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The article attempts to refute the widespread opinion in historiography that the form of organization of the USSR, consisting of ethnoterritorial formations of different status, was one of the main factors in the collapse of a single state. It is argued that the idea of federalization of Russia did not belong to the Bolsheviks, but to national parties and movements that demanded recognition of their right to national-territorial autonomy. The article substantiates the position that the national-territorial principle of the internal structure of the Soviet state contributed both to the preservation and strengthening of the national identity of Soviet ethnic groups and to the creation of a civil nation in the form of the Soviet people as a new historical community.

The paper concerns the analysis of the patterns and peculiarities of the settlement of ethnic groups in the territory of the Altai Republic and identification of cultural landscapes formed by these groups. The main source of information was represented by the results of the 2021 Russian Census. The use of interviewing and literature analysis allowed the verification of some data of the Census related to the ethnic identity of the residents in the region. In particular, some inaccuracies and discrepancies in the assignment of the population to specific subethnic groups of the Altaians were identified and, accordingly, improved indicators of the population count for these groups have been proposed. From the results of the study, a map of ethno-cultural differentiation of the territory of the Altai Republic has been compiled, which shows areas of settlement of main ethnic groups, as well as ethno-contacting zones. The area of settlement of the Russian population spans the low- and mid-mountain regions in the north of the Republic. Also, in Central Altai, old-believers resettling there in the 18th–19th cc. formed yet another isolated areal of Russian population. The Northern Altaians (Chelkans, Tubalars, Kumandins) live in taiga low-mountain regions of North-Eastern Altai (Turochaksky, Choysky and Mayminsky Districts). In doing so, they have mixed to a large extent with the Russian population. The Southern Altaians (Altai-Kizhi and Telengits) have the largest territory of population, living mainly in Ust’-Kansky, Ongudaysky, Ust’-Koksinsky, Shebalinsky, Chemalsky (Altai-Kizhi), Ulagansky, and Kosh-Agachsky (Telengits) Districts. Kazakhs live compactly in the territory of Kosh-Agachsky District, as well as have a smaller enclave in Ust’-Kansky District (the village of Turata).

The article examines the changes in the national composition of Saratov province in the first half of the 1920s based on the materials of the All-Russian Census of 1920, the All-Union Urban Census of 1923 and the first All-Union Population Census of 1926. The factors influencing the evolution of the national structure of the region are being studied. The conclusion is made about the formation in the main features of the ethnic map of the Saratov region. The position is put forward on the development and conduct of the first censuses as the “golden” period of Soviet statistics, which had a huge impact on the country’s modernization policy.

This article examines the concept of national sovereignty – the right of a nation to self-determination and autonomy. Drawing on the theories of popular sovereignty and social contract, the authors trace how the idea emerged that nations united by identity could claim legitimate political authority over themselves. A key milestone was the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which codified the territorial sovereignty of nation-states. The authors analyse how eighteenth- and nineteenth-century nationalism transformed national sovereignty into a powerful force fuelling revolutions and movements against foreign domination. It explores how national sovereignty was exercised through the historical examples of France, Germany and the formation of a sovereign Kazakhstan after the collapse of the Soviet Union. While national sovereignty is based on self-determination, its exercise has led to both the assertion of independence and ethnic conflict and confrontation over national identity. The article concludes with an assessment of how theories of national sovereignty continue to emphasize autonomy and self-governance, but must be balanced with contemporary international norms and a system of global interdependence. National sovereignty remains one of the basic tenets underlying the nation-state system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How is 'the people' constituted in post-war, internationally administered Kosovo? As an internationalised territory and with an unresolved political status, the post-war interim constitution-making process was mainly shaped by a non-consensual idea of statehood regarding whether Kosovo was entitled to sovereign statehood. This article traces the antagonistic goals between Albanian and Serb ethnic groups within the country, on the one hand, and the international statebuilders, on the other hand, during the constitution-making process. Kosovo's post-war constitution-making became the main instrument of an incremental international statebuilding. Although international statebuilders pursued neither a deliberative nor a consultative approach throughout the constitution-making process, they engineered a liberal constitutional content which imposed the highest standards of minority rights in post-war Kosovo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The safety of the use of psychotropic drugs, widely used in neurological and psychiatric practice, is an urgent problem in personalized medicine. This narrative review demonstrated the variability in allelic frequencies of low-functioning and non-functional single nucleotide variants in genes encoding key isoenzymes of valproic acid P-oxidation in the liver across different ethnic/racial groups. The sensitivity and specificity of pharmacogenetic testing panels for predicting the rate of metabolism of valproic acid by P-oxidation can be increased by prioritizing the inclusion of the most common risk allele characteristic of a particular population (country). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the state of the pituitary-ovarian link of the neuroendocrine regulation system in women of reproductive age with OH of the main ethnic groups of the Baikal region. Methods and Results: Groups of women with OH of Buryat (n=35) and Caucasian (n=97) ethnic groups were formed. Data from somatically healthy women of Buryat (n=42) and Caucasian (n=87) ethnic groups were used for comparison. A comparative characterization of clinical data and indicators of the pituitary-ovarian link of the neuroendocrine regulation system was carried out. ELISA methods were used to determine thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 17-OH-progesterone (17-OH-Pg), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Testosterone levels were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Buryat ethnic group women with OH had higher values of body weight, BMI, waist and hip circumference, and % fat compared to the corresponding control group. In the group of Caucasian women with OH, higher values of height, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were registered compared to the control group. In Buryat women with OH, higher TSH, anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), free androgen index (FAI), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) values were found compared to controls. In the group of Caucasian women with OH, higher values of PRL, AMH, TSH, FAI, 17-OH-Pg, and DHEA-S were registered compared to the control. In Buryat women with OH, LH values were higher only in phase 2 compared to controls. In Caucasian women with OH, LH values increased both in phase 1 and phase 2 compared to controls. Conclusion. A comprehensive analysis of the state of the neuroendocrine regulation system in women of reproductive age with OH showed certain changes in the level of a number of hormones relative to control groups, most pronounced in the group of Caucasian women. At the same time, there were no differences in the studied indicators between ethnic groups with OH. The data obtained indicate the necessity of assessing and controlling the state of the neuroendocrine regulation system in female patients with OH for PCOS prevention and treatment. The ethnic component may have a certain contribution to the realization of further risks of the disease.

