested that the above-mentioned gloss comes from the Laconian dialect, which already in the Classical era (5th--4th c. BC) spirantized the Greek phoneme θ [th] > [θ] > Lac. σ [s]. The Laconian word ... goes back to the Doric appellative *..., which presumably derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *... 'to fart, blow to, break wind', secondarily 'to stink, smell' (cf. Ved. śárdhate 's/he breaks wind downwards'; Lat. cerda f. 'dung' attested in mūscerdae f. pl. 'mouse droppings', ovicerda f. 'sheep dung' etc.). The Laconian derivative has reliable semantic equivalents in other Indo-European languages (e.g. Skt. ...- f. 'the anus, rump', .... 'id.'). The Proto-Germanic term *hardīz (gen. sg. *hardjōz) 'shoulder' has no convincing etymology. Its juxtaposition with the Laconian word ... (< Doric Greek ... < IE. *... f.) seems phonologically indisputable. Doubts are raised only by the semantic part of the proposed etymology. The author assumes that ancestors of the Germanic people originally used the term *hardīz (< PIE. ... f.) to describe an extremely smelly part of the human body, i.e. the armpit located near the shoulder. The suggested change 'anus, rump' > 'a stinking part of the body' > 'armpit' > 'shoulder' must have taken place already in the Proto-Germanic epoch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to trace the etymologies of the English words bear, lynx and wolf and their Polish equivalents niedźwiedź, ryś and wilk within the context of Indo-European languages in terms of the mechanisms for creating euphemisms to denote animals subject to the phenomenon of linguistic tabooization. The methodology comprises the following stages: selection of cognates (to determine the scope of attestation); examination of the semantic features of the selected vocabulary; and an attempt to outline the problem of the functional features of euphemisms to denote tabooed vocabulary. The results of these considerations can contribute to concretising our ideas about the linguistic constitution of the surrounding world by past language users and linguistic interrelationships, as well as help reveal the peculiarities of euphemistic vocabulary conditioned by the functioning of linguistic taboos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen notions of the "gig economy" become widespread. Hitherto most analyses of this phenomenon have centered on first defining the phenomenon, then tracing its extent and effects before considering the policy implications. However, few previous accounts have concerned themselves with the origins of the word "gig," and none have focused on those workers whose lives revolve around gigs―musicians. This article seeks to address this lacuna and argues that a study of musicians' working lives has much to teach those interested in the development and implications of the gig economy, but also that the peculiarities of musical work so mean that such lessons have to be learned selectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay provides the first attempt at a complete inventory and assessment of the use of wordplay in 1 Corinthians. It is organized by attending to the various linguistic features that are exploited to create wordplays. These include the use of different lexemes based on the same root (i.e. sharing etymology; compound words) used in close proximity; the use of the same lexeme but with different meanings in different genders, used in close proximity to exploit the euphony; the use of the same word/lexeme with different meanings in close proximity; the use of the same word with the same meaning twice in close proximity but in a context that plays on an inversion or twist while also exploiting the soundplay; and the use of different lexemes with similar sounds employed for the sake of the surprising rhetorical effect of connecting the two words. It also analyses the kinds of wordplay opportunities that each linguistic feature tends to provide or create. Additionally, it discusses the challenges that different wordplays create for translation (with a focus on translation into English). In the process, the ubiquity and significance of wordplays in 1 Corinthians is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In all fields of biology, understanding technical terminology is a challenge for students. In many cases, this may distract them from focusing on fundamental processes and concepts. Across the biology subfields, much of the vernacular shares similar etymology and morphology. However, students lack the exposure necessary to identify these key features, which often explain the meaning of terms without requiring any context at all. Therefore, instead of encouraging students to memorize many terms independently, it could be more beneficial to show them how words are constructed. Here, I propose an activity designed to help students recognize terms that may be connected, understand how vocabulary is often constructed to reflect its idea, and develop comfortability using these terms themselves in discussions. Through a guided group activity, students will have a chance to break down terms they have previously encountered and to draw connections between novel words. If students are capable of relating words to each other before even knowing what they mean, they may learn more effectively. Without being intimidated by enigmatic vocabulary, they can focus on broader concepts. In addition, when students understand how biological terminology is constructed, they may even dissect new words without needing the context surrounding them. This activity is applicable to courses in any specialty of biology, as various molecules, tissues, and processes follow general naming principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andeanists have long suspected that the Aymaran language family once extended to the north of its northernmost surviving varieties in Central Peru, a proposal we call the Northern Aymaran Hypothesis. This article examines the source of evidence most frequently invoked in support of it: the presence of putative Aymaran toponyms north of the family's current geographic distribution. It presents a novel methodology that does not propose specific etymologies but instead utilizes several parameters for assessing the plausibility of a particular toponym originating in an Aymaran language, applied to distinguishable toponymic components: interpretability as Aymaran, non-sharedness with other languages, reconstructability in Proto-Aymaran, number of phonemes, and semantic plausibility. These patterns are assessed across thousands of official Peruvian place names, resulting in a gradient Aymaran toponymic plausibility score for each name. We conclude that there is some faint evidence of a Northern Aymaran toponymic layer but that interpreting its relative chronology is challenging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toponymy, which is one of the sub-branches of onomastics, provides naming data that can be used to examine the way societies perceive the universe and nature through their perception of space. In this context, it can be said that analyzing Turkish toponyms in the Anatolian geography is a very appropriate method to obtain guiding outputs about the cultural and settlement history of the Turks of Turkey. It is noteworthy that some of the toponyms found in Anatolia, which are understood to be Turkish in terms of their morphophonemic structures, have not provided any information about their linguistic features and origins other than folk etymologies. Based on this attention, through this study, some suggestions based on the methods of linguistics on the origin of the name "Çakraz", which is mostly used as a village name in various regions of Anatolia, have been expressed. Accordingly, there are many linguistic reasons to think that the toponym "Çakraz" is formed as "Çakır + Az". In this study, these reasons and the inferences about which concept area this toponym may cover are discussed in the presence of alternative views and based on the toponym Çakraz in Bartın-Amasra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]