The purpose of the research is to determine the relationship between the concepts of “ethnos” and “language” in the peripheral zone of ethnic self-determination where some part of the society considers itself a separate ethnic group, but this belief is not supported by its linguistic separateness. The material is the data on the ethnic situation in a number of countries around the world which is obtained either from social surveys or based on ethnographic descriptions of the relationship between linguistic and ethnic self-identification in different countries. The study applies the method of correlation analysis to establish the relationship between linguistic and ethnic self-determination. The work also uses the method of sociolinguistic interpretation and the method of sociolinguistic reinterpretation which is based on the analysis of secondary material, that has already entered in scientific circulation, for sociolinguistic purposes. The basis for identification processes is the linguistic identification of an ethnic nation, on the basis of which ethnographic, ethnic and ethnopolitical national unity is formed. As a result the study highlighted four situations which are based on the correction of ethnic identification according to language identity. Firstly, a situation of ethnic transition, when a person, who defines himself as belonging to a nation “by blood”, according to his linguistic identity moves to another national group. Secondly, a situation of subethnic transition, when an ethnic subgroup designates itself as part of a nation, that uses the regional dialect or dialect of a given nation. Thirdly, the situation of ethno-political identity, when the nationality is determined by the political factor such as citizenship while preserving the language of the ethnic nation living in another, base state. Finally, multiethnic political identification, which is a type of ethnopolitical identity, when several ethnic nations, which are speakers of different languages, are united into one political nation. This interpretation of the “ethnos – language” relationship allows us to adjust the parameters of sociolinguistic and social stratification of society.

Chinese dance is part of the world cultural heritage. This study aims to consider the opinion of respondents who have not studied Chinese dance directly, and thus obtain new data on the attitude to Chinese dance culture among the young generation of students of higher educational institutions. A total of 500 fourth-year students participated in the survey. The issue of the intercultural perspective of dance education in China is solved through cultural cooperation between Chinese universities through lectures on Chinese culture, thematic events and the arrangement of dance classes. Studying the introduction of Chinese dance to young up-to-date students should contribute to the formation of tolerance of other cultures, aesthetic education, and humanization of interpersonal relations, the development of mutual understanding between peoples. Despite the modern realities of modernization and acceleration of cultural development, Chinese traditional dance contributes to the preservation of past traditions and cultural identity, as well as strengthening social cohesion. According to the results obtained, 43% of students are interested in other cultures. In addition, 7% of respondents believe that Chinese dance is boring while 93% treat it positively considering it to be bright and colorful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the diaspora study as an ethnocultural communication subject of foreign students in the university educational environment, including the development conditions of interaction digital forms (social networks, messengers, the Internet). The main study purpose is to identify the key functions of the ethnic community, the specifics of the diaspora not only as a socio-cultural phenomenon, but also as an active and influential subject which can play a decisive role in communication processes. The authors turn to the analysis of the accumulated theoretical material, cite as an example the results of a sociological study conducted with a questionnaire survey. The results of the sociological study showed that for foreign students who study at universities in a provincial city (Kursk) and a million-plus city (St. Petersburg), the diaspora, as well as the opportunity to be part of it, plays a fundamental role. For students who have come to study in a small town, the diaspora is significant. There they can find help and support, new forms of leisure, obtain enough information about rules and regulations of the new community. Students who arrive to study in a big city experience cultural shock, may be lost and need special support due to a long period of adaptation. The novelty of the sociological research lies in the fact that a comparative analysis of the diasporic significance for foreign students studying in Kursk and in St. Petersburg is given. The obtained data are used to analyse the current situation in the educational environment. In the future it is planned to conduct periodic wave studies to identify changes in the student environment.

The article analyzes the tribal structure of the Kyrgyz and Altai peoples. Based on the works of well-known researchers in the field of ethnology, the author focuses on the ethnogenetic ties between the Kyrgyz and the Altaians, primarily with the southern Altaians. The paper reveals the author's view on the problem of ethnic ties of these communities, which has been studied with involvement of field materials. The author gives an interpretation of certain tribal and clan names among the Kyrgyz and Altaians and shows their similarity which reflects the ancient ethnogenetic ties. The reasons for the identical names were the migration of the Kyrgyz to the west in the Middle Ages, their settlement in the territories of the Mongolian Altai mountains and the source of the Irtysh River valley. The collected data show that medieval nomadic tribes living in the Altai Region and the Irtysh Region participated in the formation of two ethnic groups. The conclusions obtained as a result of the study complement the picture of the Kyrgyz-Altai relations.

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In modern science, the wolf archetype has psychological and cultural significance. Its study spans mythology, literature, and folklore, allowing for a comparative analysis of Nomad archetypes. Although the folklore archetype has been replaced by literary one, the wolf archetype's core remains unchanged. It has developed among various nations based on universal archetypes. Reconstruction and clarification of the wolf archetype, using modern research, made it possible to better understand the wolf totem of Nomads. The methodological basis of this article is a variety of methods; for example, the method of systematization has become an effective method for summarizing and grouping literary works concerning the concept of "Bori" from different countries of the world during the period spanning ancient times to the present by genre and thematic features. In this research article, the basis of archetypes preserved in our customs and traditions, culture, and literature since ancient times, the history of origin, formation, as the totem of the Turkic peoples, similarity and specificity of the use of the archetype "Bori" in other nations is determined by the historical and genetic method. The expected results of the study are to determine the formation of the archetype "Sky Wolf" as a totemic concept and its transformation into a symbolic image in literature, to analyze archetypal images related to the wolf totem around the world based on the comparison between specific literary works, and to study the meaning of the "Bori" (Wolf) totem in Kazakh literature as a sacred concept in the national consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the criteria for judgment presented in the Parable of the Talents (Mt 25:14-30) and the Parable of the Last Judgment (Mt 25:31-46) in the Gospel of Matthew. It explores whether these parables refer to the criteria for judgment of Christians and non-Christians, respectively. After providing background on eschatology and judgment in Scripture, the study examines the usage of key Greek words like "ethnos" (nation) and "adelphos" (brother) to support the interpretation that the Last Judgment passage refers to non-Christians. It highlights exegetical difficulties in viewing this as a judgment of "unconscious Christians" and proposes that non-Christians are judged based on acts of mercy towards Christ's disciples. In contrast, the Talents parable is presented as outlining the criteria for judgment of Christians - namely, their use of God-given gifts and abilities to serve others. So, while non-Christians are judged by how they care for Christ's followers, Christians face judgment for how well they use their unique gifts. Together these parables present a complex picture of the diverse criteria, for both Christians and non-Christians, at the final judgment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The constitutional design of Bangladesh is characterized by an ambivalent choice: it aspires to establish a republican yet a Bengalee state by putting itself in the conflicting terrain within the demos–ethnos binary. This article aims to examine the implication of this problematic choice along all three axes of the constitution's elemental parts: its identity, rights and structure. While the identity element of the Bangladesh Constitution embodies the ethno-nationalist vision of the Bengalee state that transforms demos into ethnos , its rights and structural aspects reflect its republican promise to transform ethnos into demos. Contemporary scholarship seeks to confront the exclusionary dimension of the ethno-nationalistic choice in Bangladesh but ends up accepting ethnos as a politically superior value. Such an approach brings us to the politics of difference and, with that, undermines the integrationist potential of the republican constitution. In response, this article defends the republican promise of the Bangladesh Constitution while arguing that what we need in Bangladesh is the 'de-ethnicization' of the republic, one that can be achieved by transforming ethnos into demos and not the other way around. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The publication highlights efforts undertaken by Siberia Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society (since 1851 — Siberia Department, since 1877 — Eastern Siberia Department) to explore the ethnography of the Mongolic peoples. Despite the available related publications are numerous enough, the topic remains somewhat understudied. Since the creation of Siberia Department, its members had made a great breakthrough in the exploration of Siberia, the latter’s natives, their ethnic histories, ethnogeneses, lifestyles, and cultures. It would be impossible to cover the complete scope of works performed by associates of Siberia Department for comprehensive insights into the ethnography of Mongols. Goals. So, the paper attempts a review of scientific endeavors by Siberia Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society aimed at ethnographic descriptions of the Mongolic peoples. The Department also contributed a lot to the ethnographic study of the peoples inhabiting regions neighboring with Russia, including the ones populated by Mongolic ethnic groups. The article identifies key directions of research work, significances of writings by the Department’s members for ethnographic research of Mongols, mentions important periods in the history of the Department, and shows who played critical roles in establishing trends within the exploration agenda. Methods. The study rests on the system of principles, approaches and methods inherent to historical science, including both general (analysis, synthesis, description, etc.) and special (descriptive, comparative-historical, etc.) ones. Conclusions. Despite the difficulties faced by researchers affiliated to Eastern Siberia Department when it came to investigate household life and ethnic culture, their activities yielded essential scientific findings, facilitated further historical and ethnographic analyses of the Mongolic peoples. The original artifacts collected by the Department’s members would lay bases for museum collections, their studies still remaining as unique and required by present-day scholars.

The article examines how English and Russian speakers perceive going beyond the boundaries of ethno-cultural and ethno-racial identity, specifically in relation to pejorative vocabulary related to the conceptual field of hybrid identity, which includes pejorative names for subjects and results of hybridization. The study used the online Racial Slur Database (rsbd.org) as the source of English-language material, while the Russian-language material was collected empirically due to the lack of a corresponding database on the World Wide Web. The article attempts to identify the main models for naming subjects and results of hybridization in order to compare the image of this phenomenon in the English and Russian collective worldviews, and to understand the origins of a negative attitude towards violators of the boundaries between “Own” and “Alien”. The study concludes that while there are some similar models used in constructing pejoratively marked vocabulary of this kind, there is also a significant difference between the schemes for constructing such names in the analyzed languages. Finally, the article attempts to understand the linguistic, historical, and cultural reasons for the quantitative disproportion between the English and Russian xenopejorative lexical fund belonging to the conceptual field of hybrid identity.

The safety of the use of psychotropic drugs, widely used in neurological and psychiatric practice, is an urgent problem in personalized medicine. This narrative review demonstrated the variability in allelic frequencies of low-functioning and non-functional single nucleotide variants in genes encoding key isoenzymes of valproic acid P-oxidation in the liver across different ethnic/racial groups. The sensitivity and specificity of pharmacogenetic testing panels for predicting the rate of metabolism of valproic acid by P-oxidation can be increased by prioritizing the inclusion of the most common risk allele characteristic of a particular population (country).

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Purpose. The purpose of the work is to determine the modern understanding of the theoretical and legal concept of the national state. Method. The following theoretical methods of scientific knowledge were used during the research: the method of scientific analysis; systemic and structural; historical and legal; axiological; comparative legal; formal-legal and method of generalization. The results. In the scientific article, based on the analysis of current sources of literature on a certain issue, the process of formation and functioning of the modern concept of the national state is highlighted. In particular, it is substantiated that modern domestic and foreign concepts of the development of nation states are based on two actually existing dimensions: national and supranational. The process of globalization in modern conditions creates new forms of governance and creates new approaches to determining state sovereignty, but states are still the main subject of international legal relations, since the creation and functioning of such subjects as transnational corporations and international organizations is determined by decisions of states Scientific novelty. According to the results of the study, it was established that the national state is a political organization of society, which is the highest value of modern civilization, the latest concept of which is based on the past, present and future, it is based on ideas and values of cultural, spiritual, historical, territorial homogeneity and a single level of economic development At the current stage of the development of human civilization, the national state acts as a model and standard of the modern state, ensuring the development and consolidation of the democratic foundations of society. The strategic goal of the modern concept of the nation-state at the international level should be the national-state interest as the main means of implementing foreign policy, while, as modern reality shows, primarily in the military and defense sphere. Practical significance. The results of the research can be useful for further general theoretical and applied studies of modern problems of the formation and functioning of the theoretical and legal concept of the national state.

Research objectives: To analyze the processes behind the formation and development of the Tatar ethnopolitical community in the Ulus of Jochi in the XIII–XV centuries. Research materials: The author of the article examines a variety of sources that reflect the progressive development of the Tatar ethnopolitical community in the Ulus of Jochi during the XIII–XV centuries. Results and novelty of the research: The Tatars of the Jochid Ulus during the XIII–XV centuries were usually studied from a socio-political point of view, with little attention being paid to the study of mental structures. Nevertheless, the formation of the ethnopolitical community of the Tatars – something which determines the mental universe of the population of the Ulus of Jochi – deserves and receives here more intensive study. The Mongol invasion brought not only destruction to the countries of Eurasia, but also led to the formation of a new Mongol Empire, and at the end of the XIII century, the successor Chingisid states. In all these khanates, there was a process of formation of their statehood and ethnopolitical consolidation. In the Ulus of Jochi, this process was associated with the formation of the Tatar ethnopolitical community. It turns out that during the conquests of Chingis Khan and his heirs in different countries of Eurasia from the Near and Middle East to Central Asia and Eastern Europe, Tatars were present among the troops of the Khans, playing the role of a military aristocracy. Due to these objective and other subjective reasons, the Tatar identity became the leading one in the Jochid Ulus, manifesting itself in the ideas that the Jochid Ulus was a country of the Tatars, the term itself becoming synonymous with the military service aristocracy. Tatars were also understood as Turkic nomadic people with their own clan structure.

Introduction. In the last years of its history, the Ukrainian ethnic group faced numerous external and internal challenges, which, to a large extent, were the result of its previous genesis and profound transformations in public consciousness. At the same time, one of the central stereotypes of the domestic political and legal mentality is the idea of truth and justice as a basic social ideal and the basis of the legal order. Analysis of research and publications. The problem of mentality and the formation of behavioral stereotypes has been of interest to domestic and foreign scientists for a long time. The concept of «mentality» is most widespread in the writings of the French historical school «Annals». The scientific work of M. Blok, F. Braudel, M. Vovel, J. Le Hoff, J. Lefebvre, L. Fevre, R. Mandr and other scientists reveals the content of mentality and its structures, as well as the peculiarities of their influence on everyday life and activities of individuals who lived in different historical eras. The purpose and objectives of the article. In this article, the authors aim to analyze the idea of truth-justice as a tool for transforming the legal mentality of the Ukrainian ethnic group and to show its influence on the content of its behavioral stereotypes. Research methodology. The methodology of this research has a complex nature and is based on a socio-philosophical and philosophical-legal analysis of the behavioral guidelines of Ukrainians in the field of legal understanding. The results. The social ideology, developed on the basis of ancient social ideas and stereotypes of the national legal mentality, should become a tool for correcting such destructive phenomena in the state-building discourse as legal nihilism, anarchism, civic passivity, corruption, nepotism, etc. At the same time, the concepts of truth-justice, will-freedom and fraternity-equality are key in Ukrainian legal culture. Discussion. The interpretation of this idea in scientific opinion is not unambiguous. This idea clearly manifests itself in the context of the opposition between Truth and Evil in the national culture. Truth is inseparable from human existence and daily activities. The idea of truth is closely related to the idea of justice, which, according to many researchers, is a later, more rational and clearly defined phenomenon derived from truth. Justice as a socio-philosophical phenomenon is intended to act as a kind of moral measure of relations between individuals in society. It is considered as an authoritative criterion for establishing the correspondence between the nature of human activity and its assessment by the social community. Conclusions. Destructive behavioral stereotypes of the Ukrainian ethnic group that were formed, among other things, under the influence of factors of stressogenesis can be corrected with the help of the legal ideology of state building, which should be based on the content of the idea of truth and justice. The developed ideology should be based on the most stable constructive guidelines of the national legal mentality, organically complementing and ideologically justifying them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the historical and philosophical understanding of the ethnic stereotype in the modern global world. The relevance of the study is dictated, on the one hand, by the increasing level of anxiety and aggressiveness in the virtual and real space, the escalation of ethno-cultural tension, ethnophobia, as well as the increasing ethnic stereotyping in society. And, on the other hand, the lack of comprehensive and systematic studies of the problem of ethnic stereotypes in the context of modern collisions. In this regard, the article proposes a substantive historical and philosophical analysis of the nature of ethnic stereotypes, revealing not only the structural components and features of ethnic stereotyped thinking, but also the significance of ethnic stereotypes in diagnosing the prospects for ethnocultural interaction. The article differentiates authentic and artificially mythologised ethnic stereotypes, and also reveals the special role of the ethnic stereotype as a tool that can be used both to escalate tension and bring together ethnic and cultural communities. Two correlated levels in stereotyped perception are analysed: the cognitive and emotional-value levels, which together have a direct impact on the positive or negative connotation in ethnic stereotyping. The author substantiates the relationship between various distorted variants of ethnic self-expression in a hyperpositive and lithotised form and existing ethnic stereotypes, which manifests itself in ethnocultural deviation: ethnophobia, collective guilt, ethnofavoritism, ethnofanatism, etc. Exploring heterostereotypes, the author emphasises that in the conditions of open global boundaries, the attributed categorisation is conditional and therefore heterostereotypes will always act as a mental construct. The practical significance of the findings about the importance of timely detection of the transformation of ethnic stereotypes, which are a kind of indicator of ethno-cultural tension and affecting the prospect of ethno-cultural interaction in the modern multi-ethnic world, is emphasised.

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Evident invisibles emerge in the ethnographic encounter which change the whence and the whither of the ethnographic gesture. Long ago, Margaret Mead critiqued anthropologists for ignoring 'the world in between' that makes their fieldwork possible – this article takes the argument a step further, proposing that all ethnographic encounters are fundamentally 'amidst'. Thus, it calls for a shift from translation to intermediation as the guiding trope of ethnography. Although the practice of ethnography requires the objectification of a 'field', metaphysical pluralism remains the fundamental condition of ethnographic intermediation. In light of that, the article critiques (a) the practice of describing our main methodological disposition as 'participant observation', arguing instead for the older term 'intensive ethnographic research'; and (b) the implicit use of the trope of ethnography-as-translation. Ethnographic examples are taken from the author's own fieldwork in the coastal mangroves of southern Bahia (northeast Brazil) in the late 2000s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization processes stimulate the interpenetration and integration of cultures, level off national features. At the same time, states are trying to maintain reverse processes of preserving national and cultural diversity. The risks of aggravating conflicts based on ethnic and national-cultural contradictions can be partially removed through educational activities. The purpose of this article is to build a structural and conceptual model of the diversity of national cultures for use in educational activities focused on European values of interethnic tolerance. The study uses methods of a definition of the concepts, analysis of the documents, and modeling to build a structural and conceptual model of the diversity of national cultures from the standpoint of the value of tolerant interethnic perception. The results of the 2001 All-Ukrainian Population Census are the basis for identifying the ethnocultural diversity in Ukrainian society. The conclusions are proved about (1) the use of two structural blocks in the structural and conceptual model of the diversity of national cultures. One of these blocks is formed based on concepts that establish national affiliation, the other covers cultural diversity and national-cultural experience. (2) The proposed model develops the democratic principles and values of interethnic tolerance, which contributes to the movement of Ukraine into the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals a state project on creating ethnic villages throughout the territory of Russia and its impact on harmonization of interethnic relations. The author's view, largely to improve territorial marketing regions of the country, can become ethno villages – these brands in Russia's development strategy. The work is expected to improve interethnic climate and favorable atmosphere for the account of a visit to these sites by tourists, representatives of various peoples.

Introduction. The relevance of the study of the nature and direction of changes in the family structure is due to the negative trends in modern socio-demographic development. The study of long-term trends in the transformation of family composition is important for understanding the nature and direction of modern processes, as well as for developing social policy measures. Materials and Methods. In order to conduct a comparative analysis of the family structure, the materials of the audits of the taxable population of 1816, 1834 and 1850 were processed. Due to the complexity of processing primary census materials, the territorial scope of the study is limited to two areas of compact residence of Mordva-Erzya and Mordva-Moksha – Ardatov county of Simbirsk province and Krasnoslobodsky county of Penza province. In the course of the study, it used comparative, historical, problem and chronological, as well as systematic analysis and structural methods. Results and Discussion. At the beginning of the XIX century, families-households of ethnic groups inhabiting the territory of the Ardatov and Krasnoslobodsky counties were represented by both simple and undivided forms. Among Mordva and Russian population in 1816, the share of small families was approximately equal, it was about 40 %; Tatar-Mishar nuclear families stood out against this background with their relative number reached 51,7 %. Among the undivided households, paternal ones dominated: among Russians, there were about 40 %, among Mordva-Moksha – 39,1 %, among Mordva-Erzya – 44,2 %, among Tatars – 38,1 %. Among the Tatar Mishars, fraternal families-households (7,5 %) were more widespread than mixed ones. In 1816–1850, all ethnic groups settled on the territory of modern Mordovia experienced an increase in the number and share of fraternal and mixed-type households. Conclusion. During the first half of the XIX century on the territory of the Mordovian region, various variations of undivided families-households prevailed. The exception was the families of the Tatar Mishars, with the small ones at the beginning of the XIX century slightly exceeded the other types in their relative numbers. In the 1820s–1840s, a decrease in the share of nuclear families and the complication of the kinship structure was observed in all the main ethnic groups of the Ardatov and Krasnoslobodsky counties.

The word "ethnos" first appeared in Ancient Greek texts. It has passed through various definition stops during its journey from that date to the present. However, when the scientific studies carried out are examined, it is striking that a clear semantic framework cannot be drawn for the concept of ethnos. In order to contribute to the solution of this problem, in the study, the word ethnos has been discussed together on the chronological and geographical levels. First, an etymological analysis of the word was made, then until XXI. century all the meaning changes in different geographies were determined by descriptive and comparative analysis methods from the perspectives of various scientists. In the light of the examination, it has been concluded that ethnos, which was used in close meanings with words such as state, group, people, tribe, clan, class, nation before, has been more frequently used together with the words ethnic origin, ethnic structure and ethnicity in recent years. In addition, it has been noticed that the word reflects various ideological approaches in different geographies. It is thought that, thanks to the results, it has contributed to the formation of a conceptual framework of the word to be used in many fields, especially in sciences such as anthropology, archeology, ethnology, ethnography, geography, and history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Ethnic identity is the most important feature of any linguistic community and its analysis. Finding the "traces" of a particular spiritual life is one of the main tasks of linguoculturology. Comparative study of the linguistic landscapes of different worlds is of particular importance in increasing the effectiveness of interethnic dialogue, which is one of the most important problems of our time. The difference in the perception of the world by communities surrounded by different cultural traditions is due to the linguistic and cultural characteristics of a particular linguistic community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the peculiarities of the perception of migrants by the local society. The main empirical material is a sociological survey conducted by the authors of the study among the host population of the Jewish Autonomous Region. The article is devoted to topical issues of ethnocultural adaptation, which is noted as a two-way process - that is, the involvement in this process both, and migrants and local residents. The interrelation of immigrants with the ethnocultural situation in the region is noted. The article identifies two main aspects in the interaction of the host community with migrants: the first is directed to developing and maintaining relationships, the second is the position of preserving ethnocultural security, associated with limiting the influx, primarily of labor migrants into the region. The development of peaceful coexistence of people of different confessions and ethnic groups in the context of modern globalization will be the fundamental concept for calling upon equality of all cultures, which have the same right to development. To search for and collect the necessary research material, the following methods of field work were used: interviewing respondents, observation. Theoretical methods: historical-comparative, historical-systemic, cross-cultural, systemic analysis. Scientific novelty consists in a comprehensive analysis of new field data, namely, the features of the construction of the image of the host community by migrants are highlighted on the basis of regional ethnomonitoring. The scientific idea is substantiated by the need to ensure the national security of modern Russia, to solve the problems of interethnic communication, tensions in the field of interethnic relations.

Introduction. The use of the axiological field of the Finno-Ugric culture within the framework of the formation of the socio-humanitarian component of modern education presupposes the acquisition of new knowledge related to the study of the value dominants of the Finno-Ugric culture in diachrony and the ways of their actualization in modern society. The article considers the study of the ethnocultural values of the Finno-Ugric peoples on the example of the Baltic-Finnish (Karelians, Vepsians), Perm (Udmurts, Komi), Volga (Mordovins, Mari), Ugric (Khanty, Mansi) groups. Materials and Methods. The material was the data of a questionnaire on the value dominants of the Finno-Ugric culture and the ways of their actualization in modern society. The research methodology includes a combination of humanitarian (cultural-anthropological, axiosociometric, functional, cross-cultural) approaches and natural research methods of analysis (mathematical statistics). Results and Discussion. With the help of the questionnaire developed by the authors, a cross-cultural study was carried out, which made it possible to identify the system of ethnocultural values of the Finno-Ugric peoples, as well as the most important value dominants characteristic of these peoples at the present stage. The main mechanisms of actualization of the value dominants of the Finno-Ugric culture, as well as Russian experience, are demonstrated. Conclusion. The main provisions and conclusions of the work can be used in the further study of the problem of the place and role of the axiological field of ethnoculture in a renewing society, as well as to optimize the ethno-cultural policy of modern Russia, including ethno-branding of territories.

The author emphasizes the importance of national traditions in preserving the Kyrgyz identity. The article represents the Kyrgyz national traditions, which are associated with the birth of a child and celebrated in the first year of life. The work introduces readers to the traditions and customs of the Kyrgyz people of the early XX century, described by Soviet ethnographers, and with their modern versions. The author pays attention to a detailed description of the rituals performed and explains the importance of Kyrgyz traditions for representatives of the Kyrgyz ethnic group. The purpose of the article is to familiarize a wide range of readers with the national traditions of the Kyrgyz people, their origins, and their significance. Research methods: The work is built on the methods of observation and description and uses folk traditions observed by members of the Kyrgyz ethnic group as a basis. As a result of this analysis, the author concludes that the traditions of ancient times are of importance to the Kyrgyz people. The author also notes the importance of preserving and observing folk traditions for the people's self-identification as a single ethnic group, not only for the Kyrgyz living on the ancestral territory but also for the Kyrgyz living outside their homeland.

The recognition of self as other and others as self continues to be one of the greatest challenges to the ethos necessary for institutions, public and private, engaged in hospitality. Indeed, hospitality is an intrinsic part of the recognition of the common and communal bond in which each human person can rediscover a sense of belonging and his or her own specific creaturality, the fruit of mutual and diverse encounters in the relationship between peoples and among peoples. Inspired by papal words and documents, as well as philosophical and political debates of jus, here we defend the value of experiences of mutual bonds of memory and humanitarian revelation, in which a clear distinction between demos and ethnos can be established. By questioning globalization in its economic and financial promises, unrelated to human dignity and hospitality, it reveals how paths to peace are sustained by the synodal consolidation of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Thus, a distinction must be made between claims of ethnic recognition, on the one hand, and the promises of global recognition of civil rights and pseudo-cultural acquisitions, which have in recent years risen to legal protection and political guarantee; on the other hand, it is pointed out that true recognition of the human person as constituted in a relational, social and community dignity is only beyond the economic-financial constraints of globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article argues that Russia as a “Eurasian civilization”, precisely as a “Eurasian” one, is the only civilization in the world. In the process of civilizational-Eurasian genesis, the historical synthesis of the “Western” (European) and “Eastern” (Asian) principles, expressed in its special value genome, is performed in it. Due to the “cold” climate in the Eurasian territory occupied by Russia, it is the highest energy-cost civilization and, therefore, — a civilization with the dominant role of the cooperation law. The Russian people, due to the peculiarity of their value aspirations, which F. M. Dostoevsky defined as “all-humanity”, became the founder of Russian civilization and the bearer of polyethnic cooperation (the Russian super-ethnos according to L. N. Gumilyov). As a “civilization of the Truth”, Russia is called upon to become a leader in the implementation of the noospheric strategy of mankind ecological survival, outside of which ecological destruction awaits them in the 21st century.

In this article, the authors analyse materials from the excavations of the Tara fortress (Omsk Region, Wes-tern Siberia), founded in 1594 by Prince Andrei Yeletsky and functioned as the main outpost of the Russians in the Middle Irtysh region to counter Khan Kuchum, the Kuchumovichs, and then the newly-arrived population from Dzungaria and Kazakhstan, until construction of the Omsk fortress in 1716. The aim of this research is to identify amongst the finds the articles of Polish-Lithuanian origin, in outward appearance similar to Russian ones. Having studied the collections formed during the excavations of the fortress in 2007–2020, the authors came to the conclusion that such items are definitely represented by the signet rings with nobility coats of arms, coins, and baptismal crosses made according to the Catholic canon. Potentially, Polish-Lithuanian origin could be assigned to some types of fabrics and leather goods, such as a travel compass case with images of French fleur-de-lis, some types of shoes, and handgun holsters. The presence of Venetian glass ware and plinth bricks in the layers of the 17th c., according to the authors, is also associated with the arrival in Tara of the population that had previously resided in the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or on the western borders of Muscovy. The owners of these items ended up in Tara (and in Western Siberia) because they were taken prisoners or sided with the Russians during the Russian-Polish wars. Over time, they formed a special category of service people called ‘Lithuania’. This is evidenced by numerous written sources. The basis for this conclusion is given by particular characteristics of Tara's trade relations established, primarily, with China, Lesser and Greater Bukharia, and the Uzbek Khanate, i.e., with the south in the 17th c., from where Chinese porcelain, silk and cotton fabrics, and some types of smo-king pipes came to Tara. At that time, weapons, bread, coarse fabrics, money for salaries of the servicemen of the Siberian garrisons, and cheap beads were imported to Tara from the west through Kazan, Kungur, and Lozva. In the 18th c., the main trade of the Russians began to concentrate in Troitskosavsk (Kyakhta since 1934) on the border with Mongolia, from where tea, silk, and porcelain were exported, whereas a flow of Russian-made goods, as well as European wines, sugar, some species of nuts, and spices, was established through Kazan into Siberia. Instead of ’Lithuania’, Germans started coming to Siberia. In the 19th c., Poles reappeared en masse in Western Siberia. However, those were no longer residents of Lithuania and Western Russian principalities, but ethnic Poles exiled to Siberia for participation in anti-Russian uprisings.

The study aimed to evaluate the state of the enzymatic component of the glutathione system in peri- and postmenopausal women of the Russian and Buryat ethnic groups. The study involved 86 female volunteers of Caucasian (ethnic group Russians, n = 52) and Mongoloid (ethnic group Buryats, n = 34) races aged from 45 to 60 years, with a peri- or postmenopausal status. The exclusion criteria were the use of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant drugs, diseases of endocrine genesis, exacerbation of chronic diseases, premature early menopause, and surgical menopause. Glutathione S-transferase π concentration and glutathione reductase activity were assayed in blood serum, while glutathione peroxidase activity was assayed in erythrocyte lysates. A higher glutathione S-transferase π activity was revealed both in the peri- and postmenopausal Buryat women compared to the Russian ethnic group: 2617.47 [2249.89; 3270.49] ng/mL vs. 2025.73 [1457.93; 2818.66] ng/mL, respectively, in perimenopause (p = 0.034), and 2815.92 [2235.68; 3065.02] ng/mL vs. 1931.75 [1468.17; 2932.54] ng/mL, respectively, in postmenopause (p = 0.032). Between the menopausal phases, a higher glutathione reductase activity was found in postmenopausal vs. perimenopausal Russian women: 83.9 [74.6; 90.7] U/L vs. 75.5 [67.5; 80.2] U/L, respectively (p = 0.035). Thus, the enzymatic component of the glutathione system in menopausal women shows ethnospecificity toward glutathione S-transferase π and glutathione reductase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problems of survival and development of ethnos define the discovery of its world view, which characterizes its resilience and vitality. Ethnic identity and entirety are based on nationalities' mythological memory, because mythological world view is the first historical type. Altai ethnos, which united the representatives of different ethnic groups of native and small nationalities of Altai, is characterized by archaic nature of world view, domination of pre-industrial forms of world's picture. There is a description of etiological mythological plots and their analysis. The authors analyse the influence of etiological mythology on the formation and development of the ethnos world view paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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